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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

November 9, 2012
1.0 ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted in order to find the time taken to collect 3L of
water,the volumetric flow rates of the water, the pressure difference at all
manometer tube(static head), velocity, dynamic head and also the total head.
The combination of venturimeter complete with manometer tube and hydraulic
bench were used.
Bernoullis Theorem experiments apparatus consists of a classical venturi. A
series of wall tapping allow measurement of the static pressure distribution along
the convergingduct, while a total head tube is provided to traverse along the
centre line of the testsection. These tapping are connected to a manometer bank
incorporating a manifold withair bleed valve.During the experiment, water is fed
through a hose connector and the flow rate can beadjusted at the flow regulator
valve at the outlet of the test section. The venturi can bedemonstrated as a
means of flow measurement and the discharge coefficient can bedetermined.
The results show the reading of each manometer tubes increase when the
pressure difference increases.

INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli's Principle is a physical principle formulated that states that "as
thespeed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within the fluid
decreases.Bernoulli's principle is named after the Swiss scientistDaniel
Bernoulliwho publishedhis principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.
Bernoullis Principle can be demonstrated by the Bernoulli equation. TheBernoulli
equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and
elevation.While the Continuity equation relates the speed of a fluid that moving
through a pipe tothe cross sectional area of the pipe. It says that as a radius of
the pipe decreases the speedof fluid flow must increase and vice-versa.However,
Bernoullis Principle can only be applied under certain conditions. Theconditions
to which Bernoullis equation applies are the fluid must be frictionless(inviscid)
and of constant density; the flow must be steady, and the relation holds
ingeneral for single streamlines.
In general, frictional effects are always important very close to solid
wall(boundary layers) and directly downstream of bodies (wakes). Thus, the
Bernoulli approximation is typically useful in flow regions outside of boundary
layers and wakes,where the fluid motion is governed by the combined effects of
pressure and gravity forces. Bernoulli's principle can be explained in terms of the
law of conservation of energy. As a fluid moves from a wider pipe into a narrower

pipe or a constriction, acorresponding volume must move a greater distance


forward in the narrower pipe andthus have a greater speed.At the same time, the
work done by corresponding volumes in the wider andnarrower pipes will be
expressed by the product of the pressure and the volume. Sincethe speed is
greater in the narrower pipe, the kinetic energy of that volume is greater.Then,
by the law of conservation of energy, this increase in kinetic energy must be
balanced by a decrease in the pressure-volume product, or, since the volumes
are equal, by a decrease in pressure.The Bernoulli equation:kinetic energy +
potential energy + flow energy = constant
3.0 THEORY
The well-known Bernoulli equation is derived under the following assumptions:
The liquid is incompressible.

The liquid is non-viscous.


The flow is steady and the velocity of the liquid is less than the critical velocity
for the liquid.
There is no loss of energy due to friction.
Then, it is expressed with the following equation:Where (in SI units):
p= fluid static pressure at the cross section in N/m2
= density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3
g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 (its value is 9.81 m/s2=9810 mm/s2)
v= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section in m/s
z = elevation head of the center of the cross section with respect to a datum z=0
h*= total (stagnation) head in m
The terms on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent the pressure
head (h) ,velocity head (hv), and elevation head (z), respectively. The sum of
these terms isknown as the total head (h*). According to the Bernoullis theorem
of fluid flow through a pipe, the total head h* at any cross section is constant
(based on the assumptions given).
Pressure head is a term used influid mechanicsto represent theinternal energyof
afluiddue to the pressureexerted on its container. It may also be called static
pressure head or simply static head (but not static head pressure). It is
mathematically expressed as:
Where:
is pressure head (Length,typically in units of m);

p is fluidpressure(Force per unitArea,often askPaunits); and


is the specific weight(Weight per unitvolume ,typically Nm3units)
is the density of the fluid (Mass per unitvolume,typically kgm3)
g is acceleration due to gravity (rate of change of velocity, given in ms2)
In this experimental, the centre line of the entire cross sections we are
considering lieon the same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the
datum,z=0), and thus, all thez values are zeros so that the above equation
reduces to

OBJECTIVES
I.To find the time taken to collect 3L of water, the volumetric flow rates of the
water,the pressure difference at all manometer tube (static head), velocity,
dynamic headand also the total head
II.To investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady
flowof water in a tapered duct

APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS


In order to achieve the objectives of the experiment and to complete the
demonstration of Bernoullis Theorem, there are several apparatus and also the
equipmentsthat are needed. They are as follows:

4.The Bernoullis apparatus test equipment that consists of 8 vertical tubes.


3.The Bernoullis apparatus that consist of
venturi meter that function asmanipulated variables
2.The stopwatch that used for the timing tothe flow measurement of the water.
1.The hydraulic bench which allows waterflow by time volume collection to be
measured.

6.0 PROCEDURES
6.1 Equipments Set Up
1.The Bernoullis equation apparatus is first set up on the hydraulic bench so that
the
base is in the horizontal position.
2.The test section is ensured to have the 14- tapered section converging in the
directionof the flow.
3.The rig outflow tube is positioned above the volumetric tank.
4.The rig inlet is connected to the bench flow supply, the bench valve and the
apparatusflow control are closed and then the pump is started.
5.Gradually, the bench valve is opened to fill the test rig with the water.
6.In order to bleed air pressure tapping point and the manometers, both the
bench valvesand the rig flow control valves are closed. Then, the air bleed screw
is opened and thecap from the adjacent air valve is removed.
7.A length of small-bore tuning from the air valve is connected to the volumetric
tank.
8.The bench valve is opened and allowed to flow through the manometer to
purge all air from them.
9.After that, the air bleed screw is tightened and both the bench valve and rig
flowcontrol valve are partly opened.
10. Next, the air bleed is opened slightly to allow the air to enter the top of
themanometers. The screw is re-tightened when the manometer reach a
convenient height.
6.2 Taking A Set Of Results
1.The h1 h5 are set to be 50 ml using air bleed screw.

2.After the specific volume of h1 h5 is reached, the ball valve is closed and the
timetaken to accumulate 3L of fluid in the tank is measured.
3.Steps 1 and 2 are repeated with the different level of h1 h5.
4.Then, the test section is reversed to get the diverging flow.
5.The test section is removed by unscrewing the two coupling and being
reversed.
6.The couplings are tightened.
7.Steps 1 until 3 are repeated for diverging section

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