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I. I NTRODUCTION
Fig. 1.
Stages of the switching operation. Phase 1: Ignition. Phase 2: Commutation. Phase 3: Migration.
Fig. 2.
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and then, the speed decreases continuously until the arc finally
stays at the position of the permanent magnet (see Fig. 6).
The different voltage levels in Fig. 6 result from the different
spatial distances between the arc and the optical fiber head of
the corresponding hole.
Stage 2: Commutation of the Inner Arc Into the Coil Channel
Fig. 4.
The inner arc commutes onto the arc guide rail and is
expanding into the right coil channel (region 2AB; see Fig. 7).
The propagation speed is initially at 90 m/s and decreases until
the arc reaches the blast coil at a speed of 45 m/s (see Fig. 8).
By reignition, the regions are also passed several times. Fig. 8
displays the first reignition within this switching process.
Stage 3: Expansion of the Arc Into the Arc Splitter Stack
The arc in the coil channel has died out because the voltage
on the blast coils has dropped below the required arc voltage.
Because of the electrical potential between the arc-guiding
rails, the arc ignites in area B. Now, the total current is flowing
through both of the blast coils and the arc and produces a
magnetic field that deflects the arc horizontally toward the
splitter plates. The propagation speed is about 120 m/s in
the range of the sensors. At this point, it becomes plainly
visible that the propagation characteristics of the arc can only
be determined with access to a high temporal and spatial
resolution. Despite the very high frame rate of the high-speed
camera of 10 000 frames/s and the very short exposure time of
50 s, the position of the arc is no longer uniquely determined
within single frames (see Fig. 9). The arc migration, however,
can still be resolved well by the photodetectors with their short
response and decay time and the high sampling rate of the data
acquisition system (see Fig. 10).
IV. I DENTIFICATION OF C RITICAL
O PERATING C ONDITIONS
Due to the fact that the electromagnetic blowout force is
directly dependent on the current flowing through the blast
coils and because of the current dependence of the arcs own
magnetic field [9], it becomes evident that the force on the arc
is very limited at low currents. Only a small arc was observed
in the test when breaking low currents (< 10 A) at a voltage of
2.5 kV dc. After raising the voltage to 3.6 kV, slowly moving
arcs were detected within the region of the contacts, sometimes
commuting to the coil channels. The arcs moved along the
edge of the contact bridge, as described in [10], and led to the
outgassing of the plastics at the inner walls of the contactor
housing. As a result, the switching times and, thus, the time
that the arcs resided at the predamaged walls increased from
time to time until it finally led to a fire exit from the vent of the
circuit breaker due to burning plastic (see Fig. 11).
V. O PTIMIZATION OF THE C ONTACTOR
The results of the investigation of the critical operational conditions required a modification of the test object,
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particularly to ensure that the switch is not damaged while cutting off low currents. As a solution, a ceramic plate was placed
at those areas of the switch where outgassing of the plastic
had occurred. To ensure that the modification of the contactor
has no adverse effects on the ultimate breaking capacity, the
measurements taken with the unmodified version were repeated
with the modified version. It was observed that, within the
measurement accuracy, the modification has no effect on the
switching process when breaking high currents. The analysis
of the performance at low currents showed that the switching
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
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Fig. 11. Fire resulting from a nonmoving arc at a switching operation with
critical current.
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R EFERENCES
[1] K. Nakano and K. Takemura, Circuit breaker with an arc suppressor,
Eur. Patent FR2 465 308, May 13, 1981.
[2] J. G. J. Sloot and G. M. V. Bosch, Some conditions for arc movement
under the influence of a transverse magnetic field, Holectechniek, vol. 3,
pp. 98106, 1972.
[3] F. Hollmann, Mittelspannungs-Lasttrennschalter, Eur. Patent
DE3 332 684, Oct. 9, 1983.
[4] R. Kralik, Schtz fr Gleichstrom- und Wechselstrombetrieb, Eur.
Patent DE 102 006 035 844, Feb. 6, 2008.
[5] T. E. Browne, Circuit InterruptionTheory and Technique. New York:
Marcel Dekker, 1984, pp. 641679.
[6] N. Behrens, Arc motion between opening and diverging electrodes, in
Proc. Conf. Elect. Contact Phenom., 1978, pp. 243247.
[7] J. W. McBride and P. M. Weaver, High speed and medium resolution arc
imaging, in Proc. 17th ICEC, 1994, pp. 113119.
[8] P. M. Weaver and J. W. McBride, Magnetic and gas dynamic effects on
arc motion in miniature circuit breakers, in Proc. 39th IEEE Holm Conf.
Elect. Contacts, 1993, pp. 7785.
[9] R. Michal, Theoretical and experimental determination of the
self-field of an arc, in Proc. 26th Holm Conf. Elect. Contacts, 1980,
pp. 265270.
[10] P. E. Secker and A. E. Guile, Arc movement in a transverse magnetic field
at atmospheric pressure, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. APower Eng., vol. 106,
no. 28, pp. 311320, Aug. 1959.
[11] J. W. McBride and P. A. Jeffery, The design optimisation of current
limiting circuit breakers, in Proc. IC-ECAAA Conf., 1997, pp. 354360.
Ove Nilsson was born in Tavelsj, Sweden, in 1956. He received the B.Sc.
degree in material physics from the University of Ume, Ume, Sweden, in
1980 and the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Experimental Physics,
University of Ume, in 1986.
At the Department of Experimental Physics at the same university, he did
his doctorate developing a new hot-wire method for the determination of
thermal conductivity and heat capacity under high pressure. From 1987 to
1991, he was a Post-doc at the University of Wrzburg, Wrzburg, Germany,
continuing in the field of thermal physics. In 1992, he joined the newly founded
Bavarian Center of Applied Energy Research, Wrzburg, where he worked as
an Administration Manager and Scientist until 1998. After a period as Sales
Manager for Vitec GmbH, Wrzburg, he joined Schaltbau GmbH, Munich,
Germany, in 2001, where he currently works as a Research Engineer. The
company produces contactors, snap-action switches, connectors, and master
controllers.