Within Tree Variation in Antomical Properties of Some Clones of Eucalyptus Tereticornis Sm. Four and Half Years

International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 05-13
WITHIN TREE VARIATION IN ANTOMICAL

PROPERTIES OF SOME CLONES OF
EUCALYPTUS TERETICORNIS SM. FOUR AND
HALF YEARS
P. Sreevani1 and R.V. Rao2
1
Head of the Department of Botany, Visakha Govt. Degree & PG College (W),
Old Jail Road, Visakhapatnam -20 Affiliation; Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh
srvani6@gmail.com
Abstract: The basic density and some of the anatomical

properties of five clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis developed
by ITC Bhadrachalam were reported. The five clones
represented by four trees each of four and half years old were
from Sarapaka, Andhra Pradesh. Within tree variation in
anatomical properties of four and half years old grown
Eucalyptus tereticornis clones have been investigated and
correlated with basic density. Anatomical parameters studied
were found to vary significantly from bottom to top with no
definite trend. Significant variation exists in all the five clones
of different parameters. Basic density was positively correlated
with fibre length at middle, top and pooled positions. Fibre
length was positively correlated with fibre diameter, fibre
lumen diameter at bottom position, and with vessel diameter at
middle position, and negatively correlated with vessel
frequency at top position. The results obtained in this study
have shown the suitability of raw material for paper and pulp
where the required basic density is met with. Mainly these
clone are primarily tried to meet the requirement of paper and
pulp industry.
Key words: Basic density, fibre and vessel morphology,
clones, paper and pulp.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Eucalyptus tereticornis, known as Mysore gum in India
and forest gum in Australia, is one of the most extensively
planted eucalypt species in India. It is planted to meet the
ever increasing demand for pulp wood and solid wood
requirements of the Industry. ITC, Bhadrachalam Paper
Boards Ltd., Andhra Pradesh, has come out successfully,
after a number of trails, with some commercial clones of this
species with improved productivity (Lal et al. 1993, 1997).
There are only a few studies made on assessment of wood
quality of Eucalyptus tereticornis from India belonging to
different ages and localities of ordinary seed source
(Purkayastha et al. 1979, Sharma & Bhandari 1983, Bhat &
Bhat 1984, Bhat 1986, Bhat et al. 1987, Bhat 1990). Rao et
al. (2002) initiated work on the assessment of the wood
quality of Eucalyptus tereticornis clones.
In this paper
where studies made on basic density, fibre and vessel
morphology of
five commercial clones of ITC,
Bhadrachalam which are about 4-5 years of age and grown
in a clonal demonstration plot under rain fed conditions at
Sarapaka, Andhra Pradesh are presented.
II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials for this study were four trees from each of the
five clones of ITC, Bhadrachalam numbered 3,4,6,7 and 10.
These clones planted at an espacement of 1m x 1m except
one clone (clone 10) where the espacement was 3m x 2m in
red soil under rainfed conditions at Sarapaka, Andhra
Pradesh, India. The trees were cut at 10 cm above ground

level and 1m length billets up to the height of 3m were
collected for Investigation. The average mid-girths of the
billets of the different clones were 43.5 cm (clone 3), 31 cm
(clone 4), 38 cm (clone 6), 33 cm (clone 7), 42 cm (clone
10). At the time of felling, the trees were four and half years
old. From each billet a part (0.25 cm) of it was cut and set
aside for paper and pulp studies and 5 cm thick discs were
cut to study percentage of heartwood and sap wood, general
features and gross structure. From the remaining part 2.5 cm
wide radial strips were prepared. From these strips 1 cm on
either side of the pith was removed and from the remaining
lengthwise sticks were prepared. From these sticks 11
blocks were made and 10 blocks were used to find the basic
density which was determined by using oven-dry
weight/green volume of the sample. The eleventh block was
used for anatomical studies. Only one side of the radius was
used for the study as our earlier findings showed nonsignificant difference on both sides of the pith (Rao et al.
2002). Silvers taken from 1 cm3 blocks from billets of each
clone and macerated with 30% nitric acid and a few crystals
of potassium chlorate (Jane 1970). Fibre and vessel
dimensions were measured from the macerated material.
Thirty measurements per tree for each of the fibre and vessel
characteristics were taken.
Fibre wall thickness was
calculated by deducting the fibre lumen diameter from the
fibre diameter. For all the anatomical quantification a video
Image analyzer was used. Fifty measurements were taken
for each position. Nested ANOVA was performed to find
variation within trees, within the clones and among the
clones. A simple correlation coefficient was performed to
examine the inter-relationships among the anatomical
properties and density. Linear regression model was used to
show the dependence of anatomical parameters on height
position.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Basic density
Basic density differed significantly between the clones
at 1% level (Table.1). The highest basic density was
recorded for clone 4 (0.583 g cm-3) and the lowest for clone
3 (0.514g cm-3).
Grzeskowiak et al. (2000) also reported significant
differences in basic density in two E. grandis x
camaldulensis clones. Purkayastha et al. (1979) showed that
basic density (0.538 g cm-3 to 0.640 g cm-3) of 8 to 9 year
old Eucalyptus hybrid (probably E. tereticornis) varied
significantly among five localities. However, Bhat and Bhat
(1984) found that the mean basic density of 1-year-old trees
5|P age

of E. tereticornis from Kerala was 2.6% greater than the
even though the material studied was older. The variation in
overall mean density of five different plantations of 8 to 9specific gravity in any clone as seen in the present
year-old trees as reported by Purkayastha et al. (1979).
investigation is expected not to affect much in pulp yield.
The present study, however, did not show higher value
In fact a preliminary study made by Rao et al. (1999) and
in any clone compared with the data provided by Bhat and
Sushma Mahajan et al. (2000) of clonal material of E.
Bhat (1984). Quilho and Pereira (2001) showed that the
tereticornis showed pulp yields ranging from 46.47% (clone
wood basic density in E. globulus differed depending on the
6)-49.89 (clone 3) and 43% (clone 10) 48% (clone 6)
sites where they were grown. Best and worst sites produced
respectively.
higher and lower densities respectively and density was
independent of growth rate. From the above discussion, it
B. Fibre Characteristics
becomes evident that basic density varies with age and
Fibre length, fibre lumen diameter, significantly
locality. Since these clones are primarily tried to meet the
differed between clones at 5% level and wall thickness at
requirements of the paper and pulp industry, it is worthwhile
1% level whereas fibre diameter was non-significant (Table
to consider the suggestion of Ikemori et al. (1986) who
1). Maximum fibre length found in clone 4 and minimum in
stated that basic density which was in the range of 480 to
clone 7. Clone 4 and 10 were significantly different from
570 kg m-3 was ideal for paper and pulp. The results
other three clones with regard to fibre length. Fibre lumen
obtained in this study have shown the suitability of raw
diameter was significantly higher in clone 3 and 4, wall
material for paper and pulp where the required basic density
thickness was significantly higher in clone 6, 7 and 10.
is met with.
The fibre lengths published so far for this species were
The results obtained on variation in basic density
880 m (Dadswell 1972; age not known), 742-804 m
showed significant differences within trees, among clones
(Purkayastha et al. 1979, 8-9 years), 750-820 m (Laxmi
and non-significant difference within clones (Table.2).
Chauhan et al. 1983; 9 years), 660-790 m (Sharma &
Purkayastha et.al. (1979-80) who studied 8-9 year old
Bhandari 1983; 8-10 years), 738 m (Bhat 1986; 9-10
plantation of E.tereticornis of unknown seed origin also
years).
reported bottom to top variation within rarrow limits in all
A comparison of the values obtained in the present
the trees with no distint trend. Taylor (1968) reported a
investigation with those above shows that the mean fibre
decrese in specific gravity (density) in yellow poplar trees
length of any clone is longer than what has been reported for
with the increase in height. In contrast, Taylor (1973) found
trees of higher age group of ordinary seed source.
a decrease in specific gravity from 1.5 m to 4.6 m and then
The results obtained on fibre length, fibre diameter,
an increase with increased height in stems of E.grandis.
fibre lumen diameter and fibre wall thickness have indicated
Taylor (1979) could not find any correlation between
that height having definite influence on the variation for the
sampling height and density in six of eight hardwood
above characteristics (Fig.2-4),
species in southern United States. Bouvet and Bailleres
While, fibre length decreased with the height in all the
(1995) reported a similar type of observation in five year old
individual trees of any clone or in the clones themselves, the
urograndis eucalypt hybrids in line with Taylor (1968).
quantifiable change though significant is very low. It can
Notwithstanding the above observations, Gohre (1960),
also be seen that where the fibre length values are higher
Dargavel (1968) Skolman (1972) and Taylor (1973)
(Table.1) near the base (eg.clone.4) the subsequent values
reported an increase in specific gravity with height in some
also remained higher when compared to other clones and
eucalypts and in some poplars.
their respective height positions ( e.g. clone 4, clone 6, clone
Thus the trends as shown in the (Figure.1-5) (Table.1) is
7, clone 10). Thus, the trends of variation found in all the
supporting different types of variations encountered by
clones with respect to height position appears to be clone
others with reference to individual trees, although the
specific and are variable. The significant difference found
differences may be small. At clonal level the bottom to top
may be due to positional effect from where the respective
variation in four clones (clone 3, clone 4, clone 7 and clone
cambia produced these fibres. From the regression equation
10) with the exception of clone 6 showed mild increase in
(Fig. 2) for the entire population of these clonal material
basic density from base upwards. As a population, the
produced, fibres which became shorter as one goes up from
regression equation (Fig. 1) is suggestive of very small
base. This is expected as the size of the cambial initials are
increase with a very low value of r2 = 0.0245. According to
comparatively more at the base than the cambial initials of
Panshin and de Zeeuw (1980) the confusion of such a little
the higher positions (Panshin & de Zeeuw 1980).
consistency with no overall dominance of single pattern of
Purkayastha et al. (1979-80) who studied 8-9 years old
specific gravity variation is partly due to diversity in
plantations of E. tereticornis found no consistent relationship
proportions of cell types in different parts of tree and also
between the whole tree fibre length either with the height or
result of varying growth influences. The present study has
girth with the exception of Dehra Dun. Taylor (1973)
also shown the existence of significant variation among the
however reported that sampling height having very little
trees. A perusal of the data (Table.1 and 2) showed the
effect on fibre length in E. grandis. However, Bhat et al.
potential for further exploitation within each clone if one is
(1990) found an initial increase from stump to breast height
interested in higher or lower basic density. Bhat and Bhat
level then a gradual decrease towards the top in E. grandis.
(1984), however, found that specific gravity of one year old
The average fibre length of one year old E. tereticornis was
trees of E.tereticornis from Kerala was found to be more
reported to be 610m and positively correlated with height
than 2.6% than 9 year old trees. The data of within clone
and diameter (Bhat & Bhat 1984), whereas the average fibre
variation and among clone variation in specific gravity
length for the same species, but 3 year old was 870 m with
however did not show any higher value in any clone
no correlation to height or DBH (Bhat et al., 1987). In case
compared to the data provided by Bhat and Bhat (1984)
of E. grandis (Bhat et al., 1990), the average fibre length
6|P age

increased both with the age and also with the height upto
Richardson (1959, 1964) on the physiology of xylem
certain extent. The average fibre length varied from 812development who found that the major determinant of wall
1147m in 3-9 year with a non- significant tree to tree
thickness is the availability of carbohydrate and hormonal
variation. However, the present study indicated that the
activity. He further concluded that increase in cell lengths
fibre length decreased from bottom to top and average fibre
are directly related to temperature but only indirectly to
length reported for any clone is more than what has been
increased carbohydrate formation caused by increased light
reported by Purkayastha et al. (1979-80) and at par with the
intensity. Depending upon what sort of correlation it gives,
data of Bhat et al. (1987) of 3 year old trees. However, the
necessary improvements can be made for the selection of
present study gains support from Wendy Cheng and
clones which show suitable influence.
Bensend (1979) who found a decrease in fibre length with
increase in height in the clones of Populus. According to
C. Vessel Characteristics
Wendy Cheng and Bensend (1979) in juvenile wood, the
Vessel frequency, vessel diameter showed significant
variation in fibre length was mainly a result of physiological
differences at 1% level between the clones (Table 1).
and environmental factor rather than a genetic factor.
Whereas vessel element length was non-significant. The
The significant variation found within tree, within the
mean vessel frequency ranged from 14 mm-2 (Clone 10) to
clones and among clones is also suggestive of the juvenile
19 mm-2 (Clone 3). The mean vessel diameter ranged from
nature of the tree and the conditions under which they were
111 m (clone 3) to 135 m (clone 6). Clone 3 and 7 had
grown (Table 2). Grzeskowiak et al. (2000) also reported
significantly higher vessel frequency than the other three
the existence of differences in fibre lengths among the
clones. However, the higher values obtained for vessel
clones of E. grandis they have studied. The present work is
frequency in the present study compared to what has been
thus indicative of the importance of understanding the
reported by Purkayastha (1982) and Agarwal and Laxmi
variation in fibre morphology particularly fibre length to
Chauhan (1988).
envision potentials in the populations for better
The vessel frequency, vessel diameter and vessel
exploitations. The data if seen would suggests that wood
element length have shown significant within tree variation
material that could be obtained from these clonal plantations
with no definite trend between any two trees in any clone
have not only provided improved fibre length but also more
with respect to height. The trend of bottom to top variation
uniformity. The above observation thus confirms that when
for each clone also is not consistent Since the dimensions of
a clonal plantation is adapted, a uniform fibre length can be
the vessels of any clone affect the paper sheet properties
expected either at monoclonal level or at polyclonal level
those clones with lower values would be preferred. Thus,
and percentage differences will be marginally very low.
clone 10, 4 and 6 have lower vessel frequency,whereas
While the fibre length was found to vary significantly within
clone 3 has higher frequency. Similarly clone 3 has less
the tree, within the clones and among the clones, the results
vessel diameter compared to clone 6. In case of vessel
obtained on fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter, fibre wall
element length the differences are non-significant. The
thickness with reference to hierarchal sampling showed
interesting aspect of the present study is that within the
significant differences in relation to height for all the
clone there are no significant variation for any other
characteristics studied, a non-significant variation within the
characteristics and also for vessel element length among the
clones and a significant variation among the clones with
clones (Table.2). Thus, the vessel frequency and vessel
exception of fibre diameter (Table 2). While the fibre
diameter will play a vital role for segregation of the clones
diameter decreased from the bottom to top, (Fig.3)fibre
as an index for wood quality assessment. Grzeskowiak et al.
lumen diameter increased, fibre wall thickness decreased.
(2000) also reported significant clonal variation in vessel
The interesting aspect in all these cases is the existence of
diameter and vessel frequency in certain clones of
non-significant variation among the trees. In other words a
Eucalyptus.
uniform characteristic could be obtained among the trees of
The variation in average vessel diameter as found in the
any clone, thus eliminating larger variation. Fibre length,
present study among the clones is within the range (112 mfibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter and fibre wall thickness
194 m (147m)) of what has been reported by Dadswell
have been shown to influence bulk, burst, tear, fold and
(1972) for E. tereticornis. So also for the vessel element
tensile strength of the paper. Fibre characters were shown to
length [(310m-460m (380m)]. However, the higher
have importance as coarse fibres were shown to have the
values obtained for vessel frequency in the present study
same effect on paper as short fibres. Fibre diameter, fibre
compared to what has been reported by Purkayastha (1983)
lumen diameter, fibre wall thickness are closely tied to
and Agrawal and Luxmi Chauhan (1988), may be due to the
specific gravity. The overall scenario that emerges out of
juvenile nature of wood material in the former.
this study is that height contributing to the major variations
Generally vessels which are characteristic features of
in cellular dimensions because of the post cambial activity
hardwoods are an important cellular constituents designated
of the respective cambia and the spatial adjustments required
to perform the function of conduction of water and mineral
to perform the needed physiological function. However,
nutrients in the living trees (Panshin & de Zeeuw 1980,
from the point of view of utilization, where these variations
Carlquist 1988). In timber utilization, vessels can be
are of less in nature, such variations will always produce a
important in impregnation of chemical preservatives, drying,
uniform wood quality and expected product. The present
gluing, painting, cutting and other processes (Hillis &
study of height related changes in fibre diameter is in
Brown 1984). While its role in timber utilization for solid
conformity with the findings made by Taylor (1973).
wood purpose is yet to be ascertained for the clonal material,
The variation found among the clones in fibre wall
however, their role for conduction of water and mineral
thickness may be the resultant of availability of
nutrients and also their adaptability to ecological conditions
carbohydrates and hormonal activity as exemplified by
7|P age

can be ascertained by looking at their vulnerability and
have been derived and one of the important factors being
mesomorphic nature.
variation in girth.
There is an experimental evidence which has shown
Notable correlation for the pooled up data showed that
that a single genetic stalk grown in two places have greater
all these factors are independent of specific gravity except
vessel grouping in the drier habitat (Bissing, 1982). Vessel
fibre length, vessel frequency and vessel diameter. The
density (Vessel frequency) is an extremely sensitive
positive and negative correlations found among the
measure of mesomorphy and xeromorphy.
anatomical characteristics excluding a few which were
found to be artificial in nature, is an indicative of the
complex spatial adjustments of various cell dimensions with
Inter-relationship between Basic density and Anatomical
respect to post cambial activity. The variation in specific
properties:
gravity in the clonal plantation along with fibre morphology
is not influenced by girth. The various correlations, as found
A. Correlations at bottom position
in the present study, were suggestive of complex interSpecific gravity was found to be positively correlated
relationship existing between anatomical characteristics in
with vessel diameter, Fibre length was positively correlated
these newly introduced clonal materials.
with fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter and fibre diameter
was positively correlated with lumen diameter, fibre wall
thickness, fibre lumen diameter was negatively correlated
with vessel element length.
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
Significant variations in Anatomical properties and
basic density were observed in five clones of four and half
B. Correlations at middle position
years old trees except for fibre diameter and vessel element
The significant correlation coefficient observed for
length. Basic density was positively influenced by fibre
heartwood percentage was fibre lumen dimeter. Specific
length, vessel diameter and negatively influenced by vessel
gravity was found to be correlated positively with fibre
frequency. Significant within tree variation was found in
length, vessel diameter and negatively with vessel
respect of basic density, vessel frequency, vessel diameter,
frequency. In case of fibre length a positive correlations was
vessel element length, fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre
found with vessel diameter, fibre lumen diameter was
lumen diameter, fibre wall thickness. Basic density was
positively correlated with vessel frequency, negatively with
positively correlated with fibre length at middle, top and
fibre wall thickness.
pooled positions. Fibre length was positively correlated
with fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter at bottom position,
C. Correlation at top position
and with vessel diameter at middle position, and negatively
Specific gravity was found to be positively correlated
correlated with vessel frequency at top position. The
with fibre length and negatively with vessel frequency.
variation in respect of height was more and also responsible
Fibre length was negatively correlated with vessel frequency
for the variation among the clones. Relationships varied
and Fibre diameter has shown positive correlation with fibre
between anatomical characteristics, specific gravity and
wall thickness, Fibre lumen diameter was found to have
growth rate depending upon height position.
negative correlation with fibre wall thickness.
From the foregoing account it can be seen that the
V.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
correlations between any two characteristic was not
I am very much thankful to my Supervisor Dr. R.V. Rao
consistent, when height is taken into consideration. The
for his encouragement in this work and also thankful to the
exception being fibre diameter and fibre wall thickness.
Principal, Visakha Govt. Degree & PG College (W),
This indicates that the relationships may change from
Visakhapatnam for extending his encouragement, helpful
significant to non-significant and also from positive to
attitude and good will.
negative depending up on the height position.
D. Correlation for pooled up positions
The position wise data was merged for each tree and
correlation coefficients were derived combining all the
clones. Thus the influence of height position was nullified
and the possible correlations among the properties for the
combined clonal material was arrived at. From the Table.6 it
can be seen that the existence of non-significant correlation
between girth and specific gravity, fibre morphology
including heartwood content is an indication of girth having
no influence on the above properties. Percentage of
heartwood was negatively correlated with vessel diameter. A
significant positive correlation was found between specific
gravity and fibre length, vessel diameter and a negative
correlation with vessel frequency. The fibre diameter was
positively correlated with fibre wall thickness. From this
study it can be seen that the correlation coefficients which
are significant, found to vary with respect to the height
position and suggestive of the variation in the dimension, of
wood anatomical characteristics from which these factors
Table 1. Basic density and Anatomical properties of

Eucalyptus tereticornis clones.
NS= not significant

*Significant at 5% level
**Significant at 1% level
The values sharing common alphabet do not differ
significantly at 0.05 probability level.
8|P age

S.no
1
Property
F calculated
Significant at test
Within tree
0.594
**
Basic density
0.205
Ns
Within clone
13.38
**
Among clones
Within tree
6.39
**
FL
4.59
**
Within clone
3.37
*
Among clones
Within tree
18.39
**
FD
0.29
Ns
Within clone
2.21
ns
Among clones
Within tree
19.83
**
FLD
0.36
Ns
Within clone
4.18
*
Among clones
Within tree
91.77
**
FWT
0.068
Ns
Within clone
17.21
**
Among clones
Within tree
18.36
**
VD
0.977
Ns
Within clone
13.25
**
Among clones
Within tree
12.59
**
VEL
1.05
Ns
Within clone
0.285
ns
Among clones
Within tree
6.52
**
VF
0.74
Ns
Within clone
11.17
**
Among clones
Table 2. Nested Analysis of Variance showing variation among,
within clones and within trees of Basic density and anatomical parameters
Legends: Basic density; FL-fibre length; FD-fibre diameter; FLD-Fibre lumen diameter; FWT-fibre wall thickness; VF-vessel
frequency; VD-vessel diameter; VEL- vessel element length
Girth
HW%
Basic
density
FL
FD
FLD
FWT
VF
VD
Girth
1.000
HW%
Basic
density
FL
0.092
1.000
-0.252
-0.236
1.000
-0.038
-0.178
0.328
1.000
FD
-0.529*
-0.321
0.144
0.455*
1.000
FLD
-0.027
-0.393
0.146
0.521*
0.560** 1.000
FWT
-0.614** -0.085
0.060
0.148
0.768** -0.100
1.000
VF
-0.241
0.263
-0.325
-0.150
0.108
-0.096
0.200
1.000
VD
-0.244
-0.602** 0.642**
0.251
0.230
0.336
0.015
-0.377 1.000
VEL
-0.254
0.220
-0.205
-0.290
-0.536** 0.068
-0.011
0.369
VEL
-0.170 1.000
Table 3. Correlation coefficients for the interrelationships between girth, heartwood percentage,
specific gravity and selected pairs of anatomical characteristics for the bottom position
n=20
* Significant at 0.05 level
** Significant at 0.01 level
Legends: HW%- heartwood percentage; FL-fibre length; FD-fibre diameter; FLD-Fibre lumen diameter; FWT-fibre wall thickness; VF-vessel
frequency; VD-vessel diameter; VEL- vessel element length
9|P age

Girth
Basic
density
HW%
FL
FD
FLD
FWT
VF
VD
Girth
1.000
HW%
Basic
density
-0.217
1.000
-0.257
0.149
1.000
FL
-0.018
0.067
0.587** 1.000
FD
0.219
-0.015
0.013
0.161
1.000
FLD
-0.295
0.512*
-0.023
0.122
0.040
FWT
0.373
-0.389
0.024
0.023
0.671** -0.703** 1.000
VF
-0.360
0.237
-0.471*
-0.385
0.063
0.508*
-0.333
1.000
VD
0.027
-0.239
0.512*
0.437*
-0.301
-0.265
-0.015
-0.809** 1.000
VEL
-0.011
-0.030
0.246
0.035
-0.392
-0.205
-0.123
-0.237
VEL
1.000
0.245
1.000
specific gravity and selected pairs of anatomical characteristics for the middle position
n=20
Girth
Girth
Basic
density
HW%
FL
FD
FLD
FWT
VF
VD
VEL
1.000
HW%
-0.171
1.000
Basic
density
-0.256
-0.001
1.000
FL
0.124
0.023
0.519*
1.000
FD
0.386
-0.383
0.015
0.081
1.000
FLD
-0.458*
0.589**
0.144
0.026
-0.295
FWT
0.529*
-0.619** -0.094
0.023
0.739** -0.861**
1.000
VF
-0.099
0.191
-0.62**
-0.451*
-0.350
0.010
-0.194
1.000
VD
0.062
-0.390
0.324
0.319
0.345
-0.267
0.372
-0.503*
1.000
VEL
0.227
0.131
0.048
0.322
0.173
0.034
0.066
-0.084
0.016
1.000
1.000
specific gravity and selected pairs of anatomical characteristics for the top position
n=20
Girth
HW%
Basic
density
FL
FD
FLD
FWT
VF
Girth
1.000
HW%
Basic
density
FL
-0.150
1.000
-0.262
0.006
1.000
0.016
-0.27
0.495*
1.000
FD
-0.051
-0.238
0.070
0.297
1.000
FLD
-0.371
0.472*
0.057
0.265
0.228
FWT
0.255
-0.568**
0.007
0.030
0.627** -0.615**
1.000
MFA
-0.675** 0.500*
0.027
0.109
0.534*
-0.340
VF
-0.302
0.309
-0.639**
-0.399 -0.123
0.403
-0.420 1.000
VD
0.028
-0.457*
0.620**
0.371
0.076
-0.362
0.347
VEL
0.034
0.132
0.186
0.123
-0.254
0.053
-0.250 -0.031
0.067
VD
VEL
1.000
-0.716**
1.000
-0.011 1.000
specific gravity and selected pairs of anatomical characteristics for the pooled position.
n=20
10 | P a g e

Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
11 | P a g e

Fig.4
Fig.5
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
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13 | P a g e

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