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Devanagaritransliteration
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThereareseveralmethodsoftransliterationfromDevangartotheRomanscript,andalsooftranscription
(Romanization).[1]

Contents
1IAST
2Hunteriansystem
3Alternativetransliterationmethods
3.1Schemeswithdiacritics
3.1.1NationalLibraryatKolkataromanization
3.1.2ISO15919
3.2ASCIIschemes
3.2.1HarvardKyoto
3.2.2ITRANSscheme
3.2.3Velthuis
3.2.4SLP1
3.2.5Others
4Transliterationcomparison
4.1Vowels
4.2Consonants
4.3IrregularConsonantClusters
4.4OtherConsonants
5Details
5.1Treatmentofinherentschwa
5.2Retroflexconsonants
5.3Aspiratedconsonants
6HistoryofSanskrittransliteration
7Seealso
8References
9Externallinks

IAST
Mainarticle:InternationalAlphabetofSanskritTransliteration
TheInternationalAlphabetofSanskritTransliteration(IAST)isasubsetoftheISO15919standard,used
forthetransliterationofSanskritPrakritandPiintoRomanscriptwithdiacritics.IASTisawidelyused
standard.

Hunteriansystem
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Mainarticle:Hunteriantransliteration
TheHunteriansystemisthe"nationalsystemofromanizationinIndia"andtheoneofficiallyadoptedby
theGovernmentofIndia.[2][3][4]
TheHunteriansystemwasdevelopedinthenineteenthcenturybyWilliamWilsonHunter,thenSurveyor
GeneralofIndia.[5]Whenitwasproposed,itimmediatelymetwithoppositionfromsupportersofthe
earlierpracticednonsystematicandoftendistorting"SirRogerDowlermethod"(anearlycorruptionof
SirajudDaulah)ofphonetictranscription,whichclimaxedinadramaticshowdowninanIndiaCouncil
meetingon28May1872wherethenewHunterianmethodcarriedtheday.TheHunterianmethodwas
inherentlysimplerandextensibletoseveralIndicscriptsbecauseitsystematizedgraphemetransliteration,
anditcametoprevailandgaingovernmentandacademicacceptance.[5]Opponentsofthegrapheme
transliterationmodelcontinuedtomountunsuccessfulattemptsatreversinggovernmentpolicyuntilthe
turnofthecentury,withonecriticcallingappealingto"theIndianGovernmenttogiveupthewhole
attemptatscientific(i.e.Hunterian)transliteration,anddecideonceandforallinfavourofareturntothe
oldphoneticspelling."[6]
Overtime,theHunterianmethodextendedinreachtocoverseveralIndicscripts,includingBurmeseand
Tibetan.[7][8]ProvisionsforschwadeletioninIndoAryanlanguageswerealsomadewhereapplicable,e.g.
theHindi
istransliteratedasknpur(andnotknapura)buttheSanskrit istransliteratedas
krama(andnotkram).Thesystemhasundergonesomeevolutionovertime.Forinstance,longvowelswere
markedwithanaccentdiacriticintheoriginalversion,butthiswaslaterreplacedinthe1954Government
ofIndiaupdatewithamacron.[9]Thus,(life)waspreviouslyromanizedasjnbutbegantobe
romanizedasjn.TheHunteriansystemhasfacedcriticismovertheyearsfornotproducingphonetically
accurateresultsandbeing"unashamedlygearedtowardsanEnglishlanguagereceiveraudience."[9]
Specifically,thelackofdifferentiationbetweenretroflexanddentalconsonants(e.g.andareboth
representedbyd)hascomeinforrepeatedcriticismandinspiredseveralproposedmodificationsof
Hunterian,includingusingadiacriticbelowretroflexes(e.g.making=dand=,whichismorereadable
butrequiresdiacriticprinting)orcapitalizingthem(e.g.making=dand=D,whichrequiresnodiacritic
printingbutislessreadablebecauseitmixessmallandcapitallettersinwords).[10]

Alternativetransliterationmethods
Schemeswithdiacritics
NationalLibraryatKolkataromanization
Mainarticle:NationalLibraryatKolkataromanization
TheNationalLibraryatKolkataromanization,intendedfortheromanizationofallIndicscripts,isan
extensionofIAST.ItdiffersfromIASTintheuseofthesymbolsandforand(eandoareusedfor
theshortvowelspresentinmanyIndianlanguages),theuseof''fortheconsonant(inKannada),andthe
absenceofsymbolsforand.
ISO15919
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Mainarticle:ISO15919
AstandardtransliterationconventionnotjustforDevanagari,butforallSouthAsianlanguageswas
codifiedintheISO15919standardof2001,providingthebasisformoderndigitallibrariesthatconformto
InternationalOrganisationforStandardisation(ISO)norms.ISO15919definesthecommonUnicodebasis
forRomantransliterationofSouthAsiantextsinawidevarietyoflanguages/scripts.
ISO15919transliterationsareplatformindependenttexts,sothattheycanbeusedidenticallyonall
modernoperatingsystemsandsoftwarepackages,aslongastheycomplywithISOnorms.Thisisa
prerequisiteforallmodernplatforms,sothatISO15919hasbecomethenewstandardfordigitallibraries
andarchivesfortransliteratingallSouthAsiantexts.
ISO15919usesdiacriticstomapthemuchlargersetofBrahmicgraphemestotheLatinscript.Seealso
TransliterationofIndicscripts:howtouseISO15919(http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone
catend/trind.htm).TheDevanagarispecificportionisnearlyidenticaltotheacademicstandard,IAST:
"InternationalAlphabetofSanskritTransliteration",andtotheUnitedStatesLibraryofCongressstandard,
ALALC:[1](http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf)

ASCIIschemes
HarvardKyoto
Mainarticles:HarvardKyotoandITRANS
ComparedtoIAST,HarvardKyotolooksmuchsimpler.Itdoesnotcontainanyofthediacriticmarksthat
IASTcontains.Insteadofdiacritics,HarvardKyotousescapitalletters.Theuseofcapitallettersmakes
typinginHarvardKyotomucheasierthaninIASTbutproduceswordswithcapitallettersinsidethem.
ITRANSscheme
Mainarticle:ITRANS
ITRANSisanextensionofHarvardKyoto.ManywebpagesarewritteninITRANS.Manyforumsarealso
writteninITRANS.
TheITRANStransliterationschemewasdevelopedfortheITRANSsoftwarepackage,apreprocessorfor
Indicscripts.TheuserinputsinRomanlettersandtheITRANSpreprocessorconvertstheRomanletters
intoDevangar(orotherIndicscripts).ThelatestversionofITRANSisversion5.30releasedinJuly,
2001.
Velthuis
ThedisadvantageoftheaboveASCIIschemesiscasesensitivity,implyingthattransliteratednamesmay
notbecapitalized.Thisdifficultyisavoidedwiththesystemdevelopedin1996byFransVelthuisforTeX,
looselybasedonIAST,inwhichcaseisirrelevant.
SLP1
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Mainarticle:SLP1
SLP1(SanskritLibraryPhonetic)isacasesensitiveschemeinitiallyusedbySanskritLibrary
(http://sanskritlibrary.org/tomcat/sl/ScriptTable)whichwasdevelopedbyPeterScharfand(thelate)
MalcolmHyman,whofirstdescribeditinappendixBoftheirbookLinguisticIssuesinEncoding
Sanskrit.[11]TheadvantageofSLP1overotherencodingsisthatasingleASCIIcharacterisusedforeach
Devanagariletter,apeculiaritythateasesreversetransliteration.[12]
Others
OtherlesspopularASCIIschemesincludewxencoding,Vedatypeandthe7bitISO15919.WXencoding,
alsocalledHyderabadTirupatischeme,wasusedforinternalrepresentationbyacomputer,asdescribedin
NLPPanini(http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/downloads/nlpbook/nlppanini.pdf)(AppendixB).Itissimilarto,butnotas
versatileas,SLP1,asfarascoverageofSanskritisconcerned.ComparisonofWXwithotherschemesis
foundinHuet(2009),AppA.(http://yquem.inria.fr/~huet/PUBLIC/Brown.pdf).Vedatypeisanother
schemeusedforencodingVedictextsatMaharishiUniversityofManagement.Anonlinetranscoding
utilityacrossalltheseschemesisprovidedattheSanskritLibrary
(http://sanskritlibrary.org/tomcat/sl/TranscodeText).ISO15919includesasocalled"limitedcharacterset"
optiontoreplacethediacriticsbyprefixes,sothatitisASCIIcompatible.Apictorialexplanationishere
(http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stonecatend/tri7cnv.gif)fromAnthonyStone
(http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stonecatend/trioprc.htm).

Transliterationcomparison
ThefollowingisacomparisonofthemajortransliterationmethodsusedforDevangar.

Vowels

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Devangar IAST HarvardKyoto ITRANS Velthuis SLP1

A/aa

aa

I/ii

ii

U/uu

uu

ai

ai

ai

ai

au

au

au

au

RRi/R^i .r

RR

RRI/R^I .rr

lR

LLi/L^i

.l

lRR

LLI/L^I

.ll

M/.n/.m

.m

.h

.N

Consonants
TheDevangarconsonantlettersincludeanimplicit'a'sound.Inallofthetransliterationsystems,that'a'
soundmustberepresentedexplicitly.

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Devangar IAST HarvardKyoto ITRANS Velthuis SLP1

ka

ka

ka

ka

ka

kha

kha

kha

kha

Ka

ga

ga

ga

ga

ga

gha

gha

gha

gha

Ga

Ga

~Na

"na

Na

ca

ca

cha

ca

ca

cha

cha

Cha

cha

Ca

ja

ja

ja

ja

ja

jha

jha

jha

jha

Ja

Ja

~na

~na

Ya

Ta

Ta

.ta

wa

ha

Tha

Tha

.tha

Wa

Da

Da

.da

qa

ha

Dha

Dha

.dha

Qa

Na

Na

.na

Ra

ta

ta

ta

ta

ta

tha

tha

tha

tha

Ta

da

da

da

da

da

dha

dha

dha

dha

Da

na

na

na

na

na

pa

pa

pa

pa

pa

pha

pha

pha

pha

Pa

ba

ba

ba

ba

ba

bha

bha

bha

bha

Ba

ma

ma

ma

ma

ma

ya

ya

ya

ya

ya

ra

ra

ra

ra

ra

la

la

la

la

la

va

va

va/wa

va

va

za

sha

"sa

Sa

Sa

Sha

.sa

za

sa

sa

sa

sa

sa

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ha

ha

ha

ha

ha

IrregularConsonantClusters
Devangar ISO15919 HarvardKyoto

ITRANS

Velthuis SLP1

ka

kSa

kSa/kSha/xa k.sa

kza

tra

tra

tra

tra

tra

ja

jJa

GYa/j~na

j~na

jYa

ra

zra

shra

"sra

Sra

OtherConsonants
Devangar ISO15919 ITRANS

qa

qa

k
ha

Kha

Ga

za

za

fa

fa

.Da/Ra

ha

.Dha/Rha

Details
Treatmentofinherentschwa
Devangarconsonantsincludean"inherenta"sound,calledtheschwa,thatmustbeexplicitlyrepresented
withan"a"characterinthetransliteration.ManywordsandnamestransliteratedfromDevangarendwith
"a",toindicatethepronunciationintheoriginalSanskrit.Thisschwaisobligatorilydeletedinseveral
modernIndoAryanlanguages,likeHindi,Punjabi,Marathiandothers.Thisresultsindiffering
transliterationsforSanskritandschwadeletinglanguagesthatretainoreliminatetheschwaasappropriate:
Sanskrit:Mahbhrata,Rmyaa,iva,Smaveda
Hindi:Mahbhrat,Rmya,iv,Smved
Somewordsmaykeepthefinala,generallybecausetheywouldbedifficulttosaywithoutit:
Krishna,Vajra,Maurya

Retroflexconsonants
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MostIndianlanguagesmakeadistinctionbetweentheretroflexanddentalformsofthedentalconsonants.
Informaltransliterationschemes,thestandardRomanlettersareusedtoindicatethedentalform,andthe
retroflexformisindicatedbyspecialmarks,ortheuseofotherletters.E.g.,inIASTtransliteration,the
retroflexformsare,,and.
Inmostinformaltranscriptionsthedistinctionbetweenretroflexanddentalconsonantsisnotindicated.

Aspiratedconsonants
Wheretheletter"h"appearsafteraplosiveconsonantinDevangartransliteration,italwaysindicates
aspiration.Thus"ph"ispronouncedasthepin"pit"(withasmallpuffofairreleasedasitissaid),neveras
thephin"photo"(IPA/f/).(Ontheotherhand,"p"ispronouncedasthepin"spit"withnoreleaseofair.)
Similarly"th"isanaspirated"t",neitherthethof"this"(voiced,IPA//)northethof"thin"(unvoiced,
IPA//).
Theaspirationisgenerallyindicatedinbothformalandinformaltransliterationsystems.

HistoryofSanskrittransliteration
EarlySanskrittextswereoriginallytransmittedbymemorizationandrepetition.PostHarappanIndiahad
nosystemforwritingIndiclanguagesuntilthecreation(inthe4th3rdcenturiesBCE)oftheKharoshtiand
Brahmiscripts.Thesewritingsystems,thoughadequateforMiddleIndiclanguages,werenotwelladapted
towritingSanskrit.However,laterdescendantsofBrahmiweremodifiedsothattheycouldrecordSanskrit
inexactingphoneticdetail.TheearliestphysicaltextinSanskritisarockinscriptionbytheWestern
KshatraparulerRudradaman,writtenc.150CEinJunagadh,Gujarat.Duetotheremarkableproliferation
ofdifferentvarietiesofBrahmiintheMiddleAges,thereistodaynosinglescriptusedforwritingSanskrit
rather,Sanskritscholarscanwritethelanguageinaformofwhateverscriptisusedtowritetheirlocal
language.However,sincethelateMiddleAges,therehasbeenatendencytouseDevanagariforwriting
Sanskrittextsforawidespreadreadership.
Westernscholarsinthe19thcenturyadoptedDevanagariforprintededitionsofSanskrittexts.Theeditio
princepsoftheRigvedabyMaxMllerwasinDevanagari.Mller'sLondontypesetterscompetedwith
theirPetersburgpeersworkingonBhtlingk'sandRoth'sdictionaryincuttingalltherequiredligature
types.
Fromitsbeginnings,WesternSanskritphilologyalsofelttheneedforaromanizedspellingofthelanguage.
FranzBoppin1816usedaromanizationscheme,alongsideDevanagari,differingfromIASTinexpressing
vowellengthbyacircumflex(,,),andaspirationbyaspiritusasper(e.g.bforIASTbh).Thesibilants
IASTandheexpressedwithspiritusasperandlenis,respectively(s,s).MonierWilliamsinhis1899
dictionaryusedandshforIASTand,respectively.
Fromthelate19thcentury,WesterninterestintypesettingDevanagaridecreased.TheodorAufrecht
publishedhis1877editionoftheRigvedainromanizedSanskrit,andArthurMacdonell's1910Vedic
grammar(and1916Vedicgrammarforstudents)likewisedowithoutDevanagari(whilehisintroductory
SanskritgrammarforstudentsretainsDevanagarialongsideromanizedSanskrit).ContemporaryWestern
editionsofSanskrittextsappearmostlyinIAST.

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Seealso
TheNationalLibraryatKolkataromanizationandISO15919areextensionsofIASTtotranscribeall
Indicscripts
ISCII,an8bitencodingforIndicscripts
ITRANS,atransliterationschemeusedinPhoneticDevanagaritypingtools
Hunteriansystem,thegovernmentapprovedstandardfortransliteratingStandardHindiinIndia
DominikWujastyk,"TransliterationofDevangar"(1996)
(http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/).(figure6:transliterationtable
(http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/translit.pdf)).PDF
(http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/translit.pdf).
TransliterationPagesbyTonyStone(http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stonecatend/translit.htm).This
websitepresentsanddiscussesISO15919TransliterationofDevanagariandrelatedIndicscriptsinto
Latincharacters.ISO15919,researchedandauthoredbyDrStone,withconsultationwithinthe
communityofindologists,istheInternationalStandardgoverningIndictransliteration.Thesepages
includetablesgivingequivalencesofIndiccharacterswithUnicodecharacters.

References
1. DayaNandSharma,TransliterationintoRomanandDevangarofthelanguagesoftheIndiangroup,Surveyof
India,1972,"...Withthepassageoftimetherehasemergedapracticallyuniformsystemoftransliterationof
Devanagariandalliedalphabets.Nevertheless,nosinglesystemofRomanizationhasyetdeveloped..."
2. UnitedNationsGroupofExpertsonGeographicalNames,UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocial
Affairs,Technicalreferencemanualforthestandardizationofgeographicalnames,UnitedNationsPublications,
2007,ISBN9789211615005,"...ISO15919...ThereisnoevidenceoftheuseofthesystemeitherinIndiaor
ininternationalcartographicproducts...TheHunteriansystemistheactuallyusednationalsystemof
romanizationinIndia..."
3. UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,UnitedNationsRegionalCartographicConference
forAsiaandtheFarEast,Volume2,UnitedNations,1955,"...InIndiatheHunteriansystemisused,whereby
everysoundinthelocallanguageisuniformlyrepresentedbyacertainletterintheRomanalphabet..."
4. NationalLibrary(India),Indianscientific&technicalpublications,exhibition1960:abibliography,Councilof
Scientific&IndustrialResearch,GovernmentofIndia,1960,"...TheHunteriansystemoftransliteration,which
hasinternationalacceptance,hasbeenused..."
5. FrancisHenrySkrine,SirWilliamWilsonHunter,LifeofSirWilliamWilsonHunter,K.C.S.I.,M.A.,LL.D.,a
vicepresidentoftheRoyalAsiaticsociety,etc,Longmans,Green,andco.,1901,"...phoneticor'SirRoger
Dowlermethod'...TheSecretaryofStateandthegreatmajorityofhiscouncillorsgaveanunqualifiedsupportto
theHunteriansystem..."
6. TheFortnightly,Volume68,ChapmanandHall,1897,"...theIndianGovernmenttogiveupthewholeattemptat
scientific(i.e.Hunterian)transliteration,anddecideonceandforallinfavourofareturntotheoldphonetic
spelling..."
7. MnnLattYkhun,ModernizationofBurmese,OrientalInstituteinAcademia,PublishingHouseofthe
CzechoslovakAcademyofSciences,1966,"...TheredoesexistasystemdftranscribingBurmesewordsin
romanletters,onethatiscalledthe'Government',orthe'Hunterian'method..."
8. KunwarKrishanRampal,Mappingandcompilation,ConceptPublishingCompany,1993,ISBN978817022
4143,"...TheHunteriansystemhasrulesfortransliterationintoEnglishthenamesformHindi,Urdu,Arabic,
Burmese,ChineseandTibetanorigin.TheserulesaredescribedinChapterVI,SurveyofIndia,Handbookof
TopographicalMapping..."
9. TheRomanizationofToponymsintheCountriesofSouthAsia,retrieved20110227,"...Inthelate19thcentury
sources,thesystemmarkslongvowelswithanacuteaccent,andrenderstheletterskandqbothask.However,
whenthesystemwasagainpublishedin1954,alterationshadbeenmade.Longvowelswerenowmarkedwitha
macron4andtheqkdistinctionwasmaintained..."
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10. InstitutionofSurveyors(India),Indiansurveyor,Volumes3334,InstitutionofSurveyors.,1991,"...Suggested
by.Mr.GSOberoi,Director,SurveyofIndia,inlieuoftheexistingtable'HunterianSystemofTransliteration'
whichdoesnotdistinguishbetweenand,and,and..."
11. Scharf,PeterM.Hyman,MalcolmD.LinguisticIssuesinEncodingSanskrit(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal
(PDF)on16February2012.
12. MorphologyHelp(http://www.sanskritlexicon.unikoeln.de/monier/help.html)

Externallinks
Transliterationtool(http://www.ashtangayoga.info/philosophy/transkriptiontool/)Webbased
transliterationtoolforDevanagari,Velthuis,HarvardKyoto,ITRANS,Simplified
[2](http://www.cdacmumbai.in/xlit/editor)forEnglishtoIndianLanguageTransliteration
UnicodeIndicEditor(http://hacksterous.wordpress.com/unicodeindiceditor/)ATcl/Tkbased
portableWYSIWYGtransliterationeditorthatsupportsHarvardKyotoandothertransliteration
schemes.UIEisFreeSoftware(GNUGPLversion3).
RomanizedLatintoSanskritEnglishtosanskritconverterunicode(http://vikku.info/indian
languageunicodeconverter/sanskritunicodeconverter.html)ConvertsHarvardKyoto
transliterationsintoUnicodeDevanagari
InternationalComponentsforUnicode(http://site.icuproject.org/)Java/CAPItotransliterate
UnicodetextfrommanylanguagestoDevanagari,supports8languages
HiTrans(http://www.giitaayan.com/x.htm)ExtendedITRANSschemeandrealtimeUnicode
conversiontool
Quillpad(http://quillpad.in/)IntuitiverealtimeTransliterationforIndianlanguages
GoogleIndicTransliteration(http://www.google.com/transliterate/indic/)realtimeLatintoIndic
charactertransliteration
ModernTranscriptionofSanskrit
(http://shashir.autodidactus.org/shashir_umich/sanskrit_transcription.html)downloadable
specificationsforIASTandnotesontranscribingDevanagari.
GirgitOnlineIndictoIndicTransliterationofWebpages(http://girgit.chitthajagat.in/)
(Bengali),(Devanagari),
(Kannada),(Malayalam),
(Oriya),

(Punjabi),
(Tamil),(Telugu),
(Gujarati),English
IndinatorIndiclanguagetransliterator(http://indinator.com/)Freeonlinetoolfor,adownloadversion
isavailableaswell.
"SouthAsiantexteditor"withvirtualkeyboardprovidingsupportforISO15919textinput
(http://www.eternals.com/vamana/)
Lipikaar(http://www.lipikaar.com/)ComprehensiveDevanagaritypingtool,easyfortypingwords
withhalantandnuktas.
IndianLanguagesTransliteration(http://vikku.info/indianlanguageunicodeconverter/index.html)
PhoneticTranslationLibrary(http://phtranslator.sourceforge.net/)C/C++APIfortransliterating
IndianLanguagecontent.SupportedLanguages:Bengali,Gujarati,Hindi,Kannada,Malayalam,
Oriya,Punjabi,Sanskrit,Tamil,Telugu
DevangartoISO15919(IAST)converter(http://www.puredaft.com/examples/iast/)Onlinetoolfor
convertingDevanagaritoIAST
SimpleDevanagariLatinTransliteration,usefulinnamingcomputerfiles
(http://www.hindidevanagari.com/transliteration/xnagari_scheme.html)
WERD(http://werd.sourceforge.net/)WriteEnglishReadDevanagari,thefreeandopensource
Indictransliterationtool
CDACTransliteration(http://transliteration.cdac.in/)IndicTransliterationDemo
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