Filipovic and Ugrenovic 2013

Filipovi, V., Ugrenovi, V.
(2013): The Composting Of Plant Residues Originating

From The Production Of Medicinal Plants. International Scientific Meeting Sustainable
agriculture and rural development in terms of the Republic of Serbia strategic goals
realization within the Danube region - Achieving regional competitiveness. Editors:
Drago Cvijanovi, Jonel Subi, Andrei Jean Vasile. The Institute of Agricultural
Economics Belgrade. Topola, Serbia, hotel Oplenac, December 5-7th 2013.
Economics of agriculture, ISBN 978-86-6269-026-5, UDK 631(4-924.5)(082)(0.034.2),
338.434(082)(0.034.2),
502.131.1(082)(0.034.2),
330.15(082)(0.034.2),
504:33(082)(0.034.2), COBISS.SR-ID 203206156. Thematic proceedings, 1283 1301.
THE COMPOSTING OF PLANT RESIDUES ORIGINATING

FROM THE PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 1
V. Filipovi2, V. Ugrenovi3
SUMMARY
As the areas under grown and collected medicinal, aromatic and spice plants
(MASP) continues to increase, in addition to the processing and storage
capacities, it is necessary to properly provide the storage, treatment and
disposal of the waste that is generated that way. According to the national and
EU legislation on waste management, the producer is obliged to properly store,
treat and dispose of generated bio-waste. The great variety in the number of
plant species of the grown and collected MASP, different collecting terms,
different parts of plants used for medicinal purposes are just some of the benefits
afforded by engaging in this activity, by which, in addition to the main produce,
a producer, can provide an additional source of income. By the composting of
the waste occurring in the production of MASP, a versatile final product is
created, which, through its healing effect, affects the profitability of
production, as well as the fertility and structure of the soil where MASP are
grown and collected.
The paper represents a part of the research results within the Project of Integral and
Interdisciplinary Research No. 46006 Sustainable Agriculture and Rural
Development in the Function of the Accomplishment of Strategic Objectives of the
Republic of Serbia in the Danube Region, funded by the Ministry of Education,
Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.
Vladimir Filipovi, PhD, Research Associate, Phone: +381(0)13 377-855, e-mail:
vfilipovic@mocbilja.rs; Institute for Medicinal Plants Research Dr Josif Pani,
Tadeua Kouka 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Vladan Ugrenovi, Research Assistant, Phone: +381(0)13 313-092, e-mail:
vladan.ugrenovic@gmail.com; Agricultural Extension Service Institute Tami,
Novoseljanski put 33, 26000 Panevo, Serbia.
Key words: medicinal, aromatic and spice plants (MASP), production, waste,
composting, compost.
Introduction
In the sector of the production and collection of medicinal, aromatic and
spice plants (MASP), during the processing, a significant amount of biowaste is generated, which has been, in the practice so far, buried in
landfills and other unallocated spaces, particularly together with inorganic
waste and/or contaminated hazardous matter (Amir et al., 2005; Brndli et
al., 2007; Cai et al., 2007). The most dreadful, or, perhaps, the saddest, is
the fact that a large portion of that waste was incinerated, without turning
it into some kind of exploitable energy. Therefore, the current lack of full
scientific certainty cannot be a reason for not taking measures to prevent
the loss of thousands of tons of this sort of waste, as well as the reason
"for giving tacit approval" for the further degradation of the environment.
Unfortunately, instead of that, organic waste recycling is at the very
beginning in this country, although, according to the Waste Management
Strategy for the period 2010-2019, the goals were defined that act
preventively towards the reduction of the formation of new waste, as well
as a large number of principles that are consistent with the principles of
effective EU documents.4
The European Union Landfill Directive prohibiting the disposal of
biodegradable waste in landfills encourages the composting and other
methods of the treatment of biodegradable waste as a very convenient
way to reduce the amount of bio-waste that has been landfilled so far.5
Some authors (Fuhrmann et al., 2005; Heinonen-Tanski & van Wijk
Sijbesma 2005; Kayhanian et al., 2007) emphasise that the composting is
a process by which the natural conditions of decomposition of organic
matter are stimulated, and the expenditures are considerably lower than
those when the incineration of waste is carried out (Demirbas, 2011;
Marshall, 2011).
As described above, starting with the year 2009, each waste producer is
obliged to care of the reduction of the generating of waste, of the
development of products which are recyclable, of the development of the
markets for the re-use and recycling of their products. Thus, according to
4
The Government of the Republic of Serbia (2010): The National Waste Management
Strategy for the period 2010-2019, the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No.
29/2010.
The Council of the European Union (1999): the Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill
of waste of 26 April. The Official Journal of the European Communities, L 182, 1-19
the effective Law on Waste Management, this type of waste must be

properly disposed of, which implies a way that does not endanger human
health and the environment.6
By the development of cleaner technologies such as composting, a byproduct or waste resulting from the process of production and processing
of medicinal plants will be exploited again and recycled. As the end
product of composting, compost is created, which is, in addition to the
primary use as an organic fertiliser, also used as an enhancer of soil
structure, of the raw material for the production of substrates, and as
mulch (Filipovi, 2012).
Compost is an organic fertiliser and soil enhancer formed by the
controlled bio-oxidant decomposition of various mixtures consisting
primarily of different plant residues, which are sometimes mixed with
organic fertilizers and/or animal residues, and it contains limited
quantities of mineral matter. Composting is recommended in organic
farming as a management tool for controlling weeds, pests and diseases.
The incineration of organic materials is not allowed in organic farming,
i.e. all organic waste from a farm has to be composted and returned back
into soil in the form of compost (Filipovi & Ugrenovi, 2012).
Mature compost must be hygienically correct and odour-free, with
minimal amounts of pathogenic microorganisms or weed seeds. Most
states have ordinances on the quality of the compost, by which, the work
on the production of quality compost is greatly facilitated (Siebert &
Amlinger, 2011). The significant indicators of the quality of compost are
its nutritive value, stability and maturity (Brinton et al., 2012).
The benefits of compost are manifold: highly valuable organic fertiliser is
obtained, which is, apart from its primary use as an organic fertiliser, used
as enhancer of the structure and agrochemical characteristic of soil, of
raw materials for the production of substrates, and as mulch.
So far, the role of MASP as waste suitable for composting has not been
much explored, which is making the goal obtaining high-quality
compost somewhat difficult. In the research of Inam-ul-Haq et al.
(2010), particular medicinal plants were applied which possessed the
antimicrobial effect that was favourable for the compost used in the
production of mushrooms.
The aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of composting and
release and solving the issue of biological waste generated as a by-
The Government of the Republic of Serbia (2010): the Law on Waste Management,
the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 36/2009 and 88/2010.
product of plant residues in the process of the production and processing

of medicinal, aromatic and spice plants.
The current situation in the sector of medicinal, aromatic and spice
plants on the level of the Republic of Serbia
According to the information from the Group of the producers of
medicinal, aromatic and spice plants of the Chamber of Commerce of
Serbia, in the year 2012, 1.337 hectares were under grown plants (2011 =
1.419 hectares). If we add to it a part of the area under spice plants listed
as vegetables and a part of those areas on which the production is for
foreign customers, it is about 20.000 hectares at best.
In the year 2012, the total foreign exchange trading in MASP was valued
at 22.9 million dollars, of which, the export of these products amounted to
15.2 million dollars, and the import 7.7 million dollars. In the same period
of the year 2011, the foreign trade was valued at 25.7 million dollars in
the total weight of 6,500 tons. Of these, from Serbia, about 5.000 tons of
MASP were exported, worth 19.8 million dollars. During the same
period, 1.500 tons of MASP were imported, worth 5.9 million dollars.
The capacity of processing and placement by the enterprises in Serbia,
according to a survey conducted by some associates of the Institute for
Medicinal Plant Research Dr Josif Pani from Belgrade, amounts to
about 7.000-8.000 tons per year. If we add the capacities and
requirements of other enterprises involved only in exporting, we can see
that the demand for medicinal plants is high, and, by the estimates from
surveys, it is over 10.000 tons per year (Turudija-ivanovi, 2010). Based
on the survey of several major enterprises, the conclusion was reached
that the capacities for processing are two to three times greater than the
amount produced plants. In this way, a twofold harm is produced: firstly,
the producers of MASP do not earn more and do not expand their
production; secondly, the processors do not use their capacities, and pay
for transport and customs in case they buy in foreign markets (Albania,
Bulgaria, etc). When it comes to the placement, none of the producers,
processors or exporters said they could not place produced plants in
national or international trade markets.
At this point, we will mention only some of the companies whose
principal activities are the production, purchase, processing and sale of
MASP: Fructus Baka Palanka, Macval Novi Sad, Herba
Belgrade, Adonis Soko Banja, Zdravac Svrljig, Bilje Bora
Bora, Kirka Corporation Belgrade, Melisa Farm Novi Sad,
Betula itkovac and the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research Dr
4
Josif Pani Belgrade. The listed companies have different certificates

for the implementation of internationally accredited standards (ISO,
HACCP, Organic, etc), which greatly contributes to MASP produced this
way in meeting high requirements for continued quality of this type of
produce.
In Vojvodina, the most commonly grown are: chamomile, peppermint,
marigold, lemon balm, coriander, lavender, white and black mustard,
valerian, fennel, parsley, basil, caraway, dill, tarragon, marshmallow,
celery, thyme and sage. In the mountainous part of this country, the
following are plantated: marigold, lemon balm, arnica, lavender, gentian,
centaury, St. Johns wort and others. According to the experience to date,
the most collected are: yarrow, St. Johns wort, thyme, nettle, horsetail
and many others that can be found in this area. The most wanted wild
medicinal plants, beside the above mentioned, include: centaury,
marshmallow, lemon balm, primrose, white hawthorn, gentian, juniper,
linden, wild marjoram, heather, elder, sea fennel, bearberry, ramsons,
wild rose or dog rose.
If the listed enterprises, apart from the primary activities, introduce
composting as a possible treatment of the generated waste, they can
contribute to a faster economic development and environmental progress
of the MASP sector, as well as of the wider community.
Approximate amounts of MASP as a basis for composting
The largest amounts of MASP are used for the production of different
types of phytopreparations. Herbal drug preparations are products derived
from plant materials using specific technological procedures: distillation,
straining, extraction, fractional distillation or rectification, concentration,
purification, drying (dehydration) and others. Essential oils, extracts,
tinctures, herbal juice and fatty oil also belong to herbal drug preparation
(Ph.Jug. V, Ph.Eur. VII). 7
In the production and processing of MASP into the semi-final and final
products different parts of the plant are used: rhizome (rhizoma), root
(radix), tuber (tuber), bulb (bulbus), bark (cortex), leaf (folium), aboveground mass (herba), flower (flos), fruit (fructus), seed (semen) and more.
7
*** (2000) Ph. Jug. V. Pharmacopoea jugoslavica. State Institute for Protection and
Health Promotion, Editio quinta, Belgrade.
*** (2011): European pharmacopoeia. Edition 7.0. European Directorate for the Quality
of Medicines & HealthCare 7 alle, Strasbourg.
As only one part is used from some plant varieties (e.g. roots only from
soapwort Saponaria officinalis L., or, tubers only from Jerusalem
artichoke Helianthus tuberosus L.), there remains a significant part of
the fresh/processed mass which is treated as waste (Table 1).
12
total aboveground biomass
30
Agrimonia
eupatoria L.
Agrimony
18-20
40
note
approximate residue of fresh/processed

mass suitable for composting (t ha-1)
Yarrow
common English name
Achillea
millefolium L.
plant variety
ordinal number
% of waste
total yield of fresh mass per hectare (t ha-1)
Table 1: The approximate residue of fresh/processed mass of various

medicinal, aromatic and spice plants suitable for composting (t ha-1)*
Althaea
officinalis L.
Anethum
graveolens L.
Angelica
archangelica L.
Apium
graveolens L
Marshmallow
20
root
+
20
Dill
9.2
80
7.36
Angelica
4
root
+
6-7
80
Celery
4
root
+
6-7
80
65
17.55
50
20
1st year of
production
1st year of
production
Arctium lappa
L.
Burdock
6-7
root
+
20
Arnica montana
L.
Arnica
2.5-3.0
flower
30
0.3
waste
generated in
processing
Artemisia
absinthium L
Wormwood
12-15
30
1.3
waste
generated in
processing
10
11
12
13
Calendula
officinalis L.
Carum carvi L.
Chamomilla
recutita (L)
Rauch
Chenopodium
quinoa Willd.
Pot marigold
4.5-5.0
flower
+
6
Caraway
0.8-1.2
fruit
+
9.2
80
8.32
Chamomile
4.0-4.5
flower
+
12
75
12.4
Quinoa
0.8-1.0
grain
+
2.2
75
2.4
0.4
waste
generated in
processing
waste
generated in
processing
55
6.05
14
Cichorium
intybus L.
Chicory
6.5
+
2.5
15
Cnicus
benedictus L.
Blessed thistle
4.0
15
0.2
Coriander
1.5
Fruit
+
9.5
90
9.9
16
Coriandrum
sativum L.
2nd and
furhter years
of production
0.75
waste
generated in
processing
4.8
if immersion
is performed
=
100%
waste
80
5.6
if immersion
is performed
=
100%
waste
12
65
7.8
Fennel
1.0-1.5
fruit
+
18
90
17.6
33
starting with
5th year of
production
20
0.8
waste
generated in
processing
Cynara
scolymus L.
Globe artichoke
35
leaf
18
Echinacea
angustifolia DC.
Narrow-leaved
purple
coneflower
5-6
19
Echinacea
purpurea (L)
Moench.
Eastern purple
coneflower
6-7
20
Fagopyrum
esculentum
Moench.
Buckwheat
17
21
Foeniculum
vulgare Mill.
22
Gentiana lutea
L.
Yellow gentian
8
root
+
4
23
Geranium
macrorrhizum
L.
Bigroot
Geranium
4
15
80
24
Glycyrrhiza
glabra L.
Licorice
5-6
root
+
14
25
Helichrysum
arenarium (L.)
Moench.
Dwarf
Everlasting
4.0-4.5
flower
10
0.1
85
50
10
0.1
waste
generated in
processing
70
14
1st year of
production
waste
generated in
processing
26
Helianthus
tuberosus L.
Jerusalem
artichoke
8.5
tuber
+
50
27
Herniaria
glabra L.
Smooth
Rupturewort
3.5-4.0
100
15
if immersion
is performed
=
100%
waste
waste
generated in
processing
28
Hypericum
perforatum L.
St.Johns wort
15
29
Hyssopus
officinalis L.
Hyssop
7-9 ukupna
nadzemna
biomasa
15
0,3
Elecampane
5-6
root
+
30
85
30
30
Inula helenium
L.
10
German Iris
4.5-5.0
root
+
3
32
Lavandula
officinalis Ehrh.
Lavender
4
33
Leonurus
cardiaca L.
Yellow sweet
clover
14-15
Lovage
6-7
Root
+
12
Linseed
0.8-1.2
seed
+
5.0-5.5
40
3.2
waste
generated in
production
and
processing
0.12
waste
generated in
processing
31
Iris germanica
L.
34
35
Levisticum
officinale Koch.
Linum
usitatisimum L.
36
Malva sylvestris
mauritanica L.
Mauritian
Mallow
8
37
Marubium
vulgare L.
White
Horehound
6
11
1st year of
production
30
1.2
waste
generated in
ovary
processing
10
0.5
waste
generated in
processing
60
13.2
waste
generated in
production
and
processing
82
5.5
37
38
Majorana
hortensis
Moench
39
Melissa
officinalis L.
40
Mentha piperita
L.
41
Ocimum
basilicum L.
42
Oenothera
biennis L.
43
Origanum
heracleoticum
L.
44
45
Origanum
vulgare L.
Petroselinum
sativum Hoffm.
Marjoram
4
Lemon balm
12-15
Peppermint
12-15
Basil
10-12
Evening
Primrose
0.8-1.2
grain
+
8.5-9.0
Greek oregano
6.5-7.0
Oregano
12
Parsley
10-12
12
0.2
waste
generated in
processing
1.5
waste
generated in
leaf
processing
1.5
waste
generated in
leaf
processing
10
0.22
waste
generated in
herba
processing
90
9.2
10
50
50
10
35
35
0.2
waste
generated in
herba
processing
and grinding
1.4
waste
generated in
herba
processing
and grinding
4.2
In the 1st
year, the
waste is
minimal; in
the 2nd year, it
is for oil
extraction
46
47
48
49
50
Pimpinella
anisum L.
Rheum
palmatum L.
Rosmarinus
officinalis L.
Saponaria
officinalis L.
Salvia
officinalis L.
51
Salvia sclarea
L.
52
Satureja
montana L.
Anise
0.8-1.2
fruit
+
4.0-5.0
80
Rhubarb
16
Rhizome
+
8-10
38
10
starting with
3rd year of
production
Rosemary
8-9
branch
+
8-9
leaf
50
1.8
waste
generated in
processing
Soapwort
6-7
root
+
12-15
70
15
Sage
10
branch
+
10
leaf
50
Clary sage
12-14
+
0.75-0.8
flower
95
14
Winter savory
12
13
12
0.48
waste
generated in
processing
waste
generated in
herba
processing
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Satureja
hortensis L.
Silybum
marianum
Gaertn.
Sinapis alba L.
Symphytum
officinale L.
Tanacetum
parthenium L.
Schultz-Bip.
Taraxacum
officinale Web.
Thymus vulgaris
L.
waste
generated in
herba
processing
Summer savory
3.5-4.0
10
0.1
Milk thistle
15
+
1.2-1.3
grain
92
15
White mustard
7-8
+
1.5-2.0
grain
80
Comfrey
6-7
root
+
6
50
Feverfew
7.0-8.0
flower
+
7.0-8.0
50
Dandelion
4.0-5.0
root
+
10-12
10
0.4
waste
generated in
processing
Thyme
6-7
leaf
+
6-7
waste
generated in
herba
processing
14
50
60
61
62
Trigonella
foenum graecum
L.
Urtica dioica L.
Valeriana
officinalis L.
Fenugreek
0.8-1.2
grain
+
4.5-5.0
Nettle
12
Valerian
4
root
+
10-12
average
80
12
if immersion
is performed
=
100%
waste
100
16
if immersion
is performed
=
100%
waste
51,77
7,02
100
Source: The presented data were obtained from the production and
experimental plots of the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research Dr Josif
Pani from Belgrade, located in Panevo.
From the presented table, the presence can be seen of the waste of
different origin. A part of the waste is generated on the very plot, which
is, so-called agronomic waste, whereas another part is generated in the
processing. Depending on the type of processing, different types of
processing waste occur (the waste generated in the production of teas, by
extraction, or so). Thus, there are many plant species which, in one type
of processing, give less, and in another type of processing, more waste.
The examples of St. John's wort, nettle, marigold and valerian are just
some of the existing ones. For these species, in the table, the kind of
treatment is given for which the particular MASP is used with the highest
percentage.
The example of St. John's wort: in the course of the preparation of St.
John's wort oil, in sunflower or olive oil, the aboveground mass of St.
John's wort (Hyperici herba) is immersed, which stays in the sun for 40
15
days. After the fortieth day, the oil is strained, and, what remains is oiled
herb. This type of MASP waste, due to the increased oil content, will
degrade more slowly during composting. According to Manios et al.
(2006), oil degradation and slow burning of composting materials
contributed to the oxygen depletion.
If we take that the average residue of fresh/processed mass per plant
species is suitable for the composting of 7.02 t ha-1 , and multiply that only
with the surface under which this species of plants is grown
(approximately, about 2,500 hectares), we get a total of about 18,025 t. If
this amount of composted, we get an average of 2.4 t ha -1 or 2,400 kg ha-1
of compost, which, if multiplied with the market price of compost of 13
Serbian dinars (RSD) per kg -1, we get the sum of 31,200 RSD or 271.33
(euros) per hectare. 8
This means that, Republic of Serbia loses 78 million RSD or 678,323
(euros) annually. This amount may be lower or higher depending on the
sowing structure and the needs of the MASP processing industry. In
addition to the main product, by composting, we get a by-product by
which, the income per hectare is significantly increased. In all, this figure
is much higher if we add to it the estimated amount that occurs as a byproduct from the production and processing of MASP originating from
spontaneous flora.
The beginning of biological treatment of MASP waste as in the
example of the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research Dr Josif
Pani, Belgrade
In keeping with the current regulations on waste management and
environmental protection, in the course of the year 2013, at the location of
the production facility of the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research Dr
Josif Pani in Panevo, the activities began aimed at the storage,
treatment and disposal of biological waste generated in the production
and processing of medicinal plants (Filipovi et al., 2013). By the
preparation and production of a number of specific documents, the status
of this sort of waste is resolved and the conditions are made for its
systemic solving and for environmental protection. Given the favorable
agrochemical properties of plant waste, by the building composting
facilities, conditions will be provided for the process of biological waste
The official middle exchange rate of the National Bank of Serbia for the day
15.09.2013: 1 = 114.9895 RSD
16
treatment, i.e. composting, so that the production of potentially highly

valuable organic fertiliser compost can be expected.
Conclusion
In the process of production and processing of MASP, substantial
amounts of biowaste of different physical and chemical properties are
obtained as waste. In the past period, on the territory of the Republic of
Serbia, this waste was inadequately treated, which, annually, made the
loss of about 680,000 (euros) just from the biowaste generated in the
plantating and growing of MASP. The first steps towards a potential
biological treatment, i.e. composting of this sort of waste, have been taken
on the location of the production part of the Institute for Medicinal Plant
Research Dr Josif Pani in Panevo, where a composting site has been
built, and whose primary purpose is the production of high-quality
compost.
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Authors Address:
Dr Vladimir Filipovi
Institute for Medicinal Plants Research Dr Josif Pani
Tadeua Kouka 1
11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Phone: +381(0)13 377-855
E-mail: vfilipovic@mocbilja.rs
19

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Filipovi, V., Ugrenovi, V.

(2013): The Composting Of Plant Residues Originating

THE COMPOSTING OF PLANT RESIDUES ORIGINATING

the effective Law on Waste Management, this type of waste must be

product of plant residues in the process of the production and processing

Josif Pani Belgrade. The listed companies have different certificates

approximate residue of fresh/processed

common English name

total yield of fresh mass per hectare (t ha-1)

Table 1: The approximate residue of fresh/processed mass of various

treatment, i.e. composting, so that the production of potentially highly

Filipovi, V. (2012): Kompostiranje - od organskog otpada do

Siebert, S.F., Amlinger, F. (2011): [Status of European Compost

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