SMART HOME SECURITY AND

ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS

SYSTEM
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ABSTRACT
A smart home is a space or a room which is provided with the ability to get accustomed by itself to
certain situations to make the occupants feel comfortable. Today, the term smart home is no longer
alien to anybody as it was a few years ago. Smart homes can also refer as Intelligent Homes or Automated
Homes. However, the term smart homes simply indicate the
automation of daily chores with reference to the equipments in the house. Smart homes could be simple
remote control of lights or more complex functionalities such as remote viewing of the house interiors for
surveillance purposes. With the recent expansion of communication networks, smart home applications
can be further enhanced with new dimension of capabilities that were not available before. In particular,
wireless access technologies will soon enable exotic and economically feasible applications Smart home
is a house that uses technology to monitor the environment with the help of various sensors, control the
electrical appliances and communicate the outer world. Now-a-days the demand for home automation
systems in homes and offices are invariably increasing. The home automation system is a key for energy
conservation that can be equipped in normal buildings. As there are many benefits of wireless technology
over wired, most of the home automation systems are based on the Wireless Sensor Network technology.
Wireless sensor networks are rapidly gaining popularity so as to cater to the requirements of different
applications. This system unifies various home appliances, smart sensors and energy technologies. The

smart energy market requires two types of ZigBee networks for device control and energy management.
We use IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee to effectively deliver solutions for a energy management and
efficiency for home automation. We present the design to evaluate the performance of the home
automation users for a network-based smart home energy control. This paper designs smart home energy
management descriptions and application environment. Current building control strategies are unable to
incorporate occupant level comfort and meet the operation goals. In this, we present a building control
strategy that optimizes the tradeoff between meeting user comfort and reduction in operation cost by
reducing energy usage. We present an implementation of the proposed approach as an intelligent lighting
control strategy that significantly reduces energy cost. Using this we can evaluate the network p
erformance in smart homes.
We present the design of the system and implementation of it with all the aspects. The design of the
developed smart home is shown in figure 1.1. Similar type of system can be used for various application
related to building automation field

Literature Review
Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay et al. [3] presents review of several wireless sensors, which are used for home
monitoring particularly to look after aged people. The monitoring system is established on the
combination of several sensors, and it has the ability of broadcasting data via wireless communication.
The central processor collects data and stores all data for current requirement and for future purpose. The
system stores the habit of life style of a person. The system compares collected data with stored pattern,
which depends on situations and actions are already defined
like abnormal or unusual. In case of any abnormal activity, the system detects it and generates an
alarming or warning or SMS and it is transmitted to the caregiver. This wireless sensing system is
available for this type of application with low cost and has great potential to save human lives of
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old age people.

Wei-Chung Teng et al. [4] proposed the design and implementation of a residential gateway: MyServer,
which gives home security services. The system driven by peripherals connected through WSNs.
MyServer structural designed to operate on Message Oriented Middleware(MOM) with six clearly
defined core service modules.
Sukun Kim et al. [5] present an active research in a WSN for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM).
Requirements are identified to acquire data for sufficient quality to have a real scientific value to the
researchers for structural health monitoring. The collected data matches with theoretical models and as
well as with previous studies of the bridge. The deployment is the biggest WSN for SHM.
Alan Mainwaring et al. [6], provides a depth study regarding using of WSNs to real environment habitat
monitoring. The developed system covers the hardware design of nodes and sensor network for remote
access and its management. Architecture of system is suggested to deal with the requirements of habitat
monitoring. The example of system architecture for monitoring of sea-bird nesting environment and
activities is presented. As per presently installment, the network has 32 notes on a small island off the
coast of Maine useful live data on web. The application driven design serves to identify important areas of
additional work in communications, network re-tasking, data sampling, and health monitoring.
Huiping Huang et al. [7], presents a remote home security alarm system with a solution for set-up low
power consumption. The system detects the theft, fir, and leakage of raw-gas by using the WSN and GSM
technology. In case of any abnormality, the system sends alarm message remotely. The single chip
C5081F310 is hardware of the system, which communicates via wireless using chip CC1100 with
SIMENS TC35 GSM module. The software of the system developed using C51 language, which has
capability of gathering, receiving and sending data via wireless. In case of detection of some dangerous
condition, it sends alarming SMS to users of cellular phone. With easy-usage advantages, low-power

consumption, reliability, and complement wireless, this system can be used for practical value in other
fields too.
Jianjun Chen et al. [8], by using o_-the-shelf WLAN components, those are commercially available,
described implementation of indoor surveillance system. This security system constantly scanned the
environment. It had the ability to deliver real-time alarm signals on the basis of detected changes in the
received signal strength values. The experimental results showed promising intrusion detection
capabilities but the exact performance limitation and strength of this surveillance system is yet to be
investigated.
Youssouf Zatout et al. [9] present solution of saving the energy of wireless sensor in a mixed environment
for Home Monitoring. It suggests a design and an implementation of three-tier sensor network solution,
which uses energy efficiently for home applications. The network consists of heterogeneous sensors e.g.
environmental, medical, and video/audio sensors. The base solution is to organize the sensors into
different groups as per their particular functions and roles. According to intelligent behavior of the sensor,
the activity duration and communication are reduced at the same time.
Dong-Sun Kim et al. [10] describes a time synchronized forwarding protocol (TSFP), which isused for
remote control home devices. For transferring data to another node, WSN has an extremely large latency,
so, it uses TSFP. TSFP provides scalability by a self-organization function based on a virtual sensor line
and mainly it utilizes distributed time division multiple access (TDMA). On the large scale WSNs, it
reduces transmission latency and energy consumption.
A. Gaddam et al. [11] presents smart digital home monitoring system by using a bed sensor
integrated
B.with a wireless device. The Based system that uses wireless sensors to monitor electrical appliances, for
example is it closed or open. To make the system exible by adding sensors of different types Using
selective activity monitoring (SAM) system.
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Yanjun Li. [12] described a blueprint of a novel reactive WSN for monitoring wild-fire and evaluated
robustness, reactivity, longevity, and reliability of the network. The contribution of the paper is to design
a sensor network that can meet the goal of reliability, reactivity, and that proves acceptable robustness and
relatively longer lifetime network life.
Yu-Tso Chen et al. [13] proposed a Closer Tracking Algorithm (CTA) to pinpoint user of mobile inside
the home by inquiring regarding RSSI solutions for indoor localization. The investigation results depict
that projected Closer Tracking Algorithm has the ability to reveal the accurate position with error 6
distances less than 1 meter. If the distance is less than one member, the suggested Closer Tracking
Algorithm has minimum 85% precision at the same time. The proposed Closer Tracking Algorithm was
implemented by using ZigBee CC2431 modules.
EnOcean the Wireless LED Controls Standard
Energy Harvesting Wireless Switches & Sensors, Controllers and Tools for Building Automation

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Users can connect the LEDR/LEDD controller to a central controller or a gateway to integrate lighting
control into building automation systems.
Alternatively, the TCM 330U transceiver module can be implemented into existing controllers. It already
includes the firmware to get immediately started with wireless control.

Energy Harvesting Wireless Switches & Sensors

white

label

self-powered

wireless

switches,

occupancy

and

light

level

sensors

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dimming levels, integrated repeater etc.) from a laptop computer. Using the NaviganTM Wireless
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8

development effort.

The smart home using WSN starter kit is shown in figure 1. The PIR, IR and LDR (Light Dependent
B.
Resistor) are connected to programmable analog input node. The thermocouple is connected to
programmable thermocouple node. Both these nodes are wirelessly connected to Ethernet gateway.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, a brief review of existing smart home application is
given. Section 3 will cover the technical portion of this paper, where the proposed and implemented
solution is described. Conclusions of the developed systems are covered in Section 4.

EXISTING SMART HOME APPLICATIONS

A smart home system mainly includes heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, Lighting control, or
Audio and Video distribution to multiple sources around the house, security (involving presence
simulations, alarm triggering and medical alerts).
Smart homes systems are grouped by their main functions such as
i) Alert and sensors heat/smoke sensors, temperature sensors
ii) Monitoring Regular feed of sensor data i.e. heat, CCTV monitoring
iii) Control switching on/off appliances i.e. sprinklers, lightings
iv) Intelligence and Logic Movement tracking i.e security appliances
The different technologies that could provide for smart home communication are X10, Insteon, Zigbee
and Z-Wave. X10, developed in 1975 by Pico Electronics of Glenrothes, Scotland, allows compatible
products to talk to each other remotely over the already existing electrical wires of a home. The first
"home computer" was an experimental system in 1966. The Smart House Project was initiated in the early
1980s as a project of the National Research Centre of the National Association of Home Builders
(NAHB) with the cooperation of a collection of major industrial partners [2].
By using wireless technology, today one can easily control home s mechanical systems and appliances
over cellular phone or Internet. As the GSM technology provides ubiquitous access to the system for
security and can automat appliance control, it is very popular technology now a days.
Home Security with Messaging System [3], Security & Control System, and Remote and Security
Control via SMS [4] were the three alarm system that were designed using SMS application to securely
based on GSM technology. The system is wireless and it provides security against intrusion as well as

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automates various home appliances using SMS. The system uses GSM technology thus providing
ubiquitous access to the system for security and automated appliance control.
INTRODUCTION:
We present the design of a multi sensing and light control application based smart energy control system
for reduced total energy cost. This paper designs smart home device descriptions and standard practices
for demand response and load management Smart Energy applications needed in a smart energy based
residential or light commercial environment. Installation scenarios range from a single home to an entire
apartment complex. In this, we briefly survey the existing works for smart home network systems and,
based on their main contributions, try to classify them into real implementation system. The following
subsections describe the ZigBee devices and approaches of the major tasks based on the capabilities of a
control system. Smart home lighting control helps to reduce costs and conserve energy by turning

off lights when they are not required. Monitoring the activities performed in a smart home is achieved
using wireless sensors embedded within everyday objects forming a WSN. A home network or home area
network (HAN) is a residential local area network (LAN) for communication between digital devices
typically deployed in the home. State changes to objects based on human manipulation is captured by the
wireless sensors network enabling activity-support services. It provides a very effective and secure way of
communication between nodes and base station.

II. SYSTEM DESIGN

A. Scenarios
A ZigBee device is a physical object equipped with a radio. Logically separate functions may be
implemented in a single device and as such share the same radio for communication purposes. For
example, a temperature sensor and accelerometer could be combined within a single device used for
industrial plant monitoring applications. A set of inter-communicating devices implement an application,
such as a home automation system. While the PHY, MAC and network layers are used to create and
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maintain the communication network interconnecting individual ZigBee devices, the application support
sub-layer is used to communicate application layer information between devices, such as a light switch
commanding a light to turn on or off

Figure1. Comparison of the Power consumption

A number of low power and low cost technologies have evolved to present themselves as enablers of
HAN communications. Among these, the prominent technologies include Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 (WiFi),
Ultra Wide Band (UWB), IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, and so on. HAN communication depends
on two important requirements, namely
(i) communication latency
(ii) large volume of messages.
The ZigBee technology presents itself as a much better candidate for communication in the home area
network than the UWB, WiFi, and Bluetooth technologies. ZigBee provides a decent communication
range of 10 to 100 meters while maintaining significantly low power requirement (1 to 100 mW) and
thereby, lower cost.

B. Proposed Implementation

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We have developed a smart node that has sensing, processing and networking abilities. It is equipped with
a low power microprocessor and a narrow-band RF device that can support physical-layer functionalities
of IEEE 802.15.4. It is 40mm x 70mm in size, powered by two 1.5V AA batteries. Three type sensors are
systems for lights in film and theaters are available as commercial products[7], most current systems only
provide actuation and do not exploit sensor data. We believe that it is important to know and use the live
light information from light sensors deployed on the set. Real-time data accounts for how characteristics,
supply voltage variation, changes in fixture position, and color filters. Without real-time measurement of
light, it is time-consuming to maintain desired light intensities in certain area across many venues and
over long periods. Light intensities and color temperature can be measured accurately by currently
available handheld manual light meters.

C. Binding Management

Bindings are connections between endpoints. An application that the remote control has bindings to all
five devices, endpoint 1 of the remote control is bound to endpoint 6 of the main bedroom light, endpoint
8 of the remote control is bound to endpoint 3 of the heating and air-conditioning system, endpoint 4 of
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the security is bound to endpoint 5 of the security control system, endpoint 2 of the hall light is bound to
endpoint 7 of the hall light control system and so forth. To complete the earlier discussion, consider this.
Bindings are connections between two endpoints, with each binding supporting a specific application
profile, and each message type is represented by a cluster within that profile.
This discussion describes a specific binding management scenario for this specific application. Of course,
each application will be different, but a range of binding command are available to facilitate many
different scenarios. The most significant benefit with tree routing is its simplicity and its limited use of
resources. By having a simple algorithm to determine whether an address is a child or a descendant of a
child, or elsewhere on the tree, any router can make a routing decision simply by looking at thedestination
address. In these cases, a router simply decides to route a packet to one of its children or to its parent. As
a result, precious memory resources need not be used to store routing information. Hence, very low cost
devices can be deployed without routing capability, but can still participate in any ZigBee compliant
network. Building on earlier discussions, this section describes a typical process for developing a new
application. Defining and implementing the application profile. The first step is to define the application
profile. As part of this exercise, an application profile, along with device definitions are required to meet
the specific requirements of the application. As mentioned in the discussion on the ZigBee Cluster
Library, where possible this library should be used to leverage existing definitions and code available
from the platform provider.

D. Proposed Greedy Algorithm

Greedy algorithms fail to find the globally optimal solution, because they usually do not operate
exhaustively on all the data. They can make commitments to certain choices too early which prevent
them from finding the best overall solution later. Examples of such greedy algorithms are Kruskal's
algorithm and Prim's algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees, Dijkstra's algorithm for finding
single-source shortest paths, and the algorithm for finding optimum Huffman trees

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E. ZigBee Technology

ZigBee is a radio frequency (RF) communications standard based on IEEE 802.15.4. The ZigBee
coordinator is responsible for creating and maintaining the network. A low cost, simple-to-use remote
controller, for the local monitoring and control of devices was developed. Each electronic device in the
system is a ZigBee device managed by the coordinator. All communication between devices propagates
through the coordinator to the destination device. The wireless nature of ZigBee helps overcome the
intrusive installation problem with the existing home automation systems identified earlier. The ZigBee
standard theoretically provides 250kbps data rate, and as 40kbps can meet the requirements of most
control systems, it is sufficient for controlling most home automation devices. The low installation and
running cost offered by ZigBee helps tackle the expensive and complex architecture problems with
existing home automation systems, as identified earlier.

III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

A. PC Master:

Here we making ZigBee based network for environment application .Here we have master and slave
structure for the Application .The range of ZigBee is about 30 mtrs .So, the whole area is covered by a
single Master slave combination. We have a main PC master terminal which has the VB software on it.
The PC master terminal is used to monitor the status of all the slaves which covers the whole area. On VB
software we are displaying the monitoring window and control panel. The PC master will continuously
request for frames from slaves. The data is displayed on VB software in a abular form. Also we are
connecting GSM modem to PC which will send SMS to user using AT commands.

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B. Collision Avoidance Protocol:

Here we are using a master Request and slave Response protocol .In this system the Master sends the
request to the all the slaves. In the request frame the master mentions the slave ID .The request frame is
received by all the slaves which are in range .The slave who are in range receive the incoming frame and
store it in its internal RAM memory .Then they check for the slave ID .If the incoming slave ID matches
with their own slave ID then they Accept the frame and send the parameter back to the master .If the ID
does not match then the slave discards the frame. In this way in our project we are using the above
mentioned protocol:
In our system we have
1 Master PC terminal.
2 Sub masters
3 Slave Terminals
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So in total we have 2 slaves .The idea is of 2 slaves is to cover a wider range with different application.
So we are placing 2 slaves which will be placed in such way that they will be always in range of the PC
master .The two slaves are under the PC based masters supervision .Therefore the PC master will
communicate to the slaves via Wireless ZigBee module.

Slave1:
On slave 1 we have PIR sensor which is used to detect any human presence. If Human Movement is
detected then the mains relay Relay1 is turned off which results in energy saving. Also we have Gas and
fire sensor. For gas we are using MQ6 sensor and for fire we are using bimetallic strip sensor which gives
a pulse when fire is detected. Also we have a smart memory card based security system in which the user
has to insert the smart card in the S/C connector. As soon as the smart card is inserted the C will read the
password from memory and compare with the password entered via matrix key board. If both match then
access is granted otherwise buzzer is turned ON.
Slave2:
On slave 2 we have IR sensor which is used to detect the person count in the room. If person count is zero
then the mains relay relay1 is turned off which results in energy saving. Also we have temperature and
light sensor, If there is any movement then according to temperature and light reading the fan and light
are controlled.

C. Features of the proposed System

This paper presents a novel, stand alone, low-cost and flexible ZigBee based home automation system.
The architecture is designed to reduce the systems complexity and low power requirement. Hence, the
system endeavors not to incorporate complex and expensive components. The system is flexible and
added to the home network with the minimum amount of effort. The system allows home owners to
monitor and control connected devices in the home. Efficient way for wireless data logging of hazardous
applications, less time delays & quick response time.

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The energy consumption of the system for a week can be shown as table 1. As considering values of the
table 1 the energy used for a week by conventional system is more than our smart system and is
calculated by considering the human movement. As representation of single room for a week by
considering the person count present in a room for a day. The graphical representation can be shown in
figure.

Table 1. Single Room Energy Management for a Week

According to figure 4, for a single room the energy consumption of conventional system is more than the
smart energy management system using ZigBee. The graphical representation gives us an idea about
energy usage of conventional system and using the ZigBee. The graph can be plotted as energy
consumption vs days. As shown in figure 5, the output can be shown by using VB software. The software
output consisting of slave-1 and slave-2 outputs with their readings, set points and the relay status of the
operation. The relay status can be shown by red and green light indication. The emergency mobile
number also can be given as input used for security purpose. The various parameters can be considered as
gas concentration, intruder, fire, temperature and light intensity.

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IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, smart control system based on wireless sensor networks to make home area
networks more intelligent and energy efficient. We suggest new ubiquitous home scenarios
based on the proposed system. We expect that our work contributes towards the development of
energysavings. A smart home control system can provide both significant cost savings in a home
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network for the home automation. Removing the wires from the lighting controls provides
additional significant savings in installation of wiring cost. In short, these systems save money
and make good sense. Efficient way for wireless data logging of hazardous applications, less
time delays & quick response time. A novel architecture for a proposed system is implemented,
using the relatively new communication technology ZigBee. The use of ZigBee communications
technology helps lower the expense of the system and the intrusiveness of the respective system
installation. The incorporation of the virtual home concept coordinates the systems security and
safety efforts in a clear and consistent manor. As a part of future work, we will apply IEEE
802.15.4 a standard technology in our home network systems to support location services.
Advanced energy management systems will eventually become common in residential and
commercial buildings because occupant behaviors have a significant impact on the total energy
consumption. Our prototype system achieved an energy savings of 6% - 10% by implementing a
relatively simple control policy.

In this Project, we present an integrated system currently under development within the
European project AIM , for profiling and reducing home energy consumption. We focus, in
particular, on the key role played by wireless sensor networks to automatically control home
appliances according to users habits. To create a system where user doesnt need to waste a lot of
time in complex settings of system parameters, one of the challenges of AIM project is to
automate the set up of a part of these parameters with a system able to predict actual user
preferences on the basis of previous observed behavior. This is the main role of the sensor
network that senses physical parameters estimating user behavior for future periods and adjusting
prediction in real time. On the basis of this information the AIM system is able to best schedule
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tasks for every appliances, for example heating the room at the desired temperature before the
user come in.
WIRELESS SENSORS FOR SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT

In the AIM architecture, the wireless sensor network (WSN)provides the basic tools for
gathering information on user behavior and his interaction with home appliances. Moreover, the
WSN provides measurements of some physical parameters like temperature and light that can be
used by the system to perform some automatic adjustment of the energy management system.
For this purpose we implemented a hierarchical hybrid network architecture called Mobi WSN.
This architecture is composed by heterogeneous is lands of sensor nodes with each of them
created using a tree network topology. Each island is managed by a Gateway and is able to
communicate with it using a stateless protocol we called Information Exchange Protocol (IEP).
The Mobi WSN Gateways are interconnected using a mesh configuration to ensure reliability
and resilience to failure, and can communicate with an additional node, called Manager, that is in
charge of managing network creation and reconfiguration. The Mobi WSN architecture, besides
providing measurements of physical parameters like temperature and light, is also able to detect
user presence in each room of the house. This functionality has been achieved defining a
specific protocol that we called infrared-based Presence Detection System (i-PeDS), based on
Passive InfraRed (PIR)sensors.
3. USER PROFILING
The basic function of the user profile is the characterization of users behavior so that some
settings of the energy management system can be made automatically. For this reason we used
the Mobi WSN architecture for monitoring environmental parameters, such as user presence,
temperature and light. This information is aggregated and processed in order to create three

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different types of profile (user presence profile, temperature profile and light profile) that
represent users habits. In the user presence profiling (the same can be said of temperature and
light profiling) the sensor network collects 24 hour information (here called "daily profile)
about users presence/absence in each room of the house ina given monitoring period (i.e. week,
month). At the end of the monitoring time the cross-correlation between each couple of 24 hour
data presence is computed for each room of the house in order to cluster similar daily profiles. In
particular, daily profiles y(t) and x(t) are said similar if:
r(x, y) > 1 A/ 2 [r(x, x) + r(y, y)]
Where r(x, y) is the mean value of the cross-correlation between signals x(t) and y(t) calculated
with an accepted delay of B (in minutes), A and B are constants (respectively equal to 0.12 and
(10 in our numerical results).

For each cluster the average of the daily profiles identifies a final presence profile that provides
the 24 hour probability distribution of the user presence in the room the cluster is associated
with (Figure 1). At the end of calculation a matrix is generated where each room is associated
with a column that represents the sequence of presence profiles identified in the monitoring
period. Each matrix column is statistically elaborated in order to predict the presence profile in a
given day, for each room, on the basis of the observed profiles in the past days. For room i, for

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example, the prediction

algorithm performs:
1) for each presence profile j in the selected column, the probability that it occurs after the
2) sequence of profiles of the past M days in room i (with M = 1) is calculated;
3) if a profile j exists with such a probability higher than a threshold (experimentally set to
0.75),
4) the algorithm tops and j is the predicted profile; otherwise M is increased by 1 and the
algorithm goes back to step 1.
The prediction algorithm provides presence, temperature and light profiles for each day of the
year. Obviously users habits are only partially predictable. For this reason the system has to be
able to detect exceptions in the user behavior and to adjust missed predictions. For this purpose
we implemented
a specific algorithm, called Updating Algorithm, that uses real time data provided by the sensor
network to dynamically update the predicted profiles during the day.
4. NUMERICAL RESULTS
As previously mentioned, we implemented a prototype version of the proposed sensor network
architecture for energy management. However, to evaluate the performance of the user-habits
prediction algorithms we have been forced to rely on simulation mainly because of the long
period of time required for testing them in a real environment. The system has been tested
referring to a five room house with a simulating period of 300 days, creating a realistic sequence
of daily presence, light and temperature profiles. The presence prediction algorithm has been
simulated in three user behavior exceptions cases: exceptions spike (there are 20 isolated
exceptions in the users behavior), exceptions burst (there are 4 sequences of 4 contiguous
exceptions) and behavior variation (user changes his behavior two times during the year). The

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The presence, temperature and light profiles can be used to optimize the using time of home
appliances and to minimize the home energy consumption. In Figure 2 and 3 we present an
example of the automatic temperature management benefits. The management system allows
some energy savings turning off the cooling system of the rooms that are not required to be air
conditioned because the user will
not enter those rooms with high probably and turning it off in the whole house if the user is not
present and probably will not return for a long time. In contrast, in the classical scenario the
cooling system is supposed to be On in all rooms and to be preprogrammed from the user to
approximately follow his daily/weekly schedules. In the simulation performed, the home
temperature management has reduced the working time of the cooling system by nearly 28
percent.

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Smart Power Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks

System has been designed that can be used to monitor electrical parameters such as voltage,
current and power of household appliances. The system consists of a smart sensing unit that
detects and controls the home electrical appliances used for daily activities by following different
tariff rates. It can reduce costs for the consumers and thereby improve grid stability. A developed
prototype has been extensively tested and experimental results have compared with conventional
measuring devices.
System has been designed that can be used to monitor electrical parameters such as voltage,
current and power of household appliances. The system consists of a smart sensing unit that
detects and controls the home electrical appliances used for daily activities by following different
tariff rates. It can reduce costs for the consumers and thereby improve grid stability. A developed
prototype has been extensively tested and experimental results have compared with conventional
measuring devices.
CURRENT RESEARCH WORKS
Projects like Smart grids utilizing wireless sensor network technologies are being promoted by
US government as a way of addressing energy independence, global warming and emergency
resilience issues. A report on revenue for Smart Grid from sales of smart grid sensing,
monitoring, control systems and related software sold to the worldwide smart grid sector are $6.3
billion by 2014 and double to $13 billion by 2018. Software for home area network applications
will bring revenue five times greater than $1.1 billion by 2014. While home energy monitoring
has been popular in the past, subsidized smart meter deployments will make it cost effective.
Wired sensor networks have already been reached and deployed in many applications over a
decade; because of the wireless extension, smart grids have witnessed a tremendous upsurge in
interest and activities in recent years. New technologies include cutting-edge advancements in
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information technology, sensors, metering, transmission, distribution, and electricity storage

technology, as well as providing new information and flexibility to both consumers and
providers of electricity. The ZigBee Alliance, the wireless communication platform is presently
examining Japans new smart home wireless system implication by having a new initiative with
Japans Government that will evaluate use of the forthcoming ZigBee Internet Protocol (IP)
specification and the IEEE 802.15.4g standard to help Japan create smart homes that improve

energy management and efficiency.

It is expected that 65 million households will equip with smart meters by 2015 and it is a realistic
estimate of the size of the home energy management market [5]. Smart Grid and wireless sensor
networks provides an intelligent functions that advance interactions of agents such as
telecommunication, control and optimization to achieve adaptability, self-healing, efficiency,
cyber security and reliability of power systems while reducing the cost and providing efficient

A wide range of smart meter research is being carried during the last decade. Various
architectural design and development methods of smart grid utility system for effectively
managing and controlling the household appliances for optimal energy harvesting have been
presented. In order to connect various domestic appliances and have wireless networks to
monitor and control based on the effective power tariffs have been proposed [7-8], but the
prototypes are verified using test bed scenarios. Also, smart meter systems like, have been
designed to specific usages particularly related to geographical usages and are limited to specific
places.
Different Information and Communication technologies integrating with smart meter devices but
individual controlling of the devices are limited to specific houses.
Considering performance and cost factors related to design and development of smart meters and
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also predicting the usage of the power consumption have been demonstrated. However, low-cost,
flexible and robust system to continuously monitor and control based on consumer requirements
are at early stages of development. In this project, a low-cost, flexible and real-time smart power
management system which can easily integrate with the home monitoring systems like is
presented.

Design of Wireless Framework for Energy Efficient Street Light Automation

Our work focuses on the development of a prototype to be used in a wireless sensor network
(WSN) which also integrates DALI protocol. Since DALI is a well-established standard and it
has been adopted by major electronic ballasts suppliers it is very easy to find DALI compliant
devices. Despite it is designed for lighting control, DALI has also been adapted to other
applications, such as motor or fan controllers, proximity alarms, etc. Adapting the standard to a
and removing wires (DALI devices require a dedicated bus for data transmission), which results
in a reduction of installation costs. More No. of slaves added to a single master, make it more
control efficient. Gateway enables high level of integration with multiple industrial networks. A
WSN as part of a home automation system is also known as a wireless home automation network
, it allows monitoring and control applications for home end user and energy efficiency.

A. Wireless sensor network

Smart environments represent the next evolutionary development step in building, utilities,
industrial, home, shipboard, and transportation systems automation. Like any sentient organism,
the smart environment relies first and foremost on sensory data from the real world. Sensory data
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comes from multiple sensors of different modalities in distributed locations. The smart
environment needs information about its surroundings as well as about its internal workings; this
is captured in biological systems by the distinction between exteroceptors and proprioceptors.
PDA BSC (Base Station Controller, BST Preprocessing) Wireless Sensor Machine Monitoring
Medical Monitoring Wireless Sensor Wireless Data Collection Networks Wireless (Wi-Fi 802.11
2.4GHz BlueTooth Cellular Network, - CDMA, GSM) Printer Wireland (Ethernet WLAN,
Optical) Animal Monitoring Vehicle Monitoring Online monitoring Server transmitter Any
where, any time to access Notebook Cellular Phone PC Ship Monitoring Wireless Sensor
Networks Roving Human monitor Data Distribution Network Management Center (Database
large storage, analysis) Data Acquisition Network The challenges in the hierarchy of: detecting
the relevant quantities, monitoring and collecting the data, assessing and evaluating the
information, formulating meaningful user displays, and performing decision-making and alarm
functions are enormous. The information needed by smart environments is provided by
Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks, which are responsible for sensing as well as for the first
stages of the processing hierarchy.

B. PIC Microcontroller
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All PIC16F87XA devices have a host of features intended to maximize system reliability,
minimize cost through elimination of external components, provide power saving operating
modes and offer code protection.

1,00,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical

10,00,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical

In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins

Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming

Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

Programmable code protection

C. ZIGBEE

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ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, lowpower digital radios based on an IEEE 802 standard for personal area networks. ZigBee devices
are often used in mesh network form to transmit data over longer distances, passing data through
intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. This allows ZigBee networks to be formed adhoc, with no centralized control or high-power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the
devices. Any ZigBee device can be tasked with running the network.ZigBee is targeted at
applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee has a
defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal
transmission from a sensor or input device. Applications include wireless light switches,
electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic management systems.

D. Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a
magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on
or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the
first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains
circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is
magnetic and mechanical.

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E. Current transformer
Current transformer normally known as C.T. is a step up transformer. C.T. has a primary coil of
one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line whose current is to be measured.
Secondary is short by a known resistance. Current step down ratio 20:1 The output voltage
between the resistance is proportional to the primary coil current.

F.TRIAC
TRIACs belong to the thyristor family and are closely related to Silicon-controlled rectifiers
(SCR). Unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices ,TRIACs are bidirectional and so current
can flow through them in either direction, TRIACs are very convenient switches for AC circuits,
also allowing them to control very large power flows with milli ampere-scale gate currents.Low
power TRIACs are used in many applications such as light dimmers, speed controls for electric
fans and other electric motors, and in the modern computerized control circuits of many
household small and major appliances.

G. LDR

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A photo resistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photo conductivity. They are also
used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent lamp or light emitting
diode to control gain reduction and are also used in bed lamps, etc. A photo resistor is made of a
high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons
absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction
band. The resulting free electron conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

PIC16F877A is a 40 Pin DIP pack IC with 33 I/O pins. Out of which 8 pins can be used either as
Digital I/O pins or Analog Input pins. The micro controller is having 5 ports Port A, Port B, Port
C, Port D and Port E. Here Port A consists 6Pins and can be used as Analog Pins and Digital
Pins, in the same way Port E consists of 3Pins all of them can either be used as Analog Pins or
Digital Pins. The Port pins of Port D are connected to LCD pins. RD4 to RD7 as data pins and
RD0 to RD2 as control pins. The Pins of Port B are connected to relay drivers, which in turn
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drives the relays. The Pins 13 and 14 are connected to Oscillators. This Oscillator provides
required clock reference for the PIC micro controller. Either Pins 11 and 12 or 31 and 32 can be
used as power supply pins. Pins 25 and 26 of Port C are used for serial Port communications;
these pins are interfaced with MAX232 for PC based communications. Pins 37, 38, 39 and 40 are
used for In-Circuit Debugger Operations, with which the hex code is downloaded to the Chip.
Pin 33 is used as external Interrupt Pin. Pin 1 is used as Reset Pin.

This Pin is connected to Vcc through a resistor. The LCD we have used in this project is
HD1234. This is an alphanumeric type of LCD with 16 pins. Of which Pins 7 to 14 are used as
data pins, through which an 8-bit data can be input to the LCD. These Pins are connected to the
Port 0 of Micro controller. There are 3 control pins RS (Pin-4), RW (Pin-5) and EN (Pin-6). The

RS pin is connected to the 28th Pin of micro controller. The RW pin is usually grounded. The
Enable pin is connected to 27th Pin. The LCD has two Rows and 16 Columns. The LCD is
powered up with 5V supply connected to Pins 1(Gnd) and 2(Vcc). The Pin 3 is connected to Vcc
through a Potentiometer. The potentiometer is used to adjust the contrast level. Here in our
project we use the PIC controller in 4-bit mode. Here only 4 data pins are connected and are used
as Data Port.

When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be stepped
down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our circuit the transformer of 230v/15-015v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 15V AC across the
secondary winding. In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solidstate diode. Diode has the property that will let the electron flow easily in one direction at proper
biasing condition. As AC is applied to the diode, electrons only flow when the anode and
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cathode is negative. Reversing the polarity of voltage will not permit electron flow.A commonly
used circuit for supplying large amounts of DC power is the bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier of
four diodes (4*IN4007) is used to achieve full wave rectification.

Two diodes will conduct during the negative cycle and the other two will conduct during the
positive half cycle. The DC voltage appearing across the output terminals of the bridge rectifier
will be somewhat less than 90% of the applied RMS value. Filter circuits, which usually
capacitor is acting as a surge arrester always follow the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called
as a decoupling capacitor or a bypassing capacitor, is used not only to short the ripple with
frequency of 120Hz to ground but also to leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output.
The voltage regulators play an important role in any power supply unit. The primary purpose of a
regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device.

Power supplies without regulators have an inherent problem of changing DC voltage values due
to variations in the load or due to fluctuations in the AC liner voltage. With a regulator connected
to the DC output, the voltage can be maintained within a close tolerant region of the desired
output. IC7812 and 7805 are used in this project for providing +12v and +5v DC supply. There is

no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and
mechanical. here in our project the relays are connected to the micro controller through ULN
2003 relay driver IC.
The input from the micro controller is 5V and the output from the ULN is 12V this output is used

to drive the relay. The output is fed to the coil supply of the relay. The ULN IC has 7 input Pins

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1- 7. The output is taken from Pins 9-15. The ULN consists of Darlington arrays. Here in
our
2- project the micro controller pins are connected to ULN through Pins

The project DIGITAL ADDRESSABLE LIGHTING INTERFACE has been completed

successfully and the output results are verified. The results are in line with the expected output.
The project has been checked with both software and hardware testing tools. In this work
PIC16F877A, LCD& RELAY are chosen are proved to be more appropriate for the intended
application. The project is having enough avenues for future enhancement. The project is a
prototype model that fulfills all the logical requirements. The project with minimal
improvements can be directly applicable for real time applications.

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This paper describes a new intelligent street lighting system which integrates new technologies
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available on the market to 0ffer higher efficiency and considerable savings Another advantage
obtained by the control system is the intelligent management of the lamp posts by sending data to
a central station by ZigBee wireless communication. The system maintenance can be easily and
efficiently planned from the central station, allowing additional savings.. The system is always
flexible, extendable, and fully adaptable to user needs. The simplicity of ZigBee, the reliability
of electronic components, the feature of the sensor network, the processing speed, the reduced
costs, and the ease of installation are the features that characterize the proposed system, which
presents itself as an interesting engineering and commercial solution as the comparison with
other technologies demonstrated

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