MICROPROCESSOR

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

 What is a CPU?

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. Let us briefly

study that name:

•It is a processor, because it processes (moves and

calculates) data.
•It is central, because it is the center of PC data
processing.
•It is a unit, because it is a chip, which contains
millions of transistors.
 MANUFACTURERS

IBM
CYRIX
INTEL CORPORATION
ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES(AMD)
 BUS
a series of connections that carry common signals
a typical processor has two important
buses for carrying data and
memory--addressing information

data bus
address bus
- data bus -

the bundle of wires (or pins)

used to send and receive
data

The more signals that can be sent

at the same time, the more data can
be transmitted in a specified interval
and, therefore, the faster the bus.
 Internal Registers
internal data bus

The size of the internal register is

a good indication of how much
information the processor can
operate on at one time.
386 to the Pentium--use 32-bit internal registers
8088, 386SX, 386SL – use internal registers twice the width external data bus
HYBRID DESIGNS
 80386
386SX 32-bit IR 16-bit data bus
386DX 32-bit IR 32-bit data bus

Pentium
Twin data pipelines

32-bit IR 64-bit data bus

Address Bus
the set of wires that carry the
addressing information used to
describe the memory location to
which the data is being sent, or
from which the data is being retrieved.

The size (or width) of the address bus

indicates the maximum amount of RAM
that a chip can address.
The size of the data bus is an indication
of the information-moving capability
of the chip, and the size of the
address bus tells you how much
memory the chip can handle.
 Intel Processor Memory-Addressing Capabilities

Processor Address Bytes Kilobytes Mbyte Gbytes

Family Bus s
8088/8086 20-bit 1,048,576 1,024 1 none

286/386SX 24-bit 16,777,216 16,384 16 none

386DX- 32-bit 4,294,967,296 4,194,304 4,096 4

Pentium Pro

Pentium II 36-bit 68,719,476,736 67,108,864 65,536 64

 Processor Speed
1 hertz = one cycle per second

The hertz was named for the German physicist

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz. In 1885, Hertz confirmed
through experimentation the electromagnetic
theory, which states that light is a form of
electromagnetic radiation and is propagated as wave
A single cycle is the smallest element of
time for the processor. Every action
requires at least one cycle and usually
multiple cycles. To transfer data to
and from memory, for example, an 8086
chip needs four cycles plus wait states.
 A wait state is a clock tick in which
Nothing happens to ensure that
the processor isn't getting ahead of
the rest of the computer

A 286 needs only two cycles plus any

wait states for the same transfer.
 AVERAGE CYCLES PER
MICROPROCESSOR
INSTRUCTION

8086 and 8088 12

286 and 386 4.5

486 2

Pentium 1
100MHz Pentium is about equal to

200MHz 486

400MHz 386 or 286

1,000MHz 8088
 Table 6.4  Intel Processor and Motherboard Speeds

CPU Type/Speed CPU Clock Motherboard Speed

Pentium 60 1x 60
Pentium 66 1x 66
Pentium 75 1.5x 50
Pentium 90 1.5x 60
Pentium 100 1.5x 66
Pentium 120 2x 60
Pentium 133 2x 66
Pentium 150 2.5x 60
Pentium/Pentium Pro/MMX 166 2.5x 66
Pentium/Pentium Pro 180 3x 60
Pentium/Pentium Pro/MMX 200 3x 66
Pentium-MMX/Pentium II 233 3.5x 66
Pentium II 266 4x 66
Pentium II 300 4.5x 66
 overclocking
Most of the processors running at 50MHz and
higher should have a heat sink installed
to prevent the processor from overheating
Microprocessor Progression: Intel
The following table helps you to understand the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years.

Clock
Name Date Transistors Microns Data width MIPS
speed
8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64
16 bits
8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 0.33
8-bit bus

80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1

80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5

80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20

32 bits
Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 100
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz ~300
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz ~510
64-bit bus
32 bits
Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 GHz ~1,700
64-bit bus

Pentium 4 32 bits
2004 125,000,000 0.09 3.6 GHz ~7,000
"Prescott" 64-bit bus
Transistors is the number of transistors on the chip. You can see that
the number of transistors on a single chip has risen steadily over the
years.
Microns is the width, in microns, of the smallest wire on the chip. For
comparison, a human hair is 100 microns thick. As the feature size on the
chip goes down, the number of transistors rises.
Clock speed is the maximum rate that the chip can be clocked at. Clock
speed will make more sense in the next section.
Data Width is the width of the ALU. An 8-bit ALU can
add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can
manipulate 32-bit numbers. An 8-bit ALU would have to execute four
instructions to add two 32-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can do it in
one instruction. In many cases, the external data bus is the same width
as the ALU, but not always. The 8088 had a 16-bit ALU and an 8-bit bus,
while the modern Pentiums fetch data 64 bits at a time for their 32-bit
ALUs.
MIPS stands for "millions of instructions per second" and is a rough
measure of the performance of a CPU. Modern CPUs can do so many
different things that MIPS ratings lose a lot of their meaning, but you can
get a general sense of the relative power of the CPUs from this column.
Microprocessor History

A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central

processing unit -- is a complete computation engine that
is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor
was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not
very powerful -- all it could do was add and subtract, and
it could only do that 4 bits at a time. But it was amazing
that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004,
engineers built computers either from collections of chips
or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a
time). The 4004 powered one of the first portable
electronic calculators.
The first microprocessor to make it into a
home computer was the Intel 8080, a
complete 8-bit computer on one chip,
introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor
to make a real splash in the market was the
Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM
PC (which first appeared around 1982). If you are familiar
with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC
market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to
the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III
to the Pentium 4. All of these microprocessors are made by
Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of
the 8088. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that
ran on the original 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times
faster!
8088 (1978)
- operates at 4.77Mhz (about 4,770,000 ticks or heartbeats
per second
- 8 bit data bus
- used on IBM PCs and XTs (Extended Technology)

640K conventional memory barrier

-Total of 1,024K (1mb) addressable location

-Upper portion reserved for adapter and system BIOS
-Lower portion (640k for DOS and applications)

8086 (1976)
- 16 bit data bus
- costly
Intel 8088 and 8086
Microprocessor
 Intel 80186 and 80188
Microprocessor
- increased instruction sets
- 80186 (full 16 bit)
- 80188 (8 bit)
- Both combined on a single chip 15 to 20
of the 8086-8088 series system components
(reduced number of components in
computer design)
- used for highly intelligent peripheral adapter
cards, such as network adapters
80286 processor Intel 80286
- abbreviated as 286
- introduced in 1981 Microprocessor
- the CPU behind the IBM AT (Advance Technology)
- 6Mhz (five times faster than a PC running at 4.77Mhz

Two modes of Operation

Real-mode
- acts essentially the same as an 8086 chip and is fully
object-code compatible with the 8086 and 8088

Protected Mode
- believed to have access to 1G of memory (including virtual
memory)
-16Mb of actual addressable memory
- it cannot switch from protected mode to real mode
without a hardware reset (a warm reboot)
- Intel's first attempt to produce a CPU chip that supported
multitasking (Windows)
 Intel 80386
Microprocessor
- introduced in 1985
- offers greater performance in almost all areas of operation
- a full 32-bit processor
- 386 can execute the real-mode instructions of an 8086 or 8088,
but in fewer clock cycles
- additional software capability (modes) and a greatly enhanced
Memory Management Unit (MMU).
- 386 can switch to and from protected mode under software
control without a system reset

Virtual real mode (sometimes called virtual 86 mode)

- can run with hardware memory protection while simulating
an 8086's real-mode operation
386DX Processors
- full 32-bit processor
- 32-bit internal registers
- 32-bit internal data bus
- 32-bit external data bus

- 275,000 transistors in a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

- 132-pin package
- less power requirement than 8086
- speed ranges form 16MHz to 33MHz; other manufacturers,
primarily AMD and Cyrix, offered comparable versions with
speeds up to 40MHz
- The 386DX can address 4G of physical memory
386SX Processors

- code named P9 chip

- 386 capability at the cost of 286
- 16-bit system
- can address only up to 16M of memory
- speeds at 16 to 33 Mhz
- signaled the end of 286 processors
- 16MHz 386SX is not markedly faster than a 16MHz 286,
but it does offer improved memory-management
capabilities
386SL Processors

- low-power CPU
- same capabilities as the 386SX
- designed for laptop systems in which low power
consumption is needed
- offer special power-management features (sleep modes)
- chip includes an extended architecture that includes a
System Management Interrupt (SMI)
- the higher transistor count in the SL chips (855,000)
compared with even the 386DX processor (275,000
-runs at 25MHz clock speed
 Intel 80486
Microprocessor
Four main features make a given 486 processor roughly twice
as fast as an equivalent MHz 386 chip.

These features are:

- Reduced instruction-execution time

Instructions in the 486 take an average of only two

clock cycles to complete, compared with an average of more
than four cycles on the 386.
80486
- Internal (Level 1) cache

The built-in cache has a hit ratio of 90 to 95 percent,

which describes how often zero-wait-state read operations
will occur. External caches can improve this ratio further.

- Burst-mode memory cycles

A standard 32-bit (4-byte) memory transfer takes two

clock cycles. After a standard 32-bit transfer, more data up to
the next 12 bytes (or three transfers) can be transferred with
only one cycle used for each 32-bit (4-byte) transfer. Thus, up
to 16 bytes of contiguous, sequential memory data can be
transferred in as little as five cycles instead of eight cycles or
more. This effect can be even greater when the transfers are
only 8 bits or 16 bits each
80486

- Built-in (synchronous) enhanced math coprocessor (some

versions) (FPU – Floating-point unit)

The math co- processor runs synchronously with the

main processor and executes math instructions in fewer
cycles than previous designs did. On average, the math
coprocessor built into the DX-series chips provides two to
three times greater math performance than an external 387
chip.
486 Processors

- about twice as fast as the 386

- easily be upgraded to a DX2 or DX4 processor
- the 486 rapidly killed off the 386
- spawned the widespread acceptance of GUIs
- speeds from 16MHz all the way up to 120MHz
 Intel DX2 and DX4 Operating Speeds versus
Motherboard Clock Speeds

Motherboard Clock
16MHz 20MHz 25MHz 33MHz 40MHz 50MHz
Speed

DX2 processor
32MHz 40MHz 50MHz 66MHz 80MHz N/A
speed

DX4 (2x mode)

32MHz 40MHz 50MHz 66MHz 80MHz 100MHz
speed

DX4 (2.5x mode)

40MHz 50MHz 63MHz 83MHz 100MHz N/A
speed

DX4 (3x mode)

48MHz 60MHz 75MHz 100MHz 120MHz N/A
speed
486DX Processors

- introduced on April 10, 1989

- Two main features
- Integration (math coprocessor,cache controller,
cache memory)
- Upgradability (double-speed OverDrive)

- 32-bit internal register size

- 32-bit external data bus
- 32-bit address bus
- contains 1.2 million transistors on a piece of silicon no
larger than a thumbnail
- FPU is 100 percent compatible with 80387 co-processor
486SL Processors

- SL Enhancement refers to a special design that

incorporates special power-saving features
- designed to be installed in laptop or notebook systems
- eventually found their way into desktop systems
- incorporates System Management Mode (SMM)
- suspend/resume
- designed to consume almost no power in the suspend
state
486SX Processors

- introduced in April 1991

- lower-cost version of the 486
- full DX processor, but the chip does not incorporate the
FPU
- had a completely different pinout
- twice as fast as a 386DX with the same clock speed
- normally available in 16, 20, 25, and 33MHz-rated speeds
- SX/2 version up to 50 or 66MHz
 487SX
( Math co-processor)
&
Overdrive processors
 CPU FPU

8086 8087

80286 80287

80386 80387

80486DX Built in

80486SX None

Pentium and thereafter Built in

487 SX

- a complete 25MHz 486DX CPU with an extra pin added and

some other pins rearranged
- provides math coprocessor functionality in the system
- prepared its real surprise: the OverDrive processor
- any system that supports the 487SX also supports the
DX2/OverDrive chips
 DX2/OverDrive
and DX4 Processors
DX2/OverDrive and DX4 Processors
- March 3, 1992, Intel introduced the DX2 speed-doubling
processors
- On May 26, 1992, DX2 processors were available in a retail
version called OverDrive
- Originally, the OverDrive versions of the DX2 were available
only in 169-pin versions, which meant that they could be
used only with 486SX systems that had sockets configured
to support the rearranged pin configuration
- On September 14, 1992, Intel introduced 168-pin OverDrive
versions for upgrading 486DX systems.
- DX2/OverDrive processors run internally at twice the clock
rate of the host system
- DX2 chip that doesn't run at double speed is the bus
interface unit
Vacancy
Table 6.6  Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Types and Specifications

Socket No. of Pin Layout Voltage Supported Processors

Number Pins
Socket 1 169 17x17 PGA 5v SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 OverDrive
Socket 2 238 19x19 PGA 5v SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4
OverDrive, 486 Pentium OverDrive
Socket 3 237 19x19 PGA 5v/3.3v SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4, 486
Pentium OverDrive
Socket 4 273 21x21 PGA 5v Pentium 60/66, Pentium 60/66
OverDrive
Socket 5 320 37x37 3.3v Pentium 75-133, Pentium 75+
SPGA OverDrive
Socket 6 235 19x19 PGA 3.3v DX4, 486 Pentium OverDrive
Socket 7 321 37x37 VRM Pentium 75-200, Pentium 75+
SPGA OverDrive
Socket 8 387 dual-pattern VRM Pentium Pro
SPGA
 Heat
Processor Designation Replaces Socket
Sink

486SX/DX/SX2/DX Socket 2 or
486 Pentium OverDrive Active
2 3

60/66 Pentium OverDrive Pentium 60/66 Socket 4 Active

Pentium OverDrive with

Pentium 75/90/100 Socket 5/7 Active
MMX
OverDrive Compatibility Problems

Although you can upgrade many older 486SX or 486DX

systems with the OverDrive processors, some exceptions
exist.

Four factors can make an OverDrive upgrade difficult

or impossible:

- BIOS routines that use CPU-dependent timing loops

- Lack of clearance for the OverDrive heat sink (25MHz
and faster)
- Inadequate system cooling
- A 486 CPU that is soldered in rather than socketed
Pentium ®
- October 19, 1992, Intel announced P5 (Pentium) processor
- shipped on March 22, 1993
- features twin data pipelines (superscalar technology )
u-pipe (primary pipe)- execute all integer and floating-point
instructions
v-pipe (secondary pipe) - execute only simple integer
instructions and certain floating-point instructions
pairing - operating on two instructions simultaneously in the
different pipes

- one of the first CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

chips
- Branch Target Buffer (BTB) that employs a technique called
branch prediction
- SL enhanced (incorporate the SMM)
- Built-in FPU
- Tape Carrier Packaging
Pentium Processor Specifications
Introduced: March 22, 1993 (first generation); March 7, 1994 (second generation)
Maximum rated 60, 66MHz (first generation); 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 166, 200MHz (second
speeds: generation)
CPU clock multiplier: 1x (first generation), 1.5x-3x (second generation)
Register size: 32-bit
External data bus: 64-bit
Memory address 32-bit
bus:
Maximum memory: 4G
Integral-cache size: 8K code, 8K data
Integral-cache type: Two-Way Set Associative, Write-Back Data
Burst-mode Yes
transfers:
Number of 3.1 million
transistors:
Circuit size: 0.8 micron (60/66MHz), 0.6 micron (75-100MHz), 0.35 micron (120MHz and up)
External package: 273-pin PGA, 296-pin SPGA, Tape Carrier
Math coprocessor: Built-in FPU (Floating-Point Unit)
Power management: SMM (System Management Mode), enhanced in second generation
Operating voltage: 5v (first generation), 3.465v, 3.3v, 3.1v, 2.9v (second generation)
Generations of Pentium
First Generation Pentium

- 60 and 66MHz processor speeds

- 273-pin PGA form factor and ran on 5v power
- ran at the same speed as the motherboard(1x clock)
- 0.8-micron BiCMOS process
- 3.1 million transistor count
Second Generation Pentium

- March 7, 1994
- 75, 90 and 100MHz versions
- Eventually, 120, 133, 150, 166, and 200MHz versions were
also introduced
- 0.6-micron (75/90/100MHz) BiCMOS technology
- 120 and higher MHz second-generation versions
incorporate an even smaller die built on a 0.35-micron
- run on 3.3v power
Second Generation Pentium

- come in a 296-pin SPGA (Staggered Pin Grid Array)

- physically incompatible with the first-generation versions
- 3.3 million transistors
for additional clock-control SL enhancements
on-chip Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
dual-processor interface (Symmetric Multi-Processing )
- use clock-multiplier circuitry
- single chip OverDrive upgrade
CPU Type/Speed CPU Clock Memory Bus Speed

Pentium 75 1.5x 50

Pentium 90 1.5x 60

Pentium 100 1.5x 66

Pentium 120 2x 60

Pentium 133 2x 66

Pentium 150 2.5x 60

Pentium 166 2.5x 66

Pentium 200 3x 66
Pentium-MMX Processor
(Third Generation Pentium)
Third Generation Pentium (MMX)
- code-named P55C
- released in January 1997
- incorporates what Intel calls MMX technology
- clock rates of 66/166MHz, 66/200MHz, and 66/233MHz
- include superscalar architecture, multi-processor support, on-chip local
APIC controller, and power management features
- New features include a pipelined MMX unit, 16K code and Write-Back
cache
- 4.5 million transistors
- produced on an enhanced 0.35-micron CMOS silicon process which
allows for a lower 2.8v voltage level
- Socket 7 with VRM (321-pin processor socket)
- MMX incorporates a process Intel calls Single Instruction Multiple Data
(SIMD)
- 57 new instructions (specifically to handle video, audio, and graphics
data )
 Pentium Pro
(Fourth Generation Pentium)
Fourth Generation (Pentium Pro)

- introduced in September of 1995

- 387-pin unit that resides in Socket 8
- Multi-Chip Module (MCM) physical format (Dual Cavity PGA
(Pin Grid Array) package )
- 36.5 million transistors
Processor Die contains 5.5 million transistors
256K cache die contains 15.5 million transistors
512K cache die has 31 million transistors
- includes three internal instruction pipes
- Built-in L2 cache
- MPS allows configurations of up to four processors running
together
Pentium Pro Processor Specifications
Introduced: September 1995
Maximum rated speeds: 150, 166, 180, 200MHz
CPU clock multiplier: 2.5x-3x
Register size: 32-bit
External data bus: 64-bit
Integrated-cache bus: 64-bit
Memory address bus: 32-bit
Maximum memory: 4G
Integral-cache size: 8K code, 8K data
Integral-cache type: non-blocking, L1 cache
Number of transistors: 5.5 million
Transistors in L2 cache: 15.5 million (256K cache), 31 million (512K cache)
Circuit size: 0.35 micron
External package: 387-pin Dual Cavity PGA (Pin Grid Array)
Math coprocessor: Built-in FPU (Floating-Point Unit)
Power management: SMM (System Management Mode)
Operating voltage: 3.3v
 
  
                                                              
Pentium II

- code name "Klamath

- May 1997
- Single Edge Contact (SEC) cartridge
- Pentium II 266MHz chip is more than twice as fast as a
classic Pentium 200MHz
- a Pentium Pro with MMX technology instructions
- 0.35 micron
- incorporates Dual Independent Bus architecture (one for
accessing the L2 cache, the other for accessing main
memory )
 CPU CPU Motherboard
Type/Speed Clock Speed
Pentium II 233 3.5x 66

Pentium II 266 4x 66

Pentium II 300 4.5x 66

Pentium II 333 5x 66
Pentium II Processor Specifications
Introduced: May 1997
Maximum rated speeds: 233, 266, 300MHz
CPU clock multiplier: 3.5x,4x-4.5x
Internal bus width: 300-bit
External data bus: 64-bit
Integrated-cache bus: 64-bit
Memory address bus: 32-bit
Maximum memory: 64G
Integral-cache size: 16K code, 16K data
Integral-cache type: non-blocking, L1 cache
Number of transistors: 7.5 million
L2 cache size: 512K
Transistors in L2 cache: 31 million
Circuit size: 0.35 micron
External package: 242-pin Single Edge Cartridge
Math coprocessor: Built-in FPU (Floating-Point Unit)
Power management: SMM (System Management Mode)
Operating voltage: 2.8v
Performance Headroom for the Applications You Need

Whether you're into media, PC imaging, or communications, the Pentium II

processor has plenty of special product features to meet your needs:

100MHz Front Side Bus (available with 450MHz, 400MHz and 350MHz)
Dual Independent Bus architecture (D.I.B.)
Dynamic Execution
Intel MMX™ technology
Single Edge Contact Cartridge (S.E.C.C.)

Fact Sheet
Two new features
In fact the Pentium III contained two rather different news items,
one small and one somewhat bigger. Intel's new top processor
is a Pentium II in principle. It is mounted in a BX based
motherboard with Slot 1. This processor has some built-in
features:

A rather problematic ID numbering.

New registers and 70 new instructions.

Finally the clock speed was raised to 500 MHz with room for
further increases. Pentium III Xeon (code name Tanner) was
introduced March 17th, 1999. It was a Xeon chip updated with
all the new features from Pentium III. To utilize it Intel has the
840 chipset.
 Processor Highlights
   - Speeds up to 2.20 GHz
   - PGA-423 and mPGA-478 form factors
   - Intel® NetBurst™ micro-architecture
   - 0.13 or 0.18 micron technology
   - Compatible with Intel® Architecture-based software
   - Internet Streaming SIMD Extensions
   - Intel® MMX™ media enhancement technology
-System scalability up to 64 GB
- 400 MHz Front Side Bus of 128 bit width
   - 20 KB L1 cache and 256 KB L2
- The ALU (Arithmetical Logic Unit) runs at twice the
clock speed
Processor Highlights ( continued)

- A new socket for simple motherboard design

- Clock frequencies from 1500 MHz
- 20 stages pipeline
- SSE2 and 128 bit MMX
- 42 millions of transistors
- A new 423 pins socket design
- Dual Rambus memory channel with i850 chipset
- Only single processor mode available.
NetBURST

Intel uses the term NetBURST to describe some features in Pentium 4:

Advanced Dynamic Execution

The Rapid Execution Engine

Advanced Dynamic Execution means that the processor may execute up to 6

instructions simultanously.
Using Rapid Execution Engine certain instructions may be executed at twice
the normal speed.
A 'Willamette' core Pentium 4.

"Northwood" core Pentium 4 processor. (P4A)

“Willamette”
•1.4 and 1.5 GHz
•released in November 2000
•Socket 423 , later revisions moving to socket 478
•100 MHz Quad-pumped (400Mhz FSB)
•sacrificed per-cycle performance in order to gain two things: very high
clockspeeds, and SSE performance
•also comes in a low-end Celeron version (often referred to as Celeron 4)
and a high-end Xeon version intended for SMP configurations.

A 'Northwood' core Pentium 4 processor (P4A)

•2.0 , 2.2 , 2.4, 2.8 GHz

•3.06 GHz processor supported Hyper-threading (800FSB)
•400 MHz to 533 MHz FSB
•released in January 2002
•combined an increase in the secondary cache size from 256k to 512k
•0.13 micron or 130nm)
•socket 478 (socket 423 with adapters)
•3.2 GHz variant was launched in June and a final 3.4 GHz version wa
launched in early 2004
Extreme Edition 3.73 GHz - Top Extreme Edition 3.73 GHz - Bottom
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (P4EE)
•2 MB of Level 3 cache
•Socket 478 form factor , LGA775 version is also available
•In office applications, the Extreme Edition was generally a bit slower than the
Northwood
•Some games benefited from the added cache, particularly those based on the
Quake III and Unreal engines
•improved most in multimedia encoding
•bus speed from 800 MHz to 1066MHz
•Only one Gallatin-based chip at 3.46 GHz was released before the Extreme
Edition was migrated to the Prescott core
A ‘Prescott' core Pentium 4.
Prescott
•90nm process
•clocked at the same rate as a Northwood
•benchmarks show that a Northwood runs slightly faster than a Prescott
•Currently, 3.8 GHz is the fastest Prescott-based processor
•from Socket 478 to LGA775
•LGA775 reference cooler and mounting system were somewhat better designs
•thermal problems were so severe
•Intel decided to abandon the Prescott architecture altogether, and attempts to
roll out a 4 GHz
•showed in extreme cases it took a 5.2 GHz Prescott core to match the
performance of an Athlon FX-55 that clocked at 2.6 GHz
Dual Core Pentium 4
Dual Core Pentium 4
•marketed as the Pentium D 8xx
•reputed to have a 60-80% increase in performance per clock-speed
•launched May 2005
•Dubbed the “Smithfield” core
•two connected Prescott cores
 PC CPUs Year Number
of transistors
1st. Generation 8086 and 8088 1978-81 29,000
2nd. Generation 80286 1984 134,000
3rd. Generation 80386DX and 80386SX 1987-88 275,000
4th. Generation 80486SX, 80486DX, 1990-92 1,200,000
80486DX2 and 80486DX4
5th. Generation Pentium 1993-95 3,100,000
Cyrix 6X86 1996 --
AMD K5 1996 --
IDT WinChip C6 1997 3,500,000
Improved Pentium MMX 1997 4,500,000
5th. Generation IBM/Cyrix 6x86MX 1997 6,000,000
IDT WinChip2 3D 1998 6,000,000
6th. Generation Pentium Pro 1995 5,500,000
AMD K6 1997 8,800,000
Pentium II 1997 7,500,000
AMD K6-2 1998 9,300,000
Improved 6th. Generation Mobile Pentium II 1999 27,400,000
Mobile Celeron 18,900,000
Pentium III 9,300,000
AMD K6-3 ?
Pentium III CuMine 28,000,000
7th. Generation AMD original Athlon 1999 22,000,000
AMD Athlon Thunderbird 2000 37,000,000
Pentium 4 2001 42,000,000
Graphic overview of the processors