To redeem in his own tongue that pure language exiled in the foreign tongue, to

liberate by transposing this pure language captive in the work, such is the task of the
translator.
Derrida, J. (1985). Des Tours de Babel. In J. F. Graham (Ed.), Difference in Translation. Ithaca: Cornell
University Press.

The word translation derives from the Latin translatio (trans- + fero, the supine form
-latum) = to carry across or to bring across.

Aim at:
1. Word Level Equivalence - pay attention to a number of factors when considering
a single word, such as number, gender and tense.
2. Grammatical Equivalence, when indicating the variety of grammatical classes
(number, tense and aspects, voice, person and gender) across languages.
3. Textual Equivalence, when indicating the equivalence between S.L text and T.L
text concerning information and consistency. Three main factors will guide the
translators decision, i.e. the text type, the purpose of the translation, and the target
audience.
4. Pragmatic Equivalence - the role of the translator is to re-establish the authors
purpose in another culture in such a way that facilitates the target culture readers to
comprehend it clearly.

Beware of:
1. mistranslation of information,
2. subinterpretation of the original text,
3. misinterpretation of connections between intentional correlatives,
4. metaphrasing or translating literally instead of paraphrasing.

Meter, Rhythm & Ryme:

Even so my sun one early morn did shine,

With all triumphant splendor on my brow;
But, out! Alack! He was but one hour mine,
The region cloud hath maskd him from me now. Shakespeare, Sonnet
33
Alliteration
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary... While
I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping... For the rare
and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore... And the silken, sad,
uncertain rustling of each purple curtain. Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven
Homophones:

Now is the winter of our discontentmade glorious summer by this Son

of York. William Shakespeare, Richard III

Similes:
Pretty as a picture she was. Men flocked round her like flies around a
picnic. Laurie Grant, Maggie and the Maverick

Metaphors
He says, you have to study and learn so that you can make up your own
mind about history and everything else but you cant make up an empty
mind. Stock your mind, stock your mind. You might be poor, your shoes
might be broken, but your mind is a palace. Frank McCourt, Angelas
Ashes

Idioms
Let us go in together, / And still your fingers on your lips, I pray. / The
time is out of jointO cursd spite, / That ever I was born to set it right!
Shakespeare, Hamlet

Phraseological puns = the juxtaposition of the figurative meaning and the literal
meaning of a component or components.
But I laughed and said, "Don't worry, Professor, I am not pulling her
ladyship's leg. I wouldn't do such a thing. I have too much respect for that
charming limb. J. Cary, The Horse's Mouth

Syntax
"Atticus's remarks were still rankling, which made me miss the request in
Jem's question." Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird

Register
Naught have I (archaic).
Nothing have I (stately, poetic).
I have nothing (standard or formal, more usual in writing).
I don't have anything (standard or colloquial, more usual in speech).
I don't have nothing ('substandard,' almost always spoken).
I ain't got nothing ('substandard,' spoken).
I don't got nothing ('substandard,' often dialect).

Socio-cultural background
Why couldnt she be more reasonable? She was a bluestocking; why
couldnt she see the logic of Kevinss courtship? Regina Scott, The
Bluestocking on his Knee

Regional Equivalence
Paris cannot be London or New York, it must be Paris; our hero must be
Pierre, not Peter; he must drink an aperitif, not a cocktail; smoke
Gauloises, not Kents; and walk down the rue du Bac, not Black Street. On
the other hand, when he is introduced to a lady, hell sound silly if he
says, I am enchanted, Madame. Adams, R. M., Proteus, His Lies, His
Truth

Names

Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest

Anagrams
Tom Marvolo Riddle = I am Lord Voldemort J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter