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INTRODUCTION
Solids are made of atoms and molecules. At a given
temperature, the atoms and molecules are placed at
some equilibrium distance. When heat is supplied to
solid, the interatomic separation increases by which
there is an expansion of solids. This expansion can
be in terms of length/area/volume.
or
d
( 2 1 )( t 2 t1 )
d
( 2 1 ) t
steel
22 = 11
3.2 Radius of Bimetallic strip
copper . copper
steel =
24 18 10
12 10
= 36 cm
Ex. 2
A metal sheet with a circular hole is heated. The
hole
(A) Gets larger
(B) Gets smaller
(C) Remains of the same size
(D) Gets deformed
Sol. (A) When a body is heated, the distance between
any two points on it increases. So due to thermal
expansion of solids, the hole gets larger.
Ex. 3
at t 10 C
t 02 C
t1C
Where t = temp. difference between the two ends.
d = thickness of each strip
1 & 2 coefficients of linear expansion
t2C strain = 0
Actually no strain is being developed because
on increasing the temperature the length of the
rod increases so at t2C, 2 because natural
length of rod.
(2) Now if the ends of the rods are rigidly fixed so
as to prevent it from expansion or contraction
than stress is produced in the rod. By virtue of
this thermal stress the rod exerts a large force on
the supports.
(B) 18 cm
(D) 36 cm
97
2 1
= (t2 t1)
2
stress
strain
stress
Area
Change in length
Original length
Thermal stress
Ex. 4
Sol.
Ex. 5
Sol.
T 1 = 2
T 2 = 2
2
g
...(2)
t
t
( t )
=
= t = t ~ t
t
Stress = t
so
T2
T1 =
1[1 ( 2 1 )]
1
T2
T1 = [1 + (2 1)]
T2
T1 = 1 + 1/2 (2 1)
T2 T1
T1 = 1/2 (2 1)
98
Pendulum clock
Ex. 6
Sol.
V2 = V1 [1 + (t2 t1)]
Where is coefficient of volume expansion at
t1C.
1
.t.
2
1
=
7 107 30 86400 (35 25)
2
= 9.1 s
t =
EXPANSION ()
= 2
= 3
At = A0 [1 + t]
Where is coefficient of superficial expansion at
0C and t should be in C only.
(iii) If the area of solid at temperature t 1C is A1 and
on heating the rod, the area becomes A2 at t2C
than
A2 = A1 [1 + (t2 t1)]
Where is coefficient of superficial expansion at
t1C.
(iv) Coefficient of superficial expansion is defined as
fractional increase in area per C rise in temperature.
dA
A A
=
A
.dT
T
(v) Unit of is per C or per Kelvin
= L 03 (1 + 1T) (1 + 2T)2
Ex. 8
d0
(1 t )
100
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1
Sol.
Ex.3
Sol.
Ex.4
L 25
T25
T0 = L 0 =
1 .000475 L 0
L0
Sol.
(1 .000475 ) = 1.000237.
T25 T0
T0
Now
t = 2t = Dt
From relation t = 0 (1 + .t), we get
= 0.000237.
= 2.5458 cm.
= 2 0.000237 sec.
Number of vibration in one day
Ex.5
24 60 60
sec. ( T = 2 sec.)
2
Hence, the gain in time in one day
=
1
t 86400
2
24 60 60
= 2 0.000237
=20.52 sec.
2
Sol.
Ex. 2
T0 = 2
L0
L
Tt 2 t
and
g
g
Dividing
Tt
T0
Lt
L 0 (1 t )
(1 t )1/ 2 .....(1)
L0
L0
101
nt
Tt
T
T
n
n0 0 t 0
2
2
T0 n t
Ex.6
Sol.
From (1)
V
Vt
V 0.12
, t = 20C
V
100
n0
1
1/ 2
1 t
=
=
(
1
)
t
nt
2
Here
or
n0
1
t
nt 1 = 2
nt n0
1
t
n0
2
or
1
or nt n0 = t n 0
2
But n0 = 24 60 60 = 86400
nt =
0.12
5
100 20 = 6.0 10 per C
6.0 10 5
1
t 86400
2
102