RESUME CHAPTER 18 BUKU

Enviromental Monitoring

Nama : Khresna Putera Tama

NPM : 12 063 144 21

A comprehensive (or targeted) post-EIS enviromental monitoring program should be

required of major projects, plans, or programs as a part of their life cycle, and the resultant
information should be used in evironmentally responsible management and decision making.
Comprehensive enviromental monitoring refers to the set of activities which provide
chemical, physical, geological, biological, and other enviromental, social, or health data
required by enviromental managers (U.S. EPA, 1985). A targeted monitoring program
could include elements related enviromental media (air, surface, and/or groundwater; soil;
and noise ), biological features ( Plants, animals, and habitats ),visual resources, socisal
impacts, and human health.
Examples of enviromentally responsible project, plan, or programe-management
decision which can be based on monitoring data, and which can be beneficial in terms of
minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing enviromental management include (1) reducing
power production (and resultant admospheric emisions) at a coal fire power plant when
atmospheric dipersions condition are limiting, (2) planning training activities at military
instalation so as to not coincide with of use certain areas for breading or nesting by threatened
or endangered faunal species, (3) planning and implementation of a metal removal system at
an industrial wastewater-treatment plan so as to minimize metals uptake in aquatic food
chains downstream of the wastewater discharge, and (4) changing surface-water reservoir
levels and water-release patters to optimize disolved-oxygen concertration in water phase
during various seasons. Spellerberg (1991) has described the following three ways in which
floral and/or faunal species monitoring data can be used in environmental management : (1)
to enstabilish a basis for the sustuinable use of populations, (2) to detect and, it is hoped,

minimize the detrimental environmental impact, and (3) to provide data which can be used a
scientific basis for conservation.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Several agencies have developed monitoring information related to mitigation
measures in their EIA guidance; on e axample was developed for U.S army projects or
activities (U.S Departement of the Army, 1988). In this case, monitoring is identified as an
integral part of anymitigation program. Two basic types are monitoring are defined the
follows.
1. Environment monitoring
Is being performed as described in the environmental document
2. Effectivness monitoring
The success mitigation effort and the environmental effect.
Only minimal attention has been given to comprehensive or targeted environmental
monitoring in conjuction in major actions subjected to the EIA process in the US. Some
reasons environmental monitoring and in particular post EIS monitoring have been given
minimal attention in the US are given bellow :
1. Envirinmental monitoring is not required in the current EIA process; the
emphasis has been on getting the EIS completed so the project, plan, or
programe can be started.
2. Monitoring requirements may be include, assumed to be include, as part of
environmental media
3. There is the presumtion that numerious federal, state, and even locl monitoring
network could be used if necessary.
4. There is resistant to planning an implementing a monitoring program.
5. Even if monitoring is considered a necessary, agency staffing an d founding
may be limited.

PURPOSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Numerous purpose can be delineated for pre and post EIS environmental monitoring.
Six general purposes of information gleaned from the conduction post EIS monitoring :
1. Environmental monitoring provided information that can be used for
documentation of impacts that result from a proposed federaal action.
2. The monitoring could warn agencies of unanticipated adverse impacts
3. The monitoring system could provide an immediate warning
4. Environmental monitoring provides information which could be used by
agencies to control timing, location and level of impact project.
5. Environmental monitoring provides information could be used for evaluating.
6. Environmental monitoring provides informationwhich could be used to verify
predicted impact.
CASE STUDIES OF MONITORING
To illustrated the various uses of monitoring in environmental impact work, eight case
studies will be noted, Contains a summary of the case studies in terms of project programe
type, monitoring conducted, and the uses of monitoring information. The case studies
comprese a pest control program, a waste water treatment facility, two lignite extraction
projects, an airport modification project, an evaluation historical and needed waste dispossal
practise at a nuclear facility, an existing multipurpose survace water reservoir project.
Ecvironmetal monitoring can also be used as an aid to project or program operation and
management.

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR A MONITORING PROGRAM

Careful planning an implemantation of an environmental monitoring program is a
requisite for meeting the state purpose of monitoring. Theree premise relative to monitoring
programes in the US are state bellow :
1. There is an abundace of evironmental monitoring data routinely collected by
various govermental agencies and private sector.
2. Environmental monitoring programs are expensive to plan and implement
3. Because of overlapping evironmental management and monitoring
responsibilities of many local, stste , and federal goverment agencies it may be
necessary to careful to coordinate evironmental monitoring planning among
several agencies.

GUIDELINES AND POLICIES

Policy statement underlying the development of a monitoring programe include.
1. Baseline monitoring
Should be planned and initiated during the scoping phase of EIA.
2. Formulation Impact prediction
Predictive statement must be expressed as verifiable impact hypoteses, so
statistical test can be applied.
3. Effects monitoring
Must be designed to enstablish couse effect relationships which provide the
basis for impact management through implamentation of corrective action.
Ten selected principles and recomendations associated with post project analysis as
developed by the task force mentioned earlier are as follows.
1. Post project analysis should be used to complete the EIA process by providing
the necessariy feedback in the project implemantation phase.
2. A pleminary plan for the PPA should be prepared during the environmental
3.

review of a project.
The PPA should focus on important impacts about which there is insuffcient

information
4. Ther authory to undertake a PPA should be linked to the EIA process so that
the concern identified for inclution in the PPA during the environmental
review can be properly addressed.
5. PPAs should be done for all major projects with potentially significant
impacts.
6. The development hypoteses to test should be part of PPA
7. In order to undertake PPA effectively, baseline data relevant to the hypoteses
should be collected and should be as complete possible.
8. Monitoring and evaluation of the data collected in the monitoring process
should be essential part of PPA.
9. As a tool for managing PPAs, advisory boards consisting of respresentative of
industry, goverment, constractors, independent experts, and the public should
be use.
10. Public participation in the PPA should be encouraged, and PPA reports should
be made public.