27

Lecture Note 6
Moment-Curvature (M-) Relation - I
M-characteristics considering IS: 456:
The actual moment-curvature relationship of R.C. prismatic section is obtained from
stress-strain diagram of concrete and steel. Starting from the basic equations, expressions
for the axial force and moment carrying capacity of the section are calculated in nondimensional form.
The equation of the stress strain diagram of the parabolic part for concrete is
2

= 2 (1)
cu
0 0
subject to the following limiting conditions: ( Figs. 1 and 2)
1. at = 0 , = 0,
2. at = 0 , = cu,
d
= 0.
3. at = 0,
d
The permissible compressive stress in concrete are considered as: cu = 0.446fck
Under any loading condition, the section undergoes strains and consequent stresses. A
linear strain distribution over the depth of cross-section is assumed for stress distribution
in concrete and steel(Figs.1 and 2), giving rise to two possible cases:
1. 0 4 0 and
2. 0 4 u
2

= 0.446 f ck 2

For < 0.002

0.002 0.002

=0.446 f ck for 0.002 0.0035

28

Fe250
Fig. 1 Stress strain diagram for steel (Fe 250)

Fig. 2 Stress strain diagram for concrete by IS code

29

y =

0.87 f y

Fig 3 Stress strain diagram of steel (Fe415)

For Fe415

For Fe500

(MPa)

(MPa)

0.00000
0.00144
0.00163
0.00192
0.00241
0.00276
0.0038

0.0
288.7
306.7
324.8
342.8
351.8
360.9

0.00000
0.00174
0.00195
0.00226
0.00277
0.00312
0.00417

0.0
347.8
369.6
391.3
413.0
423.9
434.8

Es

+ 0.002

30

Case I

Case - II

Xc

Xt D

Xc D

Xt D

Xc D

(i) Cross section

(i) Cross section

3 4
1

0 3 4
1 2

0 4 0
(ii) Strain diagram

(ii) Strain diagram

f3
f 2 f sy

0 4 u

cu

f4
f 2 f sy

kD
(iii) Stress diagram

k 'D

kD
(iii) Stress diagram

C1 C2
T
(iv) Force diagram

f3

C1 C3
T
(iv) Force diagram

Fig. 3 Stress strain distribution for case I and case II

C2

f4

31

Lecture Note 7
Moment-Curvature (M-) Relation - II
Case I ( 0 4 0 )
According to Fig. 3,
k=

2 + 4

x
d

Where k is the ratio of the neutral axis depth to the effective depth.
1 and 4 are the extreme fiber strains in cross section.
For the given section, tensile force for the tensile reinforcement,
T = Pt bDf2 = Pt bDEs2
Where Es 2 0.87 f y
Pt = Percentage of tensile steel
b = Width of the section
D = Overall depth of the section
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel
f2 = Stress in tensile steel
2 = strain in tensile steel
f y = Characteristic strength of steel
Compressive force due to parabolic part of the stress-strain diagram of concrete :

250 2
C1 = cu kbD 10 3 4
4
2 3
Where cu = Ultimate 28 days cube strength of concrete in compression.
Compressive force due to presence of compression steel is,
= Pc bD Es 3
C2 = Pc bD f3
Where Es 3 0.87f y
Pc = Percentage of compressive steel
f3 = Stress in compressive steel
3 = Strain in compressive steel

Using non-dimensional force parameter one may get,

32
Pf
N C1 + C 2 T
' 1 P f
=
= k 4 ' 24 + c 3 t 2 .(2)
N0
cu bD
cu
2 12 cu
Es 3 0.87 f y
Es 2 0.87 f y
Axial thrust
Ultimate axial thrust ( = cu bD)

=
Where f3
f2
N
N0

=
=
=
=

Similarly, nondimensional moment parameter,

M
M
=
=
M 0 cu bD 2
=

k2
2

2
1 2
1 1
(1 X t X c ) Pc f 3
...(3)
3 '4 8 '4 + {2(1 X t ) '1 '4 } 2 12 '4 +
cu

Where ' 4 =

4 x 10 3

'1 = 1 x 10 3
M = Bending moment
M0 = Ultimate bending moment ( cu bD2 )
Case II ( 0 4 u )
According to Fig. 3, k ' =

2 + 4

0
k
4

For the given section compressive force due to parabolic part of the stress-strain diagram
2
k cubD
of concrete is: C1 =
3
Compressive force due to compression steel, if present, is: C2 = Pc bD f3
Compressive force due to straight part of the stress-strain diagram: C3 = cu(k-k)bD
Tensile force due to tensile steel: T = Pt bDf2
From the above values of C1, C2 , C3 and T, one may get
P f
Pf
1
N
= k k '+ c 3 t 2 .(4)
=
cu
cu
3
N0
and,

M 5 '2 2
1
= k + k ' ( (1 X t ) k ) + ( K K ')( 2 (1 X t ) + K ' K ) +
M 0 12
3
2
(1 X t X c ) pC f 3

cu

.(5)

To satisfy the equations (2), (3), (4) and (5) following conditions are to be fulfilled.
1. Es 3 0.87 f y

33
2. Es 2

0.87 f y

Putting different values of in the equations (2) and (4) and assigning some specific
values of 4 (4 0.0035), corresponding values are calculated. The strain of concrete
being known or assumed, the rotation capacity of the structure is calculated.
Corresponding to this rotation capacity, moment carrying capacity of the structure is
calculated from the equations (3) and (5). For specific values of compression and tensile
steel, the value of (1+4) and ( = M / M0 ) are calculated.

Governing equations for M characteristics considering ACI Code:

Reference: P. Desayi and S. Krishnan, Equation for the stress strain curve of
concrete Journal of American Concrete Institute, Vol. 61, pp. 345-350, 1964.
The equation of the stress-strain curve given by ACI Code is

E

1+
0

Where, E =

2 u

2 u
0 .......................................... (6)

1 +
0

= initial tangent modulus, assumed to be twice the secant modulus at

Stress(N/mm2)

maximum stress u , 0 = strain at maximum stress.

Strain( 103 )
Fig 4 Stress strain diagram for concrete (ACI Code)

The values of stresses and strains are taken as per ACI code.

34

Strain distribution over the depth of section is considered as linear. According to Fig. 4,
4
k=
2 + 4
Where

k = Ratio of the natural axis depth to the effective depth.

(2 and 4 are the extreme fiber strains in cross section.)
For the given section, tensile force for the tensile reinforcement,
T = Pt bdf2 = Pt bdEs2
Where Es 2 0.87 f y
Pt = Percentage of tensile steel
b = Width of the section
D = Overall depth of the section
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel
f2 = Stress in tensile steel
2 = Strain in tensile steel
f y = Characteristic strength of steel
Compressive force due to parabolic part of the stress-strain diagram of concrete :
2
u kbd
C1 =
ln 1 +
0
0
Where u = Ultimate 28 days cube strength of concrete in compression.
Compressive force due to the presence of compression steel, is
C2 = Pc bd f3 = Pcbd Es3
Where Es 3 0.87f y
Pc = Percentage of compressive steel
f3 = Stress in compressive steel
3 = Strain in compressive steel

Using non-dimensional force parameter,

2
0 4 Pc f 3 Pt f 2
N
C1 + C 2 T

=
= k ln 1 + +
.(7)
=
4 0 u
u
u bd
No

Where f3 = Es 3 0.87 f y
f2 = Es 2 0.87 f y
N = Axial thrust
N0 = Ultimate axial thrust ( = cu bD)
Similarly, nondimensional moment parameter,

35

=
=

M
M
=
M 0 cu bD 2

(1 X t ) k ln 1 + 4
4

2 k 2 2
(1 X c X t ) Pc Es
2
1 4
0
4 0 tan

+
2
4
u
0
0
(8)
2

Where,
M = Bending moment
M0 = Ultimate bending moment ( cu bD2 )

To satisfy the equations (7) and (8) following conditions are to be fulfilled.
1. Es 3 0.87 f y
2. Es 2 0.87 f y

36

Lecture Note 8
Behavior of RC Member: Flexure
Equivalent Compression Block

Total compression, C= Area of (ABFE-EFD) = 0.446 f ck xu b 0.446 f ck

Thus, C = 0.364 f ck xu b 0.36 f ck xu b
Taking moment about EF
0.36 f ck xu b( x k2 xu ) = 0.446 f ck xu b.

xu
(0.57 xu ) 2
0.45 f ck
b
2
12

k 2 = 0.416 0.42
To find depth of NA

T=C f st Ast = 0.36 f ck xb

xu =

f st Ast
0.36 f ck b

For balanced section,

xu 0.87 f st Ast
----------------------(i)
=
d 0.36 f ck bd

0.57
xu b
3

37
Limiting value of Xu /d
fy
su =
+ 0.002 ;
1.15 Es

Again,
Thus,

Where s = 2 10 5 Mpa

xu
cu
0.0035
=
=
d cu + su 0.0035 + su

xu
can be obtained as given below:
d

Type of steel

su

Fe250
Fe415
Fe500

0.0031
0.0038
0.0042

xu
d
0.53
0.48
0.46

The compressive force due to concrete will be: C = 0.36 f ck xu d = 0.36 f ck

Where, F = 0.36

xu
d

Type of steel
Fe250

F
0.192

Fe415

0.175

Fe500

0.167

Moment capacity
M u = 0.87 f y Ast ( L. A.)
= 0.87 f y Ast ( d 0.416 xu )

= 0.87 f y Ast d (1 0.416

= 0.87 f y Ast d [1 0.416
= 0.87 f y Ast d [1 1.005

xu
)
d
0.87 f y Ast
0.36 f ck bd
f y Ast
f ck bd

] [From eqn (i)]

xu
bd = Ff ck bd
d

38

= 0.87 f y pbd 2 [1

pf y
f ck

pf y
Mu
f
p
=
0.87
1

y
bd 2
f ck

Mu in terms of concrete
M u = 0.36 f ck xu b(d 0.416 xu )

= 0.36 f ck

xu
d

1 0.416 u
d

2
bd

Thus, M u = Kf ck bd 2 where, K = 0.36

Type of steel
Fe250
Fe415
Fe500

xu
d

xu

1 0.416 d

K
0.15
0.14
0.13

Minimum depth for given M u

M u = Kf ck bd 2

d =

Mu
Kf ck b

For Fe250, K = 0.15, d =

6.66M u
f ck b

For Fe415, K = 0.14, d =

7.1M u
f ck b

Expression for Steel Area for Balanced Singly Reinforced Section

From the equilibrium condition: T = C

Ast 0.36 f ck xu
f
=
= k / ck
bd 0.87 f y d
fy

0.87 f y Ast = 0.36 f ck bx u

39

Now, assuming p =

Ast
f
p
100 ;
= k / ck
bd
100
fy

fy

x
0.36 100 xu
= 41.3 u
0.87
d
d

Thus, p

f ck

= 100k / =

Thus the percentage of balanced reinforcement pB will be as shown in the table below:
Steel

x/d

Fe250
Fe415
Fe500

0.53
0.48
0.46

p y

f
ck

21.97
19.82
18.87

pB (for M20)
1.758
0.955
0.755

Where p B = Balanced percentage of steel

Expression for x /d for a given b, d & Mu
M u = 0.36 f ck

x
x 2
1 0.42 bd
d
d

x
x 6.68M u
2.4 +
=0
2
d
d f ck bd

6.68M u
x
2
= 1.2 (1.2)

d
f ck bd 2

Thus,

x
can be found out from M u , f ck , b & d
d

Doubly Reinforced Beam

This type of beam is necessary if
1. Depth is restricted for architectural point of view
2. Moment is high
3. Moving load
4. Ductlity is required
5. Seismic resistant
6. At support of continuous beam.
The strain in steel can be calculated from the relation of: s = 0.0035(1 d

40

Two cases may arise regarding the stress in reinforcement

1. Strain of compression steel is reached at yield strain.
2. Strain of concrete is reached to yield strain of 0.0035 & strain of compression
steel is below of yield strain.
Analysis & Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam
1. Strain compatibility method using basic equation.
2. Steel Beam Theory.
3. Use of design aids (SP-16)
Strain Compatibility Method
Step1: Choose the value of x. Assume the concrete fails at a compressive strain of 0.0035.
Then draw the strain distribution of the section.

Step2: Calculate strain & corresponding stress in the tensile steel.

T = f st Ast
Step3: Calculate strain & corresponding stress in the compressive steel.
C s = f sc Asc
Step4: Calculate the compressive force in the concrete block C c = 0.36 f ck xb
Step5: Calculate total compressive force as C = C s + C c
Step6: Check if T = C , then assumed neutral axis depth x is OK. Otherwise choose
another suitable x so that T = C
Step7: M u = C c (d k 2 x ) + C s (d d / )

41

Lecture Note 9
Behavior of RC Member: Flexure
Steel Beam Theory
Mu1 =Maximum moment of the concrete beam can carry.
Mu2 =Moment capacity of the steel Beam

The total moment will be: M u = M u1 + M u 2 where M u 2 = f sc Asc ((d d / )

Singly reinforced
beam reaches
ultimate strain in
t

Steel Beam Theory

Steps for analysis
Step1: Calculate M u for concrete failure as a singly reinforced beam. Thus,
M u1 = 0.149 f ck bd 2 (Fe250)
= 0.138 f ck bd 2 (Fe415)
= 0.133 f ck bd 2 (Fe500)

Step2:
Determine the balanced p
21.97 f ck
pt =

fy

for Fe250

42
19.82 f ck
=

fy

for Fe415

18.87 f ck
for Fe500
=

f
y

p bd
Ast1 = t
100
Step3: Determine f sc , Then C s = f sc Asc

Step4: Find additional moment, M u 2 = f sc Asc ( d d / )

Step5: Find total moment from compression failure M u = M u1 + M u2 = Muc
Step6: Find Ast 2 by tension failure; Ast 2 = Ast Ast1

Step7: Find the total moment by tension failure, M u = M u1 + Ast 2 (0.87 f y ) d d / = M ut

Step8: M u = lesser value of M uc & M ut
For given value of Mu, b, d and grade of concrete and steel, find out Asc & Ast

Step-1. Find M ul = kf ck bd 2 for concrete failure.

Step-2. Calculate Ast1 considering balanced reinforced section.

Step-3. Find M u 2 = M u M u1 = 0.87 f y Ast 2 d d /

Step-4. Calculate Ast 2 =

M u2
0.87 f y d d /

Ast = Ast1 + Ast 2

Step-5. Find f sc which depends on d ' . Find the corresponding stresses from table F of
d
SP-16.

d/
Otherwise sc = 0.0035 1 . The value of fsc then can be
xu
found from the stress-strain diagram of steel.

43

Step-6. Find Asc =

Ast 2 (0.87 f y )
f sc

Thus Ast & Asc can be found out

Design Aids (SP-16)
Tables are easier than chart
Charts 19 &20 give Ast2 value for (d-d/) and Fe250 only.
For other grade of steel, it is to be modified by table G on page 13 of SP16
Table (45-56) give values for direct design of doubly reinforced beams.
A
p c = sc 100
bd
A
pt = st 100 where , Ast = Ast1 + Ast 2
bd
p t = p t1 + p t 2
p c & p t are obtained from the following expression.

We know,

M u = M u (lim) +
Or,

pt 2
bd (0.87 f y )(d d / )
100

/
M u M u (lim) pt 2
=
+
(0.87 f y )(1 d )
2
2
d
100
bd
bd

Now,
p t = p t1(lim) + p t 2

and

0.87 f y
p c = pt 2
f sc

Maximum & minimum Tension steel in Beam:

Maximum steel

M u = 0.87 f y

fy p 2
p
1
bd
f ck 100
100

Here M u increases with p in a parabolic relation.

For M20 & Fe415, M u = 3.6 p 0.75 p 2

44
x
From T = C we can have: 0.36 f ck b d = f st Ast
d

f st
x
p
=
d 0.36 f ck 100

x
= 0.58 p
d
Ductility can be measured by curvature.

For Fe415 & M20:

c
x

Thus,

1 Strain in compression fibre 0.0035

=
=
R
Depth of NA
x

1
d c 0.0035 0.006
= =
=
=
=
R
dx
x 0.58 pd
pd

Thus, Ductility

1
p

Hence, though M u increases with the increase of p but ductility (i.e., curvature)
decreases.
Hence, IS code (Clause 26.5.1) has put the upper limit of tension & compression steel as
4%.
Minimum Steel
Minimum steel is required to take care ductility & shrinkage of concrete.
As per clause 26.5.1

45

As 0.85
=
bd
fy

= 0.00205 = 0.2% for Fe415

= 0.0035 = 0.35% for Fe250
Necessity of minimum steel for shear
Clause:26.5.1.6
Minimum steel is necessary to
1. Prevent brittle shear failure, which can occur without shear steel.
2. Guard against any sudden failure of a beam if concrete cover bursts and the bond to the
tension is lost.
3. Prevent failure that can be caused by tension due to shrinkage and thermal stresses and
internal cracking in the beam.
4. Hold the reinforcements in place while pouring the concrete.
5. Act as the necessary ties for the compression steel and make them effective.
Minimum spacing
Asv
0.4
=
bSv 0.87 f y
AS
Sv = 2.175 f y v
b

AS
= 902 v
b

for Fe415

AS
= 544 v
b

for Fe250

Maximum spacing
Sv 0.75d for vertical stirrups

d for inclined ( 450 )

300 in any case

Asv= total area of stirrups

Sv=Spacing
b=breadth of web at level of tension

46

Lecture Note 10
Behavior of RC Beam: Shear
Types of shear Failure

Shear strength of RC Beam (Without web Reinforcement)

Total resistance = vcz + vay + vd

47
vcz Shear in compression zone
vay Aggregate interlock forces

vd Dowel action from longitudinal bars

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tensile strength of concrete Affect inclined cracking load

Longitudinal reinforcement (p) Restrain cracks
Increase in the depth of beam Reduced shear stress at inclined cracking
Axial tension Decrease inclined cracking load
Axial compression Increase inclined cracking load

Function & strength of web reinforcement

Function of web Reinforcement
Web reinforcement is provided to ensure that the full flexural capacity is
developed.
Acts as clamps to keep shear cracks from widening.
Shear resisted by v s apart from vcz , v ay & v d .

v s increases as cracks widen until yielding of stirrups & then stirrups provide

constant resistant.
Flexural Cracking:

Shear is resisted by Vcz , Vay , Vd & V s

Designing to Resist Shear
Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)
Vn Vu
[i.e., Capacity demand]

48
Vu factored shear force at section
Vn Normal shear strength

0.85(Shear)-strength reduction factor

V n = Vc + V s
Vc Normal shear resistance provided by concrete
Vs Normal shear provided by the shear reinforcement
Shear Strength Provided by Concrete
Bending only
Vc = 2 f c bw d Eqn [11.3]

Simple formula:

3.5 f c bw d
More detailed:
Vc

V d
= 1.9 f c + 2500 pw u bw d

Mu

3.5 f c bw d Eqn [11.6]

Bending and Axial Compression

Simple formula

N u
Vc = 2 1 +
f b d Eqn [11.4]
2000 A c w
g

3.5 f c bw d 1 +

Nu
500 Ag

N u is positive for compression and

Nu

Eqn [11.8]

Ag

are in psi.

More detailed
4h d
M m = M u Nu
Use M m in Eqn [11.6] with no limits
8

Vc 3.5 f c bw d 1 +

Nu
Eqn [11.8]
500 Ag

N u is positive for compression and N u

Ag

are in psi.

V d
Note u 1
Mu

49

Bending and Axial Tension

Simple formula
Vc = 0 Design shear reinforcement for all shear

Nu
f b d
= 2 1 +
500Ag c w

N u is negative for tension and N u

are in psi.
Ag

Vc

Lightweight Concrete:
Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement

Minimum Shear Reinforcement: (11.5.5)

1
Required when Vu Vc
2
Except:
(a)Slabs & Footings
(b)Concrete Joist Construction (defined 8.11)

10"

(c )Beams with h larger of 2.5 t f

1/2 b
w

50
Typical Shear Reinforcement

Stirrup - perpendicular to axis of

Members (minimum labor - more material)
Av f y d (sin + cos )
Vs =
ACI eqn 11-15
s
A f d
= 90o Vs = v y
s

Bent Bars (more labor - minimum material) see

required in 11.5.6
Vs =

Av f y d (sin + cos )
s

= 45o Vs =

1.41Av f y d
s

ACI 11-5.6

51
Design Procedure for Shear
1. Calculate Vu

2. Calculate Vc Eqn 11-3 or 11-5 (no axial force)

3. Check
Vu

4. If

If yes, add web reinforcement (go to 4)

1
Vc
2
If no, done
1
Vc Vu Vc Provide minimum shear reinforcement
2

Av (min ) = 50

bw s
fy

A f

or smax = v ys for min Av

50bw

Also done
d
smax 24" (11.5.4)
2
5. If Vu Vc , calculate Vs (required)
Vu Vn = Vc + Vs

Vs = Vu Vc Vs =

Vu

Vc

Check, Vs 8 f c bw d (otherwise illegal) (11.5.4)

6. Solve for required stirrup spacing (strength) Assume # 3, #4, or #5 stirrups
Av f ys d
from 11-15
s
Vs
7. Check minimum steel requirement (eqn 11-13) smax =

Av f ys

50bw

8. Check maximum spacing requirement (ACI 11.5.4)

d
If Vs 4 f c bw d smax 24"
2
d
If Vs 4 f c bw d smax 12 " Note: Vs 8 f c bw d
4
9. Use smallest spacing from steps 6,7,8
Note: A practical limit to minimum stirrup spacing is 4 inches.

(Illegal)

52

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design

Non-pre-stressed members:
Sections located less than a distance d from face of support may be designed for same
shear, Vu, as the computed at a distance d.
Compression fan carries load directly into support.

Compression fan carries load into support

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design
When:
1. The support reaction introduces compression into the end regions of the member.
2. No concentrated load occurs within d from face of support.

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design