RC Retaining Wall Design

Bridge Design Manual - 2001
Appendix RW
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Retaining Wall Design
_______________
APPENDIX RW - DESIGN OF R.C. CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Project:
Consultant:
Louis Berger in association with SABA Engineering plc
Designed by : Henok Aberra ( Structural Engineer)

Checked by : Lennart Rahm (Bridge Engineer)
Case: Statical calculation
Date of design :- 29/09/98
General Notes
Specification used : ERA Bridge Design Manual-2001
Back fill material is assumed level and traffic surcharge load is incorporated.
W9
W8
W1
H [height of wall]
W2
W4
W6
W3
W7
W5
Input Dimensions
Recommended value
Height of wall, H =
Stem top thickness,T1 =
Stem bottom thickness,T2 =
Depth of heel cantilever,T5 =
Tappering slope,y1 =
End depth of heel cantilever,T3 =
End depth of toe cantilever,T4 =
Length of heel cantilever,L1 =
Length of toe cantilever,L2 =
Length of footing, L =
Height of fill, H2 =
Free board of wall height on top =
heq
5.00
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.10
0.21
0.30
1.95
1.40
3.75
4.80
0.00
0.845
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
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Page RW-1
Ethiopian Roads Authority

Appendix RW
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Material Properties
Yield stength of reiforcemement steel, fy for f <=20 =
Yield stength of reiforcemement steel, fy for f >20 =
Cylinderical compressive strength at 28 days, fc' =
Unit weight of concrete,gc =
Unit weight of soil,gs =
Active earth pressure coef. Ka =
ff =
fT =
fT*tan ff=
Coef. of friction b/n concrete and foundation material =
Foundation material (Soil, Rock)=
Bearing resistance of the foundation material =
qsurcharge =
350.0 Mpa
400.0 Mpa
20.0 Mpa
24.00
19.22
0.38
38 Deg.
0.9
0.70
0.70
soil
Soil type
Clay
Sand
Gravel
fT
ff
0.85
0.8
0.9
22
25
38
250.00 kN/m2
16.24 kNm2
Load Factors
Active Horizontal earth pressure =
Vertical earth pressure =
Dead load of components =
Max
1.50
1.35
1.25
Min
0.90
1.00
0.90
1.0 Dead Load
Resisting
Material
Portion
concrete
W1
"
W2
"
W3
"
W4
"
W5
"
W6
"
W7
Concrete Total
soil
soil
W8
W9
Surcharge
Soil Total
Weight
[kN/m]
27.6
8.28
3.84
1.68
10.08
4.56
9.59
65.64
176.06
6.63
34.11
216.79
Centroidal moment
distance (Weight X
from toe
centroidal
[m]
distance)
1.53
42.09
1.70
14.08
1.6
6.14
0.93
1.57
0.70
7.06
2.45
11.18
2.775
26.62
108.74
2.78
1.75
2.7
489.44
11.60
92.09
593.13
2.0 Lateral Pressure

The surcharge load from highway loading may be taken as given in Table 3-25
Wall Height[m]
<=1.50
3.0
6.0
>=9.0
heq [m]
1.70
1.20
0.76
0.61
A chart can be prepared for the interpolation

between heights of 1.5 and 9.0 m.
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Appendix RW
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Highway Surcharge load
heq [m]
2
f(x) = - 0.003382716x^3 + 0.077x^2 - 0.6265555556x + 2.478
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
4 Wall height
5
6
[m]
Colum n J
10
Wall Height[m]
1.5
3.0
6.0
9
heq [m]
1.70
1.20
0.76
0.61
heq [m ]
Let P1 & P2 be the earth pressure from the surcharge and linearly varyng load.
Force
30.86
91.30
P1
P2
sum
Arm from
Driving
foundation Moment
level
about Toe
2.5
77.14
1.7
152.16
122.15
229.30
3.0 Bearing pressure beneath footing

The bearing pressure beneath footing is calculated by the factored loads. According to Tables 3-2 & 3-3,
the dead load of the wall and the surcharge loads are factored by the minimum or maximun value; whereas, the lateral
pressure is factored by the maximum value.
a ) With min. factors for dead and surcharge load and max. factor for lateral pressure
The summation of moment about toe, Msum =
V
The eccentricity e , is therefore,
e =L/2-Msum/V =
0.617 m
I ) When the foundation material is rock
Case -1
347.04 kNm
275.87 KN
OK !!
L/6
b/c e<L/6, Look at Case -1
When e<=L/6
q heel =
0.94 kN/m2
OK !!
q toe =
146.19 kN/m2
OK !!
0.94
146.19
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Appendix RW
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Case -2
When L/6<e<=3/8*L
qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] =
146.19 kN/m2
L1 =3[L/2-e] =
OK !!
3.774 m
146.19
L1 =
3.774 m
II ) When the foundation material is soil

qmax*Le =V and qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)
From the above two eq's qmax and Le can be calculated.
Le =V/qmax = L-2e
2.516 m
V
qmax =V(L/2+e)/[Le(L-Le/2)] =
or
V/Le=
109.65 kN/m2
OK !!
qmax =
109.65 kN/m2
Le = 2.516 m
b ) With max. factors for dead and surcharge load and max. factor for lateral pressure
The summation of moment about toe, Msum =
V=
The eccentricity e , is therefore,
e =L/2-Msum/V =
0.293 m
I ) When the foundation material is rock
Case -1
592.69 kNm
374.72
e<L/4, OK !!
b/c e<L/6, Look at Case -1
When e<=L/6
q heel =
53.03 kN/m2
OK !!
q toe =
146.82 kN/m2
OK !!
53.03
146.82
Case -2
When L/6<e<=L/4
qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] =
L1 =3[L/2-e] =
157.94 kN/m2
OK !!
4.75 m
157.94
L1 =
4.745 m
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Appendix RW
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II ) When the foundation material is soil
qmax*Le =V and qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)
From the above two eq's qmax and Le can be calculated.
Le =V/qmax =
3.163 m
qmax =
qmax =V(L/2+e)/[Le(L-Le/2)] =
118.45 kN/m2
118.5 kN/m2
OK !!
Le = 3.163 m
4.0 Stability
4.1 Stability against overturning
For foundation on soil, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle half of the base.
For foundation on rock, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle three-fourth
of the base. This condition is already checked above.
Driving Moment =
229.30 kN
Resisting Moment =
701.87 kN
Resisting Moment > Driving Moment, OK !!
S.F= 3.06
S.F >=2 ,Safe against Overturning
4.2 Stability against sliding
Driving force =
Resisting force =
122.15 kN
198.59 kN
Resisting force > Driving force, OK !!

S.F= 1.63
S.F >=1.5, Safe against Sliding
5. Design of components
5.1 Design of stem
5.1.1 Design for Flexure
The moment at the base of the stem is calculated as;
Net height of fill on stem =
Msurcharge =
Mvaryng =
Msum =
4.60 m
65.29 kNm/m
118.48 "
183.78 "
28.389093
77.272088
158.49177
The factored moment for design is therefore,

Mfact. =
275.67 kNm/m
The cracking moment given by :

5.33E+09 mm4
200 mm
fr =
2.82 MPa
The amount of reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the
lesser of :
- 1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution and the
modulus of rupture, fr, of the concrete.
- 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combinations.
Besides the area of reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum shrinkage and temprature reinforcement.
Since bar S2 is cut at some point up the spacing at bottom shall not be greater than half the maximum spacing.
Mcr =frIg/yt =
75.13 KNm/m
Mu =
275.67 KNm/m
As = Mu/fy(d-a/2)
=
2461.92 mm2
a = Asfy/(.85fc'b)
=
57.93 mm
Ig =bh3/12 =
yt=
Dprov. =
beff =
fy =
fc' =
=
bar =
cover =
dprov =
400 mm
1000 mm
400
20
0.9
20
50
340
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
mm
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Appendix RW
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1 =
use
20
S1
c/c
0.85
120 mm
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Appendix RW
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As prov. =
2618.0 mm2
Smax =
450 mm
max. = 0.75b =0.75(0.851fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0163

prov. = As/bd =
0.0077 OK !!
Half bar cut off location

As' =As/2 =
1309.00 mm2
The distance from top to the point where half of the reinforcement is not required (i.e "y") can be found by trial and error
to equalize the moment by the factored lateral pressure and the moment that can be resisted by half of the bar.
My = factor*(q(y-y*)2/2+kags(y-y*)3/6) ------------- (1)

My = As'fy(d-As'fy/1.7fc'b)----------------(2)
Where d = y/(H-T5)*(T2-T1)+T1-cover-f/2
y* is the free board given on top
y
3.5
My
of
eq (1)
119.52
My
of eq (2)
123
Hint : It is preferable if My of eq (2) is slightly

greater than My of eq (1).
1
2.65
2.8
3
3.2
3.35
3.5
4.6
5
Extension length reqd beyond the point at which it is no longer required is given by ;
lext reqd = max( 15*dia of bar,deff)
=
340 mm
Therefore, the bar can be cut at the following distance from top of wall.
Bar cut off point from top of wall =
10
3.16 m
5.1.2 Check for Wide beam Shear

Usually, since T2 is not small as compared to the stem height, we take the shear force
at the bottom of the wall.
Vhoriz.factored =
183.23 kN/m
Allowable shear stress is given by : vc = 0.166sqrt(fc')
shear =
=
0.742 Mpa
The maximum allowable factored shear force that can be resisted by the concrete section is:
Vall =*vc*b*d =
227.17 kN/m
> Vhoriz, OK !
0.9
5.2 Design of toe cantilever

a
The factored pressure from underneath minus weight of cantilever is,
qtoe =
146.19 kN/m2
q a-a =
91.96 kN/m2
Wc
The factored moment for design is therefore,

Mfact.a-a =
125.55 kNm/m
a
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Appendix RW
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The factored pressure from underneath minus weight of cantilever is,
qtoe =
q a-a =
Mfact.a-a =
146.82 kN/m2
111.80 kN/m2
132.44 kNm/m
Therefore, the maximum moment at section a-a for design is,

Mfact.a-a (max)=
132.44 kNm/m
The cracking moment given by Eq.(12.39) as follows:

Ig =bh3/12 =
yt=
5.3E+09 mm4
75.13 KNm/m
200 mm
fr =
2.817 MPa
lesser of :
Besides the area of reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum shrinkage and temprature reinforcement.
Since bar T2 is cut at some point up the spacing at bottom shall not be greater than half the maximum spacing.
Mcr =frIg/yt =
Mu =
132.44 KNm/m
Dprov. =
beff =
As = Mu/fy(d-a/2)
=
1389.01 mm2
fy =
fc' =
=
bar =
cover =
dprov =
1 =
a = Asfy/(.85fc'b)
=
28.60 mm
use
12
As prov. =
T1
c/c
1436.2 mm2
400 mm
1000 mm
350
20
0.9
16
75
317
0.85
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
mm
140 mm
Smax =
450 mm
max. = 0.75b =0.75(0.851fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0196

prov. = As/bd =
0.0045 OK !!
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Appendix RW
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b
qtoe =
q b-b =
146.19 kN/m2
V factored b-b=
135.61 kN/m
104.24 kN/m2
qtoe =
q b-b =
146.82 kN/m2
V factored b-b=
144.34 kN/m
V factored b-b(max) =
144.34 kN/m
119.73 kN/m2
b

f shear =
=
0.742 Mpa
Vall =f*vc*b*d =
235.33 kN/m
> Vhoriz, OK !
0.9
5.3 Design of heel cantilever

b
a
wt. of soil + Surcharge
a ) With min. factors for dead and surcharge load

and max. factor for lateral pressure
Wc
Case -1 When the foundation material is rock

q a-a =
q end =
The length of pressure application Lh is,
Lh =
76.47 kN/m2
0.94 kN/m2
1.95 m
The average pressure by the weight of soil, surcharge and heel cantilever is given as,
qsoil+surcharge+cantilever=
118.44 kN/m2
b
a
wt. of soil + Surcharge
Case -2 When the foundation material is soil
qmax =
Lh =
157.56 kN/m2
0.33 m
Assume counter clock-wise moment as positive.
Ma-a =
206.29 kNm/m
Wc
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Appendix RW
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Case -1 When the foundation material is rock
q a-a =
101.80 kN/m2
q end =
53.03 kN/m2
The length of pressure application Lh is,
Lh =
1.95 m
The average pressure by the weight of soil, surcharge and heel cantilever is given as,
qsoil+surcharge+cantilever=
118.44 kN/m2
Case -2 When the foundation material is soil
155.22 kN/m2
0.99 m
Assume counter clock-wise moment as positive.
qmax =
Lh =
Ma-a =
225.18 kNm/m
Therefore, the maximum moment is taken for design.

Mfact.a-a (max) =
225.18 kNm/m
The craking moment given by eq.(8.2) as follows:
Mcr =frIg/yt =
75.13 KNm/m
Ig =bh3/12 =
yt=
fr =
5.3E+09 mm4
200 mm
2.817 MPa
lesser of :
Mu =
As = Mu/fy(d-a/2)
=
1974.60 mm2
a = Asfy/(.85fc'b)
=
46.46 mm
225.18 KNm/m
Dprov. =
beff =
fy =
fc' =
f=
fbar =
cover =
dprov =
1 =
400 mm
1000 mm
400
20
0.9
20
50
340
0.85
MPa
MPa
mm
mm
mm
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Appendix RW
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use
20
H1
As prov. =
c/c
2094.4 mm2
150 mm
Smax =
450 mm
max. = 0.75b =0.75(0.851fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0163

prov. = As/bd =
0.0062 OK !!
q end =
157.56 kN/m2
q b-b =
0.00 kN/m2
Lh =
1.95 kN/m
V factored b-b=
310.37 kN/m
q end =
155.22 kN/m2
q b-b =
155.22 kN/m2
Lh =
0.65 kN/m
V factored b-b=
197.70 kN/m
Therefore, the maximum shear at section b-b for design is,

Vfactored =
220.47 kN/m
f shear =
=
0.742 Mpa
Vall =f*vc*b*d =
252.41 kN/m
> Vhoriz, OK !
0.9
5.4 Shrinkage and temprature reinforcement

According to section 5.10.8, the area of reinforcement for walls and footings in each direction shall not be less than :
As = 0.0015Ag
>=
Use
fbar =
10 mm
600 mm2
f
10
c/c
130
mm
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Appendix RW
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H [height of wall]
Bar Schedule
300
Bar S1
400
400
10
S1*
c/c
240 mm
300
L=
1400 mm
S1
c/c
240 mm
S2
c/c
240 mm
4753
f
L=
20
5153 mm
400
Bar S2
f
2616
L=
20
3016 mm
400
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Appendix RW
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Bar S3
f
4850
L=
10
S3
c/c
320 mm
c/c
240 mm
c/c
240 mm
5000 mm
150
Bar T1
175
3250
f
L=
12
T1
3425 mm
Bar T2
175
1550
f
L=
12
T2
1725 mm
Bar H1
2262
300
80
f
L=
20
T1
c/c
160 mm
2642 mm
Bar Schedule and quantities per linear meter

Bar
S1
S1*
S2
S3
H1
T1
T2
Distri.
Size
[mm]
20
10
20
10
20
12
12
10
Number/m
4.17
4.17
4.17
3.13
6.25
4.17
4.17
54
Length
[mm]
5153
1400
3016
5000
2642
3425
1725
1000*
Weight
[kg]
52.96
3.60
31.00
9.64
40.73
12.67
6.38
33.30
Grade 20 Concrete--------------------2.59 m3
Reinforcement Steel-------------------190.27 kg
* indicates that the actual length is the length of the wall minus cover
The fraction number of bar is due to per linear assumption.
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3.35
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My1
6.4545565
66.484055
76.370824
90.957209
107.22853
120.59049
134.9865
275.66817
77.144275
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My2
86.759221
122.99952
132.1987
135.61852
138.34529
140.10599
137.14959
160.2058
166.36782
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Bridge Design Manual - 2001

APPENDIX RW - DESIGN OF R.C. CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Louis Berger in association with SABA Engineering plc

Designed by : Henok Aberra ( Structural Engineer)

Date of design :- 29/09/98

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

1.0 Dead Load

2.0 Lateral Pressure

A chart can be prepared for the interpolation

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

3.0 Bearing pressure beneath footing

b/c e<L/6, Look at Case -1

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

II ) When the foundation material is soil

b/c e<L/6, Look at Case -1

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Resisting force > Driving force, OK !!

The factored moment for design is therefore,

The cracking moment given by :

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

max. = 0.75b =0.75(0.851fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0163

Half bar cut off location

My = factor*(q(y-y*)2/2+kags(y-y*)3/6) ------------- (1)

Hint : It is preferable if My of eq (2) is slightly

5.1.2 Check for Wide beam Shear

5.2 Design of toe cantilever

The factored moment for design is therefore,

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Therefore, the maximum moment at section a-a for design is,

The cracking moment given by Eq.(12.39) as follows:

max. = 0.75b =0.75(0.851fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0196

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Allowable shear stress is given by : vc = 0.166sqrt(fc')

5.3 Design of heel cantilever

a ) With min. factors for dead and surcharge load

Case -1 When the foundation material is rock

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Therefore, the maximum moment is taken for design.

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

max. = 0.75b =0.75(0.851fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0163

5.3.2 Check for Wide beam Shear

Therefore, the maximum shear at section b-b for design is,

5.4 Shrinkage and temprature reinforcement

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bar Schedule and quantities per linear meter

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

Bridge Design Manual - 2001

My = factor(q(y-y)2/2+kags(y-y*)3/6) ------------- (1)