This experiment is conducted to investigate the validity of the
Bernoullis equation when it is applied to the water of steady flow in a tapered duct. We know water is fluid and fluid have properties to take the shape of the container. Since the volume passing through at given length of pipe during a given period of time will be the same, there must be a decrease in pressure. From the Bernoullis principle, it states that the faster the rate of flow, the lower the pressure, and the slower the rate flow the higher the pressure. The Bernoulli theorem is a relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation, and valid for steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible. The equation is obtained when the Eulers equation is
integrated
along
the
streamline
for
constant
density
for
incompressible fluid. The Bernoullis constant varies from one streamline
to another but remains constant along a streamline in steady, frictionless, incompressible flow. Despite its simplicity, it is proven to be a very powerful tool for fluid mechanics. Bernoullis equation states that the sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure energy (static head) and Potential energy (elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at anypoint remains constant provided the flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless and the fluid used is incompressible. However, on the assumption that energy is neither added to nor taken away by some external agency. The Bernoullis equation forms the basic form of solving a wide variety of fluid flow problems such as an orifice, jet trajectory, flow under a gate and over a weir, flows associated with pumps and turbines etc. The equipment is designed as a self-sufficient unit. The apparatus consists of a supply tank, which is connected to flow channel. The channel gradually contracts for a length and then gradually enlarges for the remaining length.
From the experiment, we know as the fluid flow from wider to
narrower one, the velocity increases. This shown in the results table, where the velocity of water flows in the tapered duct increases as the duct area decreases. From the analysis we can be done that for this flow, the difference in velocity increases as the pressure difference increases. In addition to find the velocity difference we use Bernoulli Equation and Continuity Equation. As for the Bernoulli Equation : ViB = 2g (hH-hi) Where g gravitational force = 9.81 m/s2 hH Reading at Tube A hi Reading at Tube H As for the continuity Equation : , Vic =
Q Ai
Where Q Flow Rate
A Area of the tube Thus, we can conclude that error occurs during the experiment as the difference in velocity are not decreased constantly. First, the observer should read the level of static head properly,as the eyes are not perpendicular to the water level on the manometer. Other than that, the pressure on A until F are not fully stable but the reading are already taken. Thus, there are some minor effects on the circulations due to the errors. From the experiment has been found that the Bernoullis principle is valid for steady flow of fluid in tapered duct .