Anatomy & Physiology of the Endocrine system

(Pancreas & Thyroid Gland)

 Maintains homeostasis by releasing chemicals called HORMONES.

Controls prolonged or continuous processes such as growth and development,
reproduction and metabolism.
Power of the second great controlling system of the body.
Small and unimpressive
Bits and pieces of endocrine tissue are tuck away in widely separated regions of
the body.
Endocrine are true GIANTS.
The key to the incredible power of the Endocrine Gland is
HORMONE A chemical substance that are secreted by cells into the
Extracellular fluid and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body.

Mechanism of Hormone Action

A given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs
TARGET CELLS or TARGET ORGANS
Specific protein receptor must be present.
In order for that hormone to ATTACH or BIND.
If bindings occurs HORMONE influence the WORKINGS of a cell.

HORMONE
Hormone is from the Greek word meaning to arouse
They arouse or bring about their effects on the bodys cells primarily by altering
cellular activity.
That is by releasing increase or decrease the rate of a normal or usual, metabolic
process rather than stimulating a new one.

PITUITARY GLAND

 It is approximately the size of a grape.

It has two functional lobes
Anterior Pituitary
Several Anterior Pituitary hormones that affect many body
organs.
Growth & prolactin hormone
Thyrotrophic, Adrenocorticotropic and two gonadotropic
hormones.
Posterior Pituitary
The Anterior Pituitary gland controls the activity of so many other endocrine
glands that it has often been called Master Endocrine Gland.
With the help of releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the
hypothalamus.

PANCREAS

It is about 15cm (6in) long.

Widest section is called the head.
The narrowest is called tail.
The middle section is called the body.
The pancreas is made up of exocrine cells endocrine cells.
Aids for digestion Exocrine cells
Islets/ Islets of Langerhans
There are 3 cells ALPHA,BETA,DELTA cells
Alpha cells secrets Glucagon
Beta cells secretes Insulin
Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in the blood when blood sugar is high.
Glucagon Increases the amount of sugar in the blood when the blood sugar is
low.

THYROID GLAND

Located base of the throat, just inferior to the Adams apple.

It is easily palpated during a physical examination.
It consist of two lobes joined by a central mass or isthmus.
Thyroid Gland produces two hormones Thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

THYROID HORMONE

Referred to as the bodys major metabolic hormone.

An active iodine-containing hormones.
Thyroxine or T4 and tri-iodothyronine or T3.
THYROXINE Is the major hormone secreted by the thyroid follicles.
Controls the rate at which glucose is burned or iodized.
And converted to body heat and chemical energy.