SUSTAINABLE

BUILDING PERFORMANCE
ENHANCEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR
SCHOOLS IN
COMPOSITE CLIMATE

M.Arch Thesis

by

Shashi Kant Singh

ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR
HAMIRPUR 177 005, INDIA
July, 2015

SUSTAINABLE
BUILDING PERFORMANCE
ENHANCEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR
SCHOOLS IN
COMPOSITE CLIMATE
A Thesis submitted
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of

M.Arch
in
Sustainable Architecture
by

Shashi Kant Singh

(Registration Number: 13M801)

Under the guidance of

Ar. Amanjeet Kaur

to the

ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR
HAMIRPUR 177 005, INDIA
July, 2015

Copyright NIT HAMIRPUR (HP), India, 2015

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAMIRPUR (HP)

CANDIDATES DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled
Sustainable Building Performance Enhancement Solutions for Schools in
Composite Climate in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Masters in Architecture and submitted in the Department of Architecture,
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, is an authentic record of my own work
carried out during a period from July2013 to July2015 under the supervision of Ar.
AMANJEET KAUR, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, National
Institute of Technology Hamirpur.

The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award
of any other degree of this or any other Institute/University.

(Shashi Kant Singh)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to
the best of my knowledge.

Date:
(Dr.I.P.Singh)
Associate Prof. & Head

The M.Arch. Viva-Voce Examination of Shashi Kant Singh, Research Scholar,

has been held on.....................................

Signature of Supervisor (s)

Signature of External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to thank my sincere gratitude to Ar.Amanjeet Kaur(Assistant Prof.) and
Dr.I.P.Singh (Associate Prof. & Head)in Department of Architecture, National
Institute of Technology Hamirpur for their valuable guidance and citation of the work.
I would also like to thank all the faculty members of department of architecture,
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur for their valuable support and help
throughout this journey.
I would also like to thank Ar. Deependra Prashad and Ar. Shaswati Chetiafor their
valuable assistance and support.
I thank my family, friends and classmates for their valuable support and affection
without which accomplishment of such a study wouldnt have been possible.

Date:

Shashi Kant Singh

ii

ABSTRACT
This study aims to evaluate heat gain potential of different building components, such
that the decisions can be made for solar passive optimizations, for sustainable
architecture in a particular Composite climatic type, with a particular occupancy of a
school building.
Aim
To find the most sustainable building system in a school environment by analysing
different components of a school building on different parameters of sustainable
architecture in relation with Solar passive architecture and natural ventilation for a
taken set of climatic parameters.
Objectives

To compare and analyse the school building design elements identified and
develop an understanding of performance / requirement varying with Building
orientation and construction material change.

To develop a hierarchy of factors/parameters based on the findings.

To evolve a standard set of classroom performance enhancement solutions

with reference to a base case scenario for Composite Climate.

Chapter 1, Introduction, is a brief Introduction of the topic explaining aim,

objectives, scope and methodology which have been followed in this research.
Chapter 2, Literature Review and Research Methodology, is the review on the
topic and describes the books, research papers, reports, BIS codes that have been
helpful in the analysis, along with the brief summary of each, the data has been
identified which is used as information or database for simulations and data analysis.
Chapter 3, Materials and Methods
3.1, Composite climate, this part identifies solar-passive performance evaluation
approach with the identification of shading optimization & other factors, which deal
with the heat gain/loss in a building in relation with form, space and location.
3.2., Implication of Climate on Building Design
3.3, Elements of Building Form. This part details out the Effect of Building Form on
heat gain in a building. Factors affecting decision of building form have been
iii

discussed along with the variation in heat gain due to varying building form. The
effect of the neighbouring buildings has also been analysed.
3.4,Solar Radiation and Heat Load Analysis Methodology
3.5, Solar Passive Optimization
This part deals with the function of openings and the heat gain through
openings for building design, Heat Gain for various Aspect Ratios of openings.
3.6, Tree Shade and Solar Radiation
This chapter illustrates the development of a tree shade chat with the help of
Shading analysis of spherical surfaces.
3.7, Vertical and Horizontal Shading Device Optimization
this part focuses on the maximum Solar Energy utilization, with identification
of optimum values of HSA &VSA for shading devices in preferred
orientations.
Chapter 4, Results and Discussion, this part consists of analysed results and other
calculated comparisons to find sustainable design solutions in the Composite Climate
for the School building type.

iv

Table of Contents
Content..........................................................................................Page No.

Initial Pages
Candidates Declaration /Certificate.......i
Acknowledgement..ii
Abstract......iii
Table of Contents.......v
List of Tables....vii
List of Figures......viii
List of Abbreviations.....xi

Research Content
Chapter 1: Introduction ..1
1.1. School Buildings in Uttar Pradesh.....3
1.2. Aim.....4
1.3. Objective....4
1.4. Scope......5
1.5. Limitations.........5
1.6. Tools...5
1.7. Research Flow....5
Chapter 2: Literature Review and Research Methodology........9
2.1.Books...9
2.2.Reports...11
2.3.IS Codes.....11
2.4.Journals..12
2.5.Research Papers.....12
2.6.Research Methodology......13
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods.....................................................................17
3.1.Composite Climate ...17
v

3.2.Implication of climate on building design..22

3.3.Built Form...24
3.4.Solar Radiation and heat load analysis...37
3.5.Solar Passive Optimization 46
3.6.Tree Shades and Solar Radiation60
3.7. Vertical and Horizontal Shading Device optimization..67

Chapter 4: Results and Discussions..71

4.1. Data Analysis As per the research Methodology.71
4.2. Result and Conclusions............79
4.3.Simulation Results For Typical Classroom...................................80
4.4. Future Scope of Work83

Appendices..i-xx
Appendix A: Weather Data Summary......i
Appendix B: Other Relevant Tables......ii-viii
Appendix C: Water Resource..............ix-xviii
Appendix D: Space Standards Brief for Classrooms (IS:8827)........xix-xx

References

vi

List of Tables
Table..............................................................................................Page No.
Table 1:School Buildings in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh..4
Table 2:Comfort requirements and physical manifestation of composite
Climate.................22
Table 3:Transmittance and Shade Factor of different Shading Devices....28
Table 4:Standards of KendriyaVidyalaya - Room Sizes....33
Table5:Daily Total Direct Solar Radiation on Vertical Surfaces in W/sqm per
Day For Two Perspective Days................40
Table 6:Total Solar Radiation(Direct+Diffused) incident on various surfaces
of Buildings in W/Sqm/Day for summer and Winter Seasons................41
Table 7:Orientation Based Heat Loads for Base Cases...43
Table 8: Correction Factors per Square Element of Lux Grid I
for Interior Finish A,B and C..........................53
Table 9: Correction Factors per Square Element of Lux Grid II
for Interior Finish A,B and C..........................54
Table 10: Lux Levels For Base cases at Floor Level..........59
Table 11:Properties of some Indian trees....................62
Table 12: Heat Gain Factor through Glass with different percentage of
Shading in W/Sqm............................................68
Table 13:Simulation Input Data...............................................80
Table 14:Fabric Gain : Construction 1.....................................81
Table 15:Fabric Gain : Construction 2....................................82

vii

List of Figures
Figure Title...................................................................................Page No.
Figure 1:Location Map of Lucknow.............................................................................2
Figure 2:Climate Zone map of India............................................................................3
Figure 3:Research Flow Chart......................................................................................6
Figure 4:Heat Balance in Buildings.............................................................................10
Figure 5:Research Methodology.................................................................................14
Figure 6: Solar Radiation and Dry bulb Temperatures................................................18
Figure 7: Solar Radiation Range, Lucknow................................................................19
Figure 8: Dry Bulb Temperature range, Lucknow......................................................19
Figure 9: Relative Humidity, Lucknow.......................................................................20
Figure 10: Wind speed, Lucknow................................................................................21
Figure 11: Psychometrics Chart for composite climate, Lucknow .............................21
Figure 12: Ground Temperature Variation, Lucknow.................................................23
Figure 13: Types of Shading Devices..........................................................................29
Figure 14: Physics Lab, Kendriya Vidyalaya..............................................................31
Figure 15: Typical Classroom Plan,KendriyaVidyalaya.............................................31
Figure 16: Art and Craft Room, KendriyaVidyalaya..................................................31
Figure 17: Typical Classroom Section, KendriyaVidyalaya.......................................31
Figure 18: Principal Room, Kendriya Vidyalaya........................................................31
Figure 19: Library, Kendriya Vidyalaya.....................................................................32
Figure 20: Chemistry Lab, Kendriya Vidyalaya..........................................................32
Figure 21: Office layout, Kendriya Vidyalaya............................................................32
Figure 22: Medical unit, Kendriya Vidyalaya.............................................................32
Figure 23: Biology Lab, Kendriya Vidyalaya.............................................................32
Figure 24:KendriyaVidyalaya, Aliganj, Lucknow......................................................34
Figure 25:KendriyaVidyalaya, AMC, Lucknow.........................................................34
Figure 26:KendriyaVidyalaya, Gomtinagar, Lucknow...............................................35
Figure 27:KendriyaVidyalaya, RDSO, Lucknow........................................................35

viii

Figure 28: Upper Primary School................................................................................36

Figure 29: Primary Schools.........................................................................................36
Figure 30: Grid I For Daylight Calculations..............................................................52
Figure 31: Grid II-For Daylight Calculations..............................................................53
Figure 32: Base Case1 @ d=5m..................................................................................55
Figure 33:Base Case2 @ d=5m...................................................................................55
Figure 34:Base Case3 @ d=5m...................................................................................55
Figure 35:Base Case1 @ d=5m...................................................................................56
Figure 36:Base Case2 @ d=5m...................................................................................56
Figure 37:Base Case3 @ d=5m...................................................................................56
Figure 38:Agro-climatic Zones of India......................................................................61
Figure 39:Total Solar Radiation..................................................................................63
Figure 40:Diffuse Solar Radiations.............................................................................64
Figure 41:Direct Solar Radiations...............................................................................64
Figure 42:21 December Shadow (From 8:10am-4:10pm)...........................................65
Figure 43:21 June Shadow (From 8:10am-4:10pm)....................................................65
Figure 44:21 March Shadow (From 8:10am-4:10pm).................................................65
Figure 45:Final derived tree Shade Charts..................................................................66
Figure 46:Annual Total radiation Protractor, North-South Directions.......................66
Figure 47: Shading Analysis, 21 Dec-21 June, South Wall........................................67
Figure 48: Shading Analysis, 21 June-21 Dec, South Wall........................................68
Figure 49: Global Solar Radiation Values for 29 Degree North Latitude..................73
Figure 50: Classroom Plan..........................................................................................74
Figure 51 : 13%WWR Window Arrangement on South Wall....................................75
Figure 52: Daylight Lux Levels at Sill Level for 13% WWR....................................75
Figure 53: 33%WWR Window Arrangement on South Wall.....................................76
Figure 54: Daylight Lux Levels at Sill Level for 33% WWR.....................................76
Figure 55 : Solar Chart : 29 Degree North..................................................................78
Figure 56: HSA and VSA Illustration.........................................................................78
Figure 57: Roof Section Optimization.........................................................................79
Figure 58: Obstruction Angle......................................................................................80
Figure 59: Solar Penetration Percentage for Trees......................................................80

ix

Figure 60: Fabric gain Comparison for different wall and roof materials...................82
Figure 61 : Fabric Gain Comparison for month January.............................................82
Figure 62: Fabric Gain Comparison for month July....................................................82
Figure 63: Ecotect Simulation Graphics for Fabric gain Construction1.....................83
Figure 64: Ecotect Simulation Graphics for Fabric gain Construction2....................84

List of Abbreviations
NUEPA

-National University of Educational Planning and Administration

DSEL

-Department of School Education and Literacy

MHRD

-Ministry of Human Resource Development

IS

-Indian Standard (Bureau of Indian Standards)

CPWD

-Central Public Works Department

GOI

-Government of India

ECBC

-Energy Conservation Building Code

NBC

-National Building Code (SP7)

SP41

-Handbook on Functional Requirements of Buildings

WWR

-Window to wall Ratio

MNRE

-Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

KV

-KendriyaVidyalaya

HSA

-Horizontal Shadow Angle

VSA

-Vertical Shadow Angle

DISE

-District Information System for Education

CGWB

-Central Ground Water Board

IMD

-Indian Meteorological Department

GRIHA

-Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

ISHRAE

-Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers

xi

Sustainable Development
Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently
quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report
October 1987:By-World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland
Commission, UNO 1984)
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
It contains within it two key concepts:
the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and
the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on
the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."

So, in the field of technology in building design and construction,

"Sustainable Architecture is Architecture that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.