Eup2e Ism Ch09

9
SYSTEMSOFPARTICLES
EXERCISES
Section9.1CenterofMass
12.
INTERPRETThisonedimensionalprobleminvolvesfindingthecenterofmassofasystemwithtwoobjects
(childandfather).
DEVELOPInonedimension,Equation9.2forthecenterofmassreducesto
m x m x
M
m
i i
xcm
i i
Takingtheoriginofthecoordinatesystemtobeatthechild(whowedenotewithsubscript1),wehavex1=0and
m1=28kg.Thecenteroftheseesawisthenatxcm=3.5/2m=1.75m(whereweretainanextrasignificantfigure
becausethisisanintermediateresult).Thepositionofthefatheristheunknown,andislabeledx2.Themassofthe
fatherism2=65kg.
EVALUATEInsertingtheknownquantitiesintotheexpressionforcenterofmassgives
xcm
} 0
x m x m
1 1 2 2
m1 m2
x2
xcm m1 m2
m2
1.75 m 28 kg 65 kg
65 kg
2.5 m
fromthechild.
ASSESSThealgebrawassimplifiedsomewhatbychoosingtheoriginofthecoordinatesystemtobeatunderthe
childsposterior.Becausex2<3.5m,thefathercansitontheseesawandbalanceitwithhisdaughter.If m2 ? m1 ,
thenx2=xcm,becauseitdoesnotreallymatterwherethechildsitsifthefatherweighsaton!
13.
INTERPRETThisisatwodimensionalproblemaboutthecenterofmass.Oursystemconsistsofthreemasses
locatedattheverticesofanequilateraltriangle.Twomassesareknownandthelocationofthecenterofmassis
given,sowecanfindthelocationofthethirdmass.
DEVELOPThecenterofmassofasystemofparticlesisgivenbyEquation9.2:
r
rcm
i i
i i
m r m r
M
m
i
Weshallchoosexycoordinateswithorigin(0,0)atthemidpointofthebase.Withthisarrangement,thecenterof
themassislocatedatxcm=0andycm=y3/2,wherey3isthepositionofthethirdmass(and,ofcourse,y1=y2=0for
theequalmassesm1=m2=monthebase).
EVALUATEUsingEquation9.2,theycoordinateofthecenterofmassis
ycm
m1 y1 m2 y2 m3 y3 m(0) m(0) m3 y3 m3 (2 ycm )
m1 m2 m3
m m m3
2m m3
91
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92
Chapter9
Solvingform3,wehave 2m m3 2m3 , or m3 2m.

ASSESSFromsymmetryconsideration,itisapparentthatxcm=0.However,wehavem+m=2matthebottom
twoverticesofthetriangle.Because ycm y3 /2 (i.e., ycm ishalfwaytothetopvertex),weexpectthemassthereto
be2m(SeeExample9.2).
14.
INTERPRETThisisaonedimensionalprobleminwhichweareaskedtofindthelocationofthecenterofmass
ofatwobodysystem.
DEVELOPWiththeoriginatthecenterofthebarbell,x1=75cmandx2=75cm.UseEquation9.2tofindthe
centerofmass.
EVALUATE(EvaluatingEquation9.2gives
xcm
50 kg 75 cm 80 kg 75 cm
50 kg 80 kg
17 cm
totwosignificantfigures.
ASSESSWefindthatthecenterofmassis17cmfromthecentertowardtheheaviermass,or75cm+17cm=92
cmfromthelightmass.ThisagreeswiththeresultofExample1.
15.
INTERPRETThistwodimensionalproblemisaboutlocatingthecenterofmass.Oursystemconsistsofthree
equalmasseslocatedattheverticesofanequilateraltriangleofsideL.
DEVELOPWetakexycoordinateswiththeoriginatthecenterofonesideasshowninthefigurebelow.The
centerofmassofasystemofparticlesisgivenbyEquation9.2:
r
rcm
i i
i i
m r m r
M
m
i
EVALUATEFromthesymmetry(foreverymassatx,thereisanequalmassatx)wehavexcm=0.Asforycm,
becausey=0forthetwomassesonthexaxis,and y3 L sin 60 L 3 2 forthethirdmass,Equation9.2
gives
ycm
m1 y1 m2 y2 m3 y3 m(0) m(0) mL 3 2
3
L 0.289 L
m1 m2 m3
mmm
6
ASSESSFromsymmetryconsideration,itisapparentthatxcm=0.Ontheotherhand,wehavem+m=2matthe
bottomtwoverticesofthetriangle,andmatthetopofthevertex.Therefore,weshouldexpectycmtobeonethird
ofy3.Thisindeedisthecase,asycmcanberewrittenasycm=y3/3.
16.
INTERPRETThisisaonedimensionalproblemforwhichweneedtofindthecenterofmassofatwobody
system.
DEVELOPTaketheorigintobeatthecenteroftheEarth(seedrawingbelow),andapplyEquation9.2forthe
centerofmass.FromAppendixE,weknowthattheEarthMoondistanceisr=3.85105m,ME=5.97Mkg,and
MM=0.0735Mkg.
SystemsofParticles93
EVALUATEMeasuredfromthecenteroftheEarth,thecenterofmassoftheEarthMoonsystemis
xcm
5
M E (0) M M r 7.35 Mkg 3.85 10 km
4680 km
ME MM
597 Mkg 7.35 Mkg
ASSESSNoticethatwearenotobligedtouseSIunits,providedallmassesareexpressedinthesameunitssothat
theunitsofmasscancelout.
Section9.2Momentum
17.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesconservationoflinearmomentum(Equation9.7),whichwecanapplytofind
thespeedofoneoutoftwoparticlesthatseparateafteranexplosion,giventhespeedoftheotherparticleandmass
ofbothparticles.
DEVELOPBeforetheexplosion,thepopcornkernelhaszeromomentum, m1 m2 v 0 .Aftertheexplosion,
thetotalmomentumofthetwoparticlesmuststillsumtozero,sowehave m1v1 m2 v2 0 .Thus,
m1 r
v1
m2
v2
sowecansolveforv2givenm1=91mg,m2=64mg,andv1=(47m/s) i .
v
EVALUATEInsertingthegivenquantitiesgives v2 91 mg 64 mg 47 cm/s i 67 cm/s i .
ASSESSNoticethatthesmallerpiecemovesfasterthanthelargerpiece.Alsonoticethattotalmechanicalenergy
2
2
isnotconservedbecauseK0=(m1+m2)v2=0and K m1v1 m2 v2 0 .
18.
INTERPRETTheobjectofinterestistheskater.Wewanttofindhervelocityaftershetossesasnowballina
certaindirection.
DEVELOPOnfrictionlessice,momentumwouldbeconservedintheprocess.Sincetheinitialmomentumoftheskater
snowballsystemiszero,theirfinaltotalmomentummustalsobezero:
r
r
0 m1v1 m2 v2
wheresubscripts1and2refertothesnowballandskater,respectively.
EVALUATEBymomentumconservation,thefinalvelocityoftheskateris
m r
12 kg
r
v2 1 v1
53.0i 14.0 j m/s 10.6i 2.8 j m/s
m2
60 kg
ASSESSAsexpected,theskatermovesintheoppositedirectionofthesnowball.Thisisaconsequenceof
momentumconservation.
19.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesconservationoflinearmomentum(Equation9.7),whichwecanapplytofind
thespeedofoneoutoftwoparticlesthatseparateafteranexplosion,giventhespeedoftheotherparticleandmass
ofbothparticles.
DEVELOPBeforetheexplosion,theuraniumatomhaszeromomentum,so m1 m2 v 0 .Afterfission,the
totalmomentumofthetwoparticlesmuststillsumtozero,sowehave m v mU 235 vU235 0 .Thus,
m r
r
vU 235 v
mU235
r
Theinitialspeedcanbeobtainedfromthekineticenergy, v 2 K m i 2 K m i ,sowecansolvefor
vU 235 usingdatafromAppendixDforthemassesoftheparticles.
EVALUATESolvingfor vU 235 gives
94
Chapter9
1/ 2
2 4 u 5.15 MeV 1.60 103 J/MeV

2m K
r
vU 235
i
i 2.68 105 m/s i
mU 235
235 u 2 1 .66 1027 kg/u

2
ASSESSBecause K 5.15 MeV << m c 3.73 Gev, relativitycanbeignored.
20.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesusingconservationoflinearmomentumtofindthefinalspeedofamoving
tobogganaftersomesnowdropsontoit.
DEVELOPBecausethereisnonetexternalhorizontalforce,thetotalmomentumofthesnowtoboggansystemis
conserved.Theinitialmomentumofthesystemis Pi mt vti . Becausethesnowandthetobogganmovetogether
withthesamespeed v f , thefinalmomentumis Pf mt ms v f .
EVALUATEByconservationofmomentum, Pi Pf , thefinalspeedofthetoboggansnowsystemis
vf
mt
8.6 kg
vti
23 km/h 8.4 km/h
mt ms
8.6 kg 15 kg
ASSESSToseethatourresultmakessense,letsconsiderthefollowinglimitingcases: (i) ms 0. Inthis

situation,wehave v f vti , whichindicatesthatthetoboggancontinueswiththesamespeed.(ii) ms . Inthe
situationwherealargequantityofsnowisdumpedontothetoboggan,weexpectthesystemtoslowdown
considerably,whichisindeediswhatourequationgives(vf=0).
Section9.3KineticEnergyofaSystem
21.
INTERPRETInthisproblemweareaskedabouttheenergygainedbythebaseballpiecesafterthebaseball
explodes.Wecanapplyconservationoflinearmomentumtosolvethisproblem.
DEVELOPApplyingconservationoflinearmomentumtothebaseballgives
r r
Pi Pf
m1 m2 vr0 m1vr1 m2 vr2

2
1
Theinitialkineticenergyofthesystemis K i 2 m1 m2 v0 , andthetotalfinalkineticenergyis
Kf 12 m1v12 12 m2 v22 . Therefore,thechangeinkineticenergyis
1
1
1
1
1
m1v12 m2 v22 m1 m2 v02 m1 v12 v02 m2 v22 v02
2
2
2
2
2
K K f Ki
EVALUATELettheforwarddirectionbepositive.Byconservationofmomentum,thevelocityofthesecond
piece,withmass m2 m m1 150 g 38 g 112 g, is
v2
m1 m2 v0 m1v1 150 g 60 km/h 38 g 85 km/h

m2
51.5 km/h 14.3 m/s
112 g
InSIunits v0 16.67 m/s and v1 23.6 m/s, sothedifferenceinkineticenergyis
K K1 K 2
1
1
m1 v12 v02 m2 v22 v02
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
38 10 3 kg 23.6 m/s 16.7 m/s 112 103 kg 14.3 m/s 16.7 m/s 02
2
2
1.21 J
ASSESSThechangeinkineticenergyforthefirstpiece(K1)ispositivebecausev1>v0,butnegativeforthe
second(K2<0becausev2<v0).
22.
INTERPRETBeforeanexplosion,anobjecthaskineticenergy K 2 mvi . Aftertheexplosion,ithastwopieces

( m1 and m2 )eachmovingattwicetheinitialspeed, vf 2vi . Weareaskedtofindandcomparetheinternaland
centerofmassenergiesaftertheexplosion.
DEVELOPAftertheexplosion,thefinalkineticenergyisacombinationofthecenterofmassandinternal
energies: K f K cm K int (Equation9.9).WeassumethattheexplosionisliketheradioactivedecayinExample
9.6,inwhichcasemomentumisconserved.Butwecan'tassumethat m1 m2 , whichmeansthedirectionthatthe
twopiecesflyoffrelativetotheoriginaldirectionisunknown.Butwedon'tneedtoknowthesequantitiestofind
thefinalkineticenergy:
1
K f 12 m1v1f2 12 m2 v2f2 12 m1 2vi 12 m2 2vi 4

2
1
2
mvi2 4 K
wherewehaveassumedthatthemassisconserved: m1 m2 m.
EVALUATEBecausemomentumisconserved,thecenterofmassvelocityisconstant: vcm vi , whichimpliesthat
thekineticenergyofthecenterofmassisthesameasthekineticenergybeforetheexplosion, K cm K . Plugging
thisintoEquation9.9,wefind K int K f K cm 3K . Inotherwords,theinternalkineticenergyis3timesthe
centerofmassenergy.
ASSESSIfonedidassumethatthetwopieceshaveequalmass,thentheangle, , betweentheinitialandfinal
velocitywouldbethesameforeachpiece,seethefigurebelow.
Inthiscase,bothparticleswouldhavethesamespeedrelativetothecenterofmass:
2
vrel vf2 vcm
2vi 2 vi 2
Andtheinternalenergywouldbe
2
2
K int 12 mi vi2rel 12 m1vrel
12 m2 vrel
3
3 vi
1
2
mvi2 3K
Thisisexactlywhatwefoundforthegeneralcaseabove.
Section9.4Collisions
23.
INTERPRETYouraskedtocomparetheimpulseduringacollisiontotheimpulseofgravityoverthesametime
period.
DEVELOPAnimpulseisachangeinmomentumproducedbyaforceactingonanobjectoveraspecifictimeperiod.The
gravitationalforcewillbeconstantoverthetimeofthecollision,sowecanfindthegravity'simpulseoneach
r r
r
spacecraftusingEquation9.10a: J Fg t p.
EVALUATEWe'renotconcernedwiththedirectionoftheimpulse,butjustthemagnitude:
J mg t 140 kg 8.7 m/s 2 120 103 s 146 N s
Theimpulseimpartedbygravityis0.08%ofthecollisionimpulse.
ASSESSDuringthecollision,theinfluenceofgravitycanbeneglected.That'sbecausetheaverageforcefromthe
r r
collisionisverylarge: F J / t 1.5 MN.
24.
INTERPRETWewanttodeterminetheaverageforceandimpulseactingonajumpingflea.
DEVELOPWe'regiventheaverageaccelerationduringthejump,sothegroundmustsupplyanaverageforceonthefleaof
F ma isjustmultipliedbytheflea'smass.WecanthenuseEquation9.9a J F t p tofindtheimpulse
impartedbythegroundandtheresultingmomentumchangefortheflea.
EVALUATE(a)Theaverageforceexertedbythegroundonthefleais
F ma 220 10 9 kg 100 9.8 m/s 2
2.16 104 N ; 220 N
(b)Multiplyingtheaverageforcebythetimegivestheimpulse:
96
Chapter9
J F t 2.16 104 N 1.2 ms 2.6 107 N s

(c)Themomentumchangeforthefleaisequaltotheimpulseprovidedbythefloor:
p J 2.6 107 N s 2.6 107 kg m/s

Noticethatwecanwritethemomentumchangeinunits kg m/s thatmightbemorefamiliarformomentum.
ASSESSIfweassumethefleastartsitsjumpfromrest,thenattheendofitsjumpitreachesavelocityof
v v p / m 1.2 m/s. Thatseemsreasonable.
25.
INTERPRETYouneedtodeterminehowtofirearockettoobtaintheneededimpulse.
DEVELOPWe'regiventheaveragethrust,sotheneededtimecomesfromEquation9.9a: t J / F .
EVALUATEFortherequiredimpulse,thespaceprobesrocketmustfirefor
J
5.64 N s
41.8 s
F 135 103 N
ASSESSThismightseemlikealongtimeforsuchasmallimpulse.Buttherocketexertsatinyforceonthespace
probe.Often,spacecraftneedprecisionthrustersliketheoneheretomakesmalladjustmentsintheirtrajectoryor
orientation.
Section9.5TotallyInelasticCollisions
26.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesconservationoftotallinearmomentum.Wearetouseittofindthefinal
momentumofatwocarsystem.Inaddition,wearetofindthechangeinkineticenergyofthetwocarsystemafter
theycouple.
DEVELOPIfweassumetheswitchyardtrackisstraightandlevel,thecollisionisonedimensional,totally
inelastic,andEquation9.11applies,so
r
r
r m v m2 v2 m1v1 m2 v2
vf 1 1
i
m1 m2
m1 m2
Oncewehavefoundthefinalvelocityvf,wecaninsertitintotheexpressionforthechangeinkineticenergyto
findthefractionofkineticenergylost.
EVALUATE(a)Insertingthegivenquantitiesintotheexpressionforvfgives
r 56 ton 7.0 mi /h 31 ton 2.6 mi /h

vf
i 5.4 mi /h i
56 ton 31 ton
(b)Theinitialandfinalkineticenergiesare
K i 12 56 T 7.0 mi/h 31 T 2.6 mi/h

2
Kf
1
2
56 31
1477 T mi/h ;
T 5.43 mi/h 1284 T mi/h

2
whereweretainedmoresignificantfiguresthanwarrantedbythedatabecausetheseareintermediateresults.The
fractionofkineticenergylostis K f K i K i 13% .
ASSESSNoticethatwedidnotneedtochangetoSIunitsforpart(b)becausewetooktheratioofinitialandfinal
kineticenergies.Thus,providedweusethesameunitsfortheinitialandfinalkineticenergies,theanswerwillbe
correct.
27.
INTERPRETInthisproblem,weareaskedtoshowthathalfoftheinitialkineticenergyofasystemislostina
totallyinelasticcollisionbetweentwoequalmasses.
r
r
DEVELOPSupposewehavetwomassesm1andm2movingwithvelocities v1 and v2 , respectively.After
r
undergoingatotallyinelasticcollision,thetwomassessticktogetherandmovewithfinalvelocity v f . Although
thecollisionistotallyinelastic,momentumconservationstillapplies,andwehave(Equation9.11):
r
r
r
r
r
r m v m2 v2
m1v1 m2 v2 m1 m2 vf vf 1 1
m1 m2
Theinitialtotalkineticenergyofthetwoparticlesystemis K i 2 m v 2 m v , whereasthefinalkineticenergy
2
1
ofthesystemaftercollisionis K f 2 m1 m2 v f .Therefore,thechangeinkineticenergyisgivenby
1
K K f Ki
2
1 1
2
2 2
1
1
1
1
1
m1 m2 vf2 m1v12 m2 v22 m1 vf2 v12 m2 vf2 v22
2
2
2
2
2
EVALUATEInourcase,wehavem1=m2=m,v1=v,andv2=0.Theinitialkineticenergyofthesystemis
2
1
therefore K i 2 mv . Thefinalspeedis
m1v1 m2 v2
mv
1
v
m1 m2
mm 2
vf
Therefore,thechangeintotalkineticenergyis
1
1
1 v2
1 v2
1
m1 vf2 v12 m2 vf2 v22 m
v 2 m
0 mv 2
2
2
2 4
2
4
4
Thus,weseethathalfofthetotalinitialkineticenergyislostinthecollisionprocess.
ASSESSForatotallyinelasticcollision,onemayshowthatthegeneralexpressionfor Kis
m1m2
1 m1v1 m2 v2
1
1
m1v12 m2 v22
v1 v2 2
2
m1 m2
2
2
2 m1 m2
2
Clearly,Kisalwaysnegative,anditdependsontherelativespeedbetweenm1andm2.
28.
INTERPRETThisisatwodimensionalproblemthatinvolvesconservationoflinearmomentum.Wearetofind
theinitialvelocityofoneparticle,giventheinitialvelocityoftheother,thefinalvelocityofthecombined
particles,andthemassesofeach.
DEVELOPApplyconservationoflinearmomentum,Equation9.11,foratotallyinelasticcollision,andsolvefor
thevelocityofthedeuteron.
EVALUATEInsertingthegivenquantitiesintoEquation9.11andsolvingfor vdgives
v
v
m v mn vn 3 u 12i 20 j 1 u 28i 17 j Mm
r
vd t t
4i 22 j Mm/s
md
2u
s
totwosignificantfigures.
ASSESSThechangeinkineticenergyinthecollisionis
1
1
1
1
mt vt2 mvd2 mvn2 122 20 2 3 42 21.52 2 282 17 2 1 400 u Mm/s 2
2
2
2
2
whichisnegative,indicatingthatenergyisstoredinthetritium(i.e.,isconvertedtomass).Wecanregainthis
energybysplittingtritium,whichisthebasisofthehydrogenbomb.
29.
INTERPRETThisisatotallyinelasticcollision,sincethetrucksmovetogetherasoneaftertheyhit.Youshould
beabletofindthemassofthesecondtruckusingconservationofmomentum.
DEVELOPAccordingtoEquation9.11,conservationofmomentuminthetruckcollisionimplies
r
r
r
m1v1 m2 v2 m1 m2 vf
r
EVALUATEThefirsttruckisatrest v1 0 , whichmeansthefinalvelocityhastobeinthesamedirectionas v2 .
Giventhatthefirsttruckhasamassof m1 5500 kg 3800 kg 9300 kg, wecansolveforthemassofthe

second:
m2 m1
vf
40 km/h
9300 kg
14,880 kg
v2 vf
65 km/h 40 km/h
Subtractingthemassofthetruckleavesaloadof9400kg,sothesecondtruckwasoverloadedby1400kg.
98
Chapter9
ASSESSIfthetruckhadbeenloadedatthepermissiblelimitof8000kg,thefinalvelocityafterthecollision
wouldhavebeen38km/h.
Section9.6ElasticCollisions
30.
INTERPRETThisonedimensionalprobleminvolvesanelasticcollisionbetweentwoparticles,theAunucleus
andthealphaparticle.WearetofindthefractionofthealphaparticleskineticenergythatistransferredtotheAu
nucleus.
DEVELOPBecausethisproblemisonedimensional,wecanapplyEquation9.15btofindthefinalvelocityofthe
alphaparticle.Wecanthenusethisresulttofindthefinalkineticenergyofthealphaparticleinordertocalculate
thefractionofkineticenergylosttotheAunucleus.
EVALUATEWithm1=4u,m2=197u,andv2i=0,wefindthat
v2 f 2 4.00 u v1i 4.00 197 u 8.00/201 v1i . Thefractionoftheinitialenergytransferredis
K1i K 2f
197 u v2f2
2
1
2 4.00 u v1i
1
2
197 8.00
4.00 201
7.80%.
ASSESSWeretainthreesignificantfiguresintheanswerbecauseweknowthedatatothreesignificantfigures.
31.
INTERPRETThisproblemisaboutheadon(i.e.onedimensional)elasticcollisions.Wewanttofindthespeedof
theballafteritreboundselasticallyfromamovingcar.
DEVELOPBothmechanicalenergyandlinearmomentumareconservedinanelasticcollision.Inthisone
dimensionalcase,conservationoflinearmomentumgives
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1f m2 v2f

Conservationofenergygives
1
1
1
1
m1v1i2 m2 v2i2 m1v1f2 m2 v2f2
2
2
2
2
Usingthetwoconservationequations,thefinalspeedsofm1andm2are(seeEquations9.15aand9.15b):
v1f
m1 m2
2m2
v1i
v2i
m1 m2
m1 m2
v2f
2m1
m m1
v1i 2
v2i
m1 m2
m1 m2
EVALUATELetthesubscripts1and2beforthecarandtheball,respectively.Wechoosepositivevelocitiesin
thedirectionofthecar.Thespeedoftheballafteritreboundsis
v2f
2m1
m m1
v1i 2
v2i 2v1i v2i 2 14 m/s 18 m/s 46 m/s
m1 m2
m1 m2
wherewehaveused m1 ? m2 .
ASSESSSimilarly,thefinalspeedofthecaris
v1f
m1 m2
2m2
v1i
v2i v1i 14 m/s
m1 m2
m1 m2
Wedonotexpectthespeedofthecartochangemuchaftercollidingwithaball.However,theballreboundswith
amuchgreaterspeedthanbefore.Ifthecarwerestationarywith v1i 0, thenwewouldfind v2 f v2i 18 m/s.
32.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesaonedimensionalelasticcollisionbetweentwomasses,soconservationof
mechanicalenergyandconservationoflinearmomentumapplies.Weareaskedtofindhowthemassesarerelated
giventhattheobjectshavethesamespeedaftercolliding.
DEVELOPApplyEquations9.15aand9.19bandsolveforM,giventhatv2i=0.Wearealsotoldthattheblocks
havethesamespeedafterthecollision,soweknowthatv2f=v1f,wherewehaveinsertedthenegativesign
becausetheblocksmustmoveinoppositedirectionsifthisisanelasticcollision.
EVALUATEEquations9.15aand9.15bgive
mM
v1i
mM
2m
v2f
v1i
mM
v1f
Usingv2f=v1f,wefind
mM
2m
v1i
v1i
mM
mM
M 3m
ASSESSAfterthecollision,thelargerblockwillhavethreetimesthekineticenergyofthesmallerblock.
33.
INTERPRETInthisproblemweareaskedtofindthespeedsoftheprotonsaftertheycollideelasticallyheadon.
Theproblemisthusonedimensionalandinvolvedconservationofmechanicalenergyandlinearmomentum.
r
r
DEVELOPConsiderthegeneralsituationwheretwomassesm1andm2movingwithvelocities v1 and v2 ,
undergoelasticcollision.Bothmomentumandenergyareconservedinthisprocess.Usingtheconservation
equations,thefinalspeedsofm1andm2are(seeEquations9.15aand9.15b):
v1f
m1 m2
2m2
v1i
v2i
m1 m2
m1 m2
2m1
m m1
v1i 2
v2i
m1 m2
m1 m2
r
EVALUATEWechoosepositivevelocitiestobeinthedirectionof v1 . Withm1=m2=m,andv1=v=11Mm/s,
v2f
andv2=v1=v=11Mm/s,thefinalspeedsare
v1f
m1 m2
2m2
v1i
v2i v2i v 11 Mm/s
m1 m2
m1 m2
v2f
2m1
m m1
v1i 2
v2i v1i v 11 Mm/s
m1 m2
m1 m2
ASSESSInthiscase,theprotonssimplyexchangeplacesthefinalspeedofthefirstprotonisequaltotheinitial
speedofthesecondproton,whilethefinalspeedofthesecondprotonisequaltotheinitialspeedofthefirstproton.
34.
INTERPRETThisonedimensionalprobleminvolvesanelasticcollision,sowecanapplyconservationof
mechanicalenergyandlinearmomentum.
DEVELOPApplyEquations9.15aand9.15btofindtherequisiterelationships.Wearegiventhat v1i=v21=v,
v1f=0,andm1>m2.
EVALUATE(a)Equations9.15aand9.15bleadto
m1 m2
2m2
v
v
m1 m2
m1 m2
m1 m2 2m2
m1
3
m2
(b)Thefinalspeedofthelessmassiveparticleis
v2 f
2m1
m m2
6 2
v 1
v v 2v
4 4
m1 m2
m1 m2
ASSESSWeknowthattheinitialspeedsmustbeintheoppositedirectionbecausethatistheonlywaythatthey
couldcollideheadongiventhatthemagnitudeoftheirspeedsarethesame.
PROBLEMS
35.
INTERPRETInthisproblemwewanttofindthecenterofmassofapentagonofsideawithonetrianglular
sectionmissing.
910
Chapter9
DEVELOPWechoosecoordinatesasshowninthefigurebelow.Ifthefifthisoscelestriangle(withthesame
uniformdensityastheothers)werepresent,thecenterofmassofthewholepentagonwouldbeattheorigin,so
my5 4mycm y5 4 ycm
5m
5
whereycmgivesthepositionofthecenterofmassofthefigurewewanttofind,andy5isthepositionofthecenter
ofmassofthefifthtriangle.Ofcourse,themassofthefigureisfourtimesthemassofthetriangle.
EVALUATEFromsymmetry,thexcoordinateofthecenterofmassis xcm 0. Now,tocalculateycm,wemakeuse
oftheresultobtainedinExample9.3wherethecenterofmassofanisoscelestriangleiscalculated.Thisgivesy5=
2L/3.Inaddition,fromthegeometryofapentagon,wehavetan(36)=a/(2L).Therefore,theycoordinateofthe
centerofmassis
ycm
1
L a
y5 cot 36 0.115 a
4
6 12
ASSESSFromsymmetryargument,thecenterofmassmustliealongthelinethatbisectsthefigure.Withthemissing
triangle,weexpectittobelocatedabove y 0, whichwouldhavebeenthecenterofmassforacompletepentagon.
36.
INTERPRETThisproblemconcernsstoppingachargingrhinowithrubberbulletsthatlosealltheirmomentum
whentheyhittheanimal.
DEVELOPTheimpulseimpartedontherhinobyonebulletisequaltotherhino'schangeinmomentum(Equation9.10a:
r
r
J b pr ).Butwedon'tknowthemassoftherhino,soitiseasiertodealwiththebullets.Theirchangein
momentumisequalandoppositetothechangeinmomentumoftherhino: pr pb . Notethatwe'vedropped
thevectornotation,sincethemomentaarecollinear,butwe'llassumethatthebulletsareinitiallymovinginthe
positivedirection.We'regiventheinitialvelocityofthebullets,andweknowthattheyfallstraighttotheground
afterimpact,sotheirfinalvelocitymustbezero.Puttingallthistogether,wehave:
J b pr pb 0 mb vb0 mb vb0
Wecanfindthemassoftherhinobycalculatingthetotalimpulsesuppliedbyallthebulletsfiredattherhino:
J tot N b J b . Thistotalimpulseiswhatsupposedlybringstherhinotorest: J tot pr,tot 0 mr vr0 mr vr0 . The
minussignisnotaproblem,sincetherhino'sinitialvelocityisnegativecomparedtothepositivevelocityofthe
bullets.
EVALUATE(a)Fromtheexpressionabove,theimpulseimpartedbyonebulletis
J b mb vb0 20 g 73 m/s 1.46 kg m/s ; 1.5 N

s
(b)Tofindthemassoftherhino,wefirstneedtocalculatethenumberofbullets,whichistheratethegunisfired
multipliedbythetime:
N b rt 15 bullets/s 34 s 510 bullets
Themasscanthenbefoundfromthetotalimpulsefromallthesebullets:
mr
pr,tot
vr0
N b J b 510 1.46 kg m/s
920 kg
vr0
0.81 m/s
ASSESSTheanswerisreasonableforablackrhino.Butnotethatwhiterhinoshavetypicallytwicethismass.
37.
INTERPRETWeareaskedtocalculatethecenterofmassmotionofathreebodysystem.
r
r
DEVELOPThepositionofthecenterofmassisgivenbyEquation9.2: rcm mi ri / M . Inthiscase,themassesareall
equal, mi m, sothetotalmassis M 3m. Oncewefindthecenterofmassposition,thevelocityand
accelerationcanbefoundthroughdifferentiating.
EVALUATEThemasstermdividesout,sothecenterofmasspositionisthesumofthethreegivenvectors:
r
rcm
1
3
r a i b j t
r
i
1
3
103 t 73 i
2
3
t 83 j
Thecenterofmassvelocityisthefirstderivative:
r
dr
r
vcm cm 2t 103 i
dt
j
2
3
Thecenterofmassaccelerationisthesecondderivative:
r
dv
r
acm cm 2 i
dt
ASSESSTheaccelerationisconstantandinthexdirection.Thisisduetothe t 2 terminthepositionofthe
particle1.Theremustbeaforcethatacceleratesthisparticle,andcorrespondinglyacceleratesthecenterofmass.
38.
INTERPRETWeareaskedaboutthemotionoftheboat,buttheproblemisfundamentallyrelatedtothecenterof
massofthesystem.
DEVELOPThisproblemissimilartoExample9.4.Takethexaxistobehorizontalfrombowtostern,withthe
originatthecenterofmass(CM)oftheboatandpeople.Intheabsenceofexternalhorizontalforceslikefriction,
theCMremainsstationary.Thus
0 mp xpi mB xBi mp xpf mB xBf

where xBi istheinitialpositionoftheCMoftheboat, xBf isitsfinalposition,and xpi and xpf aretheinitialand
finalpositionofthepeople.Notethat xpi 0, xBi 0, xpf 0, and xBf 0. Thisequationcanberewrittenas
mB xBi xBf mp xpf xpi
since xBi xBf isthedistancetheboatmovesrelativetothefixedCM.Thedistancesarerelatedtothedimensions

oftheboat,sincethelengthoftheboatisequalto
| xpi | xBi | xBf | xpf xpf xpi xBi xBf 6.5 m

EVALUATESubstitutingintothefirstequation,onefinds
mB xBi xBf mp 6.5 m xBi xBf

Thus,wefind
xBi xBf 6.5 m
mp
mp mB
6.5 m
1500 kg
72 cm
1500 kg 12, 000 kg
totwosignificantfigures,whichistheprecisionofthedata.NotethatwedidnothavetoassumethattheCMof
theboatwasatthecenteroftheboat.
ASSESSTheboatsdisplacementof72cmislessthanthedistancethepeoplewalked.Thismakessensebecause
theboatismuchmoremassivethanthepeople.
912
39.
Chapter9
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesthecenterofmassofatwobodysystem,whichremainsstationaryinthe
absenceofexternalhorizontalforces.
DEVELOPWhenthemousestartsattherim,thecenterofmassofthemousebowlsystemhas xcomponent:
xcm mb xb mm xm mb mm mm R mb mm
sinceinitiallyxb=0andxm=R.Becausethereisnoexternalhorizontalforce(nofriction),xcmremainsconstantas
themousedescends.Whenitreachesthecenterofthebowl,thecenterofmassofthesystemis
xcm mb xb mm xm mb mm mb d 10 mm d 10
mb mm
Becausethecenterofmassdoesnotmove,wecanequatethesetwoexpressionsforthecenterofmasstofindthe
ratioofmbtomm.
EVALUATEUsingthefactthat2R=d,wefind
mm R mb mm mb R 5 mm R 5
mb mm
mb 4mm
ASSESSThebowlis4timesmoremassivethanthemouse,whichmakessensebecausethebowlhasbeen
horizontallydisplaced.
40.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvestheimpulseexertedonaneedleshotintothebodyinordertoobtainasample
ofinternalorgans.
DEVELOPTheneedlestartsatrestandisacceleratedbytheforceofthespring.Wedon'tknowthisforceorhowlongitis
applied,butweknowthatthemomentumgainfromthespring, p, islostwhentheneedleisstoppedbytheskin.
Tosayitanotherway,theimpulseimpartedbythespringisequalbutoppositetotheimpulseimpartedbythe
skin'sstoppingforce.Andwehavetheinformationneededtocalculatetheimpulsefromtheskin: J skin F t.
Forpart(b),todeterminethepenetrationdistance,wetaketheaccelerationoftheneedleastheforceofthetissue
actsonit: an F / mn . Sincethisaccelerationisconstant,wecanusetheformalismfromChapter2.
EVALUATE(a)Asexplainedabove,theimpulseimpartedbythespringhasthesamemagnitudeastheimpulse
impartedbytheskin:
J spring J skin F t 41 mN 90 ms 3.7 mN s
(b)Asfaraswecantell,theforceandcorrespondingaccelerationareconstant.Theinitialspeedoftheneedle(just
beforeenteringtheskin)musthavebeen v0 an t , andthedistancetravelledthroughthebodyis(Equation2.10)
x v0 t 12 an t 2
41 mN 90 ms 2 20 cm
F
t 2
2mn
2 8.3 mg
wherewehavebeencarefultotreattheaccelerationasadeceleration.
ASSESSAdistanceof20cmisfairlylongbutpresumablynecessarytosampleinternalorgans.
41.
INTERPRETInthisproblemweareaskedtofindthecenterofmassofauniformsolidcone.Wewillneedto
integratethinslicesoftheconetofindtheanswer.
DEVELOPChoosethezaxisalongtheaxisofthecone,withtheoriginatthecenterofthebase(seefigure
below).Becausetheconeissymmetricaboutthezaxis,thecenterofmassisonthezaxis[foreachmasselement
atposition(x,y,z)thereisanequalmasselementatposition(x,y,z),sotheintegraloverxandygiveszero].
Thus,weonlyneedtofindthezcoordinateofthecenterofmass,soEquation9.4reducesto
zcm
zdm
M
Forthemasselementdm,takeadiskatheightzandofradius r R 1 z h thatisparalleltothebase.Then
2
dm r 2 dz R 2 1 z h dz whereisthedensityofthecone,and M 13 R 2 h isthetotalmassofthe
cone.
EVALUATEForthezcoordinateofthecenterofmass,theintegralabovegives
zcm
1
M
z dm
0
3
2
z R 2 1 z h dz
2
R h 0
h
3 h 2 2h 2 h 2
3
2 z 2 z 3
1
z
2 dz
h
h 0
h
h
3 4
4
h 2
sothecompletecenterofmasscoordinateis(0,0,h/4).
ASSESSTheresultmakessensebecauseweexpectzcmtobeclosertothebottomoftheconebecausemoremass
isdistributedinthisregion.
42.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesconservationoflinearmomentum,whichwecanusetofindthemassandthe
directionofmotionofthesecondfirecrackerfragment.
DEVELOPApplyconservationoflinearmomentum.Becausethefirecrackerisinitiallyatrest,theinitial
momentumofthesystemiszero.Aftertheexplosion(ignoringairresistanceandrelativisticeffects),thetotal
linearmomentumisstillzero,andisexpressedas
r
r
0 m1v1 m2 v2
wherem1=14g, v1 48 m/s i ,and v2 32 m/s .

r
r
EVALUATEBecausemassisalwayspositive,weknowthatthedirectionof v2 isoppositeto v1 ,so
r
r
v2 32 m/s i ,sothedirectionofmotionis i ,oroppositetothedirectionof v1 .Evaluatingtheexpression
fortotallinearmomentumgivesm2=m1v1/v2=(14g)(48m/s)/(32m/s)=21g.
ASSESSWefindthattheslowermovingmassisgreaterthanthefastermovingmass,asexpected.
43.
INTERPRETWeareaskedaboutthecompressionofthespringduetoatotallyinelasticcollision.
DEVELOPSincethetotalmomentumofthesystemisconservedintheprocess,wehave
Pi Pf
m1v1 (m1 m2 )vf
Thepotentialenergyofthespringatmaximumcompressionequalsthekineticenergyofthetwocarsystemprior
2
2
1
1
tocontactwiththespring: 2 kxmax 2 (m1 m2 )vf .
For(b),wenotethatwhenthecarsrebound,theyarecoupledtogetherandbothhavethesamevelocity.Sincethe
2
, istransformedbackintokineticenergyof
springisideal(byassumption),itsmaximumpotentialenergy, 12 k xmax
thecars.
EVALUATE(a)Thesecondcarisinitiallyatrestso v2 0. Bymomentumconservation,thespeedofthecars
aftercollisionis
vf
m1v1
(9, 400 kg)(8.5 m/s)
3.92 m/s
m1 m2 11, 000 kg 9, 400 kg
whichleadsto
914
Chapter9
xmax vf
m1 m2
11, 000 kg 9, 400 kg
(3.92 m/s)
0.99 m
k
0.32 106 N/m
(b)Thespring'spotentialenergyisconvertedbackintothekineticenergyofthecars,sothereboundspeedshould
bethesame(onlyintheoppositedirection)asthespeedpriortothespringbeingcompressed:
vreb vf 3.9 m/s
whereweonlykeepthesignificantfigures.
ASSESSDuringthecollisioninthefirstpartofthemotion,themomentumisconservedbutenergyisnot.
However,duringthespringcompressionandreleaseinthesecondpart,energyisconserved.Therefore,thecars
reboundwiththesamespeedasthatbeforecomingintocontactwiththespring.
44.
INTERPRETThisonedimensionalprobleminvolvesaninelasticcollisiononafrictionlesssurface,sokinetic
energyisnotconserved,buttotallinearmomentumisconserved.Wecanusethistofindthespeedofthe
threevehiclewreckage.
DEVELOPAssumethattheroadishorizontalandthevelocitiesarecollinear.Byconservationoflinear
momentum,wecanequatethetotallinearmomentumbeforeandafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,thetotal
momentumofthethreevehiclesisp=m1v1+m2v2+m3v3.Aftertheaccident,wehavep=(m1+m2+m3)v.
EVALUATEEquatingthetwoexpressionsfortotallinearmomentum,wefind
m1v1 m2 v2 m3 v3
m1 m2 m3
1200 kg 50 km/h 4400 kg 35 km/h 1500 kg 65 km/h

1200 kg 4400 kg 1500 kg
44 km/h
ASSESSNoticethatthetruckhasincreaseditsspeed,whereasthecarshavereducedtheirspeed,asexpected.
45.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvestheNewtonssecondlawintheformofEquation9.6.Wecanusethistofind
anexpressionfortheinitialaccelerationofthecarduetothewaterjetthatbouncesoffitsrearwindow,andtofind
thefinalspeedofthecar.
DEVELOPDrawadiagramofthesituation(seefigurebelow).Considertheinitialsituation,whenthecarisat
rest.FromEquation9.6,weknowthattheforceexertedonthecarbythewateristhenegativeoftherateofchangeof
momentumofthewater:
r
r
d pw
Fc
dt
Letthewatermomentumbepw=mv0,wherev0isthespeedofthewaterwithrespecttotheroad.Whenthecarisat
rest,thisspeedisthesamebeforeandafterreflectingoffthecarsrearwindow.Inthiscase,
r
dp
d
d
dm
d pw
pw j pw i w j i mv0 j i v0
j i
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
Thus,theinitialforceexertedonthecarbythewaterjetis
r
r
dm
d pw
Fc
v0
ij
dt
dt
r
r
r
r
IfweapplyNewtonssecondlaw Fnet dpc dt tothecar,itreducesto Fnet Marc ,becausethecarsmassdoes
notchange.Thenetforceactingonthecarissimplythehorizontalcomponentof Fc ,becauseitsvertical
componentissimplycanceledbyanincreaseinthenormalforceexertedonthecarbytheroad.Thus,
r
r
dm
r
Fnet Fc i v0
i Mac
dt
EVALUATE(a)SolvingNewtonssecondlawfortheaccelerationacofthecargives
v dm
r
ac 0
i
M dt
(b)Whenthecarstartsmoving,thechangeinthewatersmomentumisreducedbecausethespeedvofthewater
intheframeofreferenceofthecarisreducedaccordingtov=v0vc,wherevcisthecarsspeed.Theacceleration
thusbecomes
v dm v0 v c dm
r
ac
i
M dt
M
dt
Thus,whenvc=v0,thecarwillnolongeraccelerate,sothefinalvelocityofthecarisv0.
ASSESSAsexpected,theaccelerationofthecarincreaseswiththewaterspeed v0andthewatermassratedm/dt,
butdecreaseswithM,themassofthecar.
46.
INTERPRETThistwodimensionalprobleminvolvestheprincipleofconservationoflinearmomentuminan
inelastictwobodycollision.Wecanapplythisprincipletofindthefinalvelocityofthetwobodysystemafterthe
collision.
DEVELOPIftherearenoexternalhorizontalforcesactingonthecarwagonsystem,momentum(inthe xyplane)
isconserved,so
r
r
pi pf
v
v
v
m1v1 m2 v2 m1 m2 v .
whichwecansolveforthefinalvelocity v .
EVALUATEInsertingthegivenquantitiesintotheexpressionabovegives
v 950 kg 32i 17 j m/s 450 kg 12i 14 j m/s

v
26i 16j m/s
950 450 kg
2
2
ASSESSThemagnitudeofthisvelocityis v vx v y 31 m/s ,anditsdirectionis atan v y vx 32
withrespecttothexaxis.
47.
INTERPRETThisisaheadonelasticcollisionwheretheinitialspeed, v, isthesameforbothobjects.
DEVELOPForaonedimensionalcollisionlikethis,Equation9.14applies: v1i v2i v2f v1f . Inthiscase, v1i v v2i ,
sowehave v2f v1f 2v.

EVALUATEPlugging v2f 2v v1f intotheonedimensionalconservationofmomentumequation(Equation
9.12a):
m1 m2 v m1v1f m2 2v v1f
m1 m2 v m1 m2 v1f
v1f v
And v2f v, usingthepreviousrelation.Sothefinalspeedofeachobjectisequal(butoppositetotheinitial

speed).
ASSESSDotheminussignsmakessenseinthederivation?Let'sassumethefirstobjectapproachesfromtheleft
withpositivevelocity,anditbouncesofftotheleftinthenegativedirection.Thesecondobjectdoestheexact
opposite,approachingfromtherightwithnegativevelocityandbouncingbackwithpositivevelocity.
916
48.
Chapter9
INTERPRETThisisatwodimensionalproblemthatinvolvesconservationoflinearmomentum.Thequantityof
interestistherecoilvelocityofthethoriumnucleus,producedfromthedecayofthe 238Unucleus.
DEVELOPBecausenoexternalforcesareactingonthesystem(ignoringgravity),linearmomentumisconserved,
asinExample9.6.Equatingtheinitialandfinalmomentagives
r
r
r
mU vU mHe vHe mTh vTh
Intermsofthexandycomponents,thisvectorequationgivesthefollowingtwoscalarequations:
mU vU mHe vHe, x mTh vTh, x mHe vHe cos mTh vTh cos
( x component)
0 mHe vHe, y mTh vTh, y mHe vHe sin mTh vTh sin
r
Theseequationscanbeusedtosolveforthemagnitudeanddirectionof vTH .
( y component)
EVALUATESolvingthetwoequations,weobtain
5
7
mU vU mHe vHe cos 238 u 5 10 m/s 4 u 1.4 10 m/s cos 22
2. 9 105 m/s
mTh
234 u
vTh, x vTh cos

and
vTh,y vTh sin
4 u 1.4 107 m/s sin 22

mHe vHe sin
9.0 104 m/s

mTh
234 u
totwosignificantfigures.Thustherecoilvelocityofthethoriumatomis
r
2
2
5
vTh 2.9 105 m/s i 9.0 10 4 m/s j ,or vTh vTh
andthedirectionis
, x vTh, y 3.0 10 m/
atan vTh, y vTh, x

17.
ASSESSThefactthat isnegativetellsusthatthevelocityofthethoriumatomisdownward,asexpectedto
compensatefortheupwardvelocityofthealphaparticle.
49.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesfindingthecenterofmassofanobjectcomposedofseveralparts(walls,
base,andsilage).
DEVELOPHereitsconvenienttofindthecentersofmassofsubpartsandthentreatthesepartsaspointparticles
tofindthecenterofmassoftheentireobject.Withnoinformationaboutthegeometryofthebase,wewillassume
itsaninfinitelythindiskwiththesamediameterasthesilo.Useacoordinatesystemwiththeoriginatthecenterof
thecylindersbaseandthezaxisrunningalongthecenterofthesilocylinder.Becausethesystemissymmetric
aboutthezaxis,thedifferentcentersofmassmustliealongthezaxis.
EVALUATE(a)Tofindthecenterofmasswhenthesiloisempty,findthecenterofmassofthecylindricalwall
andbaseseparately,andthentreattheproblemasifthemassofeachobjectwereconcentratedattheirrespective
centerofmasspoints.Bysymmetry,thezcoordinateofthecenterofmassofthewallmustbeathalftheheight,or
wall
base
zcm
15 m .Thezcoordinateofthecenterofmassofthebaseisat zcm
0 m becauseitisinfinitelythin.
InsertingtheseresultsintoEquation9.2tofindthecenterofmassoftheemptysilogives
silo
cm
wall
base
3.8 104 kg 15 m 6 103 kg 0
mwall zcm
mbase zcm
13 m
M
3.8 104 kg 6 103 kg
sothecompletecoordinatesofthecenterofmassare(0,0,13m),totwosignificantfigures.
(b)Treattheemptysiloandsilageasiftheirentiremasswereconcentratedattheirrespectivecenterofmass
points.Wefoundthecenterofmassoftheemptysiloinpart(a).Thezcoordinateofthecenterofmassofthe
silage
silageishalfwayupits20meterheight,so zcm 10 m andthesilagesmassis
msilage silageVsilage silage r 2 h 800 kg/m3 4 m 2 20 m 2.01 105 kg

InsertingtheseresultsintoEquation9.2gives
silage
zcm
silo
silage
msilo zcm
msilage zcm
4.4 10
kg 13 m (2.01 105 kg 10 m
4.4 10 kg 2.01 10 kg
4
11 m
totwosignificantfigures.Thus,thecompletecoordinatesofthecenterofmassare(0,0,11m).
ASSESSWhenthesilageisadded,thecenterofmassislowered,asexpectedbecausethesilagefillsfromthe
bottomofthesilo.
50.
INTERPRETThisproblemisaboutconservationoflinearmomentum.Theobjectofinterestisthefirecrackerthat
hasexplodedintothreepieces.Withthemassandvelocityoftwopiecesgiven,wecanuseconservationoflinear
momentumtofindthevelocityofthethirdpiece.
DEVELOPTheinstantaftertheexplosion(beforeanyexternalforceshavehadanytimetoactappreciably)the
totalmomentumofthethreebodysystem(i.e.,thethreefirecrackerfragments)isstillzero.Expressed
mathematically,thisis
r
r
r
r
Ptot 0 m1v1 m2 v2 m3 v3
whichwecansolvetofind v3 .
EVALUATEThemassofthethirdpieceis m3 m m1 m2 42 g 12 g 21 g 9 g. Itsvelocityis
r
r
12 g 35 m/s i 21 g 29 m/s j
m v m2 v2
r
v3 1 1
47 m/s i 68 m/s j
m3
9g
ASSESSSincetheinitialmomentumofthefirecrackeriszero,weexpectthemomentumofthethirdpieceto
completelycancelthemomentumofthefirsttwopieces.Thus, v3 hascomponentsthatareoppositeto v1 and v2 .

Sincem3issmallerthanm1andm2,weexpectthemagnitudeof v3 tobegreaterthanthemagnitudesof v1 and v2 .
51.
INTERPRETNoexternalforcesactonthethreebodysystem,sototallinearmomentumisconserved.Wecanuse
thistofindthevelocityofthecameradiscardedbytheastronaut.
DEVELOPIntherestframeoftheastronaut(i.e.,intheinertialframeofreferenceinwhichtheastronautisat
rest),thetotalmomentumofthethreebodysystemiszero.Aftertheastronautdiscardsthetwoitems,thetotal
momentummuststillbezero,so
r
r
r
m1v1 m2 v2 m3v3 0
wherethesubscripts1,2,and3refertotheastronaut,theaircanister,andthecamera,respectively.Decomposing
thisvectorequationintotwoscalarequationsgives

m v sin 200 m v

sin 0 m v
m1v1 cos 200o m2 v2 cos 0o m3v3, x 0

o
r
whichwecansolvefor v3 .
1 1
2 2
3 3, y
EVALUATESolvingfirstforthexcomponentofthecamerasvelocity,wefind
v3 x
60 kg 0.85 m/s cos 200 14 kg 1.6 m/s

5.8 kg
4.4 m/s
Similarly,theycomponentis
60 kg 0.85 m/s sin 200

3.0 m/s
5.8 kg
r
Sothevelocityofthecamerais v3 4.4 m/s i 3.0 m/s j
v3 y
ASSESSAlternatively,wecanexpresstheresultintermsofthemagnitudeanddirectionofthevelocity.This
gives v3 4.4 2 3.0 2 m/s 5.3 m/s and3=atan(3.0ms/4.4ms)=34counterclockwisefromthexaxis.
52.
INTERPRETBeforeanexplosion,anobjecthaskineticenergy K 2 mvi . Aftertheexplosion,ithastwopieces:

1
eachwithmassof 2 m, andeachmovingattwicetheinitialspeed, vf 2vi . Weareaskedtofindtheanglesat
whichtwopiecesofanobjectflyofffromtheexplosion.
1
DEVELOPLet'sassumethattheoriginalobjectwasmovinginthexdirection,withnomomentumintheydirection.After
theexplosion,conservationofmomentumimpliesthattheymomentumofthetwopiecessumstozero:
918
Chapter9
y component: 0
m 2v sin m 2v sin
1
2
1
2
ForTHEycomponentstocancel,theanglesthateachpiecemakeswiththexaxisareequalandopposite:
1 2 .
EVALUATETofindthevalueoftheseangles,weconsiderthemomentuminthexdirection:
x component: mvi
m 2v cos m 2v cos
1
2
1
2
Thisreducesto cos 1 2 , whichmeanstheanglesare60and60.

ASSESSInthiscase,thespeedrelativetothecenterofmassisjusttheycomponentoftheirvelocity:
vrel 2vi sin 60o 3vi . Thisimpliesthattheinternalenergywouldbe
1
K int 12 mi vi2rel
1
2
m
1
2
3vi
12
m
1
2
3vi
1
2
mvi2 3K
ThisAGREESwiththeresultinProblem9.22.
53.
INTERPRETThisonedimensionalprobleminvolvesconservationoflinearmomentumandrelativemotion.We
canusetheformertofindthespeedofthesprinterwithrespecttothecartandthelattertofindherspeedrelativeto
theground.
DEVELOPWechooseacoordinatesysteminwhichthecartmovesinthe i direction,andthesprinterrunsin
the i direction.Theinitialmomentumofthesystemis
p ms mc vcm
Thefinalmomentumofthesystemis
p ms vs mc vc mc vc
becauseshehaszerovelocitywithrespecttotheground(vs=0).Equatingthesetwoexpressionsfortotallinear
momentum(byconservationoftotallinearmomentum),wehave
ms mc vcm ms vs mc vc mc vc
UsingEquation3.7toexpressthesprintersspeedrelativetothecart,wehave
vs vrel vc
vrel vc
becausevs=0.Wearegivenvcm=7.6m/s,mc=240kg,andms=55kg.
EVALUATESolvingtheequationsaboveforvrel,wefind
ms mc vcm mc vc mc vrel
m mc vcm 55 kg 240 kg 7.6 m/s
v s
rel
mc
240 kg
9.3 m/s
ASSESSThefactthatthesprinteracceleratesbypushingagainstthecartacceleratesthecartfrom7.6m/sto
9.3m/s,whichisreasonable.
54.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesexertingaforceonaconveyorbelttocompensateforthechangein
momentumcausedbythedropsofcookiedoughthatdropontothebelt.
DEVELOPIftheconveyorbeltishorizontalandmovingwithspeedv=50cm/sandthemoundsofdoughfall
vertically,thenthechangeinthehorizontalmomentumduetoeachmoundofmass mis p (m)v. The
averagehorizontalforceneededisequaltotherateatwhichmoundsaredropped(anumberNintime t , orN/t)
timesthechangeinmomentumduetoasinglemound.Thus,forthisproblemEquation9.6takestheform
r
N
r N
Fav p
t
t
m v
EVALUATEInsertingthevaluesgivenintheproblemstatement,wefindthattheaverageforcetheconveyorbelt
exertsonacookiesheetis
N
1
Fav m v
t
2 s
0.012 kg 0.50 m/s 3.0 103 N

r
ASSESSTheaverageforceisjustthetotalchangeinmomentum, P N p N m v , dividedbythetime,
t.Thegreateristhechangeinmomentumoveragiventimeinterval,thegreateristheaverageforce.
55.
INTERPRETWe'reaskedtofindthespeedsoftwoobjectsfollowingtheirheadonelasticcollision.
DEVELOPThecollisionisonedimensional,soEquations9.15(a)and9.15(b)arerelevant.Theinformationthatwe'regiven
isthat m1 m, v1i 2v, m2 4m, and v2i v. Noticethatbothobjectsareinitiallymovinginthesame

(positive)direction.
EVALUATEPluggingtheparametersintoEquations9.15,
v1f
2 4m
m 4m
6 8
2
2v
v v v
m 4m
m 4m
5 5
5
v2f
2m
4m m
4 3
7
2v
v v v
m 4m
m 4m
5 5
5
ASSESSThefirstobjectlosessomemomentumfromthecollision v1i v1f , whereasthesecondobjectgetsa
"push"fromthecollision v2i v2f . Noticethat v1f v2f , otherwiseitwouldn'tmakesensehowthefirstobject

gotaheadofthesecondobject.
56.
INTERPRETWe'reaskedtoverifythatthefinalspeedsthatwefoundinthepreviousproblemobeyconservation
ofenergy.
DEVELOPTheconservationofenergyinacollisionisexpressedinEquation9.13.
EVALUATETheinitialkineticenergyis:
1
2
m1v1i2 12 m2 v2i2 12 m 2v 12 4m v 2 4mv 2

2
Usingtheresultsfromthepreviousproblemwehaveforthefinalkineticenergy:
1
2
m1v1f2 12 m2 v2f2 12 m
v
2
5
12 4m
v
2
7
5
4
50
196
mv 2 4mv 2
50
Soyes,theenergyisconservedinthiscollision.
ASSESSAlthoughbothobjectshavethesamekineticenergyinitially,thesecondparticleleavesthecollisionwith
mostofthekineticenergy.
57.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolvesconservationofmomentumappliedtoatwobodysystem.Thecenterofmass
ofthissystemdoesnotmovebecauseofconservationofmomentum.Wewillapplytheseprinciplestofindthe
initialangleatwhichwethrewtherockandthespeedatwhichyoumustbemoving.
DEVELOPWechooseacoordinatesysteminwhichyourinitialpositionisattheorigin(seefigurebelow).Apply
Equation3.15tofindtheangleatwhichyouthrowtherock,
x1
v02
sin 2
g
withx1=15.2mx2andv0=12.0m/s.Wecanfindx2becauseweknowthecenterofmassofthetwobody
systemdoesnotchangesincetherearenohorizontalforcesactingonit.Thus,
xcm 0
x2
m1 x1 m2 x2
m1 m2
m1 x1
m2
so
920
Chapter9
x1 15.2 m
x1
m1 x1
m2
15.2 m
1 m1 m2
whichallowsustosolveEquation3.15fortheangle.Tofindthespeedatwhichyoumoveafterthrowingthe
rock,applyconservationoflinearmomentum.Yourinitialhorizontalmomentumiszero,soyourfinalmomentum
mustalsobezero,or
m1v1x m2 v2 x 0
where v1x v0 cos ,withbeingtheanglewithrespecttothehorizontalatwhichyouthrowtherock.Solvethis
equationforv2x,whichisthespeedatwhichyoumoveasaresultofthrowingtherock.
EVALUATE(a)InsertingtheknownquantitiesintoEquation3.15andsolvingfor gives
15.2 m g
15.2 m 9.8 m/s 2
x1 g
1
1
1
asin 2 asin
asin
37.7o
2
2
1 4.50 kg 65.0 kg 12.0 m/s
2
2
2
v0
1 m1 m2 v0
(b)Thespeedatwhichyourecoilafterthrowingtherockis
v2 x
4.50 kg 12.0 m/s cos 37.7o

m1v1x
m v cos
1 0
65.8 cm /s
m2
m2
65.0 kg
ASSESSThehorizontalspeedoftherockisv0cos()=9.50m/s.Thus,yourrecoilspeedismuchlessthanthe
rockshorizontalspeed,asexpected.
58.
INTERPRETTheproblemasksaboutthespeedofthedrunkdriverjustbeforeatotallyinelasticcollision.Energy
isnotconservedinthisprocess,butmomentumis.
DEVELOPIfthewreckageskiddedonahorizontalroad,theworkenergytheoremrequiresthattheworkdoneby
frictionbeequaltothechangeofthekineticenergyofbothcars,orWnc=K(seeEquation7.5).Since
Wnc f k x k nx k (m1 m2 ) gx
and
K 12 m1 m2 v 2
wherevisthespeedofthewreckageimmediatelyaftercollision,weareleadto
1
k gx v 2
2
Theequationcanbeusedtosolveforv.Oncevisknown,wecanapplymomentumconservationtofindtheinitial
speedofthedrunkdriver.
EVALUATEFromtheabove,wefindthespeedofthecars(wreckage)justafterthecollisionis
v 2 k gx
Momentumisconservedtheinstantofthecollision,soifv1isthespeedofthedrunkdriverscarjustbeforethe
collision(andv2=0fortheparkedcar),then m1v1 m1 m2 v or
v1
m1 m2
m m2
v 1
m1
m1
2 k gx
1600 kg 1300 kg
2 0.77 9.8 m/s 2 25 m 35 m/s
1600 kg
Thisisabout79mi/h,sothedriverwasspeedingaswellasintoxicated.
ASSESSTheanswermakessensebecauseincreasing v1 willresultinagreaterwreckagespeedv,andthusalonger
skiddingdistancex.
59.
INTERPRETThistwobodyprobleminvolveskinematics(Chapters2and3)andmotionofthecenterofmass.
Therocketsexplodesintotwoequalmassfragmentsatitspeakheight,whichwecancalculatefromthekinematic
equationsofChapter2.Wearegiventhetimeittakesfromtheexplosionforonefragmenttohitthegroundandare
askedtofindthetimeatwhichthesecondfragmenthitstheground.
DEVELOPAtthepeakoftherocketstrajectory(justbeforetheexplosion),itscenterofmass yvelocityiszero,
or vcm 0 .Themotionofthecenterofmassisunaffectedbytheexplosion,sojustaftertheexplosion,the
0 .Expressingthecenterofmassvelocityintermsofthevelocitiesv1andv2offragments1and2
velocity vcm
gives
vcm
0
v1 v2
mv1 mv2
mm
wheretheequalmassfragmentseachhavemassm.Wecannowusethekinematicequationstofindv1.Theheight
hatwhichtherocketexplodesmaybefoundusingEquation2.11,whichgives(withaslightchangeinnotation)
} 0
vcm v02 2 gh
h
v02
2g
wherevisthevelocityatthepeakofthetrajectoryandv0=40m/s.Knowingtheheightandthetimet1for
fragment1tohittheground,wecanfinditsinitialvelocityfromEquation3.13.Thisgives
h
}
1
y y0 v1t1 gt12
2
2
h gt1 2 v02 2 g gt12 2 v02 gt1
v1
t1
t1
2 gt1 2
Knowingv1(andthusv2),wecanfindthetimeforfragment2tohitthegroundbyusingthesameEquation(i.e.,
3.13),butsolvingforthetimeinsteadofthevelocity.Thisgives
h v2t2
t2
1 2
gt2
2
v2 v22 2 gh
g
v1 v12 2 gh
EVALUATEEvaluatingfirstv1,wefind
v1
v1 v12 v02
g
2
9.81 m/s 2 2.87 s
40 m/s
v02 gt1
14.38 m/s
2 gt1 2
2
2 9.81 m/s 2 2.87 s
wherewehaveretainedoneextrasignificantfigurebecausethisisanintermediateresult.Insertingthisresultinto
theexpressionfort2gives
t2
v1 v12 v02
g
14.38 m/s
14.38 m/s 2 40 m/s 2
9.81 m/s
2
5.80 s, 2.87 s
Thephysicallysignificantresultist2=5.80s.
ASSESSThetimeforfragment2toreachthegroundwillincreasewithincreasing|v1|,whichisreasonable
becauseiffragment1hasalargerdownwardvelocityinitially,thenfragment2hasalargerinitialupwardvelocity.
Also,notethatifv1,v20,thent2=t1=4.08s,whichisintermediatebetween2.87sand5.80s,asexpected.
60.
INTERPRETInthisproblem,atotallyinelasticcollisionresultsinhalfofthekineticenergybeinglost.Weare
askedtofindtheratioofthemasses.
922
Chapter9
DEVELOPTheparticlescomeateachotherwithequalbutoppositevelocities v1 v2 . Inordertoobeyconservationof
momentum(Equation9.11),thefinalvelocityhastobeparalleltotheinitialvelocities.Inotherwords,theproblem
isonedimensional:
m m2
r
r
r
r
m1v1 m2 v1 m1 m2 v1 m1 m2 vf vf 1
v
m1 m2
EVALUATEWe'retoldtheinitialkineticenergyistwicethefinalkineticenergy:
1
2
m1v12 12 m2 v22
1
2
m1 m2 v 2 2 12 m1 m2 vf2
vf
1
2
We'llchoosethepositiveroot,whichpluggedintotheaboverelationgives:
m1
m2
2 1
2 1
2 1 ; 5.8
ASSESSWhataboutthenegativeroot?Ifwechooseitinstead,wegettheinverseofourresult:
m1 / m2 1/
61.
2 1 . Sinceitwasn'tspecifiedwhichmasswasbigger,bothanswersarecorrect.
INTERPRETInthistwobodyproblemweareaskedtofindtherelativespeedbetweenthesatelliteandthe
boosterafterthegivenimpulse.Wecanapplyconservationofmomentumbecausetherearenoexternalforces
actingonthesystem.Finally,thiswillbeaonedimensionalproblembecausewearedealingwithonlytwobodies,
sotheirrelativemotionmustbelineartosatisfyconservationofmomentum.
DEVELOPByNewtonsthirdlaw,theexplosionappliesaforceofequalmagnitudetoeachbody(satelliteand
r
r
booster),butintheoppositedirection.Wethereforehave J s J b ,wherethesubscriptssandbrefertothe
r
J J 350 N s .AsexplainedforEquation9.10b,animpulse J is
satelliteandbooster,respectively,and
r sr b r
equaltothechangeofmomentum: J p mv , whichallowsustofindthespeedofthesatelliteandthe
r r
boosterinthe(stationary)centerofmassframe.Therelativespeedofseparationis vrel vs vb .
EVALUATEInitiallyboththesatelliteandtheboosterareatrest.Afterexplosion,theirvelocitiesare
r
r
r ps J s
vs
ms
ms
r
r
r
pb J b J s
r
vb
mb
mb
mb
Thus,therelativespeedofseparationis
r
r
1
Js Js
1
1
1
r r
| vs vb |
Js
(350 N s)
0.92 m/s
ms mb
950 kg 640 kg
ms mb
ASSESSTherelativespeedisshowntodependonJs,themagnitudeoftheimpulse.Thegreatertheimpulse,the
fasterthesatelliteandtheboosterseparatefromeachother.
62.
INTERPRETYouhavetocalculatetheimpulseimpartedbyaforcethatisnotconstant.
DEVELOPTheimpulseofavariableforcerequiresintegration(Equation9.10b): J F t dt.
EVALUATETherocket'sthrustisonedimensional,sowecandropthevectornotation.Integratingthegivenforce
equationovertheburntimegives
t
J at t t dt 13 at 3 12 at 2 t
Plugginginthegivenvalues:
16 at 3
J 16 4.6 N/s 2 2.8 s 17 N s

3
Yes,therocketmeetsitsspecs.
1
1
2
ASSESSThethruststartsatzero,thenrisestoapeakat t 2 t where F 4 at (recallaisnegative),before
fallingbacktozeroat t t. Wecouldgetaroughestimateoftheimpulsebyassumingthattheaverageforceis
1
2
approximatelyequaltohalfofthepeakvalue F : 8 a t . Multiplyingbythetimetheforceisappliedgives:
1
3
J : 8 a t , whichisn'ttoofarofffromthepreciseresultabove.
63.
INTERPRETThistwodimensionalproblemasksforthespeedofoneoftwovehiclesjustbeforeitstotally
inelasticcollisionwiththesecondvehicle.Giventheroadcondition(i.e.,thecoefficientofkineticfriction),we
wanttoshowthatthespeedofoneofthecarsexceeded25km/h.Energyisnotconservedinthisprocess,but
momentumis.Furthermore,becauseworkisdonebyfriction,thisprobleminvolvestheworkenergytheorem.
DEVELOPIfthewreckageskiddedonahorizontalroad,theworkenergytheoremrequiresthattheworkdoneby
frictionbeequaltothechangeofthekineticenergyofbothcars.Wnc=K(seeEquation7.5).Because
Wnc f k x k nx k m1 m2 gx, and K K f Ki 0 12 m1 m2 v 2 , wherevisthespeedofthe
wreckageimmediatelyaftercollision,weareledto
1
k gx v 2
2
Therefore,thespeedofthewreckagejustafterthecollisionis v 2 k gx . Next,momentumconservation
requiresthattheinitialandfinalmomentumarethesame,so
r
r
r
m1v1 m2 v2 m1 m2 v
r
r
r m1v1 m2 v2
v
m1 m2
where v istheinitialvelocityofthewreckage.Tofindthechangeinkineticenergy,weneedtocalculatethe
r r
scalarproduct v v :
r
r
r
r
r r m v m2 v2 m1v1 m2 v2
v 2 v v 1 1
m1 m2
m1 m2

0
}
r r
2 2
2 2
m v m2 v2 2m1m2 v1 v2
1 1
m1 m2 2 m1 m2 2
m12 v12 m22 v22
m1 m2 2
r r
wherewehaveusedthefactthatthescalarproduct v1 v2 0 becausetheinitialvelocitiesareperpendicularto
eachother.Inthenextstep,weinsertthemaximumspeedforonecartofindtheminimumspeedfortheothercar.
EVALUATEInserting v 2 k gx intotheaboveexpressionfortheinitialvelocityofthewreckageleadsto
v2
m12 v12 m22 v22
m1 m2 2
2 k gx
Solvingfor v1 gives
2 k gx m1 m2 m22 v22
2
v1
m12
wherewehavetakenthepositivesquareroot.Considernowthefollowingsituations:
Letsubscript1correspondtotheToyota2totheBuick.IfthespeedoftheBuickisv2=25km/h=6.94m/s,then
thespeedoftheToyotawouldbe
2 k gx m1 m2 m22 v22
2
v1
m12
2 0.91 9.8 m/s 2 22 m 1200 kg 2200 kg 2200 kg

2
6.94 m/s 2
(1200 kg)2
55 m/s 200 km/h

Thus,weconcludethatthespeedoftheToyotaexceeded25km/h.
(2)Here,wereversetheassignmentofthesubscripts1and2.IfthespeedoftheToyotaisv2=25km/h=6.94m/s,
thenthespeedoftheBuickwouldbe
924
Chapter9
2 k gx m1 m2 m22 v22
2
v1
m12
2 0.91 9.8 m/s 2 22 m 2200 kg 1200 kg 1200 kg

2
6.94 m/s 2
2200 kg 2
30 m/s 110 km/h

Thus,weconcludethatthespeedoftheBuickexceeded25km/h.
Fromtheanalysisabove,weconcludethatifonecarisgoingat25km/h,thentheotheronemusthavebeen
speeding,soatleastonecarmusthavebeenspeeding.
ASSESSIfweknewthedirectionofthewreckagevelocity,wecouldeasilyfindthecarthatwasspeeding.
64.
INTERPRETThisonedimensionalproblemconsidersanexplosiononahorizontalfrictionlesssurface,so
momentumisconservedbecausetherearenohorizontalforcesactingonthepopcorn.Kineticenergyisnot
conservedbecausetheexplosiondoesworkonthepopcornfragments,sotheworkenergytheoremtellsusthatthe
kineticenergymustchange(seeEquation7.5).
DEVELOPByconservationofmomentum,wecanequatetheinitialandfinalmomenta,whichgives
2mv0 mv1 mv2 m v1 v2

} 0
2v0 v1 v2
v2 2v0
wherem=200g,andwehavearbitrarilychosenfragment1tobetheonewithzerovelocityaftertheexplosion.
Knowingtheinitialandfinalspeeds,wecanfindtheinitialandfinalkineticenergiesandsocalculatethechange
inkineticenergyK=KfKi:
} 0
1
1 2 1 2
2
K 2m v0 mv1 mv2
2
2
2
1
K mv02 mv22
2
EVALUATEInsertingthev2=2v0intotheexpressionforKandevaluatingtheresultgives
1
2
2
K mv02 m 2v0 mv02 200 106 kg 0.082 m/s 1.3 J
2
ASSESSWefindthatthekineticenergyofthesystemdecreases,asexpected,becausetheexplosiondoesworkon
thesystembypushingthefragmentsapart,andtheworkenergytheoremtellsusthatthisworkmustcomeatthe
expenseofthesystemskineticenergy.
65.
INTERPRETThistwodimensionalprobleminvolvesatotallyinelasticcollision,somomentumisconservedbut
kineticenergyisnotconserved.Wecanuseconservationofmomentumtofindtheanglebetweentheinitial
velocitiesbeforeathecollision.
DEVELOPThecollisionbetweenthetwomassesistotallyinelastic.Conservationofmomentumtellsusthat
r
r
r
m1v1 m2 v2 m1 m2 vf
r
r
r m v m2 v2
vf 1 1
m1 m2
Weknownthemagnitudeofallthevelocitiesinvolved,butnottheirrelativeorientation.Wecanfindthisby
takingthescalarproductofthefinalvelocitywithitself:
r
r
r
r
m1v1 m2 v2 m1v1 m2 v2
r r
2
vf vf vf
m1 m2
m1 m2

r r
m12 v12 m22 v22 2m1m2 v1 v2
m1 m2 2
r r
r
r
Usingthedefinitionofascalarproduct, v1 v2 v1v2 cos , theanglebetween v1 and v2 canbefound.
EVALUATEWithm1=m2=mandv1=v2=v=2vf,theaboveequationcanbesimplifiedto
v 2 m 2 v 2 m 2 v 2 2m 2 v 2 cos 1 2
v 1 cos
4
2
4m 2
Therefore,theanglebetweenthetwoinitialvelocitiesis
1
120
2
ac os
r
ASSESSToseethattheresultmakessense,suppose v1 makesanangle 60 withxand v2 makesanangle

60 withx.Theycomponentofthetotalmomentumcancels.Butforthexcomponent,wehave
mv cos 60 mv cos 60 m m v f
Solvingforvf,wegetvf=v/2,whichconfirmstheresultobtainedabove.
66.
INTERPRETThisisaonedimensionalproblemthatinvolvesanelasticcollisionbetweentwoparticles,so
conservationofmomentumandoftotalmechanicalenergyapply.Wecanusetheseprinciplestofindthemassand
finalvelocityofthenonprotonparticle.
DEVELOPBecausethisisanelasticcollisioninonedimension,wecanapplyEquation9.15aand9.15btofind
themassandvelocityofthesecondparticle.Forthisproblem,theprecollisionvelocitiesarev1i=6.90Mm/sand
v2i=2.80Mm/s,andthepostcollisionvelocityoftheprotonis v1f 8.62 Mm/s .Theknownmassism1=1u.
WecansolveEquation9.15aforthem2,whichgives
m2
m1 v1i v1f
v1f v1i 2v2i
WecantheninserttheresultofthiscalculationintoEquation9.15btofindv2f.
EVALUATEInsertingthegivenquantitiesintotheexpressionaboveforthemassoftheunknownparticlegives
6.90 Mm/s 8.62 Mm/s
8.62 Mm/s+6.90 Mm/s 2 2.80 Mm/s
m2
1 u 4 u
InsertingthisresultintoEquation9.15bgives
v2f
2
3
2
3
v1i v2i 6.90 Mm/s 2.80 Mm/s 1.08 Mm/s
5
5
5
5
ASSESSBecausethesecondparticleismoremassive,theprotongainsmomentuminthecollision.Thealpha
particle,however,losesmomentum.
67.
INTERPRETTheonedimensionalcollisioninthisproblemiselastic,sobothmomentumandenergyare
conserved.Weareaskedtofindtheratioofthetwomassesiftheonethatisinitiallyatrestacquires,afterthe
collision,halfofthekineticenergythattheotherhadbeforethecollision.
DEVELOPMomentumisconservedinthisprocess.Inthisonedimensionalcase,wemaywrite
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1f m2 v2f

Sincethecollisioniscompletelyelastic,energyisconserved:
0
1
1 }2 1
1
2
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1f2 m2 v2f2
2
2
2
2
Usingthetwoconservationequations,thefinalspeedsofm1andm2are(seeEquations9.15aand9.15b):
v1f
m1 m2
2m2
2m1
m m1
v1i
v2i and v2f
v1i 2
v2i
m1 m2
m1 m2
m1 m2
m1 m2
Giventhatv2i=0,theaboveexpressionsmaybesimplifiedto
v1f
m1 m2
v1i
m1 m2
v2f
2m1
v1i
m1 m2
926
Chapter9
Now,ifhalfofthekineticenergyofthefirstobjectistransferredtothesecond,then
K 2f
1
K1i
2
1 2m1v1i
m2
2 m1 m2
1
m1v1i2
4
EVALUATETheaboveequationcanbefurthersimplifiedto
8m1 m2 m1 m2
m m1
8 1
1
m2 m2
2
2
Theresultingquadraticequation, m1 6m1 m2 m2 0 hastwosolutions:
5.83m2
m1 3 8 m2
5.83 m2
1
Becausethequadraticequationissymmetricinm1andm2,onesolutionequalstheotherwithm1andm2
interchanged.Thus,oneobjectis5.83timesmoremassivethantheother.
ASSESSTocheckthatouransweriscorrect,letscalculatethekineticenergyoftheparticlesafterthecollision.
Usingm1=5.83m2,wefind
K 2f
1
1 2m1v1i
m2 v2f2 m2
2
2 m1 m2
2m1
1 m1

v1i2
2 5.83
m1 m1 /5.83

1 m1
2
1
1
v1i2 m1v1i2 K1i
2 5.83 1 1/5.83
4
2
asexpected.
68.
INTERPRETThisisaonedimensional,threebodyproblemthatinvolveselasticcollisions,sobothconservation
ofmomentumandenergyapply.Weneedtofindthefinalvelocityofeachblockafterthecollisions.
DEVELOPWecananalyzeseparatelythetwocollisionsinthisproblem,andapplyEquations9.15toeach
collision.Forthefirstcollision,betweenblocksAandB,wefind(withvafv)
vAf
0
mA mB
2mB }
m mB
vAi
vBi A
vAi
mA mB
mA mB
mA mB
vBf,int
0
mB mA }
2mA
2mA
vBi
vAi
vAi
mA mB
mA mB
mA mB
wherevBf,intistheintermediatefinalvelocityofblockB.BlockBthenproceedstocollidewithblockC,andthe
finalvelocitiesfromthatcollisionare
vBf
vCf
0
mB mC
2mC }
m mC
vBf,int
vCi B
vBf,int
mB mC
mB mC
mB mC
0
mC mB }
2mB
2mB
vCi
vBf,int
vBf,int
mC mB
mA mB
mA mB
EVALUATEInsertingthemassesoftheblocksmA=m,mB=2m,andmC=m,andrecallingthatvAfv,wefind
vAf
m 2m
1
vAi v
m 2m
3
vBf,int
vBf
2m
2
vAi v
m 2m
3
2m m
2
1 2
vBf,int vAi v
3 3
2m m
9
vCf
2mB
4m 2
8
vBf,int
vAi v
mA mB
m 2m 3
9
ASSESSWecanverifythatmomentumisconservedinthisprocess:
2
8
3 4 8
1
mvAi mvAi 2mvAi mvAi mvAi mvAi

3
9
9
9 9 9
69.
INTERPRETWeareaskedtoderiveEquation9.15bwhichwecandousingconservationofmomentum.In
addition,sinceEquation9.15bdescribesanelasticcollision,conservationofkineticenergyalsoapplies.
DEVELOPUseconservationofmomentum,
r
r
r
r
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1f m2 v2f .
Becausethisisanelasticcollision,kineticenergyisalsoconserved,so
1
1
1
1
m1v1i2 m2 v2i2 m1v1f2 m2 v2f2 .
2
2
2
2
Usethesetwoequationstosolveforv2f.MuchofthisproblemisdonealreadyinEquations9.12athrough9.14.
EVALUATEFirstsolveEquation9.14forv1ftoget v1f v2f v2i v1i . Whenwesubstitutethisresultinto
Equation9.12,usingthesignofvtodenotethedirection,weobtain m1v1i m2 v2i m1 v2f v2i v1i m2 v2f .
Solvingthisforv2fgives
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v2i m1v1i m1 m2 v2f

v2f
2m1
m m1
v1i 2
v2i
m1 m2
m1 m2
ASSESSOurresultagreeswithEquation9.15b,asexpected.
70.
INTERPRETThistwodimensional,twobodyprobleminvolvesconservationofmomentumandenergybecause
thecollisioniselastic.Wearetoshowthatacollisionthatisnotheadonwillresultinthefinalvelocitiesbeing
perpendicular.
DEVELOPWithoneofthebodiesinitiallyatrest,conservationofenergygives
r
r
r
p1i p1f p2f
andconservationofenergygives[usingK=p2/(2m)]
p1i2 2m1 p1f2 2m1 p2f2 2m2

p1i2 p1f2 p2f2
2
wherethesecondlineusesthefactthattheobjectshaveequalmass.Thesetwoexpressionsfor p1i canbeequated
tofindtheanglebetweentheresultingmomentumvectors.
2
EVALUATEEquatingthetwoexpressionsabovefor p1i gives
r
r
p1f2 p2f2 | p1f p2f |2
r r
p1f2 p2f2 p1f2 2 p1f p2f p2f2
r r
0 2 p1f p2f
r r
Recallingthatthescalarproductisdefinedas p1f p2f p1f p2f cos ,weseethattheangle=90,unlessp1f=0,
asforaheadoncollision.
ASSESSYoucanverifythisresultonapooltable.
71.
INTERPRETThetwodimensionalprobleminvolvesanelasticcollisionbetweenaprotonandaninitially
stationarydeuteron.Giventheanglebetweentheirfinalvelocities,wearetofindthefractionofkineticenergy
transferredfromtheprotontothedeuteronintheprocess.
DEVELOPUsingthecoordinatesystemshowninthesketchbelow(thedeuteronsrecoilangle 2fisnegative),
thecomponentsoftheconservationofmomentumequationsfortheelasticcollisionbecome
928
Chapter9
mp vpi mp vpf cos 1f md vdf cos df

0 mp vpf sin pf md vdf sin df
Inaddition,conservationofenergygivesus
1
1
1
mp vpi2 mp vpf2 md vdf2
2
2
2
sothefractionofinitialkineticenergytransferredtothedeuteronis
md vdf
m p vpi
K pf
K df
1
K pi
K pi
v pf
1
vpi
EVALUATEWithmd=2mp,theconservationequationsbecome
vpi vpf cos pf 2vpf cos pf

0 vpf sin pf 2vdf sin df
v vpf2 2vdf2 .
2
pi
Tofindthefinalvelocities,eliminate2ffromthefirstandsecondequationsandv2ffromthethirdtoget
vpi2 2vpi vpf pf vpf2 4vdf2 sin 2 df cos 2 df 4vdf2 2vpi2 2vpf2
Thisresultsinaquadraticequationforvpf: 3v 2vpi vpf cos pf v 0, withpositivesolution
2
pf
2
pi
1
vpf vpi cos pf cos 2 pf 3 0.902vpi
3
wherewehaveused1f=37.Fromthekineticenergyequation,wehave vdf
1
2
(vpi2 vpf2 ) 0.305vpi , and
fromthetransversemomentumequation,wehave
0.902vpi sin 37
vpf sin 37
1
sin
62.7
2vdf
2 0.305vpi
df sin 1
Fromeithervpforvdf,thefractionoftransferredkineticenergyisfoundtobe
vpf
K df
K
1 df 1
K pi
K pi
vpi
1 0.902 18.6%
2
ASSESSThefractionofenergytransfercanalsobeobtainedas
K df md vdf
K pi mp vpi
2 0.305 0.186 18.6%

2
Here,onedoesnotneedbothfinalvelocitiestoanswerthisquestion,butamorecompleteanalysisofthiscollision,
includingthedeuteronrecoilangle,isinstructive.
72.
INTERPRETThistwodimensionalprobleminvolvesathreebody,totallyelasticcollision.Wecantherefore
applyconservationoftotallinearmomentumandconservationofenergytofindthevelocitiesofthethreeballs
afterthecollision.
DEVELOPBecausetheballsarethesamesize,thedirectionoftheimpactforceisat30withrespecttothe
horizontal(seefigurebelow).Bysymmetry,ballsBandCreceivethesameimpulse,sotheirhorizontalvelocity
componentsandthemagnitudeoftheirvelocitiesmustbeequivalent.Thus,vC=vBand vC vB, x i vB, y j .

Applyingconservationofmomentuminthe i directionthereforegives
mv0 mvA mvB cos 30 mvC cos 30

v0 vA vB 3
ApplyingconservationofenergyandusingtheresultfromconservationofmomentumandtheresultthatvC=vB
gives
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
mv0 mvA mvB mvC
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
v0 vA 2vB
v0 v A
v02 vA2 2
whichwecansolveforvA.OnceweknowvA,wecanusetheexpressionabovefromconservationofmomentumto
findvB(andvC).
EVALUATESolvingtheexpressionaboveforvAgives
2
v0 vA 2
3
2
v0 vA v0 vA 3 v0 vA 2
v
vA 0
5
r
v
v
5
0 i .UsingtheresultforvAtofindvBgives
BecausevAhasonlyahorizontalcomponent,wehave
v02 vA2
v02
2vB2
25
2v
vB 0 3
5
v02
soincomponentformwehave
r
vB vB cos i vB sin j
2 3
2 3 1
3
j
v0 i
v0
5
2
5
2
3 3
v i
v0 j
5 0
Fromthesymmetryargumentsabove,wenowhave
3
r 3
vC v0 i
v0 j
5
5
ASSESSWecancheckthatmomentumandenergyareconserved.Formomentum,wehave
930
Chapter9
r
r
r
r
mv0 mvA mvB mvC
1
3
3 3
3
v0i v0 i v0i
v0 j v0i
v0 j
5
5
5
5
5
v0i
andforenergy,wehave
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
mv0 mvA mvB mvC
2
2
2
2
2
v
9
3
9 3 2
v02 0
v02
v0
25
25 25
25 25
v02
73.
INTERPRETThisproblemasksustofindanexpressionfortheimpulseimpartedbyatimevaryingforce.
DEVELOPTheimpulseofavariableforcerequiresintegration(Equation9.10b): J F t dt. Inthiscase,we'llneedto
use sin x dx cos x.

EVALUATETheforceandtheimpulseareonedimensional,sowewillneglectthevectorformalism.Evaluating
theintegraloverthegiventimeinterval:
/a
/a
F
F0 sin at dt 0 cos at
a
0
F0
2F
cos cos 0 0
a
a
Noticethattheargumentofthesineandcosinefunctionsisnotdegreesbutradians,so cos 1.
ASSESSTheunitsare N s, astheyshouldbefortheimpulse.
74.
INTERPRETThistwodimensionaltwobodyprobleminvolvesaninelasticcollision,sowecanapply
conservationoflinearmomentum,butnotconservationofenergy.Wecanapplyconservationofmomentumto
findthevelocityoftheozone.
DEVELOPForthistotallyinelasticcollision,momentumconservationgives
r
r
r
m1v1 m2 v2 m1 m2 vf
r
r
r m v m2 v2
vf 1 1
m1 m2
Thevelocitiesoftheoxygenmolecule(denotedwithsubscript1)andoxygenatom(subscript2)are
r
v1 580 m/s i
r
v2 870 m/s cos 27 i sin 27 j 775 m/s i 395 m/s j
r
r
EVALUATESubstitutingtheaboveexpressionsfor v1 and v2 intothefirstequation,weobtain
r
r
r
r
r m v m2 v2 32 u v1 16 u v2 2 r 1 r
vf 1 1
v1 v2
m1 m2
32 u 16 u
3
3
2
1
580 m/s i 775 m/s i 395 m/s j
3
3
645 m/s i 132 m/s j

r
ASSESSThemagnitudeanddirectionof v f are v 658 m/s and x 11.5. Theresultisreasonablesincewe
expecttheangletobebetween0and 27.
75.
INTERPRETThisonedimensionaltwobodyprobleminvolvesaninelasticcollisionsowecanapply
conservationofmomentumbutnotconservationofenergy.Wewillalsoneedtoapplysomekinematicstofindthe
maximumheightandthespeedwithwhichthecombinationhittheground.
DEVELOPByconservationofmomentum,wecanequatethemomentumofthetwobodysystembeforeandafter
theFrisbeemudcollision.Thisgives
mm vi mF mm vf
UsingEquation2.11,wefindthevelocityvm,iwithwhichthemudhitstheFrisbeetobe
2
vm,i vm,0
2 g y y0
17.7 m/s 2 2 9.8 m/s 2 7.65 m 1.23 m
13.69 m/s
Therefore,theinitialvelocityofthemudFrisbeecombinationis
vf
mm vi
0.240 kg 13.7 m/s
9.288 m/s
mF mm
0.240 kg 0.114 kg
upward.UsethisresultinthekinematicEquation2.11tofindthemaximumheightandthespeeduponhittingthe
groundforthemudFrisbeecombination.
EVALUATE(a)Themaximumheightreachedis
v 2 vf2
0.00 m/s 9.28 m/s
7.65 m
8.10 m
2 g
2 9.8 m/s 2
2
y y0
(b)Anobjectfallingfromthisheight,unimpededbyairresistanceorotherobstacles,wouldattainaspeedof
v 2 gy 2 9.8 m/s 2 8.10 m 12.6 m/s

whenitreachestheground(wherewehaveretainedthenegativesigntoindicatethevelocityisdownward).
ASSESSNoticethatweretainedextrasignificantfiguresfortheintermediateresults.
76.
INTERPRETThisonedimensionaltwobodyprobleminvolvesanelasticcollisionandkinematics.Wecanapply
conservationofenergyandmomentumtofindtheheightthesmallballreboundsafterbeingdroppedtogetherwith
alargerballandreboundingfromtheground.
DEVELOPTheballsreachtheground,afteraverticalfallthroughaheighth,withspeed v0 2 gh (see
Equation2.11).Assumethattheyundergoanelasticheadoncollision,withthelargeballMreboundingfromthe
groundwithinitialvelocityv2i=v0(positiveupward),andthesmallballstillfallingdownwardwithinitialvelocity
v1i=v0.Equation9.15agivesthefinalvelocityofthesmallballas
m M
vf
v0
m M
2M
3M m
v
v 3v0
m M 0 m M 0
since M m. Oncevfisknown,theheightitreboundscanbereadilycalculatedbyusingenergyconservation(or
kinematicEquation2.11).
2
EVALUATEConservationoftotalmechanicalenergyrequiresthat mv f 2 mghf , so
v2
v 2 3v0
hf f
9 0 9h
2g
2g
2g
2
oraboutninetimestheoriginalheight.
ASSESSThisdemonstration,sometimescalledaMinskicannon,isstriking.Tryitwithanewtennisballand
properlyinflatedbasketball.
77.
INTERPRETThisonedimensional,twobodyprobleminvolvesacollisionthatisneitherelasticnorinelastic,so
wecanapplyconservationofmomentum.Giventhatwearetoldtheamountofkineticenergythatislostinthe
collision,wecanapplyconservationofenergyaswell.Wecanusetheseprinciplestofindthevelocityofthe
wreckage.
DEVELOPLettheinitialvelocitycar1bev,andthatofcarsafterthewreckagebev1andv2.Conservationof
momentumrequiresthat
mv mv1 mv2
v v1 v2
932
Chapter9
andconservationofenergygives
1 2 1 2 1 2 5 1 2
mv mv1 mv2 mv1
2
2
2
18 2
13 2
v v12 v22
18
Solvethesetwoequationsforthefinalvelocities.
EVALUATESolvingtheexpressionfromconservationofenergyfor v1,fgives
v1
13 2
v v22
18
Takingthepositivesquareroot(thenegativesolutionsimplycorrespondstothecarsmovingintheopposite
direction)andusingtheresultfromconservationofmomentumeliminatev2,fgives
13 2
2
v v v1
18
13
v12 v 2 v 2 2vv1 v12
18
v1
5 2
v 0
18
1
5
2 v1 v v1 v 0
6
6
v12 2vv1
whichhasthesolutionsv1=5v/6orv/6.Becausev1<v2(becausecar1isbehindcar2afterthewreck),wechosev1
=v/6,whichleadstov2=5v/6.
ASSESSWecaneasilyverifythatconservationofmomentumandenergy(includingtheconvertedkinetic
energy)isrespectedwiththissolution.
78.
INTERPRETThisprobleminvolveskinematics,conservationofmomentum,andconservationofenergy.Asmall
blockslidesdownafrictionlessinclineandcollidesonahorizontalfrictionlesssurfacewithasecond,largerblock
inanelasticcollision.Thesmallerblockreboundsandtravelsbackuptheinclineacertaindistance,thenslides
downtheinclineandcatchesuptothelargerblockforasecondcollision.Weareaskedtocalculatethetimethat
elapsesbeforethetwoblockscollideforthesecondtime.
DEVELOPFromconservationofenergy,andassumingasmoothtransitionfrominclinetohorizontalsurface,the
smallblockhasspeed v1i 2 gh whenthefirstcollisionoccurs.UseEquation9.15a,withm2=4m1andv2i=0to
findthespeedsoftheblocksimmediatelyafterthefirstcollision(att=0):
m m2
3
1 4
v1f 1
v1i
v1i v1i
1 4
5
m1 m2
2m1
2
v2f
v1i v1i
5
m1 m2
Thelargerblockmoveswithconstantspeedofv2f=2v1i/5totheright;itsposition,relativetothebottomofthe
incline,is
2
x2,f t x2,i v2f t 1.4 m v1,i t
5
1
1
Thesmallerblocktakestime t1 1.4 m 3v1,i 5 togetbacktotheincline,and t2 2 3v0 5 a togoupand
downtheincline,where a g sin 30 g/2. (UseEquation2.7,withinitialspeed 3v1,i 5 uptheinclineand
finalspeed 3v1,i 5 downtheincline,tocalculatet2.)Thesmallblockthenproceedswithconstantspeedin

pursuitofthelargerblock,itspositionbeing
x1,f t 3 v1,i t t1 t2 for t t1 t2

5
Theblockscollideforthesecondtimewhen x1 t x2 t .
EVALUATEThecondition x1 t x2 t implies
3
2
v1,i t t1 t2 1.4 m v1,i t
5
5
Solvingfort,wefind
5 1.4 m 3v1,i 5 t1 t2
t
7 m v1,i 3 t1 t2
v1,i
Numerically,wehave v0
2 9.8 m/s 2 0.25 m 2.21 m/s ,whichgives

t1
t2
1.4 m
1.05 s
3 2.21 m/s 5
6v1,i
5a
t 7 m
12v1,i
5g
12 2.21 m/s
5 9.8 m/s 2
0.542 s
2.21 m/s 3 1.05 s 0.542 s 7.95 s
ASSESSThisproblemisratherinvolved.However,thevalidityofourresultcanbecheckedbysubstitutingthe
numericalvaluesfort1andt2backtotheequationsintheintermediatesteps.
79.
INTERPRETThistwodimensionaltwobodyprobleminvolvesaninelasticcollision.Intheverticaldirection,the
motionisgovernedbytheforceofgravity,andinthehorizontaldirection,wecanuseconservationofmomentum
tofindthehorizontalvelocityofthecombinedbodiesafterthecollision.Wewillneedtousekinematicequations
tofindthevelocitiesandpositionsatthevariouspointsalongthetrajectories.
DEVELOPThepeakoftheprojectile1isathalfitsrange,whichisgivenbyEquation3.15.Thus,thetwo
projectilescollideatahorizontalposition,measuredfromthelaunchpointofprojectile1,of
380 m/s sin 110o 6.92 km

1 2
x
v0 sin 2
2g
2 9.8 m/s 2
2
Justbeforethecollision,thehorizontalvelocityofprojectile1is v1, x v1 cos 380 m/s cos 55 218 m/s .

Fromconservationoflinearmomentum,weknowthatthehorizontalvelocityofthecombinedprojectileis
o
m1v1, x m2 v2, x m1 m2 vx
m2 m1
vx v1, x
v2, x vx
Wealsoknowthatthecombinedprojectiletravelsto9.6kmfromthelaunchpointbeforehittingtheground,so
x x0 vx t
vx
x x0 9.6 km 6.92 km
t
t
Finally,wecanfindtandthussolveform2usingthekinematicEquation2.7(v=v0+at,witha=gandv=0).
Thisgives
0 v0 gt
t
EVALUATEEvaluatingtheexpressionforvxgives
v0
g
9.6 km 6.92 km 9.8 m/s 2

9.6 km 6.92 km
vx
g
84.3 m/s
v0
380 m/s
Insertingthisresultintotheexpressionform2gives
934
Chapter9
m2 m1
vx v1, x
v2, x vx
14 kg
84.3 m/s 218 m/s

8.3 kg
140 m/s 84.3 m/s
ASSESSThetimerequiredforthetwotofalltothegroundist=v0/g=(380m/s)/(9.8m/s)=31.8s.Wefindthat
m2<m1,whichmakessensebecausethecombinedprojectilecontinuestotravelinthedirectionatwhichm1was
initiallytraveling.
80.
INTERPRETWearetoldtheforcethatbringsacartorestinacollision.Fromthiswewillcalculatetheimpulse
andtheaverageforce.
DEVELOPTheforceexertedbythebarrierwallonthecarisonedimensional,sotheimpulseofthecollisionis
J F t dt , wheretheintegralevaluatedoverthecollisionduration, t. Oncewehavetheimpulse,theaverage
forceissimply F J / t , fromEquation9.10a.Andfinally,themasscanbefoundthroughNewton'ssecondlaw
m F / a , withtheaccelerationdeterminedfromthecar'sinitialspeed.
EVALUATE(a)Evaluatingtheintegraloverthegiventimeinterval:
t
J at 4 bt 3 ct 2 dt dt 15 a t 5 14 bt 4 13 ct 3 12 d t 2
0
8.86 GN
3.27 GN
4
MN
362
5
s4
s3
s2
0.2s
0.2s
5
4
3
12.5 MN
s
0.2s 2 25.6 kN s
2
0.2s 3
(b)Asarguedabove,theaverageforceisjusttheimpulsedividedbythetimeinterval:
J
25.6 kN s
128 kN
t
0.2 s
(c)We'retoldthecarwasoriginallytravellingat50km/hbeforecomingtoarestin200ms,sothemagnitudeof
theaverageaccelerationis
v 50 km/h 1 m/s
2
69 m/s
t
0.2 s 3.6 km/h
Fromthis,themassmustbe
F 128 kN
1900 kg
a 69 m/s 2
ASSESSCar'svaryinmassfromabout1000to2000kg,sotheanswerfits.Theaverageaccelerationisequalto
about7g,whichsoundsaboutrightforsuchacollision.
81.
INTERPRETWeareaskedtofindthepeakintheforceforthecollisioninthepreviousproblem.
DEVELOPLet'ssimplifytheforceequationslightlybysubstitutingin x t / t :
F x 14.2 x 4 26.2 x 3 14.5 x 2 2.50 x MN
Thisfunctionequalszeroat x 0 and x 1, whichcorrespondstothebeginningandendofthecar'scollisionwith

thebarrier.Theforceispositivebetweenthesetwopoints,sothereisapeakintheforcesomewherebetween
x 0 and x 1, justaswe'dexpect.
EVALUATEAtthepeak,thederivativeshouldbezero:
dF
56.8 x3 78.6 x 2 29.0 x 2.50 0
dx
wherewehavedroppedtheunitsforthetimebeing.Dividingthroughbythex3coefficientgivesafunctionwe'll
call f x :
f x x3 1.38 x 2 0.511x 0.0440 0
Solvingacubiclikethisisratherinvolved,butweknowthatthereisarootbetween x 0 and x 1, sowecan

usetrialanderrortofindwherethecubiccrossesthexaxis.Wefirstnotethat f x isnegativeat x 0 and
positiveat x 1. Ifwetry x 0.5, wegetanegativeresult,sothecrossingpointmustbetotherightof x 0.5.
Sowecheckandseethat f 0.75 0, but f 0.85 0. Thereforetherootisinbetweenthesepoints.Thiscanbe
doneseveraltimestohoneinon x 0.825, whichisperhapssufficientlyaccurateforourpurposes.Intermsofthe

originalvariables,thepeakoccursapproximatelyat t 165 ms withavalueof F 327 kN.
ASSESSInthepreviousproblem,theaverageforcewasfoundtobe128kN.Thepeakvaluewefoundaboveis
2.5timestheaverage,whichseemsreasonable.
82.
INTERPRETTheproblemisaboutfindingthefractionoftheinitialkineticenergytransferredfromoneblockto
thesecondblockinthecourseofacollision.Thefractionisrelatedtothemassratio.
DEVELOPWith v2i 0, Equations9.15aand9.15bbecome
m m2
v1f 1
v1i
m1 m2
2m1
v2f
v1i
m1 m
2
Thefractionoftheinitialkineticenergytransferredto m2 is
K 2f 12 m2 v2f2
1
2
K1i
2 m1v1i
EVALUATESubstitutingtheexpressionfor v1f intotheequationabove,weobtain
K 2f m2 2m1
K1i
m1 m1 m2
4m1m2
m1 m2
4 m1 /m2
1 m1/m2 2
Weplotthisratiointhefigurebelow.
ASSESSThefractionofenergytransferreachesamaximumofunitywhenthemassratioequalsone.This
correspondstoCase2inSection9.6where m1 m2 . Thefirstobjectstopscompletelyandtransfersallitsenergy
tothesecondobject,whichmovesonwiththeinitialspeed v2f v1i .
83.
INTERPRETThisproblemislikethepreviousproblemwherewelookedatthetransferofkineticenergyfroma
movingblocktoaninitiallystationaryblock.Here,weshowthatthefractionofenergytransferredisindependent
ofwhichblockisthemovingoneandwhichisthestationaryone.
DEVELOPWecanusetheresultfromthepreviousproblemtowritethefractionoftheinitialenergyinthemovingblock
thatistransferredtotheinitiallystationaryblock:
4 m1 /m2
K stat
K mov 1 m1 /m2 2
whereweassumeinthiscasethatthemovingblockhasmass m1 andthestationaryblockhasmass m2 .
EVALUATEIfinstead m1 isthestationaryblock,and m2 isthemovingblock,thenthefractionbecomes
4 m2 /m1
4 m2 /m1 m1 /m2
4 m1 /m2
K stat
2
2
2
K mov 1 m2 /m1
1 m2 /m1 m1/m2 1 m1/m2 2
2
Butthisisthesameasbefore,sotheenergytransferisindependentofwhichmassisinitiallystationary.
ASSESSAsanexampleofthisindependence,onecanimaginealightblockcollidingwithaheavystationary
block(likethepingpongballandbowlingballcollisioninSection9.6).Afterthecollision,theheavyblockbarely
moves,whereasthelightblockricochetsbackwardwithessentiallythesamespeed.Inotherwords,verylittle
energyistransferred K stat / K mov 0 . Thenimaginetheblocksswitchplaces,withthelightblockinitiallyat
rest.Inthiscase,theheavyblockplowsintothelightblockandknocksitforward.Buttheheavyblockkeeps
movingwithprettymuchitsinitialspeed,soagainnotmuchenergyistransferred K stat / K mov 0 .
936
84.
Chapter9
INTERPRETWearetofindthecenterofmassofasemicircularwirewithradiusofcurvature R.FromFigure9.6,
weseethatthewireissymmetriclefttoright,sothecenterofmassisalongthecenterline.Weneedtofindthe
distanceofthecenterofmassabovethecenterofthesemicircle.Wewouldexpectthatitssomewhereover
halfwayup.
DEVELOPUsethecoordinatesystemdefinedinthefigurebelow.Theequationforcenterofmassis(Equation
9.4)
1 r
r
rcm
rdm
M
Becausethesystemisleftrightsymmetric,weneedonlytheverticalcomponentyof rcm ,sotheequationfor

centerofmassreducesto
1
ydm
M
1
M 2 R 2 M R ,sodm=Rdandy=Rsin.
ycm
Themassperunitlengthofthewireis M C 2
EVALUATEWeintegrateovertheentirewire,from=0to=
ycm
1
M
R
ydm
0
cos
M
R
M
0.637 R
1
R2
R sin Rd
sin d
M 0
M 0
2R
ASSESSThisisabitshortof2/3ofthewayup,whichiswhatweexpected.
85.
INTERPRETWefindthecenterofmassofasliceofpizzawithcentralangle andradiusR.Wewouldexpectthat
itsalongthecenteroftheslice,andclosertothecrustthantothetip.
r
rdm, whichintwodimensionscanbewrittenoutas:
xi yj dm 1 xdm i 1 ydm j xcm i ycm j
M
M
DEVELOPTheequationforcenterofmassis rcm
r
rcm 1
M
1
M
Wesetupourcoordinatesystemsuchthatthesliceissymmetricabouttheyaxis,seethefigurebelow.Inthiscase,
ycm 0. Asfor xcm , weuse x r cos andintegrateover r from0toR,andover from / 2 to / 2, where
theanglesareinradians.
Theinfinitesimalmasselement, dm, isequalto dA rdrd , where isthemassperunitarea.Sincetheslice

isuniform,thedensityisconstant:
M
M
2M
A / 2 R 2 R 2
Onecancheckthesevaluesbyverifyingthat M dA.
EVALUATEEvaluatingtheintegralforthexcomponentofthecenterofmassgives
/2
R
xcm 1 r cos 2 M2 rdrd
R
M / 2 0
R
/2
2 1 3
4R
r
sin / 2 3 sin / 2
R2 3 0
ASSESSWecancheckthisanswerbyletting / 4, whichcorrespondstoa1/8thsliceofpizza.Inthatcase,
xcm 0.65R, whichmatchesouroriginalpredictionthatthecenterofmasswillbeclosertotheoutercrustthanto

thetip.Ifinstead 2 (thefullpizza),thenthecenterofmassisat xcm 0, aswewouldexpect.
86.
INTERPRETWeuseconservationofmomentumandofenergytocalculatethekineticenergyofapelletthatgoes
throughaballisticpendulum.Thepellethasknowninitialkineticenergy,andwealsoknowthefinalpotential
energyofthependulum,sowecanfindthefinalkineticenergyofthepellet.
DEVELOPWefindtheinitialspeedofthepelletfromitsinitialkineticenergy Ki=3.25Jandmassm=052
103kg.Wethenworkbackwardfromthemaximumpotentialenergyofthependulumtofindthespeedofthe
pendulum.KnowingthispotentialenergyisU=Mgh,wherethependulummassisM=0.400kgandtheheightis
2
h=5104m,wecanfindtheinitialkineticenergy K Mvp 2 ofthependulum.Thisgivesusthespeedofthe
pendulumjustafterthecollision.Next,weuseconservationofmomentumatthecollisionwiththependulumto
2
findthepelletsspeedafterthecollision.Finally,weanswerthequestionusing K f mvf 2 .
EVALUATETheinitialspeedofthepelletis
1
mvi 2
2
2 Ki
vi
m
Ki
Thespeedofthependulumafterthecollisionisfoundby
U M gh
M vp2
1
2
vp 2 gh
Weuseconservationofmomentumatthecollisiontofindthevelocityoftheexitingpellet:
mvi mvf Mvp

m
2 Ki
mvf M 2 gh
m
vf
2Ki M
m
m
2 gh
2 3.25 J
0.40 kg
2 9.8 m/s 2 50 103 m

4
5.2 10 kg 5.2 104 kg
35.7 m/s
Sothefinalkineticenergyis
Kf
1 2 1
2
mvf 5.2 10 4 kg 35.7 m/s 0.33 J
2
2
ASSESSNotethatwecantjustuseconservationofenergy!Compare:
Ei 3.25 J
1
Ef U K f Mgh mvf2 0.332 J
2
Mostofthekineticenergyislostinthecollision,becausethisisaninelasticcollision.
938
87.
Chapter9
INTERPRETWeuseconservationofmomentumtofindthespeedofanastronautaftershethrowshertoolbox
away,andusethisspeedandthegivendistancetodeterminewhethershereachessafetybeforeheroxygenruns
out.
DEVELOPThemassoftheastronautisma=80kg.Themassofthetoolboxismt=10kg.Theinitialspeedof
bothiszero,sothefinalspeedofthetoolboxisvta=8m/srelativetotheastronaut.Wecanuseconservationof
momentumtofindthespeedoftheastronaut:0=mtvt+mava.Oncewehavethisspeed,wecalculatehowlongit
willtaketotraveladistancex=200mandhopethattheanswerislessthan4minutes.
EVALUATEFirstwefindthespeedofthetoolboxrelativetotherestframe:vt=va+vta.Nextweplugthisinto
theconservationofmomentumequation: 0 mt va vta ma va andsolvefortheastronautsspeed:
0 mt va vta ma va
va mt ma mt vta
mt
va vta
0.89 m/s
mt ma
Thetimeittakesis
x
200 m
225 s 3.75 min

va 0.89 m/s
ASSESSShemakesitwith15secondstospare.
88.
INTERPRETTheSunwillrotatearoundthecenterofmassofthesolarsystem,sothisproblemisessentially
askinghowfartheSun'scenterisfromthiscenterofmass.Forthesolarsystem,wewillonlyconsidertheSunand
Jupiterandneglectthemasscontributionfromtherestoftheplanets.
DEVELOPWecanthinkoftheSunandJupiterastwoendsofabarbell,likethatinExample9.1.Thecenterofmasslieson
thelinebetweenthetwoobjects,sowecandropthevectornotationfromEquation9.2: rcm M mi ri . Let'stake

thecenteroftheSunasourorigin,sothattheSuncontributioniszero rS 0 . Theonlyterminthesumisthat
forJupiter:
1
rcm
mJ
1
mJ rJ mS rS
r.
m
m
S J
S mJ J
27
EVALUATEFromAppendixE,themassofJupiteris 1.90 10 kg anditsorbitalradiusis 7.78 1011 m. Themass
30
oftheSunis 1.99 10 kg. Pluggingthesevaluesintheaboveexpression,
rcm
1.90 10 27 kg
1.99 1030 kg 1.90 1027 kg
7.78 10 m 7.42 10 m
11
8
ASSESSThisisonlyslightlylargerthantheradiusoftheSun RS 6.96 10 m . Theactualdistancebetween
theSunandthecenterofmassofthesolarsystemisconstantlychangingsincetheplanetsareconstantlymoving
relativetoeachotherduetotheirorbitalmotion.
89.
INTERPRETWe'reaskedtofindthetotalmassandthecenterofmassforathinrodwithnonuniformdensity.
Thedensityincreasesfromzeroatoneendtoamaximumattheotherend,sowe'dexpectthecenterofmasstobe
closertothedenserend.
DEVELOPWewillhavetointegratetofindthetotalmass: M tot dm dx. Thelimitsofintegrationarebetween
x 0 and x L. Sincethemassisdistributedalongonedimension,thecenterofmassintegraltakesasimilar
1
1
from: rcm M tot xdm M tot x dx.
EVALUATE(a)Themassintegralgives
L
M tot dx
Mx a
M x1 a
dx 1 a
1 a
L
L 1 a
M
1 a
(b)Usingtheaboveresult,thecenterofmassis
rcm
1
M tot
x dx
1 a L Mx1 a
1 a x2 a
dx 1 a
1
M 0 L
L 2 a
1 a
L
2 a
(c)If a 0, thedensityisconstant: M / L. ThetotalmassisM,andthecenterofmassoccursat 2 L, justas

wewouldexpectforarodwithuniformdensity.
2
3
ASSESSFor a 1, thecenterofmassoccursat 3 L, whilefor a 2, itoccursat 4 L. Thisagreeswithour
premonitionthathavingthedensitygetlargertoward x L willmeanthatthecenterofmasswillbeclosertothatend.
1
90.
INTERPRETWe'reaskedtoanalyzethebouncingofaballcapturedbyastrobecamera.
DEVELOPThepictureshowsthattheballbouncesuptoalowerheightaftereachbounce.
EVALUATEIfthecollisionswiththefloorweretotallyinelastic,thenwe'dexpecttheballtosticktothefloorafterthe
firstbounce,whichitdoesnot.Toanalyzebetterwhatdoeshappen,let'sdivideupthevelocityintoitsxandy
r
components: v vx i v y j. Intermsofsolelytheverticalmotion,theballhasaheadoncollisionwiththeground.If
thisheadoncollisionweretotallyelastic,thentheballshouldbouncebackintheoppositedirectionwiththesamespeed
ithitthegroundwith: v yf v yi . ThisfollowsfromCase1inSection9.6,whereasmallmass(theball)collideswitha
muchlargermass(thefloor).Iftheballhasthesameverticalspeedafterthecollision,thenbyconservationofenergythe
2
ballshouldreturntoroughlythesameheight h v y aftereachbounce,whichitdoesnot.
Byelimination,theansweris(c).
ASSESSWewouldsaythecollisionwiththegroundisinelastic(justnot"totally"),sincesomeofthekinetic
energyislosttointernalenergy(heat)oftheballandtheground.
91.
2
2
DEVELOPRightbeforethesecondcollision,theballhaskineticenergy K i 2 mvxi 2 mv yi , whileafterthecollision,it
1
has K f mv mv . Wearguedinthepreviousproblemthatbecausetheballdoesn'treboundtothesame
height,theverticalspeedatgroundlevelmustbegettingsmalleraftereachcollision v y 2 gh . Ifwejust
considerthemotionintheverticaldirection,thefractionofenergylostis:
1
2
2
xf
1
2
2
yf
K
K
i
hf hi
hi
EVALUATEWithourfingersorwithasmallruler,wecancheckthatthepeakheightafterthesecondcollisionis
about0.6timesthepeakheightbeforethecollision.Sobytheequationabove,theballlostaround40%ofits
energyintheverticaldirection.Assumingthelossinhorizontaldirectionwasn'tmorethanthat,thefractionofthe
totalenergylostisalittlelessthanhalf.
Theansweris(b).
1
1
2
2
ASSESSWe'vetreatedthecomponentsofkineticenergyseparately: K x 2 mvx and K y 2 mv y . Itshouldbe
notedthatthetwoarenotcompletelyseparate.Ifthegroundwereflatoriftheballwerespinning,acollisioncould
transferenergyintheverticaldirectiontoenergyinthehorizontaldirection,orviceversa.
92.
DEVELOPTheverticalcomponentofthevelocityafteracollisioncanbeestimatedbytheheightthattheballreachesatthe
topofthebounce: v y 2 gh . Sincetherearenohorizontalforcesactingontheballwhileit'sintheair,the
horizontalcomponentofthevelocitybetweencollisionsisconstant.Itisequaltothedistance, x, theballtravels
horizontallydividedbythetime,t,thatitremainsairbornebetweencollisionswiththefloor:
vx
x
x
xg
g
x
t
8
h
2 2 gh
2v y / g
EVALUATEInthepreviousproblem,weestimatedthattheheightafteracollisionis0.6timestheheightbefore
thecollision,sotheverticalcomponentofthevelocityisabout20%lessafteracollision.Forthehorizontal
component,weroughlymeasurethatthedistancetheballtravelsafterthesecondcollisionisabout0.8timesthe
distancebeforethecollision.Therefore,thehorizontalcomponentofthevelocitydecreasesby:
940
Chapter9
vx vxf vxi xf / hf
0.8
1
1 0
vxi
vxi
xi / hi
0.6
Therefore,theverticalcomponentismoreaffected.
Theansweris(b).
ASSESSWemighthaveexpectedthatthehorizontalvelocityremainsroughlyconstantthroughthecollision.The
nonconservativeforcesthatremoveenergyfromtheballarelikelytopointintheverticaldirectionwherethe
velocitygoesthroughthebiggestchange.
93.
DEVELOPThewayastrobecameraworksisthatittakespicturesatasetinterval.Sowecangetaroughestimateforhow
longtheballwasbetweencollisionsorinthemidstofacollisionbycountinghowmanytimesthecameracaught
theballineithersetting.
EVALUATEIntheimage,wecount7timesthattheball'spicturewastakenbetweenthefirstandsecondcollision.
However,itappearsthattheball'spicturewastakenonlyonceduringeachcollision.Sothecollisiontimeisatiny
fractionofthetimebetweencollisions.
Theansweris(a).
ASSESSThismatchesourexperiencethatcollisionsareveryshortlivedevents.

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9

m1 y1 m2 y2 m3 y3 m(0) m(0) m3 y3 m3 (2 ycm )

Solvingform3,wehave 2m m3 2m3 , or m3 2m.

thetotalmomentumofthetwoparticlesmuststillsumtozero,sowehave m1v1 m2 v2 0 .Thus,

totalmomentumofthetwoparticlesmuststillsumtozero,sowehave m v mU 235 vU235 0 .Thus,

2 4 u 5.15 MeV 1.60 103 J/MeV

235 u 2 1 .66 1027 kg/u

ASSESSToseethatourresultmakessense,letsconsiderthefollowinglimitingcases: (i) ms 0. Inthis

m1 m2 vr0 m1vr1 m2 vr2

Kf 12 m1v12 12 m2 v22 . Therefore,thechangeinkineticenergyis

m1 m2 v0 m1v1 150 g 60 km/h 38 g 85 km/h

51.5 km/h 14.3 m/s

InSIunits v0 16.67 m/s and v1 23.6 m/s, sothedifferenceinkineticenergyis

INTERPRETBeforeanexplosion,anobjecthaskineticenergy K 2 mvi . Aftertheexplosion,ithastwopieces

K f 12 m1v1f2 12 m2 v2f2 12 m1 2vi 12 m2 2vi 4

J mg t 140 kg 8.7 m/s 2 120 103 s 146 N s

F ma 220 10 9 kg 100 9.8 m/s 2

2.16 104 N ; 220 N

J F t 2.16 104 N 1.2 ms 2.6 107 N s

p J 2.6 107 N s 2.6 107 kg m/s

r 56 ton 7.0 mi /h 31 ton 2.6 mi /h

K i 12 56 T 7.0 mi/h 31 T 2.6 mi/h

T 5.43 mi/h 1284 T mi/h

Giventhatthefirsttruckhasamassof m1 5500 kg 3800 kg 9300 kg, wecansolveforthemassofthe

m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1f m2 v2f

my5 4mycm y5 4 ycm

J b mb vb0 20 g 73 m/s 1.46 kg m/s ; 1.5 N

N b rt 15 bullets/s 34 s 510 bullets

N b J b 510 1.46 kg m/s

0 mp xpi mB xBi mp xpf mB xBf

mB xBi xBf mp xpf xpi

since xBi xBf isthedistancetheboatmovesrelativetothefixedCM.Thedistancesarerelatedtothedimensions

| xpi | xBi | xBf | xpf xpf xpi xBi xBf 6.5 m

mB xBi xBf mp 6.5 m xBi xBf

xBi xBf 6.5 m

J spring J skin F t 41 mN 90 ms 3.7 mN s

wherem1=14g, v1 48 m/s i ,and v2 32 m/s .

m1v1 (m1 m2 )vf

vreb vf 3.9 m/s

1200 kg 50 km/h 4400 kg 35 km/h 1500 kg 65 km/h

v 950 kg 32i 17 j m/s 450 kg 12i 14 j m/s

DEVELOPForaonedimensionalcollisionlikethis,Equation9.14applies: v1i v2i v2f v1f . Inthiscase, v1i v v2i ,

sowehave v2f v1f 2v.

And v2f v, usingthepreviousrelation.Sothefinalspeedofeachobjectisequal(butoppositetotheinitial

vTh, x vTh cos

vTh,y vTh sin

4 u 1.4 107 m/s sin 22

9.0 104 m/s

atan vTh, y vTh, x

msilage silageVsilage silage r 2 h 800 kg/m3 4 m 2 20 m 2.01 105 kg

completelycancelthemomentumofthefirsttwopieces.Thus, v3 hascomponentsthatareoppositeto v1 and v2 .

m1v1 cos 200o m2 v2 cos 0o m3v3, x 0

60 kg 0.85 m/s cos 200 14 kg 1.6 m/s

60 kg 0.85 m/s sin 200

INTERPRETBeforeanexplosion,anobjecthaskineticenergy K 2 mvi . Aftertheexplosion,ithastwopieces:

Thisreducesto cos 1 2 , whichmeanstheanglesare60and60.

0.012 kg 0.50 m/s 3.0 103 N

isthat m1 m, v1i 2v, m2 4m, and v2i v. Noticethatbothobjectsareinitiallymovinginthesame

ASSESSThefirstobjectlosessomemomentumfromthecollision v1i v1f , whereasthesecondobjectgetsa

"push"fromthecollision v2i v2f . Noticethat v1f v2f , otherwiseitwouldn'tmakesensehowthefirstobject

m1v1i2 12 m2 v2i2 12 m 2v 12 4m v 2 4mv 2

4.50 kg 12.0 m/s cos 37.7o

14.38 m/s 2 40 m/s 2

J 16 4.6 N/s 2 2.8 s 17 N s