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SEMINAR REPORT
ON
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
BY
MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED
REACTORS
TO ENHANCE TRANSMISSION
CAPABILITY& SAVE ENERGY
4
ABSTRACT
The reactive power problem will become intensified in the future with the
increasing use of EHV overhead lines and high-voltage cable in densely
populated areas. Generators alone, with their under excited
limitations during light load periods, may not have sufficient capability to control
voltages in some systems in which substantial amounts of high-voltage cable are
used. Turbine generators with automatic voltage regulators, however, can be
operated successfully in the under excited region to minimize the problem of
excessive system capacitive reactive loading.
Contents
1 .Introduction:
1. Introduction:
(1) The first principle of the MCR is generation and control of the direct component of
the magnetic flux in the MCRs two cores by periodic shorting of some of the reactor
winding turns by the use of semiconductor switches [1];
(2) The second principle of the MCR is profound magnetic saturation of the two cores
under rated conditions, when the saturation magnetization generated by the direct
component of the magnetic flux is achieved over about half or more of the grid-
frequency period [2]. The theory and design of such devices are considered in more
detail in [3, 4, 5]. The basic electrical circuits of controllable reactors are shown in Fig.
1a-c, and photographs of representative types of MCRs are presented in Fig. 2a-b.
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Fig.1
CIS have been developing and producing single-phase arc quenching reactors for 6
industrial and residential electric grids, for over ten years. Among these, Energiya
phase arc quenching MCRs for grids with isolated neutral since 1995.
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Figure 2.
Fig. 2a.
Fig.2b:
The consortium has already produced three-phase MCRs for high-voltage 110 to 220
kV distribution grids, as well as three-phase groups of single-phase MCRs for 330 to
500 kV transit and system power lines. On the basis of existing transformers of up to
500 MVA, 1150 kV, it can also produce MCRs with the same rated parameters.
The first three-phase shunt reactorÅ the MCR 25/110, produced for a high-voltage 110-
kV distribution gridÅ successfully underwent full-scale testing in 1997 and was
installed by the Permenergo Joint Stock Company at its Kudymkar, Permskaya Region
substation. This reactor now ensures automatic voltage stabilization at substation buses
and in the adjacent grid, reduces power loss due to reactive-power transfer decrease
between the power-supply center and the substation by as much as 2.5 MW, and has
reduced the number of capacitor-bank switching operations required for voltage
regulation from 800 per year to an astonishing one per month. The reactor recouped its
cost in two years, largely because of reduced power losses in the adjacent grid. Analysis
by specialists at the Energosetprojekt Institute shows that the MCR-25/110 is
economically most efficient at substations located 80 to 100 km or more from the power
supply center.
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Figure 3.
The MCR-180/500 controllable shunt reactor for extra high-voltage lines was developed
at the end of the 1980 s for the Unified Electrical System ("OES") of Russia. The
prototype successfully underwent grid tests in 1992. Single-line connection of this
reactor is illustrated in Fig. 3: in accordance with a mismatch signal generated by a
measurement system (4, 5), a control device (3) operates a thyristor converter (2), which
in turn generates direct current, magnetizing the phase magnetic system and producing a
smooth change in reactive power consumed by the phases of reactor (1). This ensures
automatic stabilization of the voltage at the point of reactor connection. With increase in
voltage deviation to 2.5% of the specified setting, the power consumed in reactor (1)
varies smoothly from idling to rated power in proportion to the mismatch signal.
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Figure 4.
t = 0 to 1.0 sec. with boosted power consumption at t = 0.13 to 0.27 sec. (both modes
simulated). Non-inertial boosting is achieved by short-term shorting of the MCR control
winding by 35 kV vacuum breaker.
Fig. 4 illustrates the basic capabilities of the MCR-180/500 by showing phase current
and voltage changes that result under smooth regulation and non-inertial boosting
conditions.
Analysis of power systems in Russia, Kazakhstan, Brazil, India, and China shows that
controllable 500 kV reactors would provide voltage stabilization and control of
operating conditions for power systems and long-distance power lines. For example,
installing ten three-phase controllable reactors in 500 kV grids together with ordinary
shunt reactors would ensure voltage stabilization and operational control for all of
Kazakhstan s extra-high-voltage long-distance power lines. Generally, to achieve such
system aims, according to OES rough estimates, about 30% of the reactors in 500 kV
grids should be controllable. A group of three single-phase MCR 60/500 reactors (i.e., a
three-phase MCR 180/500) would cost only 1.7 to 2 times more than a three-phase
group of non-controllable reactors of the same parameters, and about 2 times less than a
similar three-phase thyristor-controlled reactor ("TCR") installation.
In design, operating parameters, reliability, ease of use, and longevity, these reactors are
comparable to both ordinary transformers and reactor equipment, but because they are
automatically controllable, they significantly simplify grid operation and enhance power
quality.
2.5.2 Mean Time between Failures (MTBF): The manufacturer guarantees its MCRs
for a lifetime of not less than 25 years, with first major maintenance guaranteed not to
occur within 12 years. Each phase of the reactor, its grounding filter and current-
distortion corrector (an LC filter) are guaranteed for a minimum of 3 years. The power
control system, including the transformer with its built-in thyristor subsystem is
guaranteed for one year. The average practical time to failure of smaller MCRs is 5
years.
• System for ground fault capacitive current measurement and for automatic
adjustment of reactor current (1) – 1 unit.
• Overvoltage limiter (5)– 1 unit.
• Optional 3-phase network connection filter (4)– 1 unit.
• Optional grounding transformer and voltage transformer (3)– 1 unit.
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION:
In the figure shown, an automatic adjustment and control system (1) defines the
expected value of ground fault capacitive current and sends a control signal to the
single-phase MCR converter (2), thus providing reactor control.
When a ground fault occurs, the reactor reduces the resulting current value at the
damage point to a negligible value. The reactor switches to compensation mode without
requiring intervention by maintenance personnel. The adjustment process is fully
automatic.
Under normal operating conditions, the single-phase MCR is not saturated, eliminating
resonance over voltages in the neutral line.
This reactor may also be used in 3-phase electric grids and consumers. In this case, a
filter (4) for connection of the reactor to the 3-phase network is supplied with the
reactor.
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Use of the single-phase MCR results in reduction of ground faults by a factor of three
and their full containment in over voltage-caused insulation breakdown.
This device provides intact operation and increased lifetime of electric equipment.
In other words, the TCO of an MCR is similar to that of a transformer of the same class.
CERC guarantees its MCR's for a lifetime of not less than 25 years, with first major
maintenance guaranteed not to occur within 12 years.
Each phase of the reactor, its grounding filter and current-distortion corrector (an LC
filter) are guaranteed for a minimum of 3 years.
The power control system, including the transformer with its built-in thyristor
subsystem is guaranteed for one year. The average practical time to failure of smaller
MCR's is 5 years.
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8.Transparencies :
8.1. Transparency 1:
Steep dependence of differential magnetic permeability of MCR
core on magnetic field strength facilitates very effective control of MCR
inductance. In any transformer steel, magnetic-flux density B in teslas (T) is
quasi-piecewise-linear dependent on magnetic field strength H, in amperes per
meter (A/m). The differential magnetic permeability of the MCR core steel is
very steeply dependent on H— μ (H) = B (H) / dH.
8.2.Transparency 2:
1. Principles of Operation
Results shows that there is extreme reliability and considerable cost and
energy savings with MCRs. Today’s energy and energy policies positively
demand MCR technology. A pilot installation of an MCR in the US would show
that it this technology is the most reliable, direct, efficient, and simple path to
enhanced transmission capability and to significant savings in both power and
cost.
MCRs of this type are used in electric distribution networks of 6, 10, 35, and 110 kV
rating. Connected to busbars of 110 kV substations with circuit breaker and disconnect
or Purpose.
To prevent emergency network over-voltage and keep it within 1.0 ú 2.5 percent of
rated network voltage at point of connection.
As shown in the schematic diagram below the MCR 25/110 consists of the following
parts:
Phases of network winding of MCR 25/110 reactor are Y-connected and grounded.
MCR 25/110 control systems are connected to control inputs of transformers with built-
in thyristor converters, to current transformers (5) at the MCR phases, and to substation
voltage transformers (4) at 110 kV busbars.
These MCRs are designed for outdoor operation in moderate climate with elevation up
to 1000 m above sea level. Each module is placed in an oil-immersion tank with natural
cooling. The main parameters of the module are as follows:
The associated transformer with built-in thyristor converter is also designed for outdoor
operation. It is placed in an oil-immersion tank for natural cooling.
Weight: 15 kg
Dimensions: 250 x 450 x 250 mm
When the voltage increases to 2.5% above the given pre-set value, the consumed power
of reactor (1) is smoothly changed within the range of 0.25 to 25 MVA with an
equivalent time constant not exceeding 1 second.
Design, weight, dimension, and maintenance of the MCR 25/110 are similar to general-
purpose, two-winding power transformers of the same power and voltage class. This
results in device effectiveness and reliability of operation.
Operation of the MCR 25/110 does not require specific training of maintenance
personnel.
In other words, the TCO of an MCR is similar to that of a transformer of the same class.
CERC guarantees its MCR's for a lifetime of not less than 25 years, with first major
maintenance guaranteed not to occur within 12 years.
Each phase of the reactor, its grounding filter and current-distortion corrector (an LC
filter) are guaranteed for a minimum of 3 years.
The power control system, including the transformer with its built-in thyristor
subsystem is guaranteed for one year. The average practical time to failure of smaller
MCR's is 5 years.
10. CONCLUSION:
personnel, and more electrical filters. AC distribution grids usually do not require
shunt reactors, but do require capacitor banks (i.e. capacitive shunt
compensation). These capacitor banks need to be controlled because of changing
load conditions. Yet the manual or thyristor switching operations typically used
for capacitor bank control are not really efficient and wear out both switching
equipment and power transformers. And they do not actually meet reactive power
load and voltage control requirements efficiently, since the step control they
provide does not really fit the load smoothly.
References
1. Bulk Transmission System Loss Analysis: EPRI Reports EL-6814-V1 & EL-
32
6814- V2,1990.
4. Luiz A.S. Pilotto, “High Surge Impedance Loading Lines— Hsil In The
Presentation Enhancement Of Transmission Capability.” Paper delivered at the
NSF/EPRI Workshop on Urgent Opportunities for Transmission System
Enhancement, Palo Alto, October 2001.