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the Effuser
the Diffuser
The skin friction at the walls and other surfaces will be large since the velocity at all points in the
circuit will be large (of the same order as the test-section velocity). Also, a construction ahead of the test
section, is necessary if the turbulence at the test-section has to be low, and particularly if the velocity
distribution has to be uniform. To achieve this, usually guide vanes are placed in the corners.
Similarity Parameters
Geometric similarity
One of the most important requirements of models is that there should be geometric similarity between
the model and the prototype. By geometric similarity it is meant that ratios of corresponding dimensions
in the model and the prototype should be the same.
Dynamic similarity
Equally important as the geometric similarity is the requirement of dynamic similarity. In an actual flight,
when the body moves through a medium, forces and moments are generated because of the viscosity of
the medium and also due to its inertia, elasticity and gravity. The inertia, viscous, gravity and elastic
forces generated on the body in flight can be expressed in terms of fundamental units. The important force
ratios can be expressed as non dimensional numbers. For example,
Reynolds number (Re) = Inertia force/Viscous force
Mach number = Inertia force/Elastic force
Froude number = Inertia force/Gravity force
Euler's number = Inertia force / Pressure force
Weber Number = Inertia force / Surface tension force
The principle of dynamic similarity is that a scale model under same Reynolds number and Mach number
will have forces and moments on it that can be scaled directly. The flow patterns on the full scale body
and the model will be exactly similar.
It is not necessary and may not be possible that all the aforesaid non dimensional numbers be simulated
simultaneously in any experiment. Depending on the flow regime or the type of experiments, certain nondimensional parameters are important. For example, in a low speed flow regime, simulation of Reynolds
number in the experiments is important to depict the conditions of actual flight. In a high speed flow,
simulation of Mach number is significant. It may even be necessary and significant that more than one
non dimensional parameter are simulated.
Losses in diffuser.
These are tunnels with layout totally different from that of low-speed and high-speed tunnels.
Some of the popular special purpose tunnels are: spinning tunnels, free-flight tunnels, stability
tunnels and low-density tunnels
High-speed tunnels are those with test-section speed more than 650 kmph.
The power to drive a low-speed wind tunnel varies as the cube of the test-section velocity.
Although this rule is not valid for the highspeed regime, the implication of rapidly increasing power
requirement with increasing test-section speed is true for high-speed tunnels also.
Because of the power requirements, high-speed wind tunnels are often of the intermittent
type in which energy is stored in the form of pressure or vacuum or both and is allowed to drive the
tunnel only a few seconds out of each pumping hour.
Even though the flow in the Mach number range from 0.5 to 5.0 is usually termed high-speed
flow, the tunnels with testsection Mach number less than 0.9 are generally grouped and treated under
subsonic wind tunnels.
Wind tunnels with Mach numbers from 1.5 to 5.0 are classified as supersonic tunnels
And those with Mach number more than 5 are termed hypersonic tunnels.
The wind tunnels in the Mach number range from 0.9 to 1.5 are called transonic tunnels.
High-speed tunnels are generally grouped into intermittent and continuous operation
tunnels, based on the type of operation. The intermittent tunnels are further divided into
blow down tunnels and induction tunnels, based on type of the operational procedure.
The intermittent blowdown and induction tunnels are normally used for Mach numbers from 0.5
to about 5.0, and the intermittent pressure-vacuum tunnels are normally used for higher Mach numbers.
The continuous tunnel is used throughout the speed range. Both intermittent and continuous tunnels have
their own advantages and disadvantages.
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Quantity
Geometric
Length
Area
Volume
Kinematic
Time
Velocity
(linear)
Velocity
(angular)
Acceleration
(linear)
Acceleration
(angular)
Discharge
Kinematic
velocity
Dynamic
Mass
Force
Weight
Mass density
Specific weight
Dynamic
viscosity
Surface tension
Pressure
Power
Unit
generally
adopted
DIMENSIONS
MLT SYSTEM
FLT SYSTEM
M
M2
M3
L
L2
L3
L
L2
L3
Sec
M/sec
T
LT-1
T
LT-1
Rad / sec2
T-1
T-1
M/sec
LT-2
LT-2
Rad /sec2
T2
T2
Cum /sec
M/sec2
L3 T-1
L2 T-1
L3T-1
L2T-1
Kg
Newton
Newton
Kg /cum
Newton/cum
Newton /cum
M
MLT-2
MLT-2
ML-3
ML-2T2
ML-1T-1
FL-1 T2
F
F
FL-4T2
FL-3
FL-3T
Newton/m
Newton/m2
Newton /sec
MT-2
ML-1T2
ML2T3
FL-1
FL-2
FLT-1