Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Condition
I
II
III
1. Form
type
if-clause
main clause
Simple Present
II
Simple Past
would + infinitive *
III
Past Perfect
if clause
main clause
If I study,
II
If I studied,
III
If I had studied,
main clause
if-clause
if I study.
II
if I studied.
III
if I had studied.
* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes
possible, too).
Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which
behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They
give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great
variety ofcommunicative functions.
Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:
They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...
They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)
They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility,
willingness, obligation, necessity, ability
4. Prohibition
5. Lack of necessity
6. Advice
7. possibility
8. probability
Expressing
Strong obligation
logical conclusion / Certainty
must not
can
prohibition
ability
permission
possibility
ability in the past
polite permission
possibility
permission
possibility, probability
polite permission
possibility, probability
lack of necessity/absence of
obligation
50 % obligation
could
may
might
need not
should/ought
to
advice
logical conclusion
had better
advice
Example
You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
He must be very tired. He's been working all
day long.
You must not smoke in the hospital.
I can swim.
Can I use your phone please?
Smoking can cause cancer.
When I was younger I could run fast.
Excuse me, could I just say something?
It could rain tomorrow!
May I use your phone please?
It may rain tomorrow!
Might I suggest an idea?
I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of
tomatoes in the fridge.
I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a
terrible headache.
You should / ought to revise your lessons
He should / ought to be very tired. He's been
working all day long.
You 'd better revise your lessons
Remember
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive.
Examples:
There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.
PROCEDURE TEXT
Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a
sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a
sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also
uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.
The generic structures of procedure text are :
Goal/aim ( or title)
1.
Goal : It is containt the purpose of the text. (example : How to make spagheti)
2.
3.
Step : it is containt of the steps to make something in the goal. (example : first,
wash the tomatoes, onion)
Purpose of a Procedure Text
An anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions. A
particular course of action intended to achieve a result. Or To help us do a task or make
something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
Example of Procedure :
How to make a sandwich (aim/goal)
You need (materials)
*
*
*
*
2 slices of bread
peanut butter
a banana
honey
*
*
*
*
Offering (FORMAL):
- Would you like something to drink?
- Would you like to go disco?
- Would you like to come along?
- Could I offer you a glass of lemonade?
- Would you mind joining us?
- Shall I get you a bottle of water?
- Would you like to leave a message?
Offering (INFORMAL):
- What can I get for you?
- Won't you have a pancake?
- Cheese sandwich?
- Chocolate?
- Have some?
- Like one?
Accepting an Offer:
- thank you
- yes, please
- I'd like it very much
- Thank you, I would ...
- That would be very nice
- I'm pleased to do that
- With pleasure
Refusing an Offer:
- No, thanks
- Not for me, thanks
- No, I really won't thank you
- I'd like to, but I have ...
- I'm affraid I can't thanks anyway
- It would be a great pleasure to ... But I'm afraid I have to ...
Passive Voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however,
who or what is performing the action.
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)
Examples of Passive
Tense
Simple Present
Subject
Active:
Passive:
Simple Past
Active:
Passive:
Present Perfect
Active:
Passive:
Future I
Active:
Passive:
Hilfsverben
Active:
Passive:
Verb
Object
writes
a letter.
is written
by Rita.
wrote
a letter.
A letter
was written
by Rita.
Rita
has written
a letter.
by Rita.
will write
a letter.
will be written
by Rita.
can write
a letter.
can be written
by Rita.
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Examples of Passive
Tense
Present Progressive
Subject
Active:
Passive:
Past Progressive
Active:
Passive:
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Verb
Object
is writing
a letter.
is being written
by Rita.
was writing
a letter.
by Rita.
Past Perfect
Active:
Rita
Passive:
Future II
had written
a letter.
A letter
by Rita.
Rita
a letter.
by Rita.
would write
a letter.
would be written
by Rita.
a letter.
by Rita.
Active:
Passive:
Conditional I
A letter
Active:
Rita
Passive:
Conditional II
A letter
Active:
Rita
Passive:
A letter
Subject
Active:
Rita
Verb
Object 1
Object 2
wrote
a letter
to me.
Passive:
A letter
was written
to me
by Rita.
Passive:
was written
a letter
by Rita.
.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. Thats why it is
usually dropped.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer
than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer
than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of
perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive
construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active
sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
ENGLISH REMEDIAL