Reinforced Concrete Design I

L t
Lecture 3

Strength Analysis of Beams

Lecture 3 P١ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Design Methods
Working-Stress Design Method
Strength Design Method

 Working-Stress
W ki St D
Design
i (WSD)
Also known as Allowable Stress Design or Straight Line Design

Used d in
i the
h U.S. from
f 1900s to 1960s
Working loads (or Service loads) are used to proportion elements
Still allowed by AASHTO in bridge design; commonly used in the
design of liquid containing structures and prestressed concrete

Lecture 3 P٢ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Strength Design Methods
Previously known as the Ultimate-Strength Design Method
Factored loads are used
Members are designed so that they would just fail under the factored
loads
It provides more economical designs than WSD
Since 2002,
2002 it
it’ss the only method permitted by ACI

Lecture 3 P٣ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Structural Safety
Strength reduction factor, φ–Used to reduce theoretical ultimate
strength (called nominal strength).
strength) Accounts for uncertainties in
material strength, dimensions and workmanship.

For example: φMn ≥ Mu

Nominal or resisting moment Factored moment load

Lecture 3 P٤ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Derivations of Beam Expressions

Lecture 3 P٥ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Derivations of Beam Expressions
ACI 10.7.2.3:
F
For f c'  300kg
k / cm 2
1  0.85
Both should have the same
For f c  300kg / cm
' 2
area and the same centroid
 f c'  300 
1  0.85  0.008    0.65
 10 

Lecture 3 P٦ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams

F y 0
0.85f c'ab  A s f y
As f y f y d As
a '
 where    percentage of tensile steel
0.85f c b 0.85f c' bd

Lecture 3 P٧ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
M 0
 a  a
M n  T  d    As f y  d  
 2  2
 a
 M n   As f y  d  
 2
f y d As
a  '
where   p
percentage
g of tensile steel
0 85f c
0.85 bd
 f y 
 M n  M u  bd f y  1 
2
' 
 1.7 f c 

Mu
By letting R n 
bd 2
0.85f c'  2R n 
 1  1  
fy  0.85f c' 
Lecture 3 P٨ Eng. Malek Abuwarda
 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Strains in Flexural Members
ACI 10.2.2: Strains vary linearly from N.A.
ACI 10.2.3:
10 2 3: The maximum usable strain in the extreme compression
fiber is 0.003
Since a = β1c,
c then:
a
c
1

Lecture 3 P٩ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Example
Determine the a, c and t
f c'  250kgg / cm 2 and f y  4200kgg / cm 2

Solution
18.5  4200 
As f y
a   14.63
14 63cm
0.85f c b 0.85  250  25 
'

1  0.85  for
o f c
'
 300kg / cm 2 
14.63 c=0.003
c  17.21cm
0.85
17 21
17.21

0.003 
 t   t  0.0035
17.21 20.29
20.29

t
Lecture 3 P١٠ Eng. Malek Abuwarda
 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Balanced Sections,
Sections Tension-Controlled
Tension Controlled Sections and
Compression-Controlled or Brittle Sections
Balanced section = Tensile stress will yield at the same time that
compression concrete attains a strain of 0.003.
Compression-controlled or brittle section = Concrete fails in
compression before steel yields. There is very little deformation.
Fails without warning. g
ACI 10.3.4: Tension-controlled sections –Sections in which the
tensile steel reaches a strain of 0.005 or greater at the same time the
compression concrete reaches a strain of 0.003. These beams will
exhibit large deformations before failure (i.e. they are ductile).
S i
Sections that
h have
h steell with
i h strains
i between
b 0 002 andd 0.005
0.002 0 00 are in
i
the transition range between compression-controlled and tensioned-
controlled sections.
sections

Lecture 3 P١١ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 ACI 9.3:
9 3:
φ = 0.90 for tension-controlled beam and slabs
φ = 0.75
0 75 for shear and torsion beams
φ = 0.65 or 0.70 for columns
 = 0.65
φ 0 65 or 0.70
0 70 to
t 0.90
0 90 for
f columns
l supporting
ti very small
ll axial
i l
loads
φ = 0.65
0 65 for bearing on concrete

Lecture 3 P١٢ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 ACI Commentary Figure 9.3.2
932

Lecture 3 P١٣ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 ACI 10.3.5:
10 3 5:
Members subjected to axial loads equal to or less than 0.1f’c Ag, the
tensile strain (εt) in steel is permitted to be as low as 0.004.
0 004
When members are subjected to axial loads greater than 0.1f’c Ag,
the tensile strain (εt) in steel is permitted to be as low as 0.002.
It is more economical to have sections in the tension-controlled
region.
g
 Minimum percentage of steel
To account for the possibility that the ultimate resisting moment
could be less than the cracking moment.
0.8 f c' 14
A s ,min  bw d  bw d where
h bw is
i the
h width
id h off the
h web.
b
fy fy
0.8 f c' 14
 min  for flexture 
 
fy fy
Lecture 3 P١٤ Eng. Malek Abuwarda
 Strength Analysis of Beams
 ACI 10.5.3:
10 5 3:
The minimum doesn’t have to be met if the reinforcement area is at
least 1/3 greater than the area required by moment.
moment
 ACI 10.5.4:
For slabs
F l b andd footings
f ti off uniform
if thickness,
thi k the
th minimum
i i area is
i the
th
one specified for shrinkage and temperature specified by ACI 7.12.

Lecture 3 P١٥ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Balanced steel percentage

c 0 003
0.003 00.003
003
 
d 0.003   f y / E s  0.003   f y / 2.04 106 
6120
c d
6120  f y

Lecture 3 P١٦ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Balanced steel percentage

a f y d
c  
1 1 0.85 c
f '

f y d 6120 1 0.85f c'  6120 

  d  b   
1 0.85f c 6120  f y
'
fy  6120  f y 

Lecture 3 P١٧ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Example
Determine the ACI design moment capacity Mn of the beam shown
below f c'  250kg / cm 2 and f y  4200kg / cm 2
below.

Lecture 3 P١٨ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams

Lecture 3 P١٩ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Example
Determine the ACI design moment capacity Mn of the beam shown
below f c'  250kg / cm 2 and f y  4200kg / cm 2
below.

Lecture 3 P٢٠ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams

Lecture 3 P٢١ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams
 Example
Determine the ACI design moment capacity Mn of the beam shown
below f c'  250kg / cm 2 and f y  4200kg / cm 2
below.

Lecture 3 P٢٢ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Strength Analysis of Beams

Lecture 3 P٢٣ Eng. Malek Abuwarda