Artificial intelligence

Table of Contents
Artificial intelligence................................................................................................... 2
Functioning of AI...................................................................................................... 2
Features of AI Work................................................................................................. 2
Characteristics of Artificial intelligence...................................................................2
How does Artificial intelligence works?...................................................................3
Mechanism of Artificial Intelligence.........................................................................3
Neural Network.................................................................................................... 4
Classifiers and Statistical Learning Methods........................................................5
Probabilistic Methods for Uncertain Reasoning....................................................6
Logic..................................................................................................................... 7
Search and Optimization...................................................................................... 7
Examples and applications of AI systems................................................................8
Examples of AI systems....................................................................................... 8
Applications of AI systems................................................................................. 10
Human intelligence vs. AI (comparison/pros and cons).........................................16
Comparison between HI and AI..........................................................................16
Pros and Cons..................................................................................................... 17
Conclusion, Recommendation and Our perspective..............................................18
Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 18
Recommendations................................................................................................. 19
Our perspective..................................................................................................... 20
References................................................................................................................ 21

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence
Functioning of AI
The central functions of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning,
communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. Currently popular
approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI.
There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and
mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others
(Xdas, 2014).

Features of AI Work
Generally, artificial intelligence makes use of symbolic reasoning. It focuses on problems
that do not respond to algorithmic solution (Heuristic). It works on problems with inexact,
missing, or poorly defined information. AI provides answers that are sufficient but not exact.
Moreover, it deals with semantics as well as syntactic work with qualitative knowledge rather
that quantitative knowledge. It also uses large amount of domain specific knowledge (Issa, n.d.).

Characteristics of Artificial intelligence

In order for something to be considered an "Artificial Intelligence," there are a few
different characteristics that are required. Some of these characteristics include the following
abilities:

The ability to act intelligently, as a human.

The ability to behave following "general intelligent action."

The ability to artificially simulate the human brain.

The ability to actively learn and adapt as a human.

The ability to process language and symbols (McCarthy, 2007).

As can be seen from just these few examples, Artificial Intelligence primarily concerns
the ability for a computer to mimic human intelligence. That is its key characteristic.

Artificial intelligence

How does Artificial intelligence works?

All artificial intelligence designs are at least superficially inspired by the human brain, as
by definition artificial intelligence is about mimicking some aspect of intelligence. AIs have to
build concepts of the things they manipulate or work with, and store those concepts as chunks of
data. Sometimes these chunks are dynamic and frequently updated, sometimes static. Generally,
an AI is concerned with exploiting relationships between data to achieve some goal (PC Plus,
2009).
Goals are often assigned based on utility. When presented with a goal, an AI system can
generate sub-goals, and assign these sub-goals utility values based on their predicted contribution
to the primary goal. The AI proceeds to pursue sub-goals until the primary goal is accomplished.
Then it is free to move on to a new (but frequently similar) primary goal. What differs widely
among AI is how all these dynamics are implemented (PC Plus, 2009).

Mechanism of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence incorporates some specific tools developed over the years.
Following are some of the tools which have enabled to achieve the impossible. These methods
are based on hardcore mathematics, so the concepts will be put in a relatively simple manner for
better understanding by the readers who might be interested in AI and not the mathematics
involved in it (Xdas, 2014).

Artificial intelligence

Fig. 1: (Xdas, 2014)

Neural Network
The study of neural networks started with an aim to replicate the thought process of a
human brain into a few microchips. It refers to a vast network of data sets which are
interconnected and continuously sending data to each other. According to an experiment
conducted in The University of Stanford, object recognition through traditional Computer Based
Vision used to be around 87% accurate, whereas those based on neural network were 97%
accurate. Though Neural Network is a new field, it has shown great promise in the future (Xdas,
2014).

Artificial intelligence

Fig. 2: (Xdas, 2014)

Classifiers and Statistical Learning Methods

This is the most attractive part where AI has captured the minds of great scientists.
Classifier refers to the ability of the robot to classify objects from their inherent properties. For
example, you could program a bot to pick a ball if it is black, kick it if it is red and so on. This
ability brings in decision making to some extent. Apart from this, robots use statistical algorithms
which can match the current event to any of the stored data and take a decision accordingly
(Xdas, 2014).

These methods are used primarily to train the robot for a large set of events and decisions
to be made are memorized by the bot for future references.

Artificial intelligence

Fig. 3: (Xdas, 2014)

Probabilistic Methods for Uncertain Reasoning
The method of statistical learning will work only if the current event is a replica of any
event in the bots memory. Many situations in AI need the bot to deal with uncertain, incomplete
or completely new information. Algorithms have been devised to take care of such instances with
the help of probability and economics. Reasoning is dealt with the help of Bayesian interference
algorithm. Bayesian networks are a very general tool that can be used for a large number of
problems: learning (using the expectation-maximization algorithm), planning (using decision
networks) and perception (using dynamic Bayesian networks) probabilistic algorithms can also
be used for filtering, prediction, smoothing and finding explanations for streams of data, helping
perception systems to analyze processes that occur over time (e.g., hidden Markov models or
Kalman filters) (Xdas, 2014).

Artificial intelligence

Fig. 4: (Xdas, 2014)

A key concept from the science of economics is "utility": a measure of how valuable
something is to an intelligent agent. Precise mathematical tools have been developed that analyze
how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory, decision analysis, information
value theory. These tools include models such as Markov decision processes, dynamic decision
networks, game theory and mechanism design (Xdas, 2014).
Logic

It is used mainly for knowledge representation and using this for decision making. Such
logic programming has been used in the past for path planning as well. Logic can be of many
types:

Logic type
Sentential Logic

Function
logic of statements which can be true

First Order Logic

or false
allows the use of quantifiers and
predicates, and can express facts

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about objects, their properties, and
Fuzzy Logic

their relations with each other

version of first-order logic which
allows the truth of a statement to be
represented as a value between 0 and

Subjective Logic

1
models uncertainty in a different and
more explicit manner than fuzzylogic: By this method, ignorance can
be distinguished from probabilistic
statements that an agent makes with

high confidence.
Table 1: Types of logic (Xdas, 2014)
Search and Optimization
Search and optimization has been a huge problem for a long time. Search Engines like
Google, Bing etc. have been improving their search algorithms, which would give better and
faster results. The solution, for many problems, is to use "heuristics" or "rules of thumb" that
eliminate choices that are unlikely to lead to the goal (Xdas, 2014).
A very different and new solution came into the big picture in the 1990s. This involves
starting with an initial guess and refining the guess repeatedly till we reach a point where no
further refinements are needed. These algorithms can be visualized as blind hill climbing: we
begin the search at a random point on the landscape, and then, by jumps or steps, we keep
moving our guess uphill, until we reach the top (Xdas, 2014).

Artificial intelligence

Fig. 5: (Xdas, 2014)

Examples and applications of AI systems

Examples of AI systems

The use of machines which are programmed to think and act with some level of human
intelligence is known as artificial intelligence. This has already started to affect our daily life in
ways that we could not even have begun to contemplate only a hundred years ago. Our lives have
been changed beyond measure by robotics and AI and this technology is used in a wide array of
day to day services. In spite of AI being at its infancy even now, we have already benefited
immensely (Artificial intelligence, 2013).

Daily life examples

For a start, AI can be used to perform the most boring and/or dangerous jobs of daily life.
There are already robotic systems that perform services like fire-fighting, thus reducing the
danger courted by civilians. Moreover, there are a lot of devices in the market that can be
programmed to the preferred setting and they will perform household chores without much
human input. Vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, lawn mowers, etc. are examples of this kind of use
of AI (Artificial intelligence, 2013).

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Expert systems

A major example of artificial intelligence is the Expert systems. An expert system is a

computer program that is designed to hold the accumulated knowledge of one or more domain
experts. It reasons with knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solving problems or
giving advice. They are tested by being placed in the same real world problem solving situation.
Expert systems are used in Medical system for diagnosis of respiratory conditions, Used by
geologists to identify sites for drilling or mining, Used to identify the structure of chemical
compounds, and Gives advice to archaeologists examining stone tools.

Security

Another very important use of this technology is its use in security, both at the national
and at the individual level. Sophisticated burglary alarm systems make use of such technology
while national security agencies use data on AI systems, which provide a highly accurate output
of problems the nation might face. It has its uses in crime fighting as well. With the help of
available data, criminal profiles can be built and analyzed in order to help fight crime more
effectively (Artificial intelligence, 2013).

Education

Artificial intelligence is used in education and learning in various ways. It can be used to
provide personalized tutoring and analyses student's study patterns to predict when they will get
stuck and provide assistance at the level by alerting the tutor. For students with learning

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disabilities, this technology can be immensely helpful as well. Educational software can be
adapted to the individual needs of different students, provide feedback, and automate time
consuming tasks like grading, leaving the teacher free to pursue actual teaching (Artificial
intelligence, 2013).

In addition to students, elderly and disabled people can also benefit from this technology.
The invention of robots programmed with artificial intelligence can easily assist people in need
of help. Yet another use would be in speech therapy with the help of voice recognition systems.
AI would also be helpful in research and development in the medical field as well as in the actual
care of patients.

Transport

The potential of this technology is immense in transport. Driver-less trains and metros are
already in use. There are also software programmed cars available in the market today. With the
help of such vehicles, even the most inexperienced driver would be able to travel much more
safely. In addition, traffic jams and detours can be avoided by analyzing traffic patterns and
predicting jams, which can then be prevented by alternate measures (Artificial intelligence,
2013).

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Fig. 6: Barcelona Metro line 9 (Artificial intelligence, 2013)

In short, there is immense scope for artificial intelligence in all spheres of our day to day
life. The uses are too many to list here, but the future looks definitely bright and interesting.

Applications of AI systems
The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. They stretch from
the military for autonomous control and target identification, to the entertainment industry for
computer games and robotic pets. Lets also not forget big establishments dealing with huge
amounts of information such as hospitals, banks and insurances, who can use AI to predict
customer behavior and detect trends (Champandard, 2002).
Who Wants a Smart Robot?

Since the machine age was introduced, newer inventions have reduced human effort, but
on the other hand, made people lazy too. People prefer having a mechanical slave do things for
you rather than engaging their own muscles. This motivation led the modern day scientists to
invent newer devices which could 'ease' human life. With an aim to automate the robots,
Artificial Intelligence emerged out to be sole answer to all the questions (McCarthy, 2007).

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Fig. 7: (Xdas, 2014)

What Can a Smart Bot do?

The capabilities of an autonomous robot are immeasurable. Imagine a bot capable of

doing everything you can, repeatedly without any error, all on its own. This may seem like an
unreachable goal, but science has progressed a lot to go ahead of just concepts. The introduction
of these robots has brought in the idea of an error free world. This will certainly prove to be a
huge boon in the medical and industry sector as well. Human error will be completely out of the
scene. The whole world will now be seen from a different view. The next few examples will
show the true extent to which we have marched ahead in this field (McCarthy, 2007).

Banks and Financial System

Banks use artificial intelligence systems to attain assistance for numerous activities based
on observed patterns. Some of which include organizing financial operations, investing in stocks,
and managing properties. Robots have even beaten human beings in trading challenges. Financial
institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside
of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. AI is more S/W related so the difficulty in
the situation doesn't matter. AI takes care of everything (McCarthy, 2007).

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Hospitals and Medicine

Artificial neural networks, which are considered to be highly reliable for environment
perception, are used to assist lifesaving equipment, which has proven to be a crucial
breakthrough in case of medical negligence. Also, Clinical support systems for medical diagnosis
are based essentially on observing and interpreting patterns based on AI. Detection of tumor,
which involves Computer Aided Interpretation of data, is one of the most common applications
(McCarthy, 2007).

Fig. 8: (Xdas, 2014)

Heavy Industry

The use of autonomous vehicles for transporting goods is not a very old concept. Marine
transportation has ensured the usage of standard sized shipping containers on a large scale.
Automatic navigation of shipping containers on docks using rails is not uncommon. Automobile
industries have adapted conveyor belts also known as 'Assembly Line Production, these are
switching to autonomous ones too (McCarthy, 2007).

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Fig. 9: (Xdas, 2014)

Air Transport

One of the most systematic transport services, the air transport could barely survive in the
absence of Artificial Intelligence. The controllers in the planes which calculate and apply control
forces simultaneously have almost eliminated the need for pilots in modern day aircrafts. PS
aided navigation allows pilots to leave their seats as the 'autopilot' takes care of everything
(McCarthy, 2007).

During highly sensitive (military) situations, pilots receive assistance from their
computers regarding strategies and performing maneuvers, which would be impossible with just
the 'human brain'.

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Fig. 10: (Xdas, 2014)

In commercial aviation, the ATCs continuously monitor the position of each plane and
how the course of each plane is to be altered. Some of the busiest airports of the world have to
cater to nearly 2500 flights per day. This makes it an almost impossible task to monitor by the
humans. A huge network of neural network along coupled with voice recognition is used to
accomplish this mammoth task. In 2003, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, and many
other companies, created software that could enable a damaged aircraft to continue flight until a
safe landing zone can be reached. The software compensates for all the damaged components by
relying on the undamaged components. The neural network used in the software proved to be
effective and marked a triumph for artificial intelligence (McCarthy, 2007).

Speech and Face Recognition

With the advanced uses of image editing software and voice recognition software like
Siri, we've been able to interact with these devices as well. Such progress has opened various
new aspects of research and input methodology. Analogous to these are face and hand writing
recognition software included in laptops (McCarthy, 2007).

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Fig. 11: (Xdas, 2014)

Computer Games and Gaming Bots

Computer and PC games have developed a lot. There was a time once when Super Mario
was considered the most promising gift of technology to the gaming world. Now, we have
extremely games like Crisis, Diablo and many more. Playing with computer bots has become one
of the most common features in any game. Thanks to Artificial Intelligence, we dont always
need anyone to play against. Computers bot is here for play (McCarthy, 2007).

Fig. 12: (Xdas, 2014)

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Online and Telephone Customer Service

Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online assistants that can be seen as

avatars on web pages. It can avail for enterprises to reduce their operation and training cost. A
major underlying technology to such systems is natural language processing.

Similar techniques have been used in answering machines of call centers, such as speech
recognition software to allow computers to handle first level of customer support, text mining
and natural language processing to allow better customer handling, agent training by automatic
mining of best practices from past interactions, support automation and many other technologies
to improve agent productivity and customer satisfaction (McCarthy, 2007).

Human intelligence vs. AI (comparison/pros and cons)

Comparison between HI and AI
Human Intelligence

Human intelligence is something natural, no artificiality is involved in it. In all fields,

intelligence is something differently perceived and differently acquired. More specifically,
human intelligence is something related to the adaption of various other cognitive process in
order to have specific environment. In human intelligence, the word intelligence plays a vital
role because intelligence is with them all its need to cogitate and make a step by step plan for
performing certain task. Its a natural blessing that is with humans since their birth and no one
can replace it except GOD (Jin, 2014).
Artificial Intelligence

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Artificial intelligence is designed to add human like qualities in robotic machines. Its
major function is to make the robots a good mimic of human beings. In short we can say that its
basically working to make robots a good of copier of humans. Researchers are all time busy in
making up a mind that can behave like a human mind, they are putting efforts in doing this task
now a days. Weak AI is the thinking focused towards the development of technology gifted of
carrying out pre-planned moves based on some rules and applying these to achieve a certain
goal. Strong AI is emerging technology that can think and function same as like humans, not just
imitating human behavior in a certain area (Jin, 2014).

Fig. 13: (Lemind, 2012)

Pros and Cons
Pros
Human intelligence
Artificial intelligence
Intuition, Common sense, Judgment, Ability to simulate human behavior and
Creativity, Beliefs etc.
The ability to

demonstrate

cognitive processes
their Capture and preserve human expertise

intelligence by communicating effectively

Plausible Reasoning and Critical Fast Response: The ability to comprehend
thinking

large amounts of data quickly (Tariq, 2014).

Cons

Human intelligence
Humans are fallible
They have limited knowledge bases

Artificial intelligence
No common sense
Cannot readily deal with mixed

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knowledge
Humans are unable to retain large amounts of
May have high development costs
data in memory
Information processing of serial nature proceed

Raise legal and ethical concerns (Tariq,

very slowly in the brain as compared to 2014).

computers

Conclusion, Recommendation and Our perspective

Conclusion
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as computer
science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, and engineering. The goal of AI is to
develop computers that can think, see, hear, walk, talk and feel. A major thrust of AI is the
development of computer functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as
reasoning, learning, and problem solving (How does artificial intelligence work? 2014).
All artificial intelligence designs are at least superficially inspired by the human brain, as
by definition artificial intelligence is about mimicking some aspect of intelligence. AIs have to
build concepts of the things they manipulate or work with, and store those concepts as chunks of
data. Sometimes these chunks are dynamic and frequently updated, sometimes static. Generally
an AI is concerned with exploiting relationships between data to achieve some goal (Weld,
Mausam and Dai, n.d.).
AI goals are often assigned based on utility. When presented with a goal, an AI system
can generate sub-goals, and assign these sub-goals utility values based on their predicted
contribution to the primary goal. The AI proceeds to pursue sub-goals until the primary goal is
accomplished. Then it is free to move on to a new primary goal. What differs widely among AI is
how all these dynamics are implemented (Weld et al., n.d.).

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The major motivation behind invention of AI technology is that computers are

fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, using fixed programmed
rules. This allows artificial machines to perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and
reliably, which humans are ill-suited to. For more complex problems, things get more difficult.
Unlike humans, computers have trouble understanding specific situations, and adapting to new
situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling such complex
tasks (Champadard, 2002).

However, together with this, much of AI research is allowing us to understand our

intelligent behavior. Humans have an interesting approach to problem-solving, based on abstract
thought, high-level deliberative reasoning and pattern recognition. Thus, AI can help us
understand this process by recreating it, then potentially enabling us to enhance it beyond our
current capabilities.

Moreover, the potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. They stretch
from the military for autonomous control and target identification, to the entertainment
industry for computer games and robotic pets. Furthermore, big establishments dealing with huge
amounts of information such as hospitals, banks and insurances also use AI to predict customer
behavior and detect trends.

However, there are few limitations in this area. To date, all the traits of human
intelligence have not been captured and applied together to spawn an intelligent artificial
creature. Currently, Artificial Intelligence rather seems to focus on lucrative domain specific
applications, which do not necessarily require the full extent of AI capabilities. This limit of
machine intelligence is known to researchers as narrow intelligence (Champadard, 2002).

Recommendations

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As expected, business of Artificial Intelligence is becoming one of the major driving

forces for research. Thus, in order to cope with an ever growing market to satisfy, there's plenty
of room required for more personnel. Moreover, AI began as an attempt to answer some of the
most fundamental questions about human existence by understanding the nature of intelligence,
but it has grown into a scientific and technological field affecting many aspects of commerce and
society. Even as AI technology becomes integrated into the fabric of everyday life, AI
researchers must remain focused on the grand challenges of automating intelligence. Work is
progressing on developing systems that converse in natural language, that perceive and respond
to their surroundings, and that encode and provide useful access to all of human knowledge and
expertise. The pursuit of the ultimate goals of AI i.e. the design of intelligent artifacts;
understanding of human intelligence; abstract understanding of intelligence (possibly
superhuman), continues to have practical consequences in the form of new industries, enhanced
functionality for existing systems, increased productivity in general, and improvements in the
quality of life. But the ultimate promises of AI are still decades away, and the necessary advances
in knowledge and technology will require a sustained fundamental research effort (Waltz, 1996).

Our perspective
Personally, we think that Humans Intelligence is no more than taking a right decision at
right time, whereas for Machines Artificial Intelligence is no more than choosing a right decision
at right time. So, we think Artificial intelligence is the Second intelligence ever to exist.

Moreover, by combining both definitions from the tunnel of technology we can say that
human intelligence works naturally and make up a certain thought by adding different cognitive
processes. On the other hand, Artificial intelligence are on the way to make up a model that can
behave like humans which seems impossible because nothing can replace a natural thing into an
artificial thing.

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Concluding the whole discussion, we can sum up that both have a huge difference
between each other, one is natural then other is completely opposite. Scientists are trying hard to
come up at high level but one thing is clear that what GOD has made no one else can replace it.

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sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CFEQFjAG&url=http
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