Patent DE102006024610A1 - Ballistic Two-Dimensional Electron-Defect Electron-Energy System, Has ..

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PatentDE102006024610A1Ballistictwodimensionalelectrondefectelectronenergysystem,has...GooglePatents
teslacoilspacecraft
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German
Ballistictwodimensionalelectrondefect
electronenergysystem,hastransformer
comprisingsecondarycoilwithtwo
dimensionalsecondarycoilsectionsthatare
connectedwithhighvoltageforactivatingtwo
dimensionalelectroncondition
DE102006024610A1
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DE102006024610A1
Application
DE200610024610
Nov29,2007
May26,2006
May26,2006
Inventors
JuergenBlum
Applicant
BLUM,Jrgen
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ABSTRACT
Referencedby(4),Classifications(8),LegalEvents(1)
Thesystemhasatransformer(1)comprisingaprimarycoil(6)thatissupplied
ExternalLinks:DPMA,Espacenet
withenergyfromapulsegeneratororahighfrequencygenerator.Asecondary
coil(5)ofthetransformerhastwodimensionalsecondarycoilsectionsthatareconnectedwithadirectcurrenthighvoltageforactivatingatwodimensionalelectron
condition,suchthatelectronsanddefectelectronsareacceleratedtoahighorbitalandmasslevel.Atwodimensionalcoilwireofthesecondarycoilismanufactured
accordingtotheapplicationofprincipleofacapacitorandaninductor.
DESCRIPTIONtranslatedfromGerman
Technicalfieldtowhichthisinventionbelongs:
[0001]
[0002]
[0003]
[0004]
[0005]
CLAIMS (10)translatedfromGerman
1. Thetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemsinthe
Thetechnicalfieldofballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergy
energyofthepulsedirectcurrent,alternatingcurrent,radiofrequencyand
systemswiththeenergyrangefrom1eVto10MeVwithapplications
theartificialgravitation(BallisticEnergySystemsIII)ischaracterizedby
intheDCareatohighfrequencyrange.
thefollowingfeatures:Theprocessoftheinventionisthatatransformer
Theinventivemethodisthatatransformer(mayalsobeaHF
(mayalsobeaRFitstransformer),theprimarycoilissuppliedbyapulse
transformer),theprimarycoilissuppliedbyapulsegeneratororRF
generatororRFgeneratorwithenergyandsogeneratestheinductionin
generatorwithpowerandgeneratesastheinductioninthetransformer.
thetransformer.Newisthestructureofthecoilwireofthesecondary
Thesecondarycoilisbuiltafterthemodeloftwodimensionalelectron
windingofthetwodimensionalelectronholetransformer.Thistwo
systems.ADChighvoltage(DCvoltage20to300kVorhigherDC
dimensionalcoilwireismanufacturedbythesimultaneousapplicationof
voltage)ofthesecondarycoilsofthetwodimensionallayersaandbis
theprincipleofthecapacitorandtheprincipleofinductanceand
present,raisestheelectronsandtheelectronholesontheorbitalwith
calculatedthroughthebuiltup:a)Theinnerconductor(Cu)issurrounded
thecorrespondingmasses.Theforcesactinginthetransformer
byathickinsulation(plastic,ceramicorglassceramic),abovewhichis
inductionmovestheelectronholemassorbitalsbytheconductorlayers
themetallicenclosure(copperbraid)andisonhisturninsulation.b)
ofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoil,thethusformedtwodimensional
activationofthetwodimensionalelectronstateofthecoilwireofthe
voltageradiatesattheirpolesofquantumgravity.
secondarywindingisconnectedtoahighDCvoltagetotheterminalsof
Thebrieflydescribedhereinrelatestotheresearchfieldofballistictwo
thetwodimensionallinehalvesAandBofthecoilwire(shieldingand
dimensionalelectronholesystems,whichinthefieldofgravitational
innerconductorofthehighvoltagecable),forthisDCsupply,Iusea
magneticfieldswiththeapplicationinatransformer,forfrequenciesin
networkequipmentofthecompanyF.u.G.ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.
pulsedDCarea,intheACrangeandthehighfrequencyrange.
2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fugelektronik.dewiththefollowing
Thisistheprincipleoftheballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergy
data:For20keVelectronenergyIusethetype:highvoltagepower
systeminatransformer.
supplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200mAcurrentand50keV
Thetwodimensionalline,ithasthefollowingstructure:
electronenergyIusethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/2800
Itconsistsofacopperwire(coppercore)surroundedbyathick
65000065KV040mA.c)Theorbitalmassoftheelectronholesand
insulation,andabovethatisametallicenclosureandisonhisturn
theelectronsproducedbytheseparatetotheLeitungsschichenby
insulation.Betweenthecoreandthemetalcladdingisatahigh
isolatingaandbarefitting20KVhighelectrostaticvoltage.Thereisa
electricalvoltage.ThepolarityoftheCucoreispositiveandthe
carriershiftofthewiringlayertoaconductivelayerb,theKeVtobea
metallicshellhasthenegativehighvoltagepool.Themetallicenclosure
Obitalespannungspotentialtheelectronandtheelectronholesof20is
andtheCucoreactingascarriersforthecurrent.Theorbitalmassof
expressed.BythisObitalespannungspotentialtheelectronandthehole
theelectronholesandtheelectronsproducedbythevoltageappliedto
automaticallygetahighermass.Theinnerandouterconductors(copper
theseparatelinebyisolatinglayershighelectrostaticvoltage.Thereis
braid)arethetwolayersaandbofthetwodimensionalline.Theyserve
achargecarrieroffsetfromthelinelayertoaconductivelayerbwhich
ascarriersforinvolvingmasselectronsandholesflows.d)Duetothe
theelectronandtheholeexpressedasanObitalespannungspotential
natureoftheappliedelectricalenergytotheprimarycoil,thepower
itself.BythisObitalespannungspotentialtheelectronandthehole
deliveredtothesecondarycoilofenergyisdetermined.Accordingto
automaticallygetpointedtoahighermassthanwhentheyareinthe
massproneenergyinthepulseDCareaorenergyintheACareaorinthe
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[0006]
[0007]
[0008]
[0009]
[0010]
groundstate.
highfrequencyrangecanbeproduced.Theseboundaryconditionsofthe
Thefedtotheprimarycoilofelectricalenergy,determinesthetypeof
quantumvacuumisthecauseofgravity.Ifwetheseboundaryconditions
magneticinduction,whichthenproducesthecorrespondingelectron
forgeneratinggravitationaleffectsandeffects,bytheexpansionofthe
holecurrentsinthetwodimensionalballisticsecondarycoil(20KVcoil)
vacuumpanel,thatthecoreregionoftheatomcomprisesuptoelectron
ofthetransformer.
causefedthroughacarriershiftofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoil
Twodimensionalelectronholeenergy.
layersAandBthroughtheportselectrostaticvoltage.Havewe
Thegeneratedtwodimensionalelectronholeenergyhasthefollowing
simultaneouslybuildingacouplingmechanismsforthegenerationof
masspronevoltage:
involvingmasselectronsandholesinapowersystemwiththeproperties
a)poleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof20KeV,high
ofthezeropointfluctuations.Amadeinthisbasistwodimensional
tensionwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectron
transformer,thehighfrequencymodelofthetwodimensionalelectron
deficiencyof50KeVballistichightensionvoltageandpoleof
electronholes(holes)energysystemradiatetothetwodimensional
thenegativeelectronorbitalmeasureof20keV,withthepolarity
connectionssecondarycoil,themassenbehaftenfieldpolesofthe
ofthegroundpotentialelectronexcessof50KeVballistic
electronelectronholes,zeropointfluctuationsorquantumfluctuationsin
voltage.
theformofgravityparticles.e)Twodimensionalelectronholeenergy.The
b)poleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof20keVwiththe
generatedtwodimensionalelectronholeenergyhasthefollowingmass
polarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof50
pronevoltage:a)poleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof20KeV,
KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandpoleofthepositive
ofthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof50KeV
holeorbitalmass20keV,withthepolarityofthegroundpotential
ballistichightensionvoltageandpoleofthenegativeelectronorbital
defectelectronsexcessof50KeVhighlystrainedballistic
measureof20keV,withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectron
voltage.
excess50KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.b.Poleofthepositive
c)takentogether:"ThereareOrbitalemassenofelectronsand
holeorbitalmassof20keVwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefect
holesthroughthelinelayersofthetwodimensionallinemoves".
electrondeficiencyof50KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandpoleof
AccordingtoEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativityproduceamoving
thepositiveholeorbitalmass20keV,withthepolarityoftheground
masses"gravitomagnetic(gravitationalmagnetic)"field.
potentialdefectelectronsexcessof50KeVhighlystrainedballistic
Theversatilityofthetwodimensionalelectronsystems(2DES)may
voltage.c.Togetherpassed:.."ThereareOrbitalemassenofelectronsand
contributetotheexpansionofthebasicphysicalunderstandingofthe
holesthroughthelinelayersofthetwodimensionallinemoves"According
natureofthe2DESingeneralelectricalengineering.Since2005ithas
toEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativityproducemovingmassesa
beenpossiblewiththeexistingcomponentsfromelectricalengineering,
"gravitomagnetic(gravitationalmagnetic)"fieldTheversatilityofthetwo
atwodimensionalelectronenergysystemofautilitymodelofthe
dimensionalelectronsystems(2DES)istoextendthecontributedbasic
2DES,inanelectrictransformerwithapplicationsinpulsedDCorAC
physicalunderstandingofthenatureofthe2DESingeneralelectrical
fieldfrequencyorhighfrequencytoproducearea.
engineering.Since2005ithasbeenpossiblewiththeexisting
Stateoftheart:
componentsfromelectricalengineeringatwodimensionalelectron
Inmypatentapplication:"Ballisticelectronenergysystems102004
systems,autilitymodelofthe2DESinanelectrictransformerwith
044573.7and102005038508.7"containingbaseshavebeen
applicationsinPulsedDCareaorchangefrequencyorhighfrequency
developed.
rangetoproduce,
0.1)PhysicalrealizationprocessPhysicsforEngineersIDBN3
184006557VDIVerlagGmbH,Dusseldorf1988
0.2)target.Targetforthedevelopmentofthetwodimensional
electronsystemingeneralelectricalengineering.
0.3)ElectricalEngineeringFundamentalsofthetransformer,the
electricgenerator,theinductorandcapacitor.Juni1999th
0.31)FundamentalsofElectricalEngineeringIII/Fundamentals
ofElectricalEngineeringI,2004UniversityofHagen
0.32)electrodynamicsW.GlckleJanuary23,2003
0.33)Marinescu,M.:ACtechnology.5thed..Vieweg2000
0.34)Electricalconduction/Basics/particlepictureofthe
quasifreeelectronwavemechanicsofelectronsinthesolid/
metals/typesemiconductorsuperconductorliterature:
0.35)Electricalconductionmechanism
0.36)A.ThiedeMaterialsinElectricalEngineering
0.37),thecapacitor
0.38)Thecapacitoranditsextendedproperties
BasisofElectricalEngineering
[0011]
Theentirefieldofelectricalengineering,whichisnolongermanageable
todayforanindividualtodetailisdividedintotwomajorgroups.
a)energytechnique,whichsubstantiallycoincideswiththe
distributionofelectricalenergy,iethetransformationofthe
electricalenergyinvolvedinotherforms.
b)Telecommunications,theelectricalenergyfortransmissionof
messageslikethetelephone,telegraph,radio,television,
communicationsanddataprocessing.
2. Thetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energy
systemsintheenergyofthepulsedirectcurrent,alternating
current,radiofrequencyandtheartificialgravitation(Ballistic
EnergySystemsIII),theinventivemethodisinaccordancewith
claim1andcharacterizedbythefollowingfeatures:Amethodfor
theproductionofelectronscrystalandholecrystalusingthe
highlystrainedtwodimensionalelectronholeenergy.Thecrystal
structureofawireormetalbraidorapreparedHTS
superconductorsinaDrahthaspesystemunderonefootofavery
highballisticcapacitorvoltagefrom1to1000keV,two
dimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemsin
theenergyofthepulsedirectcurrent,thevoltagepotentialof1
1000keV,onefootunderaveryhighlaserpowerbecomes
incandescent,andthenunderonefootveryrapidcoolingofa
passagecoldchamberare.Procedureunderthefollowing
conditions.Electroncrystalexpiryofcrystallizationa.Fromthe
firstreeldrum1(coilerdrum)(drawingno.4,pos25),Themetal
wire(drawingno.4,pos33)Intheopeningofthefrontofyour
headareindividendlaser(drawingno.4,pos26),Thenintothe
smallholeinthecenterofthefivecoolingchamberwalls
(drawingno.4,pos28.29and30)(Coldroom)hindurchgefhr
andthesecondwirereel[reelseconddrum(drawingno.4,pos
24)Forthemetalwirespooling]woundup.b.Theballistic
generatorsuppliesthewirereel[reel(drawingno.4,pos25.31.
38)WiththePositiveballisticvoltagepoleofthenegative
electronorbitalmeasureof20keVor50keVor100keVor150
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[0012]
[0013]
[0014]
[0015]
[0016]
[0017]
[0018]
[0019]
[0020]
Theenergytechnologyitisimportanttotransferenergyandtransform,
keVor200keVor300keV,withthepolarityoftheground
namelyaseconomicallyaspossible,iewithlowenergylosses,whilein
potentialelectronexcessof850KeVhighlystrainedballistic
communicationstechnology,themostimportanttechnicalrequirement
voltageandtheotherthevoltage,thepoleofthenegative
isanerrorfreetransmissionofthemessage.Itshouldnotcauseany
electronorbitalmassesof20keVor50keVor100keVor150
possiblelossofinformationhereso.
keVor200keVor300keV,withthepolarityoftheground
Twodimensionalmodelsofthebandselectronsystems
potentialelectrondeficiencyof850KeVballistichightension
Thefirstprerequisiteisthattwoparallellinesareseparatedfromeach
voltageisconnectedtotheouterwallofthevacuumchamber.
otherbyaninsulatinglayer.
Betweenthemetalstrandsofwirecoilersandouterwallofthe
Second,theremustbeanelectrostaticDCvoltagetoacertainground
vacuumchamber,aballisticforcefieldof850KeVenergylevel
potentialtosettheorbitalsoftheelectronsandelectronholes(holes)
isformed.c.Theelectronsinthemetalstrandofwirecoilersare
(orbitalmovement),andthetwolinehalfasacapacitorsuppliedwith
raisedtoahighballisticnegativeelectronorbitalmassesof20
electriccurrent.Isformed,dependingonthemagnitudeoftheapplied
keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwith
electrostaticvoltagebetweenthetwolinehalvesenergygapsor
thepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronexcessof850KeV
massesorbitals,whicharetypicallyoftheorderof1eVto1MeV(eV=
highlystrainedballisticvoltage.Themetalwiremovesinthewire
electronvolt).Thesizeoftheenergygapdependsonthematerialand
coilingsystemstothereeldrum2isturnedon,thelaserand
theappliedelectrostaticvoltage.Rearrangingthistwodimensionalline
bringsthepastcontinuousmetalstrandforannealing,thecrystal
intoacoilandputsittothemagneticinduction,sotheweightbearing
structurechangedbythisprocessbecausethedominantballistic
electronsandholesaremovedtoyourorbitalsbythetwodimensional
electronholevoltage,thestructureofthecrystalstructureinthe
line.
wireformedduringannealingandmaintained.Withhighspeed,
Gravitationalmagneticeffect
theMoltenmetalbraidmovestothesubsequentcoolingbath
ThesesomovingorbitalmassesproduceaccordingtoAlbertEinsteinin
inside,whereitiscooledinaflashandacrystalstructure
thetwodimensionallinesagravitationalmagneticeffect.
(electroncrystal)underthenowprevailingconditionsformed.
Twodimensionalelectronsystem
HoleCrystalexpiryofcrystallizationd.Theballisticgenerator
Thetwodimensionalelectronsystemisbasedonthenatureoftwo
suppliesthewirereel[reel(drawingno.4,pos25.31.38)Is
differentlychargedelectronandholeorbitalsinatwodimensionalline
thePositiveballisticvoltagepoleofthepositiveholeorbital
system(2DESsemiconductorphysics).
mass20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300
GeneralElectrical
keV,withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrons
Thegeneralelectricalengineeringisbasedontheonedimensional
excessof850KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandtheother
natureofelectroninaonedimensionallinesystem.
thevoltageofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof20keVor50keV
0.3902)circuit.Themostimportantpartsofanyelectrical
or100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityof
systemarepowergenerators,transmissionlinesand
thegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof850KeVhighly
consumers.
strainedballisticisconnectedtothewallofthevacuum
0.3903)Basicconceptspreviouslyonlyusedinpowerplants
chamber.e.Theholeinthemetalstrandofwirecoilersareona
rotatingmachines,generatorscalled.Ineitherconsumersor
highballisticvoltagepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass20
consumerdevices,theelectricalenergyisconvertedintothe
keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,
desiredotherformsofenergysuchasheat,lightandmechanical
withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronsexcess
energy.Thecablesprovidethelinkfromfarmtofork.
of850KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltagelifted.f.Fromthefirst
0.3904)natureoftheelectricalflow
reeldrum1(coilerdrum)(drawingno.4,pos25),Themetalwire
Theelectricalcurrentfromthegeneratorgoesbackthroughthelinesto
(drawingno.4,pos33)Intheopeningofthefrontofyourhead
theswitchandthentotheconsumertothegenerator.
areindividendlaser(drawingno.4,pos26),Thenintothesmall
Thecarriersoftheelectric(positronic)propertiesofthestreamarein
holeinthecenterofthefivecoolingchamberwalls(drawingno.
metallicelectricallinestheshelloftheatomformingknownaselectron
4,pos28.29and30)(Coldroom)hindurchgefhrandthe
elementaryparticlesofmattersurroundingthewellofelementary
secondwirereel[reelseconddrum(drawingno.4,pos24)For
particles,protonsandneutrons,compositenucleus.Ever,ithasvery
themetalwirespooling]woundup.Themetalwiremovesinthe
littlemassm=0.911027andnegativeelectricityquantitye=0.160
wirecoilingsystemstothereeldrum2isturnedon,thelaser
1916coulomb(abbreviatedC)electron
andbringsthepastcontinuousmetalstrandforannealing,the
Therearepositiveandnegativeelectriccharges.Chargeoccursin
naturealwaysanintegermultipleoftheelementarychargeeon.The
chargeofanelectronisnegative,whichaprotonispositive.Objects
areelectrostaticallychargedbychargeexchange,usuallythroughthe
transferofelectrons.Chargeisalwaysmaintained.Itcannotbe
producedintheprocessofelectrostaticchargeordestroyed,butmerely
redistributes.
0.3905),theforceexertedbyachargeonanother,actsalongthe
connectinglineofthecharges.Theforceisproportionaltothe
productofthechargesandinverselyproportionaltothesquareof
theirdistance.Samechargesrepeleachother,ungleichnamige
attract.
[0021]
ThisisdescribedbyCoulomb'slaw:
Imagenotavailable
[0022]
Theproportionalityfactor1/40hasthevalue Imagenotavailable
crystalstructurechangedbythisprocessbecausethedominant
ballisticholevoltage,thestructureofthecrystalstructureinthe
wireduringannealingformsandmaintains.Withhighspeed,the
Moltenmetalbraidmovestothesubsequentcoolingbathinside,
whereitiscooledinaflashandmadeaholecrystalstructure
underthenowprevailingconditions.Thethusformedmore
componentamorphousalloys,themassivemetallicglasses.The
carriedoutfromtheannealingtemperaturecoolingratesof1
1000K/sandfastersolidifiedamorphousmetalwire,canbe
combinedtolargercomponentsforcommercialapplications,
suchastwodimensionalcoilproducedfromthesenew
materials.MostarealloysbasedonCu,Al,Ni,TiandBe.
current,highfrequencyandtheartificialgravity(BallisticEnergy
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wherein0=8.854x1012C2N1m2istheelectricfield
constant.
0.3906)Eachchargingsystemgeneratesanelectricfieldwhich
exertsanelectrostaticforceonadifferentchargedistributionat
thelocationaccordingtotheCoulomb'slaw.Theelectricfield,
whichprevailsatthelocationofapositivetestchargeqis0,
definedasthetotalforceactingonthissamplecharge,divided
bythesizeofthesamplecharge: Imagenotavailable
0.3907)Theelectricfieldofasinglepositivepointchargeqiisin
theFromstandri(fromthepointcharge)atpointP:
Imagenotavailable wherer/ri0theunitvectorofqiis inthe
directionofPi0.Theelectricfieldofachargingsystemisthe
vectorsumofthefieldsofeachload: Imagenotavailable
0.3908)Anelectricfieldcanberepresentedgraphicallyby
electricfieldlines,whereinthefieldlinesbeginatthepositive
chargesandterminatingonthenegativecharges.Thedensityof
thefieldlinesisameasureofthestrengthofthefield.
[0023]
[0024]
SystemsIII),theinventivemethodaccordingtoclaim1and
characterizedbythefollowingfeatures:Accordingtothe
embodiment3,accordingtopatentclaim3isinitiallyasimple
inventivedesignoftheballisticelectronholeenergysystemwill
bedescribedforaspacecraft.Intheoutershellofthe
spacecraft,thereisatwodimensionalcoilthroughthehigh
frequencymodelofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes
(holes)energysystemissuppliedwithenergy.Theseso
energizedcoilgeneratestwodimensionalthentothespacecraft
anartificialgravitationalfieldthatcancelstheeffectofthe
terrestrialgravity.Hfmodelofthetwodimensionalelectronhole
energysystem.Applicationoftheseballisticelectronscoil
system(2DES)asfieldcoilaroundthespacecraftSpaceShuttle
(OrbiterAbles)torepelthefieldlinesofgravitationwiththese
propertiesofballisticelectronscoilsystems(2DES)andthus
defygravityandthusisolatethe1600Chotplasmafromthe
spacecraft,
0.3909)Anelectricdipoleisasystemoftwoequallylarge,but
oppositechargesthatareseparatedbyasmallspatialinterval.
Thedipolemomentpisavectorpointingfromthenegativeto
positivecharge,andwhosesizeisdeterminedbythe
claim1andcharacterizedbythefollowingfeatures:Amethodfor
multiplicationofchargeanddistance:P=qI
theaccelerationofsatellitesandspacecraft.Byapairof
Farawayfromthedipole,theelectricfieldisproportionaltothe
oppositelychargedionengineswithwenigenstenstwoopposite
magnitudeofthedipolemomentandfallswiththethirdpowerofthe
polarityaccelerationfacilitiesforfuelionsandagasflowthrough
distance.
withahollowcathodeandamultiacceleratingacceleration
Although0.3910)isinahomogeneouselectricfield,theentire
electrodes,thetwodifferentlychargedionbeamsmutually
forceexertedonadipoleforceisequaltozero,butthereisa
attracteachotherintheFusionsdseandmergewitheachother.
torqueMwithM=pE,thattriestoalignthedipoleparallelto
Thenegativeandpositivepulseacceleratorofthefusionengine
thefieldlines.Thepotentialenergyofadipoleinanelectricfield
acceleratexenonionswiththehelpoftheelectrostatic
isgivenbyEpot=pegiven.Itdisappearswhenthedipole
accelerationfieldsoftheringelectrodes4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
andthefieldlinesareperpendiculartoeachother.Inan
and12,theionsandtoacceleratethemto3988.8KeVpulse
inhomogeneouselectricfieldatotalforceactingonthedipole.
energy.Thenegativeionsandpositiveionscomeintothe
0.3911)polarmoleculessuchaswater,haveapermanentdipole
Fusionstriebwerksdsewith3988.8keVpulseenergy.The
moment,astheirpositiveandnegativechargecentersdonot
pulsedacceleratorandtheopenings(drawingno.6,item81and
coincide.Theyseemlikeasimpledipoleinanelectricfield.
82)IntheupperpartoftheFusionstriebwerksdse(drawingno.
Nonpolarmoleculeshavenopermanentdipolemoment.But
6,item71)Arearrangedsothatthetwohighenergyionbeams
dipolescanbeinducedinthembyexternalelectricfields.
intersectinthemiddleoftheFusionstriebwerksdseitself.In
0.3912)Theelectricfieldofacontinuouschargedistributioncan
addition,thedifferentpolarityoftheionbeamscastsothatthey
becalculateddirectlywithCoulomb'slaw: Imagenotavailable
attracteachother,promotethefusionreactionandendupina
Itisdq=dVforaspatialchargedistributioninavolume.Inacharge
Zerstahlungsprozesse.Agreatfusionpulseof79770keV
distributiononasurfaceintegrationoverAis,anditisdq=dA,shall
energy,leavingathighspeed,theengineanddrivesthe
applyatachargedistributionalongalinedq=d.
spaceship.
0.3913),theelectricfluxaconstantelectricfieldbyanareaA
istheproductoftheareaAandthefieldcomponent
perpendiculartothesurface:=EnA=EAcos=EnA
[0025]
Foragenerallocationdependentelectricfieldoftheflowisgivenbya
surfaceelementdA.
0.3914)Thetotalflowthroughanarbitrarilyshapedclosed
surfaceSis1/0multipliedbythetotalchargeinsidethe
surface.ThisistheGauss'slaw: Imagenotavailable
[0026]
TheGauss'slawcanbeusedtocalculatetheelectricfieldofhighly
symmetricchargedistributions.
0.3915)onasurfacewiththesurfacechargedensityofthe
fieldcomponentperpendiculartothesurfaceisdiscontinuous.
Shemakesajump/0: Imagenotavailable
EnergySystemsIII),theinventivemethodisclaimedinclaim1,
8andcharacterizedbythefollowingfeatures:Themethodforthe
transmissionofpictureandaudiosignalsfromtheenergetic
crowdafflicted20to300keVhighvibrationallevelofthe
modulatedhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholeenergy
inthefrequencyrangeof14000kHz(orhigherfrequency).On
thebasisoftheembodiments5first,asimpleinventivedesignof
theballisticelectronholeenergysystemforhigherdimensional
transmitterandreceiverofaudioandvideosignalsontheenergy
masssubjectvibrationallevelofthemodulatedhighfrequency
0.3916)Aconductorintheelectrostaticbalancecarriesthe
twodimensionalelectronholeenergyinthefrequencyrangeof1
entireelectricchargeonitssurface.Theelectricfieldjust
4000kHz(orhigherfrequency)aredescribed.Theapplicationof
outsidetheconductorisperpendiculartothesurfaceandhasthe
highfrequencymodulatedtwodimensionalelectronmassfraught
strength/0,wherethelocalsurfacechargedensityinthis
defectelectronenergyopenupnewpossibilitiesofthe
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pointoftheconductor.
transmissionpathforthesoundandimagesignal.Thenew
0.3917)Thepotentialdifference.phi.b.phi.Aisdefinedasthe
transmissionforaudioandvideosignalisthespatiallevelofthe
workdonebytheelectricfieldofworkperunitcharge,whichis
oscillatingmassproneenergyelectronsandholes.Aremark
necessarytobringatestchargefrompointatopointb(where
values
characteristicoftheseballistichighfrequencytwo
thesignofpotentialdifferenceandworkareopposite):
dimensionalelectronmassfraughtdefectelectronenergyina
Imagenotavailable
[0027]
[0028]
[0029]
surroundingdimensionalspaceintheregionofitsvibration
written.Sinceonlythedifferencesofpotentialsareimportant,butnot
beams(thetwodimensionalcoil).Thus,nearthetwo
theirabsolutevalues,wecanchoosethezeroofpotentialfree.The
dimensionalfieldcoils,anenergychangeinthespatialenergy
potentialatanypointisderivedfromthepotentialenergyofacharge
values
ofthesurroundingdimensionalspace.Thesurroundingus
dividedbythischarge: Imagenotavailable
spaceiscurvedduetothedividendareinyourMatereand
Intheartandineverydaylife,thepotentialdifferenceisoftencalleda
energystructureswithaconstantenergyvalue.Thiscurvature
voltage.TheSIunitofpotentialandvoltageisthevolt(V):1V=1J/
factordependsonthenormalgeometricstructure,andthenormal
C.
energydensityofthesurroundingspacefromus(energyand
Theunitofelectricfieldstrengthisthus:V/m.
changetoalimitedregionofspace,thevalues
oftheenergy
usedunitofenergy,theelectronvolts(eV).Thisreferstothe
density,prevailinthissmallsectionoftheroomareaother
potentialenergyofaparticlewithchargeeatapointatwhich
dimensionalspatialconditions,thisallowsusaccesstothe
thepotentialisV1.Thelinktotheunitjouleis:1eV=1.610
similarparallelEinsteinchamber,hasalongandUsingitforthe
19J.
transmissionofsoundandpicturesignals,Iuseforthe
0.3919)Theelectricalpotentialatadistancerfromacentrally
transmissionofsoundandpicturesignalsfromthetransmitterto
locatedpointchargeisqby Imagenotavailable described.
thereceiver,theenergybandofelectronorbitalmassesof50
Here0isthepotentialataninfinitedistancefromthepoint
keV(20to300keV)andthedefectelectronorbitalmassof50
theproblemcausedbythepointchargepotential
Imagenotavailable
[0031]
Forasystemofpointcharges,thepotentialisby Imagenotavailable
themodulatedhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectron
Defektelektronenenergie.
betweentheithloadofpointP,atwhichthepotentialistobe
determined.
EnergySystemsIII),theinventivemethodisclaimedinclaim1
0.3920),theelectrostaticpotentialenergyofapointcharge
and(0002]characterizedbythefollowingfeatures:Thelaser
systemistheworkneededtobringthechargesfromaninfinite
systemonthebasisoftheballisticelectronenergysystemina
distancetoitsendposition.
large2600mmlongand55mmindiameterNd:YAGcrystalis
0.3921)Systemrequirementofdualballistictwodimensional
usedinthemiddleofNd.YAGcrystalisa2mmhole,performed
electronconduction.
continuouslythroughoutthecrystalwithalaserthroughthishole
WhentheLambshift,iewhentheelectronandtheunoccupiedstate
one.metalrod(withalargeelectricresistance)inserted
withapositivecharge,whichismanifestedbyaquasiparticlecalled
therethrough,andbothends,insulatingassociatedwithaballistic
defectelectronorhole.Isthepotentialenergyofthisparticleballistic
alternatingcurrentpulsegenerator,energytypefieldelectron
negativeelectronsandpositiveholesofelectronorbitalsofthe
(negativepolarity)externaltotheNd:.YAGcrystalisathin
respectivechargepotentialoftheparticle.Thelinktotheunitjouleis1
walledmetalcylinder(2400mmlongandadiameterof55mm)
eV=1.61019J.
madeofametalwithhighelectricalresistancemountedover,at
0.3922)Theelectricpotentialatadistancerfromacentrally
theirendsineachcaseoneelectricalterminalwaswelded,both
locatedpointchargeqinthedualballisticelectronconductionis
ends,withaballisticinsulatingACpulsegeneratorofenergy
ataninfinitedistancefromthepoint.Substitutingthepotentialat
infinitytozero,weobtainfortheproblemcausedbythepoint
chargepotential Imagenotavailable
Forasystemofpointcharges,thepotentialisby Imagenotavailable
given.Hereissummedoverallcharges,andRI0isthedistance
betweentheithloadofpointP,atwhichthepotentialistobe
determined.
0.3923),theelectrostaticpotentialenergyofapointcharge
systemistheworkneededtobringthechargesfromaninfinite
distancetoitsendposition.Inturn,theLambshift,iewhenthe
electronandtheunoccupiedstatewithapositivecharge,
fatheredbyaquasiparticlecalleddefectelectronorholewiththe
correspondingheavyboxesorheavyparticles.
0.3924)Inacontinuouschargedistribution.
[0033]
keV(20to300keV)ofenergymasssubjectvibrationallevelof
given.Hereissummedoverallcharges,andRI0isthedistance
Imagenotavailable described.Here,0thepotentialcharge
[0032]
massdensityatthesunoraneutronstarforcomparison).Ifwe
0.3918)inatomicandnuclearphysicsisthemostcommonly
charge.Substitutingthepotentialatinfinitytozero,weobtainfor
[0030]
vibratingsystemisthatitwillbringaboutachangeinthe
Forinfinitesimaldisplacements,thisisintheformofd.phi=EdI
Doesonepotentialbyintegratingoverthedistributionofcharge:
Imagenotavailable
defectfieldelectron(positivepolarity),respectively.Themetal
cylinderissurroundedbyahighinsulation.Wefedlaterallyfrom
bothendsofthelaserrodtotheperipheryofthelaserrod,pulsed
laserlight.AttheendoftheNd:YAGcrystalisalaserreflecting
mirrorandatthebeginningoftheNd:YAGcrystalisasemi
transparentmirrorlaser.Behindthesemitransparentmirror,the
laserpowergeneratedlaseriscoupledintoalightconductor
cableandbroughttothepointofapplication(focusinglens,laser
lightcollection).Inthelaserelectricvoltageof10Vcanbe
causedbytheisolation,beupto500KVused.Thisallowsthe
laserhighenergyphotonsfrom10eVto500keVtouse.
Application:Thetransmittedthroughtheopticalfibercablehigh
energyphotonsforchipmanufactureelectronics(prerequisitefor
massproductionofsemiconductordevicesusing
photolithographicmethod(masktechnique)canbeused.
5/94
3/4/2015
[0034]
[0035]
Thisexpressioncanbeusedonlyifthechargedistributionwithina
finitevolumeVissuchthatthepotentialatinfinityiszerocanbeset.
EnergySystemsIII),theinventivemethodisclaimedinclaim1,
0.3925)Theelectricfieldpointinginthedirectionofthegreatest
8andcharacterizedbythefollowingfeatures:thetwo
decreaseofthepotential.ThecomponentofEinthedirectionof
dimensionalelectronhole(holes)energysystemsforpulseDC
ashiftdisrelatedtothepotentialacross Imagenotavailable
current,alternatingcurrentandhighfrequency,on
together.Ofthevectorpointinginthedirectionofthelargest
superconductorbase:consistsofthefollowingsystem
changeofascalarfunctionandwhosesizeisequaltothe
parameters:a)ElectrotransformerwhosePrimreand
derivativeofthefunctioninthisdirectioniscalledthegradientof
secondarywindingto273CtoC(iscooleddependingon
thefunction.TheelectricfieldEisthenegativegradientofthe
thekindofthesuperconductorandinsulation)andismaintained
potential.Invectornotationthisiswrittenasgradient,
atthistemperature.TheprimarycoilislocatedonanIsolated
whereinthegradientoperatorisoftenreferredtoasDel.So
spool,thespoolismade
ofenamelinsulatedmultistrandcopper
thereexiststheelectricfield:E=.
wire,highvoltagewirecrosssectionCuSn0.75mm2/
Inasphericallysymmetricchargedistribution,thepotentialvariesonly
Operatingvoltage3KV2284turnsorstrand(siliconecable1
byr,andtheelectricfieldisrelatedtothepotentialacross
coresqmmcrosssectionof6)Nesslerelectronics/Giselastrae
Imagenotavailable together.InCartesiancoordinatesthefollowing
transformercore,itconsistsofaceramicferritecorewith
is Imagenotavailable
differentferrite"glassceramicpowderSiO295to10%tand
0.3926)Bygradientistransferredtoascalartoavector.The
scalarproductofthenablaoperatorwithavectoriscalled
divergence.
[0036]
Thedivergenceofavectormakesascalar: Imagenotavailable
[0037]
Thedivergenceoftheelectricfieldofacontinuouschargedistribution
is
Imagenotavailable
[0038]
35/D63500Seligenstadtused).newistheconstructionofthe
applies:
ThisequationisalsoknownPoissonequation.Theintuitive
interpretationofdivergenceistheonesourcefromwhichemanatesthe
field.Whentheelectricfieldis/0is thestrengthofthesource.In
thecontextofthepotentialandchargedistributionapplies:
Imagenotavailable
ferrite5to90%,andnewistheconstructionoftheballistic
secondaryfieldelectroncoilwireorcable.Sheisoneofthe
manypossibletypesofatwoelectronsystem,thefollowing
exampleisconstructed:newisthestructureofthesecondary
coil,theconnectinglinesofthesecondarycoilandthe
secondarycoilisconnectedtotheconsumer,theyconsistofa
speciallyconstructedsuperconductor.Superconductorcarrier
mediumwalltubesofsilvertube(drawingno.11,pos124and
134,Diameter1cm),coveredwithplastic
tieftemperaturtauglichem(drawingno.11,pos125and133)
(Wallthicknessofthehighvoltageinsulation2cm),this
insulationisacopperbraid(drawingno.11,pos126and132),
[0039]
Itis Imagenotavailable thesocalledLaplaceoperator.
Thatofathincopperstrip(drawingno.11,pos123and131)Is
[0040]
UsingthePoissonequation,wecanwritetheGaussianlawfor
surrounded,copperstripisoverthisinturna
continuouschargedistributionsas
tieftemperaturtauglichemplasticinsulation(drawingno.11,pos
Imagenotavailable
[0041]
[0042]
thermalinsulation(drawingno.11,pos121and129),Witha
integralontheleftandthevolumeintegralontherightsideofthe
wallthicknessof1cm).Theoveralldiameterofthe
equationisknownasDivergencetheorem.
superconductorcarriertubeis9cm.Inthetwoequallylong
0.3927)onaconductorofarbitraryshapeisthesurfacecharge
superconductorsupporttubes1eachor10HTSsuperconducting
densityinpointswiththesmallestradiusofcurvatureis
wires(drawingno.11,pos135and136thecaseofa
greatest.
temperatureof4.2KnearabsolutezeroTrithorwirehasacurrent
0.3928)Adirectorcanonlychargeuptoamaximumfield
ofmorethan260amps.Themagneticfluxdensitywasthen
strength.Thereafter,adischargeoccursthroughadielectric
increasedto42Tesla,whichstillremainedacurrentof80
breakdown.Inair,thesecriticalelectricfieldstrengthisaboutE
amperes.Thisisveryimpressiveforabandconductorwitha
6
max 310 V/m=3MV/m.
crosssectionofonly0.674mm2"ofTrithorGmbH
Theelectricfieldstrengthatwhichdielectricbreakdownoccursina
Heisenbergstr1653359RhineriverGermanywww.trithor.com
material'sdielectricstrengthofthematerial.Theresultingdischargeby
Contact:.Press@trithor.com,fed(usedthematerialTTgold....
conductingairiscalledsparkdischarge.
TTBSCCOHTSWIRESofTrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr16..
0.3929)Ballisticelectronconductionandcapacitor
[0043]
[0044]
53359Rhineriver)foractivationofthetwodimensionalelectron
Capacitorsareusedtostoreelectricalchargeandenergy.Thesame
stateofthesuperconductingpair,iethesecondarywinding,a
alsoappliestoadualelectronballisticconduction.Theyconsistoftwo
highDCvoltagetotheterminalsonthetwodimensionalline
conductingsurfacesthatareisolatedfromeachotherandhavethe
halvesa(superconductornegativepolarity,drawingno.11,pos
samenegativeorpositivechargeQ.Thecapacityisobtainedby
135)Andb(superconductorpositivepolarity,drawingno.11,
dividingthisbythechargeQlocatedbetweentheconductorsvoltage
pos136)Used(Thesuperconductorisfrom[Bi2Sr2CaCu2O
U:C=Q:U
8(Bi2212)orof(Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10(Bi2223)orfrom
Thecapacitydependsonlyontheshapeofthecapacitor,butnotbythe
voltageorpotentialdifference.
0.3930)Thecapacitanceofaparallelplatecapacitor,thesame
istruefordualballisticelectronconduction,itisproportionalto
theareaof
the(equal)platesandinverselyproportionaltothe
distancebetweentheplates:C=0A:s
[0045]
122and130),Withawallthicknessof1cm),abovewhichisa
Theexpressedbythisequationrelationshipbetweenthesurface
Thecapacitanceofacylindricalcapacitor(dualballisticelectron
thematerialTTTTgoldBSCCOmanufactured53359
Rheinbach)HTSWIRESofTrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr16..
ForthisIuseaDCpowersupplyunitsofF.u.G.Elektronik
GmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fug
elektronik.dewiththefollowingdata:For20keVelectronenergy
Iusethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,0
20000V/0200mAcurrentand50keVelectronenergyIusethe
6/94
3/4/2015
conduction(2DES)isgivenby: Imagenotavailable where,the
type:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/280065000065KV0
lengthofthecapacitor(dualballisticelectronline),andaandbisthe
40mA.Themetallicenvelopeandthesilvercoresuperconductor
radiusoftheinnerandouterconductor.
actingascarriersfortheelectronandholecurrentsofdifferent
0.3931)aninsulator,thatis,anelectricallynonconductive
frequencies(PulsedDC,ACandhighfrequency).The
materialisreferredtoasdielectric.Leadstoadielectricina
superconductoriscooledbyacoolingdevicetotherequired
capacitor,adualballisticelectronfieldline(2DES),thenthe
temperatureofthesuperconductorandkeepsthewholesystem
chargedistributionoftheatomsandmoleculesofthedielectric
tothattemperature.Increaseinmassoftheelectronandpositive
changesintheelectricfieldinsidethecapacitor.Thiseffectis
holeatappliedelectricfieldstrengthsofthetwodimensional
calledpolarization,twoformscanbedistinguished:the
wiringlayersaandb.Theparticularstateofthe2DESlineis
orientationpolarizationinwhichtheexistingpolarmolecules
described.Itisgeneratedbyapplyingalargeelectricfield
rotateinthefielddirection,andthedisplacementpolarizationin
strengthsofabout1to1000kV/cmattheballisticdimensional
whichtheexternalfieldcausesashiftofthechargecentersof
line.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighDCvoltagetothe
electronsandatomicnucleusineachatom.Byapolarization
electrostatic2DESline,ieonthewiringlayerbanda.These
fieldEbuildsupinthedielectricwhichtheexternalfieldEis
electronorbitaldisplacementoftheelectronsbtothewiringlayer
superimposed0andthisweakensEapplies:
a,leavesinthevalencebandofthewiringlayerbanunoccupied
Imagenotavailable whereriscalledthedielectricconstant.
Theweakeningofthefieldleadstoanincreaseincapacitybya
factorofr:C=rC0,
[0046]
[0047]
C0denotesthecapacitancewithoutthedielectric.Thedielectric
andnegativevoltagepotentials.Thisaccelerationismanifested
ascorrespondingincreaseinmassoftheelectronandthe
thedielectricstrengthofthecapacitor(ballisticelectronconduction).
electronholes,eachorbitalmass.Theballisticballisticwinding
0.3932)Theelectricalenergyinacapacitor(dualballistic
andthetransformerarecooledwithliquidnitrogenorliquid
electronline=2DES)withthechargeQ,thepotentialdifference
helium.
Thisenergyisstoredintheelectricfield.Theelectricalenergydensity
add:Ers C=C1+C2+C3+...
Intheseriesconnectionofcapacitors,thereciprocalsoftheindividual
capacitancesaddforthereciprocaloftheequivalentcapacitanceof
thefollowingapplies: Imagenotavailable
0.3934)Electriccurrentinthesystemrequirementofdual
ballisticconduction(2DES)intheLambshift,iewhenthe
electronandtheunoccupiedstatewithapositivecharge,bya
quasiparticlecalleddefectelectronorhole.
0.3935)Electriccurrentiscausedbymovingcharges.
Theelectriccurrentisdefinedasthechargepertimeintervalbya
certaincrosssectionalareaof
flow(twodimensionalflowsofthe
ballisticelectronconductionpartaandtheholeconductingpartb.
Theconventionaldirectionofcurrentinonedimensionalelectron
systemisinthedirectionofflowofpositivechargecarriers.
[0052]
Theconventionalcurrentdirectioninatwodimensionalelectronsystem
showsinflowdirectionballisticlackofelectronsandholes.Ina
ballisticelectronconductionbecomeanelectricdualmassprone
currentsandvoltages.
Fieldquantaofgravity
[0053]
Thevoltagepolesoftheballisticelectronconductionradiatefield
quantaofgravity.
0.3936),theelectricalresistanceoftheballisticelectron
conduction
[0054]
groundleveltothelevelofthenegativeandpositivevoltage
functions.Theyserveasaphysicalspacerand,importantly,increase
0.3933)Intheparallelconnectionofcapacitors,thecapacityto
[0051]
electronsandtheholesareacceleratedbyanacceleration
potentialbyactingonthetwodimensionallineveryhighpositive
Imagenotavailable
[0050]
isfromthevalencebandofthewiringlayerdescribed,The
Abouttheincreaseincapacityadditiondielectricsstillperformother
is:
[0049]
defectelectronorhole(hole),withthequasimomentumkh=ke
constantorpermittivityofmatterisdefinedas=r0th
UandthecapacitanceCisgivenby: Imagenotavailable
[0048]
statewithapositivechargeformedbyaquasiparticles,called
Theelectricalresistanceoftheballisticelectronconduction(2DES)is
thequotientofvoltage,current,andheightoftheballisticfieldenergy.
Inmostmetals,theresistanceisindependentofthecurrentandvoltage
constant.
[0055]
ThisisthestatementofOhm'slaw:U=I/R.
[0056]
Materialsthatobeythislawarecalledohmicresistances.The
reciprocalvalueoftheresistancemeansconductanceG=1/R.
characterizedbythefollowingfeatures:Asimple(utilitymodelII)
highfrequencymodelofthetwodimensionalelectronelectron
holes(holes)energysystemsthatwerepreparedaccordingto
themethodoftheinvention.Thismethodoftheinventionisthat
atransformer(mayalsobeaHFtransformer),whosetwo
dimensionalsecondarycoil,aDChighvoltage(DCvoltageof20
or50kVorhigherDCvoltage)tothetwodimensionalsecondary
coillayersaandbofthesecondarycoils(Acoaxialhighvoltage
cable)isappliedandtheprimarycoilissuppliedbyapulse
generatororRFgeneratorwithenergy.Thehighfrequencymodel
twodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems
from50to450kHz.AsamainingredientIuseaAXIORF
generator10/450T/DesktopAXIO10/450power10KW
Outputfrequency50450kHz(HTTINGERElektronikGmbH+
Co.KGElssserstrasse879110Freiburg
info@de.huettinger.com/www.huettinger.comtheoutput
transformerIchangethisway:"Theprimersinthewindingtakes
thefed110KWpoweron,theferritecoreoftheHighfrequency
outputtransformerandthesecondarycoilisgestalltethatthe
secondarycoilwindingspaceaslargeaspossibleforthe8mm
measuredbyhighvoltagecablesbyLemo.ElektronikGmbH,
HansSchwindtStr6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.de,..Partno/
OrderNo.201340/Conductorresistance/conductorresistance
56.1ohmmeter,OperatigvoltageOperatingvoltage50KV
(testingvoltage75KV)InnerconductorinnerconductorCuSn
0.76mm=0.45mm2with4Ampersteadfast,"aufweit.For
activationofthetwodimensionalelectronstateofthecoilwireof
thesecondarywinding,ahighDCvoltagetotheterminalsofthe
twodimensionallinehalvesaandbofthecoilwire(shieldand
innerconductorofthepowercable)connectedtothisDCpower
7/94
3/4/2015
[0057]
[0058]
[0059]
[0060]
Theresistanceofawireisproportionaltoitslengthandinversely
supplyIuseaPowerSupplyCompanyF.u.G.Elektronik
proportionaltoitscrosssectionalarea:R=P=I:Awhereinthe
GmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fug
specificresistanceofthematerialreferredto.Thereciprocalof
elektronik.dewiththefollowingdata:For20keVelectronenergy
resistivityisconductivity:=1:p
Iusethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,0
0.3937)Ingeneral,vectorialformisOhm'slaw:j=
20000V/0200mAcurrentand50keVelectronenergyIusethe
.SIGMA..sub.e,whereJisthecurrentdensity,definedasthe
type:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/280065000065KV0
powerperareais.
40mA.ThesameDCpowersupplyisusedfortheballisticcoil,
0.3938)Theelectricalpowerinanelectricalcomponent
fortheconnectingline.ForfeedingthehighDCvoltagetothe
Theelectricalpowerinanelectricalcomponentiscalculatedasthe
shieldandtheinnerconductorofthepowercableandthe
productofvoltagedropandcurrent:P=IU.
connectionsIusedusedastwodimensionalcoiltothetwo
Powersourcessupplyingelectriccircuitswithenergy.Thepower,
dimensionalconsumersthehighvoltageconnectorsandhigh
whichappliesavoltagesource,theproductofvoltageandcurrent
voltagebushingsto100KVofF.u.G.ElektronikGmbH,
sourceis:P=UQI.
Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fug
Thepowerthatisconvertedintoheatinaresistoris:P=IU=I2R=
elektronik.de
U2/R
[0061]
[0062]
currentintensityequaltothesourcevoltage.Inarealvoltagesource
thatisnotthecase.Theycanbeasaseriescircuitofanidealvoltage
sourceandasmallresistance,theinternalresistance,circumspect.
claim1andcharacterizedbythefollowingfeatures:Theballistic
0.3939),theequivalentresistanceofaseriescircuitofresistors
twodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemsforthegeneration
isequaltothesumoftheindividualresistances:ERSR=R1+
ofgravitationalmagneticenergy,accordingtoatleastoneofthe
R2+R3+...resistorsinseries.
precedingclaims,characterizedinthat:I(UtilityModelII)This
Intheparallelconnectionofresistorsisthereciprocalvalueofthe
equivalentresistanceisequaltothesumofthereciprocalvalues
ofthe
individualresistors: Imagenotavailable
0.3940)inthemicroscopicmodeloftheballisticelectron
conduction
[0063]
Onamicroscopicmodelofballisticelectronconduction(2DES).The
systemrequirementsforadualballistictwodimensionalelectron
conductionistheelectronorbitalshiftfromlinepartbtolineparta.The
smalldriftvelocityvdbetweentheconductivelayersaandbis
demonstratestheenergygeneratedinthegeneratoror
transformerballistically,thatis,inthetwodimensionalelectron
holeenergyindifferentfrequencyranges.
characterizedbythefollowingfeatures:Thethefromtheballistic
dualsecondarycoilofthetransformer,thefieldelectronenergy
determinedbytheamountofinsulationbetweentheconductivelayersa
systeminPulsedDCareaorintheACrangeordeliveredinthe
andb,itformstheelectricalfieldstrengthEandunoccupiedstatewith
highfrequencyrangevoltagehasthefollowingnature:"Ballistic
apositivecharge,byaquasiparticlecalleddefectelectronorholefield
capacitorvoltageof0.00120KV,50KV,80KV,100KV,150
strengthvd=E.
KV,200KV,250KV,300KV,350KV,400KVand500KVof
0.3941)Kirchhoff'slawsare:
[0064]
Inanidealvoltagesource,theterminalvoltageisindependentofthe
thetwodimensionalfieldelectronholeenergytothevoltage
NodeRule:Thesumofallcurrentshinflieentoanodeisequaltothe
potentialof0.00120KeV,50KeV,80KeV,100KeV,150KeV,
sumofthecurrentswhichflowawayfromthatnode.MeshRule:When
200KeV,250KeV,300KeV,350KeV,400KeVand500KeV
goingthroughamesh(ieaclosedloop)inarandomamountof
thepropertyofaballisticnegativeandpositivehightension
circulationisthesumofallvoltagesequaltozero.
capacitorvoltageof0.00120KV,50KV,80KV,100KV,150
0.3942)circuitswithmanyloopsareanalyzedaccordingtothe
KV,200KV,250KV,300KV,350KV,400KVand500KV(The
followingscheme:
terminal1ofthenegativehighstrungballisticvoltagewiththe
a)Workforcircuitswithseveralonebehindorresistors
polarityoftheelectronsduetoalackof0.00120keV,50keV,
connectedinparallelwiththeequivalentresistances.
80keV,100keV,150keV,200keV,250keV,300keV,350
b)Select.acertainflowdirectionfortheentirecircuitanddrawa
keV,400keVand500keVandhastheterminal2ofthenegative
diagramineachbranchofthecorrespondingcurrentdirection
highstrungballisticvoltagewiththepolarityoftheelectron
Markoneachcomponent(voltagesource,resistororcapacitor)
excessof0.00120keV,50keV,80keV,100keV,150keV,200
thesideofhigherpotentialbyaplussignandthecorresponding
keV,250keV,300keV,350keV,400keVand500KeV)andthe
sideoflowerpotentialbyaminussign.
natureofthepositivehighstrungholespotential(poleofthe
con)Applypowertoeachbranchpoint,thenoderule.
negativehighstrungballisticvoltagewiththepolarityofthe
d)Applytoasmanytimesasitisnecessarytocalculatethe
defectelectrondeficiencyof0.00120keV,50keV,80keV,100
loopruletoallstreams(withninnerloopssoatleastntimes).
keV,150keV,200keV,250keV,300keV,350keV,400keV
e)Loosentheresultsfrompoints3and4equations,and
and500keV,andasthepoleofthenegativehighstrungballistic
determineinthiswayalltheunknowns.
voltagewiththepolarityofthedefectelectronexcessof0.001
f)Checktheresultsinthatapointofthecircuitisassignedto
20keV,50keV,80keV,100keV,150keV,200keV,250keV,
zerothepotentialandthecalculatedvalues
ofthecurrentsare
300keV,350keV,400keVand500keVhas".
usedtodeterminethepotentialsatdifferentpointsofthecircuit.
0.3943)Complexcircuitscanoftenbesimplifiedbysymmetry
considerations.Pointsthatareatthesamepotential,youcan
connectasimplifieddiagramofoneanother.
8/94
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0.3944)Whenacapacitordischargedthrougharesistor,thechargeandthedischargecurrentincreasing
exponentiallywithtime.Thetimeconstant=RCisthetimeinwhichthechargehasfallentotheethpart
ofitsinitialvalue.Acapacitorchargedthrougharesistor,thechargecurrentagainincreasesexponentially
withtime,andaftertheperiodoftime=RC,thechargeonthecapacitor63percentofitsfinalvaluehas
beenreached.
0.3945)Agalvanometerisadeviceformeasuringsmallcurrents,thepointerdeflectionofthegalvanometer
isproportionaltothecurrentflowingtherethrough.Anammeterisalsosuitableformeasuringlargercurrents.
Itconsistsofagalvanometerandaresistorconnectedinparallelthereto,thesocalledshuntresistor.For
measuringthecurrentthrougharesistor,theammetermustbeconnectedinseriestothisresistor.Since
theinternalresistanceoftheammeterisverysmall,themeasurementisonlyslightlydistorted.Avoltmeter
isusedtomeasurepotentialdifferences.Itiscomposedofagalvanometerandalargeresistance
connectedinseriestherewith.Thevoltagedropacrossaresistanceshallbemeasuredbythevoltmeter
connectedtotheresistorinparallel.Duetothehighinternalresistanceofthevoltmetertotheerrorinthe
voltagemeasurementisverysmall.Usinganohmmeter,measureresistance.Itconsistsofavoltage
source,agalvanometerandaresistor,whichareallconnectedinseries.
0.3946)Whenthesystemrequirementofdualballisticelectronfieldline
[0065]
Inthesystemrequirementofthedualballisticfieldelectronline,inwhichLambshiftarisinginthedifferentwiring
layers,electronandapositivehole(thatistheunoccupiedstateofanelectronwithapositivechargeformedbya
quasiparticles,calleddefectelectronorhole).Bymagneticinduction,thesechargecarriersaremoved.
0.3947)Movingchargesinteractwitheachotherbymagneticfieldsandvirtualatomicfields.Sincecurrents
nothingmorethanmovingcharges,theyexertoneachother,magneticforcesandvirtualatomicforces.
Theymaybedefined,byassumingthatamovingchargeoracurrentgeneratingamagneticfieldanda
virtualatomiccorefieldsandthistheninteractwithothermovingchargesorcurrentswitheachother.
Magneticfieldsandthevirtualatomicfieldsarealwayscausedbymovingtwodimensionalloads.
0.3948)Movesachargeinmagneticfield
[0066]
AchargeqmoveswithvelocityvinamagneticfieldB,thenactingonthem,thesocalledLorentzforce:F=qv
B
[0067]
Thestrengthofamagneticfieldonacurrentcarryingdualballisticelectronfieldline(2DES)isgivenbydF=Id
B
[0068]
Here,isavectorhavingthelengthofthedualballisticelectronfieldline(2DES)andshowsthecurrentdirection.
TheSIunitofthemagneticfieldBistheTesla(T).Anolder,butstillcommonunitistheGausswhichone
convertsasfollowsinTesla:=104G.
0.3949)AparticleofchargeqandmassmthatmovesperpendiculartoamagneticfieldB,describesa
circularpathwhoseradiusby Imagenotavailable isgiven.TheorbitalperiodTisindependentofthe
orbitalradiusandtheparticlevelocity.Therotationalfrequency1/Tisreferredtoascyclotronfrequency:
Imagenotavailable
0.3950)Aspeedfilterconsistsofamagneticfieldandanelectricfield.Thefieldsareperpendiculartoeach
other(alsoreferredtoascrossedfields),andtheirforceactioncompensatesforparticleswithvelocityv=E
/B.
0.3951),theratioofchargetomass(q/m)ofanionknownvelocitycanbedeterminedbymeasuringits
orbitalradiusinaknownmagneticfielddetermined(massspectrometry).
0.3952)Aconductorloopcanbeinamagneticfield,amagnetic(dipole)andgravitationaldipoles.
[0069]
Aconductorloopinamagneticfieldcanbeamagnetic(dipole)momentmmattribute:mm=nNIA,whereNis
thenumberofturns,Aisthelooparea,Iisthecurrent,andnisthenormalvectorofthesurface.Insuchadipole
inamagneticfieldactsatorqueM=mmB,whichattemptsthemagneticmoment(andthegravitationaldipoles)
ofthedualballisticelectronenergyline(2DES)alignparalleltothefield.Althoughahomogeneousmagneticfield
exertsatorque,butnonetforceonadualballisticelectronconductorloop.
0.3953)Onabarmagnetinamagneticfieldactsalsoatorque.
[0070]
BytherelationshipM=MmBcandefinethemagneticmomentofthebarmagnetontheexperimentally
determinedtorque.ThepolestrengthPofthebarmagnetisdefinedbytheforceactingoneachofthepoles:P=F
B.ThepolestrengthoftheNorthPoleispositive,thenegativeoftheSouthPole.Pressingthemagneticmoment
ofthepolestrength,weobtainmm=|P|,withthevectorconnectingbetweennorthandsouthpolesis.
0.3954)Bringtoacurrentcarryingmetalstripinamagneticfield,theLorentzforceleadstoaseparationof
thechargecarriers.ThiseffectiscalledHalleffect.Theseparationofthechargecarriergeneratesa
measurablepotentialdifferenceisreferredtoastheHallvoltage: Imagenotavailable
[0071]
Here,vdisthedriftvelocityofthechargecarriers,themagneticfield8,bisthewidthoftheconductor,disthe
thicknessoftheconductorn,thecarrierdensity,qisthechargeandAH=1/nqknownastheHallcoefficient.
Onecandeterminethesignofthechargecarriersinaconductor,itsdensityaswellastheconductivityandthe
electronmobilityofthematerialbymeansoftheHalleffect.
[0072]
AtverylowtemperaturesandhighmagneticfieldstrengthsoftheHallresistanceisquantizedandonlythevalues
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Imagenotavailable accept,wherenisanintegerandRKVonKlitzingconstantRK=thevalueofh:ehas2
25812.807.
0.3955)Movesachargeqwithvelocityvinaballistictwodimensionalline.
[0073]
Achargeqmoveswithvelocityvinaballistictwodimensionalline(2DES),itgeneratesagravitationalfieldwhich
isgivenatapointPatadistancerfromthefollowingrelationship: Imagenotavailable
[0074]
Here,r/risaunitvectorpointingfromthechargetothereceptorpoint,and0is thesocalledgravitational
magneticfieldconstant.
[0075]
Ithastheamount0=4107Tm/A=4107N/A.2
0.3956)forthegravitationalmagneticdBatadistancerfromacurrentelementIdapplies:
Imagenotavailable
[0076]
ThisrelationshipiscalledBiotSavartlaw.Thegravitationalmagneticfieldformswithboththecurrentelementand
theconnectingvectorrfromthecurrentelementtothereceptorpointarightangle.
0.3957)Thepowertoexercisethetwomovingchargesbytheirgravitationalmagneticfieldshurteachother,
notNewton'sthirdlaw(action=reaction),whichmeansthatthemomentumisconservedinthis
Zweiteilchensystem.Taking,however,thepulseoftheelectricalandgravitationalmagneticfieldinthe
analysisareincluded,thetotalmomentumofthesystemofthetwochargesandthesefieldsremainsvery
wellpreserved.
0.3958)Thegravitationalfieldontheaxisofanannularcurrentcarryingdualballisticelectronenergy
conductor(thatis,acircuitcurrent)isgivenby Imagenotavailable whereex isaunitvectorinthe
directionoftheaxisofthering.Longwayfromtheringabovethemagneticfieldandthegravitationalfield
aboveintothefieldofadipoleisabout: Imagenotavailable wheremisthemagneticdipolemomentm
andthegravitationaldipolemoment(orthemagneticandgravitationaltorque)ofthering.Themagneticand
gravitationaltorqueistheproductofcurrentstrengthandcrosssectionalareaof
theringandstands
verticallyaccordingtotherighthandruletothering.
0.3959),themagneticfieldandthegravitationalfieldinsidealongballisticelectroncoil,farawayfromtheir
ends,hastheamountB=is0nI,wherenistheWindungszahldichte(numberofturnsperlength)ofthe
ballisticelectroncoil,
0.3960),themagneticfieldandthegravitationalfieldofacurrentcarryingballisticelectronconductorportion
(2DES)is Imagenotavailable whereRistheperpendiculardistanceofthereferencepointtothedual
ballisticelectronfieldline.1and2aretheanglesbetweentheprecipitatedfromthepointonthatdual
ballisticelectronfieldlinesolderandthelinesconnectingthetwoendsofthedualballisticelectronfieldline
[0077]
Istheheadpieceverylong,sogoestheaboveexpressioninto Imagenotavailable
[0078]
Thedirectionofthefieldlinesisindicatedbythecurvedfingersoftherighthandwhenthethumbpointsinthe
directionofthecurrent.
0.3961),themagneticfield,thegravitationalfieldinsideatightlywoundballisticelectronsdualtoroidhasthe
amount Imagenotavailable whereristhedistancefromthecenterofthedualballisticelectronringtube
(diameteroftheballisticconduction).
1.2199)Oneampereisdefinedasthecurrentatthetwoparallel,crossedbythesameconductorata
distanceofonemeteraforceof2107N/mexertoneachother.
0.3962)TheAmprelawlinkingtheintegralofthetangentialcomponentofthemagneticfieldandthe
gravitationalfieldalongaclosedcurveCwiththeentirecurrentICwhichpassesthroughtheareabounded
bythiscurvearea:BdI=0ICforanarbitraryclosedcurveC.TheAmprelawisvalidonlyforclosed
circuits.Itcanthenbeusedtocalculatethemagneticfieldandthegravitationalfieldiftheconsidered
arrangementhasahighdegreeofsymmetry,suchastightlywoundringorcylindercoilsorballisticcoil
(2DES).
0.3963)Therotationofavectoraisdefinedasthevectorproductofthenablaoperatorwitha:
Imagenotavailable
0.3964)oneformstherotationofthemagneticfieldBandthegravitationalfieldBofacurrentcarrying
conductor,weobtainredB=0j.
[0079]
Thisequation,whichisoftenreferredtoasthedifferentialformofAmpere'sLawdenotespower,especiallyclear
thatthesourceofthemagneticfieldBandBofthegravitationalfield,acurrentdensityisj.Theintegralformof
Ampere'slawcanwithredB=0jtransformandthenreceivesanewrelationship: Imagenotavailable
[0080]
Purelyformalterms,thisequationisamethodofhowtoconvertalineintegraltoanintegraloverthearea
enclosedbythelinearea.ThismathematicalmethodisknownasStokes'integraltheorem.
0.3965)Inthecaseofahomogeneousmagneticfieldandgravitationalfield,themagneticandandholes
flowmbyacoilistheproductofthecoilareaAandtheportionBnofthemagneticfieldandtheholefield
thatisperpendiculartothecoilplane.GenerallyapplicabletoacoilwithNturns Imagenotavailable
[0081]
TheSIunitofmagneticanddefectelectronflowistheWeber:1Wb=1Tm2.
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0.3966)Wherethemagneticandthedefectelectronsflowthroughaconductorloop,avoltageUis
generated.ThemagnitudeofthisinducedvoltageisobtainedbyusingFaraday'slaw Imagenotavailable
[0082]
TheinducedvoltagecorrespondstoanonconservativeelectricfieldEandtheholefieldwhichistangentialtothe
conductor.Isintegratedovertheentirelengthoftheconductor,thatisontheclosedcurveC.
[0083]
Theinducedvoltageandtheresultinginducedcurrentactcontrarytotheircause.Thisstatementisalsocalled
Lenz'sLaw.
.3967)Inaconductivedualballisticelectronsline(2DES),thelength,ofvmoveswiththevelocity
perpendiculartoamagneticfieldBandsimultaneouslythroughaPionischenfeldisinducedbythe
movementofavoltage.Ithastheamount Imagenotavailable
0.3968)circulatingcurrentswhicharegeneratedinadualballisticelectronlineduetoamagneticflux
change,andtheelectronholesarereferredtoaseddycurrents.
0.3969)inacoiltheangularvelocityrotatesinamagneticfieldinaholefieldresultsinachangeof
voltageballistictypeU=Umax sin(.omega.t+),whereUmax =NBAistheamplitudeofthevoltage.
0.3970)ThemagneticanddefectelectronsflowthroughacircuitisproportionaltothecurrentI:m=LI
whereinLiscalledtheself,ofthecircle.Theyonlydependonthegeometry.TheSIunitofinductanceis
theHenry(H):1H=1Wb/A=1Tm2/A.
Theselfinductanceofalong,tightlycoiled
[0084]
Theselfinductanceofalong,tightlywoundcoiloflength,crosssectionalareaAandWindungszahldichten=N
/is: Imagenotavailable
[0085]
Locatedinthevicinityofthiscircuit,anothercircuitthatiscarryingacurrentI2,thencometotheexistingflowof
proportionm=MI2added.ThesizeofMiscalledmutualinductanceanddependsonlyongeometricalfactors.
0.3971)Changesthecurrentinacircuit,thenavoltage Imagenotavailable induced.
[0086]
InanLRcircuitinwhicharesistorR,aninductorLandavoltagesourceofthevoltageU0areconnectedin
series,thecurrentrequiresacertainperiodoftimeafterswitchingon,toachievethemaximumstrength.Initiallyno
currentflows,thecurrentisattimet Imagenotavailable wherein=L/Riscalledthetimeconstantofthe
circuit.
0.3972)inacoilcarryingacurrentI,we,theenergy Imagenotavailable stored.Theenergyisinthe
magneticfieldandinthedefectelectronfieldwhichgeneratesthecoil.Ingeneral,theenergydensityofthe
magneticfieldandtheelectronfielddefectischaracterizedby Imagenotavailable given.
0.3973)Allmaterialscanbeaccordingtotheirbehaviorinmagneticfieldsandelectronholesinfields,para,
inthesixmaincategories,ferromagnetic,diamagneticandparamagneticin,ferro,divideddiapionischand
thereisyetthesubstanceclassesofferriteandantiferromagneticmaterials.
0.3974)Adefectelectronenergytreatedmaterial
[0087]
Amagnetizedandaholetreatedmaterialisdescribedbyitsmagnetizationvector,andbyitspositiveholevector
M,whichisdefinedastheresultantmagneticandholesdipolemomentperunitvolumeofthematerial:M=dmm
dV
[0088]
Themagneticfieldandholesfields,ahomogeneouslymagnetizedanddefectiveelectronbasedcylinder
correspondstothefieldthatwouldproducethecylinderwhenraftsonthesurfacethereof,acurrentIperunit
length,whichgeneratesthemagnetizationMandthePionisierung.ThissurfacecurrentiscalledAmprescher
current.
Looking0.3975)wasalongcylinderofmagneticanddefectelectronbasedmaterialthatgoesintoa
cylindricalcoilwiththeWindungszahldichten(turnsperunitlength),throughwhichacurrentIflows.Dueto
thecurrentinthewindingsandthemagnetizedandpionischesiertenmaterial,theresultingmagneticfield
andelectronholesfieldresultswithinthecoil(farenoughawayfromtheirends)toB=B0+0M=0(H
+M),fortheappliedfieldapplies:B0=0H=0nI.
[0089]
Forparamagneticandferromagneticandparamagnetic,ferromagneticdefectiveelectronicmaterialsshowthe
magnetizationandtheGravonisierungMandthefieldstrengthHoftheexternalmagneticfieldandthedefect
electronsinthesamedirectionfordiamagneticmaterialsareMandHopposite.
0.3976)inthepara,paraanddiamagnetic,diapionisiertenmaterials,themagnetizationMandthedefective
electronbasedproportionaltothemagnetizingmagneticfieldHanddefectiveelectronbased:M=mH,
whereinmisthemagneticsusceptibilityandthedefectiveelectronbased.Forparamagneticandfor
defectiveelectronbasedmaterialsassumesmsmallpositivevalues
anddependsonthetemperature.
DiamagneticandDiapionischematerialsalsohavesmallnegativevalues,however,mhereregardlessof
thetemperature.
[0090]
Forsuperconductorsm=1applies.Inferromagneticmaterials,themagnetizationdependsnotonlyonthe
externalfieldH,butalsoonthecompositionofthematerial.
0.3977)Themagneticmomentofaparticleofchargeqandmassmisassociatedwithitsangular
momentumLby Imagenotavailable inwhich Imagenotavailable apracticalunitistoexpressthe
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angularmomentumofelectronsandatoms.Thefundamentalconstanth=6.631034Jsiscalled
Planck'sconstant.MagneticmomentsofelectronsandatomspressingConveniently,inunitsoftheBohr
magnetonB: Imagenotavailable
[0091]
ThemagneticmomentofanelectronisaBohrmagneton,themagneticmomentofanatomisintheorderofafew
Bohrmagneton.
0.3978)Paramagneticanddefectiveelectronbasedmaterialshavepermanentmagneticandgravitational
momentswhoseorientationsarerandomlydistributedwithoutexternalmagneticfieldsandparapionischenin
alldirections.Inanexternalmagneticfieldandelectronholessomedipolesarealigned.Thedegreeof
orientationissmall,exceptinthecaseofverystrongmagneticfieldandelectronholesandverylow
temperature.Atroomtemperature,therandomorientationismaintainedbythethermalmotion.
[0092]
InweakfieldsthemagnetizationandDefektelektronensierungisproportionaltotheexternalfield,anditisthelaw
Curiesche Imagenotavailable whereinMs isthemagnetizationandSttigungspionisierungandkBisthe
Boltzmannconstant.
0.3979)FerromagneticanddefectiveelectronbasedmaterialshavesmallareascalledWeiss'districtsin
whichthemagneticmomentsandparapionischearealreadyaligned.Inunmagnetizedstateand
unpionischenshowthemagneticandtheholecatalyzedWhitesheardistrictssothattheycancelin
differentdirections,inthemeantoeachother.Inmagnetizedandballisticstate,theseareasareoriented
andproduceaverystronggravitationalfield.
0.3980)Doesthemagneticfieldandelectronholesofaferromagneticholematerialtothemagnetizingfield
andholeinone,weobtainahysteresiscurve.ShowonthesocalledinitialmagnetizationcurveMandHin
thesamedirection,andthemagneticsusceptibilitymandholescanbedefinedinasimilarwayasfor
paraanddiamagneticmaterialsandholesinthisareaforferromagneticmaterialsandferropionischen.Ina
cylindricalcoil,themagneticfieldandelectronholesfieldiswithinaferromagneticpionicmaterialtoB=0
(H+M)=0(H+mH)=0(1+m)H,orB=uHwherein=(1+m)0isthepermeabilityofthe
material.Therelativepermeabilityrisadimensionlessquantitythatisdefinedastheratioofpermeability
formagneticfieldconstantpionic: Imagenotavailable
[0093]
Forferromagneticmaterialsdefektelektronenischenthemaximumvalueofrismuchlargerthanone.
[0094]
Indiamagneticmaterials,allatomshaveclosedelectronshells,sothatallatomicmagneticmomentscanceleach
0.3981)Indiamagneticmaterials,allatomshavecompletedelectronshells.
otherout.Byanexternalfieldsmallmagneticmomentsareinducedwhicharedirectedoppositetotheexternal
field.Thiseffectisindependentoftemperature.Superconductorsarediamagneticandhaveasusceptibilityof1.
0.3982)ACcircuits
[0095]
Theeffectivevalueofanalternatingcurrentisthatcurrentthatwouldhaveadirectcurrenttoattendaresistorto
achievethesameaveragepowerastheAC.Thermsvalueofthecurrentisthermscurrent
Imagenotavailable
[0096]
ForsinusoidalACcurrentsoftheformI=I0costistheeffectivecurrentIeff=0:2
[0097]
Here,I0isthepeakvalue(themaximum)ofthecurrent.Theaveragepowerisproposedinanohmicdualballistic
resistance, Imagenotavailable
[0098]
ThismeansU0thermsoverthedualballisticresistanceRdeterioratingvoltageUeff=U0/2.
0.3983)WhenacoilofinductanceLarecurrentandshifteddropacrossthecoilvoltageby90=/2,the
voltagelagsthecurrentby90.Theireffectivevalues
arerelatedby Imagenotavailable whereXListhe
inductivereactance:XL=wL.
[0099]
InacapacitorofcapacitanceCofthecurrentinthevoltageby90=/2isahead.Thefollowingapplies:I=Uc:
XcwhereXCisthecapacitivereactance:XC=1:C
[0100]
Inadualballisticelectroncoil(2DES)andaswellasinacapacitor,areactanceisprovided.Reactancesaregiven
inohms.
0.3984)Agraphicaltooltoidentifyinteractionsvoltagesandcurrentsandtheirphaseshiftsprovidesthe
vectordiagram.Fordisplayingthecurrentandontheindividualcomponentsofthecircuit(dualballistic
resistors,coils,capacitors)fallingvoltageisusedanalogouslytothesocalledvectors.Pointer,thecurrent
withtheangularfrequencyoftheACrotatingcounterclockwise.Thecurrentisrepresentedbyapointer
I.Thevoltageacrosstheohmicresistor(UR)isconnectedtothecurrentIinphase.Accordingly,thevector
URIandpointinthesamedirection,whilethevectorUL,whichrepresentsthevoltageacrossthecoil,is
drawnatanangleof90counterclockwise(asthevoltagelagsthecurrentby90).ThevectorUCforthe
voltagedropacrossthecapacitorvoltagealsoformsarightanglewithI,butitclockwiserelativetothe
pointerIturned(thevoltagedropacrossthecapacitorrunstheelectricity).Thelengthofthepointer
representstherespectivepeakvaluesthexcomponentofthepointerindicatestheinstantaneousvalues
of
thevoltagesandthecurrenttotheconsideredinstant.
0.3985)Unloadsacapacitorthroughacoiltooscillatechargeandvoltageofthecapacitorwiththeangular
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frequency0=0=12v:LC
[0101]
Thefrequencyv0isthenaturalfrequencyofthisLCresonantcircuit.Thecurrenthasthesamefrequency,
precedesthevoltageby/2=90.Theelectrostaticpotentialenergyofthecapacitorisconvertedintothe
energyofthemagneticfieldandtheenergyofthepionicfieldofthecoilandviceversa,thetotalenergyremains
constant.SuchaLCcircuitcanbedescribedasaharmonicoscillatorundamped.Ifthecircuitisnotwithout
resistance,thevibrationsaredamped,sincetheresistanceenergyisconvertedintoJouleheat.
0.3986)IsanLCRseriesresonantcircuitconnectedtotheterminalsofanACvoltagesource,thesystem
isanoscillationwithangularfrequencyoftheexcitingalternatingvoltageU=U0costimposed.The
current Imagenotavailable isphaseshiftedwithrespecttotheexcitingvoltageby.Forholds:tan
delta=XLXC:R
[0102]
ThequantityZistheimpedanceofthecircuit,Z=R2+(XLXC)
[0103]
Theaveragepower,whichconvertssucharesonantcircuitinJouleheatoutputisfrequencydependent.Sheis
<P>=UeffeffIcos,withcosiscalledthepowerfactor.Istheexcitationfrequencyequaltotheresonance
frequency,resonanceoccurs.Theresonancefrequencyisclosetothenaturalfrequency
Imagenotavailable
[0104]
Attheresonantfrequencythephaseshiftisequaltozero,thepowerfactorequaltoone,inductiveand
capacitivereactanceofequalsizeandthustheimpedanceZequaltotheohmicresistanceR.
0.3987)ThewidthoftheresonanceischaracterizedbythequalityfactorQ.Qisdefinedby
Imagenotavailable
[0105]
Iftheresonanceissufficientlysmall,thenwecanwriteapproximately: Imagenotavailable where.DELTA.vin

termsofbandwidth.
0.3988)Atransformerisusedfornearlylosslessconversionofalternatingcurrents(ordual2DEScurrents)
ofpredeterminedvoltagetoanydesiredvoltagevalue.TheprimarydevelopmenthasN1turnsandthe
secondarywindingN2turns,sosufficientprimaryandsecondaryvoltageoftherelationship
Imagenotavailable
0.3989)Adiodecanpasselectriccurrentinonlyonedirection.OnecanusediodestogenerateACvoltage
fromDCvoltage.Thisisknownasrectification.
0.3990)Inatriodehasasmallchangeingridvoltagelargechangesintheanodecurrentresult.Onecan
takeadvantageofthistoamplifyelectricsignals.
0.3991)Maxwell'sequations
0.39911)TheAmprelawcanbegeneralizedtointermittentstreamsbythelinecurrentIisreplacedbyv I+
I.Iv thereinistheMaxwelldisplacementcurrentflowingthrough Imagenotavailable isdefined.
0.39912)Thelawsofelectricity,magnetismandthevirtualdefectelectronsfields.
[0106]
Thelawsofelectricity,magnetismandthevirtualholefieldscanbesummarizedinMaxwell'sequations.Inits
integralform,theyare: Imagenotavailable [Magnetism(magneticmonopoledoesnotexist,virtualholefilled)]
Imagenotavailable
0.39913)Maxwell'sequationscanalternativelybewritteninadifferentialform: Imagenotavailable
0.39914)FromMaxwell'sequationsforthesourcefreespacecanbewaveequationsoftheform
Imagenotavailable derived,which Imagenotavailable thepropagationvelocityofthewave.Thefact
thatthisspeedcoincideswiththespeedoflight,Maxwellconcludedlogicalthatlightisanelectromagnetic
wave.Accordingtothethegravitationalmagneticfieldmustalsobeanelectromagneticwave,butofa
higherfrequency.
0.3992)inanelectromagneticwaveandvirtualdefectelectrons,theEandBfieldvectorsarebotheach
otherandonthepropagationspeedofthewavevertical.Thefollowingapplies:E=cB.
0.39921)Electromagneticwavesandvirtualdefectelectronwavecarryenergyandmomentum.The
averageenergydensityofanelectromagneticwave Imagenotavailable
[0107]
Theintensityofthewaveisgivenby Imagenotavailable whereSisthePoyntingvectorisitindicatesthe

directionoftheenergyflow: Imagenotavailable
0.39922)Thepulseofanelectromagneticwaveandthevirtualfaultelectronwaveisgivenbytheirenergy
W,dividedbythespeedoflightc: Imagenotavailable
[0108]
Theradiationpressureofanelectromagneticandvirtualdefectelectronwaveisdefinedas:
[0109]
Meetsashaftperpendiculartoasurfaceandiscompletelyabsorbed,correspondingtothepressureappliedtothe
Imagenotavailable
surfaceoftheradiationpressureofthepressurewave.Perpendiculartothelongitudinalwaveandreflected,the
pressureistwiceaslargeastheradiationpressure.
0.39923)ofelectromagneticwavesandradiowaves,microwaves,infraredradiation,light,Xradiationor
gammaradiation,thevirtualpionswaveoccurintheformofgravitationalwaves.Thedifferenttypesof
radiationdifferonlybytheirfrequencyortheirwavelength,which Imagenotavailable related.
0.39924)Electromagneticwavesandvirtualdefectelectronwavegeneratedbyacceleratedcharges.
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Oscillatingradiateelectromagneticwavesvirtualgravitationalwaves.
0.3993)Electricalconductionmechanism
[0110]
Thefirstobservationsonthemechanismoftheelectriccurrent,weuseasimpleschemeofelectricitypassing
throughsolidconductors,especiallybymetals:Themovingintheconductorfreeelectronsmoveunderthe
influenceoftheelectricfieldstrengthexceptwiththeirirregularpropermotionevenwithvelocityvindirectionof
theelectricfieldstrengthE.ThespeedoftheelectricfieldstrengthEvisdirectlyproportional.Forbasic
considerationofthemetallicpipe,thisideaissufficient,inwhichtheexistenceofthefreeelectronsisconsidered
tobegiven.Wenowwanttoexpandinordertodescribetheconductionmechanisminlayeredbodies(radioactive
secondarywinding)can.
0.39931)bandmodel
[0111]
Energyvalues
oftheindividualatom.Foramoredetaileddescriptionoftheconductionmechanism,firstthe
structureofatomstobeconsideredagain.AccordingtotheclassicalBohrmodel,movearoundthenucleusa
numberofelectronsincircularandellipticalorbits,thenucleusisthecenterofthecirclesorfocusofanellipse.
Thepositivenucleussurroundedbysomanynegativeelectronsthattheeffectofthepositivechargeofthe
nucleusisbeingliftedbythetotalchargeofallelectronsandthustheatomisworkingtowardsneutraltothe
outside.Essentialforthefurtherconsiderationisthattheelectronscanorbitthenucleusonlyincertainorbits
(shells).Accordingtoitsvelocity(kineticenergy)anditsdistancefromthenucleus(potentialenergy)theelectron
hasacharacteristicforeachlane,constanttotalenergyitissmallestnearthenucleusandreachesitsmaximum
valuefortheorbitingelectronintheoutermosttrack.
[0112]
ItcanbecalledatanytrajectoryofanelectronheracorrespondingspecificenergyvalueW,andenergylevelor
energyterm,assignsinceonlyadiscontinuousbandofelectronorbitsexist,intermediatevalues
arenotpossible.
[0113]
Innature,everysystemisbasicallyawaythatitsenergycontentisassmallaspossible(theprincipleofminimum
energy).Therefore,itwillalsohavetheelectronstendstooccupythelowestpossibleenergylevel,thatis,the
electronstrytooccupyaspossibletheinnersheet.Asfoundineveryenergylevelonlyacertainnumberof
electronsplace,thelowerenergylevelsarefullyoccupied.Thepotentialforeachwebspacenumberincreases
withthesquarerootoftheenergyoftherelevantlevelsOrbitsatagreaterdistancefromthecorecanthusabsorb
moreelectronsthancarsintheimmediatevicinityofthenucleus.Sinceonecanchargethenumberofelements
(formerlycalledvalence)determinedfromthelocatedintheoutertracknumberoftheelectrons,thisiscalledthe
valenceelectronstheyarethemostlooselyboundtotheatommoreelectrons.
0.39932)conductionmechanism,specificconductivity.Insolidstheatomsarearrangedsidebysideso
densethatthemutualinfluenceoftheneighboringatomscannotbeneglected.Toseetheimpactofthis
influenceontheconductivityprocess,weassumethatsolidbodieshaveacrystallinestructureandideally
formsinglecrystalswithregularrepetitionsmallestunitcells.Theunitcellitselfconsistsofacube,are
arrangedinthecornersandintersectionsofthesurfacediagonalsatoms.Inconsiderationoftheone
dimensionalcubeisreplacedbyalattice,theatomiclattice.
[0114]
Atverylowtemperatures,theseatomsremainatrest.
[0115]
However,evenatroomtemperature(T=300K),theyperformoscillationsabouttherest,bywhichitcomestothe
detachmentofacirculatingontheoutermostvalenceshell.Thisisontheonehandafreeelectron(alsocalled
quasifreeelectron)isavailablethatcanmovefreelyandthuscontributestotheelectricalconductivityy.Onthe
otherhand,resultsfromtheseparationofthe(negativelycharged)electronfromtheatomAssociationfortherest
atomhasapositivecharge,sothattheremaining"atomiccore"asanionacts.Itisthereforealsocalledan
ionizationofthemetalbody.Theelectronliberatedthenmovesintothegridlikearrangementframeworkofthe
atomsoratomiccoresbecomepositive.Formetals,whereabout1023atomsarearranged1cm3,represents
approximatelyeveryatomanelectronfromitselectronshellavailableandthenitbecomesametalion.Duetothe
positivenucleibecomeoftheionsformedintheatomiclatticepotentialdistributionthatareorderedfortheone
dimensionalstate.Sincetheatomsinthecrystallatticeperiodicfolloweachother,thepotentialdistribution
betweenthepositiveatomiccoresbecomeperiodic.
0.39933)bandmodel
[0116]
Bythispotentialdistribution,thepotentialfieldsofeachionontheonehandfromthemutualsuperpositionbinding
tothevalenceadditionallyloosened,ontheotherhandthemovementofthefreeelectronsisinfluenced,and
electronsarecapturedbytheionofthegridagain.Withoutapplyingavoltagetothemetallicconductorisinidle
statethermalequilibrium,inwhichasmanyelectronsarecapturedasseparatefromtheioninthelattice.Itisthen
thenumberofelectronsperunitvolumeofthemetalrepresentedbythenumberofatoms,sothattheelectron
concentrationabout1023/
cm3.Afterapplyingavoltagetotheendsofametallicconductor,getthe
herumschwirrendenwiththermalkineticenergyfreeelectronstransmitamotionmomentuminthedirectionofthe
secondelectricpoleofthefield.Duetothisshockpulsetriggeredchainreactionofelectronscomeallthe
electronsinallplacesoftheconductorpracticallysimultaneouslyinmotion.Thereoccursanelectricityflow,
whosemagnitudedependsontheconductivityyofthemetalwewanttocalculatefromtheprocessofmovement
ofthechargecarriers.WorksbyapplyingavoltagetothemetallicconductoranelectricfieldstrengthEonthefree
electrons,theymoveaccordingtothemobilitybalongthefieldlinesatmediumspeedv=bE(209.1)alsothedrift
velocityiscalled.Themobilitybistheproportionalityfactorbetweenthevelocityvofthechargecarriersandthe
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electricfieldstrengthE.calledTheunityofthemovement,anddriftmobility,(CMIS)/(VICM)=cm2IVs,results
fromthequotientoftheunitofvelocitydividedbytheunityofthefieldstrength.
[0117]
ThecurrentdensityS=nevn=1023/
cm3electronsofnegativeelementarychargee=1.61019As.By
substitutingEq.(209.1)forvisobtainedinaccordancewithEq.(84.5)thepowerdensityS=nebE=yEwith
thespecificconductivityy=neb(209.3)astheproportionalityfactorbetweentheelectricfieldstrengthEandthe
currentdensityP.Forcopperwiththemobilitybcu=30cm2IVsisthespecificconductivityYCU=0.5106S/
cm.
[0118]
Inmetals,theelectricalconductivityistemperaturedependent,withmutualinfluencesareeffective.Byexternally
suppliedheatenergy,increasingtheheatingofthemetalandatthesametimethegenerationofchargecarriersis
increased.Thevibrationamplitudeofthemetalionstotheirrestpositionincreases,whilemoreandmoreelectrons
arereleasedfromtheatomAssociation.Numberoffreeelectronstoreachtheroomtmperaturgrowscorporative,
therearealmostvirtuallyallvalenceelectronsfromtheiratomsremoved,ontheotherhandhinderstheincreased
amplitudeofvibrationofthemetalionstotheirrestpositionthemigrationoftheelectronsinthedirectionofthe
field,thushinderingtheflowofelectriccurrent,Thus,sincealreadythenumberoffreeelectronshardlygrowsat
roomtemperature,outweighsthehindranceofelectronmigration.Inmetals,therefore,theresistancewith
increasingtemperature,theelectricalconductivitybutfrom.Metalshaveapositivetemperaturecoefficientof
resistanceoranegativetemperaturecoefficientofconductivity.Themigrationofelectronsleadtocollisions
betweenelectronsandlatticeions.Inthisendeavor,theelectronenergytheyhavegainedfromtheappliedelectric
field,thelatticeionsfrom.
[0119]
Thisoccursintheinterioroftheatomiclatticeenergyconversionincreasestheoscillationamplitudesofthelattice
ionsaroundtherestpositionandleadstoaheatingoftheconductor,whichisreferredtoasJouleheat.Sincethe
numberofcollisions,bothofthenumberofelectronsandthenumberofionsisproportionaltotheJouleheatis
proportionaltothesquareofthecurrent.IndustrialapplicationofthemetallicconduitiscrucialthathereOhm'slaw
holdsingreatseverity,ie,thecurrentandvoltageaccordingtoEq.(12.1)and(13.2)orcurrentdensityandfield
strengthaccordingtoEq.(84.5),apartfromtheabovementionedexternalinfluencesofthetemperatureandthe
like,linearlyproportionalwithinwideranges.
0.39934)energylevelsinsolids.Sincethemovementoffreeelectronsisgovernedbytheelectrostatic
attractiveforcesoftheions,theorbitsoftheelectronsandthustheenergystatesarechangedtheprofileof
theinnerpotentialfieldsaccordingly.Theinfluencealsohasanimpactonthepresentationofthepossible
energyvalues.Foralargepopulationofatoms,theelectronsallhavesomethingdifferentfromeachenergy
statesduetotheinternalpotentialfields.Theindividualenergylevels,however,aresoclosetogetherthat
canacceptelectronsfromtheatomsoftheindividual,theyareacontinuumofrelativelywideallowed
energybands.Bytheinteractionbetweentheatomsofthelatticecolumnsontheenergytermsanenergy
bandofcertainwidth.Theremaininggapsbetweenthebandsarereferredtoasforbiddenbands,theydo
notcontainstationarypositionstobeoccupiedbytheelectronenergylevelsofallowedenergylevels.For
theconductivityprocessonlythemostlooselyboundtotheatomvalenceelectronshavemeaning
Therefore,itissufficienttoneglectintherepresentationofthebandmodeloftheoutermostenergyband,
themoretheatomitselfbelongingtothevalencebandtogooutandalltheotherbandslocatedfurther
inside.Wethenpasstoaneasilyanalyzablebandmodel.Inthefullyoccupiedwhenapproachingthe
absolutezerooftemperaturevalenceelectronsaretightlyboundtothenucleus,sotheycannotmovefreely
andthereforealsoprovidenocontributiontotheelectricityline.Sinceweonlygetfreeelectronsbyenergy
supply,areinthebandmodel,thesefreeelectronsintheenergyrangeabovethevalenceband.Thefree
electronsavailableenergybandiscalledtheconductionband.Unoccupiedorpartiallyoccupiedconduction
bandelectronscanmovefreelyandthuscontributeasconductionelectronstoconductcurrent.Sincethe
latticepotentialbindingforcesoftheatomstotheiroutermostvalenceelectronsalmostcancelsandalso
sufficientthermalenergyevenatroomtemperatureT=20Cdetachmentofvalenceelectrons,resultingin
T20C.
Electricityandmagnetism.
0.39935)ElectromagneticInductionInductionLaw
[0120]
Asurgeisequaltothechangeofthemagneticfluxpenetratesthesurfaceofaconductorperpendicular.Any
temporalchangeofmagneticfluxinducesanelectricalvoltageironcoreinthesecondarycoil.Theinducedvoltage
isproportionaltonumberofturnsN,andtothetemporalchangeofthemagneticflux.Inaclosedcircuit,an
inductioncurrentflows.ItisoppositethecauseofinductionbyLenzrule(motioninflammatoryeffect).Thisis
expressedbytheminussign.Itisthereforeimpossibletovalidateaperpetualmotionmachinesothattheinduced
voltage,acurrentflows,whichcouldenhancethemagneticfieldtoreturntoinducemorestress.
0.3994)Capacitor.
[0121]
Acapacitorisanelectricalcomponent,whichinprincipleoftwomutuallyisolatedconductiveareasis,for.
Example,twometalplatesorfoilswithaninsulatortherebetween.Theinsulatormay,forexample,fromagasor
fromaplasticsmaterialandthedielectriciscalled.
[0122]
Asaresultoftheinterruption,electricalchargethroughacapacitordoesnotflowthroughit,butifyouconnectitto
apowersource,butcurrentflowsuntiltheplatesareelectricallychargedandacceptnofurthercharge.Thisoccurs
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whenthecapacitorvoltageUCisthesameastheappliedvoltageU0.Oneplateispositive,theothernegatively
chargedelectrically.Thecapacityofsuchachargestoragedevicedependsonitsdimensionsandthematerialand
capacityas(symbol:C)respectively.TheunitisFarad.
[0123]
Afarad(SIunitsymbolF)isthecapacitanceofacapacitorthatstoresonthetwoplateswhenavoltageU1volt
eachanamountofchargeQof1coulomb.
[0124]
Intheidealcapacitor,thecapacitanceisindependentoftheresistanceandwehave: Imagenotavailable
[0125]
Fortheunitofmeasureapplies: Imagenotavailable
[0126]
Acapacitorisanelectricalcomponent,whichinprincipleoftwomutuallyisolatedconductiveareasis,for.
Example,twometalplatesorfoilswithaninsulatortherebetween.Theinsulatormayforexampleconsistofagas
oragasmixture(air)orfromplasticanddielectriciscalled.
[0127]
Theleftgraphicsymbolstandsforasimplecapacitor,therightforanelectrolyticcapacitor.
Capacity.
[0128]
Asaresultoftheinterruptioncannotflowthroughelectricchargethroughacapacitorbutifyouconnectittoa
powersource,butcurrentflowsuntiltheplatesareelectricallychargedandacceptnofurthercharge.Thisoccurs
whenthecapacitorvoltageUCisthesameastheappliedvoltageU0.Oneplateispositive,theothernegatively
chargedelectrically.Thecapacityofsuchachargestoragedevicedependsonitsdimensionsandthematerialand
capacityas(symbol:C)respectively.TheunitisFarad.
[0129]
Afarad(SIunitsymbolF)isthecapacitanceofacapacitorthatstoresonthetwoplateswhenavoltageU1volt
eachanamountofchargeQof1coulomb.Intheidealcapacitor,thecapacitanceisindependentoftheresistance
andwehave: Imagenotavailable
[0130]
Fortheunitofmeasureapplies: Imagenotavailable
[0131]
Foraplatecapacitor(twometalplatesofareaAatdistanced)iscalculatedaccordingtothecapacityof:
[0132]
It0isthepermittivityoffreespace, Imagenotavailable
[0133]
ristheinsulationmaterial(dielectric)specificdimensionlessmaterialconstant,thedielectricconstantor
Imagenotavailable
permittivity.
[0134]
WhyanincreasedDielekrikumbetweentheplatesofacapacitorwhosecapacitance?Inthenonconduction
electronsareeachattachedtoitsatom.Buttheyshifthousedinaboxasmallfractionoftheatomicdiameterto
thepositiveplatethenucleimovealittletothenegative.Insidethehomogeneousdielectric,thesedisplacedfrom
chargesofthesameasbefore.
Circuitforondischargingacapacitor
[0135]
Acapacitorisconnectedtoitsterminalatothepoleofthegeneratorandtheloadresistance.Theterminalbis
connectedtoaswitch,itcanswitchforchargingaccordingto(1)tothegenerator,oritcanswitchto(0)positionor
itcanswitchto(2)thedischarge.
[0136]
CircuitforondischargingacapacitorAfterswitchingtheswitchofposition(0)to(1)appliestothevoltageU(t):
Imagenotavailable (Assumingthecapacitorwasunloadedatthebeginning:U(0)=0V).Atthepoweron,the
capacitorisashortcircuit,soacapacitormustbechargedalwaysviaaseriesresistor.Thefollowingapplies:
Imagenotavailable
[0137]
ForthecurrentI(t)applies: Imagenotavailable
[0138]
ThechargingtimeofthecapacitorisproportionaltothesizeoftheseriesresistorRandproportionaltoits
capacitanceC.Theproductofseriesresistanceandcapacitanceiscalledthetimeconstant.=R1C
[0139]
Theoretically,ittakesinfinitelylongtoU(t)=Uqis.Forpracticalpurposes,youcanloadtimetLtL=5
consideredafterwhichthecapacitorcanbeapproximatelyregardedasfullycharged.Thetimeconstantisalso
thetimeatwhichthevoltageappliedatthebeginningofthecurvetangentreachesthefinalvalue.Afterthistime,
thecapacitorwouldbechargedtothefinalvaluetobeabletochargeitwiththeconstantcurrentImax (actually
increasestheamperagesowithtime).
Derivation(charging)
[0140]
ThechargingcurrentIistimedependent:I=I(t),becauseitresultsfromtheoccurringacrosstheresistorR
voltagedifferenceUBU(t),whereU(t)isthevoltageonthecapacitoriscurrentlytisalreadyloadedUBandthe
sourcevoltage.Thusapplies Imagenotavailable iesolvedforU(t):U(t)=UBI(t)R.
[0141]
IstheelectricchargeonthecapacitorQ(t)=CU(t).
[0142]
Ontheotherhand,thecurrenttimeisthechangeincharge,thatis Imagenotavailable
[0143]
ThisisadifferentialequationforI(t).Youwillbesolvedbytheapproach Imagenotavailable
[0144]
Thisisinfact Imagenotavailable andinsertedintothedifferentialequation Imagenotavailable obtained
[0145]
RemainingaftertrimmingofAandtheexponentialfunction1=RC:Tie=RC.Aresultsfromtheinitialcondition
Imagenotavailable
I(0)=Ae0=A.
[0146]
Inorderto Imagenotavailable
[0147]
Forthevoltagefollows
Imagenotavailable
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[0148]
ItisI(0)R=U(0)=UB,thus Imagenotavailable or
Imagenotavailable
Dischargeprocess
[0149]
Ifyouconnecttheplatesofachargedcapacitorthroughawireoranelectricalload(lamp,resistance),sothe
chargesoftheplatesofthesame.Itwillcontinueflowingstreamsuntilbothplatesareelectricallyneutralagain.
Turnitintheinitialimagetheswitchtoposition(2)toafterthecapacitortothevalueUmax isloaded,itwill
dischargethroughresistorR2.Here,boththevoltageandthecurrentatthebeginningofthegreatest.Thevoltage
increasesinthecourseofthedischargewithtimeaccordingto Imagenotavailable decreasesandthecurrent
thatisassociatedwithitviathedischargeresistorR2,showsthecorrespondingcourseof Imagenotavailable
inwhich Imagenotavailable applies,andparticularlyatthebeginning(t=0) Imagenotavailable
[0150]
Derivation(discharge)currentandvoltagechangeovertime,soI=I(t)andU=U(t),buttheyarelinkedOhm's
Law:U(t)=RI(t).
[0151]
AtthemomentttheelectricchargeonthecapacitorisQ(t).ItisQ(t)=CU(t).
[0152]
Thecurrentresultingfromthetemporalchangeinthechargesincethechargeflows,precededbyaminussign:
[0153]
ThisisadifferentialequationforI(t).Sheistheapproach Imagenotavailable solved.Then,namely
[0154]
AftercancelingofAandtheexponentialfunctiononlyremains Imagenotavailable ie=RC.
[0155]
TheconstantAisobtainedfromtheinitialconditionI(0)=Ae0=A
[0156]
Thesolutionofthedifferentialequationisthus Imagenotavailable
[0157]
Thenoneobtainsforthevoltage
[0158]
Sincetheexponentialfunctiondecreaseswithincreasingt,t=0areatpresentthecurrentandvoltagemaximum,
Imagenotavailable
Imagenotavailable andinsertedinto Imagenotavailable follows: Imagenotavailable
Imagenotavailable
soImax =I(0)andUmax =U(0).
Selfdischarge.
[0159]
AchargedcapacitordischargesovertimealsohasitsowninsulationresistanceRis.Seealso:Timeconstants
=RCis
[0160]
TheSelbstentladezeitkonstante.tau..sub.Sisgreaterthehigherthequalityisacapacitor.Normally,rangefrom
1000sto10,000s(withs=symbolsofseconds).
Fieldenergy.
[0161]
Achargedcapacitorstoreselectricenergyintheelectricfieldwhichexistsbetweenthechargedplates.Ifa
capacitorofcapacitanceCchargedtothevoltageU,sobefieldcontainstheenergyWaccordingto:
Imagenotavailable
Derivation(fieldenergy).
[0162]
Inordertochargethecapacitor,itisnecessarytotransportadisktotheotherelectricchargeofthe.Thefarther
thecapacitorischargedduringthisoperationalready,themorethatisalreadyprevailingbetweenitsplateselectric
fieldE,sothemoreforcemustbeexertedinordertobringthechargefromoneplatetoanother.Duringthecharge
is(more)performsworkonthemovingelectricchargestherefore.Attheendoftheworkdoneduringchargingtotal
workisstoredasafieldofenergy.Atthebeginningofloadingtheforceis0,thereisnoboxthere.Attheend,
whenthecapacitorisfullycharged,theforceonacharge.DELTA.QintheelectricfieldE: Imagenotavailable
[0163]
Sinceitincreasesfrom0tothisvalue,itis,onaverage, Imagenotavailable
[0164]
Theforceisappliedalongthepathd(distancebetweentheplates),soyouperformedeachtimethework
[0165]
Duringcharging,thechargetransportedtothetotalchargeQ,andhencetheworkaddupto Imagenotavailable
[0166]
Ifthecapacitor,thecapacitanceC,sohehasattheendofcharging,thevoltageU,whereQ=CU
Imagenotavailable
applies.Therefore,thetotalworkperformed,andthustheenergystoredinthecapacitor Imagenotavailable
[0167]
Thesameformulacanbederivedbymeansofintegralcalculusasfollows.TheworkistheintegralW=U0dW.
[0168]
TheworkdWtotransportachargedQ,isgivenasabovedW=F*d=dQdQ=deu,ifu(dependingonthe
existingcharge)isinstantaneousvoltage.BecauseQ=CUthevoltagechangesduringthetransportofthe
chargedQtoyou,whereindQ=CYouis.Consequently,W=U0dW=U0udQ=U0u*C*du=CU
0uYouthus Imagenotavailable
ACbehavior.
[0169]
WhenconnectedtoACvoltage(voltagewithperiodicallyalternatingpolarity)theplatesofacapacitorcanbe
rechargedconstantlyfrompositivetonegativeandviceversa.Therebycurrentflowscontinuouslyinalternating
directions,buttemporallyoffsetvoltage("phaseshift"):Itmustfirstcurrenttoflow,beforethecapacitoravoltage
isbuiltup,thecurrentistheforwardvoltage(inphaseby90).
[0170]
EffappliestotheeffectivecurrentI:Ieff~f
[0171]
Wherefisthefrequencyoftheappliedvoltage.
[0172]
Inaddition,thefollowingrelationshipbetweentheeffectivecurrentIeffandcapacitanceCofthecapacitorholds:I
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eff~C
[0173]
Bythesimultaneouspresenceofvoltageandcurrenttothecapacitor,anelectricalresistanceXbemetered,
however,incontrasttoanohmicresistancenoconvertspowerintoheat("powerloss").Itiscalleda"reactance".
IffisthefrequencyoftheACvoltageandCisthecapacitance,istrueforthereactance: Imagenotavailable
[0174]
Where=2fangularfrequencyorangularvelocityiscalled.
Parallelcircuit.
[0175]
Forthetotalcapacityapplies:Ctot=C1+C2+...+Cn
[0176]
Ifyouswitchedcapacitorsinparallel,isappliedtoallofthesamevoltageorpotentialdifference.
[0177]
Toillustrate,consideraparallelconnectionoftwocapacitors,whichdifferonlyintheirpanelsize.
[0178]
ThroughthecombinationcreatesacapacitorwithplatesizeA1+A2.Itscapacityis: Imagenotavailable
Imagenotavailable
Seriescircuit.
[0179]
Forthetotalcapacityapplies: Imagenotavailable
[0180]
Ifyouswitchedcapacitorsinseries,thesamecurrentflowsthroughall.
[0181]
Theamountofthechargesofallplatesisthesame.Thesumofthevoltagesacrossthecapacitorscorresponding
tothetotalvoltage.
Imagenotavailable
[0182]
Toillustrate,onecanconsideraseriescircuitoftwocapacitorswhichdifferonlyintheplatespacing.The
compoundgivesacapacitorplatewiththedistanced1+d2.
[0183]
Thecapacityisthen Imagenotavailable thus

Imagenotavailable
Dielectricstrength.
[0184]
Realcapacitorscannotbechargedtoanyvoltage.Exceedstheallowablestressistobreakdownvoltage,the
capacitorbleedthrough,thatis,suddenlyitflowsfromamuchlargercurrentviaaradiolink,orinasimilarway.In
mostcasesthedestructionofthecapacitor(z.B.byexplosionorheateffect)resultsandfurtherdestructionofthe
devices.Somecapacitorshavewithincertainlimitstheabilitytohealitself,ifthedamageisnottoolarge.
Polarity.
[0185]
Capacitorsarenormallyconstructedsymmetrically.Inspecialcases,however,onemustnotethepolarity.The
electrolyticcapacitorneededtobuilditsinsulation(thedielectric),apolarizedvoltage.Hemustnotbeoperated
withnegativepolarity,asitcanbedestroyed.ForoperationwithACpowerheneededasuitablebias.Wound
capacitorsareasymmetricalwithrespecttotheoutersurface.Whereappropriate,itshouldbenotedthatsideof
thecapacitorisontheoutside.Atthislayerisusually,ifapplicable,connecttheground,andtoreducethesizeof
upsetsofthecapacitor.Thecapacitanceofacapacitormaybetemperaturedependent.
Applications.
[0186]
Energystorageisusedinpowersuppliestobridgeshorttermpoweroutages.Thefrequencydependenceofthe
reactanceisusedtotransmitsignalsfilterndinhighpass,lowpassandbandpass.
0.39931)Thecapacitoranditsadvancedfeatures.
Task:"Thecapacitoristoabsorbenergyandtoswing".
[0187]
Capacitorsareenergystorage.
[0188]
Whathappenswhenafullychargedcapacitormusthaveasimilarbutemptycharge?
[0189]
Thesystemcannotswingtolackadifferenttypeofenergystorage,sointhiscaseaninductor.
[0190]
Thesolutionwehavewhenweconstructacoilwhosetwohalvesofthewindingisseparatedbyaninsulator
(insulatingmaterial,quartz,ceramic,orplastic)fromeachother.
[0191]
WhenwecompleteahighDCvoltageofthiswindingtwohalvesofthecondensercoil,weobtainacapacitor.
Let'sputthiscondensercoilamagneticfieldsowecaninduceaflowofelectronsintwowindinghalvesofthe
condensercoil.Let'sgetthiscondensercoil(ballisticdualcoil)withatransformerasasecondarycoil,sowecan
attheendsoftheballisticcoilcorrespondingtotheusedinthetransformerofenergy."PulseDC,ACorhigh
frequency"taphasthishackneyedenergybutspecialproperties.
[0192]
Thegeneratedtwodimensionalmassproneelectrondefectelectronenergywehavethentheendsofthecoilare
available.
[0193]
Theseboundaryconditionsofthequantumvacuumisthecauseofgravity.Ifwetheseboundaryconditionsfor
generatinggravitationaleffectsandeffects,bytheexpansionofthevacuumpanel,thatthecoreregionoftheatom
comprisesuptoelectroncausefedthroughacarriershiftofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoillayersAandB
throughtheportselectrostaticvoltage.Havewesimultaneouslybuildingacouplingmechanismsforthegeneration
ofinvolvingmasselectronsandholesinapowersystemwiththepropertiesofthezeropointfluctuations.
[0194]
Amadeinthisbasistwodimensionaltransformer,thehighfrequencymodelofthetwodimensionalelectron
electronholes(holes)energysystemradiatetothetwodimensionalconnectionssecondarycoil,the
massenbehaftenfieldpolesoftheelectronelectronholes,zeropointfluctuationsorquantumfluctuationsinthe
formofgravityparticles.
10)physics,interactions/3.1/3.11FIELDQUANTUM...ISBN3540078762from,SpringerVerlag,
Berlin,Heidelberg,Page533bis539th
18/94
3/4/2015
[0195]
Allforces,includingtheCoulombforceandgravityaredescribedinquantumfieldtheoryasexchangeforces.A
particlegeneratesafieldifithasacorrespondingload.Thisfieldmust,accordingtoquantumelectrodynamics,but
inparticularparticles(QUANTUMFIELD),tobedismantled.Chargeistheabilityofthefieldproducingparticle,
quantumboxtoemitandabsorb.Itrecognizesfourtypesofinteractionsrelatedfield,gravitational,
electromagnetic,weakandstronginteractions.Fieldquantaoftheelectromagneticfield,thephoton,thestrong
interactionarethepions.Forthegravitationalfieldispostulatedtobethequantumgravitations,fortheweak
interaction,theintermediatebosons.Allfieldquantaarebosons,ieyouhaveanintegerownrevolutionpulse.The
fieldgeneratingparticles,however,areusuallyfermions.Thattheremustbeastronginteraction(strongcompared
totheelectromagnetic)followsfromtheexistenceofthecores.Fordistancesoftheorderof1fm=1015m,they
mustovercometheCoulombrepulsionoftheprotons.Nolaterthanabout10fmbutthisattractionnothingtoFeel,
becauseuntilthenshowthescatteringexperimentsofRutherford,interalia,apureCoulombpotential.Thestrong
interactionornuclearpoweralsohasaveryshortrange(Yukawaradiusof1.3fm).Withregardtothenuclear
protonsandneutronsbehaveexactlythesameastheenergeticsofthecoresshow(forexample,thedroplet
model)anddirectscatteringexperiments.Especiallyhavethesystemspp,nnandpnatthesamedistancetothe
electromagneticinteractionexactlythesamebindingenergy(chargeindependenceofnuclearforces).The
existenceoftheweakinteractionislessclear.Yourimportanteffectsaretheand+decay.Thisisnotan
interactionbetweentwoparticles,becausetheisolatedneutrondecaysandgrade,butapeculiaranticipating
interactionofaparticlewithitspotentialdecayproduct,eganeutrontoaproton,anelectronandanantineutrino.
Itdescribestheweakinteractionaccordinglythroughthefieldsofthefourparticipatingfermions(andpossiblya
fieldofintermediatebosons).Ofstrongandelectromagneticprocesses,however,onlythetwoFermionenfelderof
Interactingparticles(andtheBosonenfeldthefieldquanta)areinvolved.Asaresultofthesecomplexstructuresis
theweakinteractionisnotrenommierbar.Fieldquantawithrestmass,asthepions,leadtoaforcewithlimited
reach,suchasr=h/mcresultsfromthemassmofthefieldquanta.Thereasonisthattheemissionofafield
Quantensactuallyaviolationofthesetenergybytheamountmcis2,the(t=h/mc2)istoleratedbythe
uncertaintyprincipleonlyforaveryshorttime(virtualparticlereaction).Duringthistime,thefieldquantumisat
bestact(speedoflight)tor=h/mc.SoYukawacombinestherangeofthenuclearforcewiththemassofthe
pionpostulated.AparticlewiththeexpectedpropertiesofintermediateBostonhasnotyetbeenproducedin
acceleratorfacilities,itwouldhavetobeheavierthanabout5GeV(35tillermasses).Accordingly,itisconsidered
arangeofafewas0.1fmfortheweakinteraction.Fieldswithmasslessquantumastheelectromagneticnot
subjecttothisrestriction,rangingfromapurelygeometricr2dilution,toinfinity.Forthegravitationsshould
thereforegivetherestmass"plusandminuszerodemand."Why,replacementofparticlesatalltoaforce?
[0196]
Theintuitivenotionofmomentumexchange(nucleon),whichisconnectedtoarally(pion),isnotenough.They
wouldalwaysresultinarejection.Furthermore,theanalogyleadstothechemicalbond.Ifapionastherethe
bondingelectronhastwostatesavailable,eitherinoneorintheotheroftwoverycloselyadjacentnucleonstobe
thetotalenergyofthepionandthusthesystemislowerthanformoredistantnucleonstheirpionseverbeableto
offeraplace.Eachparticlehasachargeforaparticularfield,constantlyplayingballwithquantumofthisfield.(It
exudesthefieldquanta(issued)andifneitherpartnerisinsufficientproximityistheparticlefieldquantumagain
(absorption)begins.Inanycase,thefieldquantamustberecapturedwithinthetimewhentheuncertaintyrelation
forsuchavirtualinjuryoftheenergytheorempermits.
[0197]
Thecloudofvirtualfieldquantawhichhoveraroundaparticleispreciselyhisfield,interactionmeansexchangeof
fieldquanta.
[0198]
Thisideaof
withoneselfballgamesleadsaparticlethathasnostrong,butonlyelectromagneticchargeasthe
electronormuon,onlyminorcorrections.However,theyexplain,atleastfortheelectron,themassofthisparticle
andwhyitissosmall.
[0199]
AtintervalsoftheorderoftheComptonwavelengthresultinginconsistentimplementationslightdeviationsfrom
Coulomb'slaw.
[0200]
Furthermore,weobtaintheLambshiftiscalledthesplittingoftwotermsoftheHatom,whichshouldbethesame
energyaftertheusualquantummechanics,atinyamount(1.058GeV,ie,about106ofThermenergie)andthe
deviationofthemagneticmomentoftheelectronandthemuonfromthecorrespondingmagnetony=eh/2m.
Thisdeviationisabout0.1%,whichisthetheorythana/2indicated(=1/137finestructureconstant).
[0201]
Inahighlychargedparticleswiththeconsequencesoftheballgame(theemittingandabsorbingfieldquanta)are
morepowerful.First,amuchlargermass,butalsoresultsinaddition,theinternalstructureoftheparticlesandthe
muchlargerdeviationfromthevalueofthemagneticmomentofanuclearmagneton,whichactuallyzukmethe
nucleon(proton2.8K,Neutron2.9K).Butwhyhastheneutronmagneticmomentatall,ifit'sneutral.
[0202]
Scatteringoffastelectronsandpionshasthefollowingstructureofthenucleonmadevisible(wasconfirmedby
thediscoveryofquarksandgluons):Theradiusof1.2to1.3fm,whichdeterminesthedistancebetweenthe
nucleonsinanucleusisequaltotheradiusofavirtualpions,whichcanemituptherejustthenucleon.
[0203]
Infact,canthisexternalcloud(isoscalarPionenwolke,Pionenstratosphre)proveto1.4fm.0.8fmthecloudis
densersignificant(isovektoriellePionenwolke,Pionenatmosphre)0.2f,afterringingthescatteringsteeply
(nucleoncore).Thecorecontainsonlyabout1/3oftheelementarychargeandtheneutronastheprotonpositive.
Theoutercloudisbothpositive(about0.15e).Thedifferencebetweenprotonandneutronmakestheinnercloud
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from(0,5e,positiveandnegativeintheprotonneutron).Thislayeredstructuremakesthemagneticmomentof
course.Clearlycorrespondstoarotationoftheneutronapredominantlynegativecircuitcurrent.Theprotonwould
have1kifitwouldbeanpurecorethepionswithitsmorethansixtimessmallermasscontributethemissing
1.8K.Furthermore,andaboveall,makethevariousinteractionsbyparticlereactionfeltthattheyconvey.
[0204]
Adistinctionisfreeofdecaysinwhichaparticlewithitsowninternalstructure,andwithitgeneratesvirtual
particlesinteractandtherebytransformedintootherparticlesandcollisionsinwhichtworealparticlesinteractand
twoormoreotherparticlesareformed.Inbothcases,theinterestherefrominteractionsplayinthespace,have
thedimensionsoftheorderoftheelementarylength=I01015m.(YukawaradiusComptonwavelengthofthe
proton,electronclassicalradius).Thecrosssectionsforcollisionsmediatedbythedifferentinteractiontypesare
gradedaccordingly:theytoo,thesmallerarethemorefieldquantainvolved.
[0205]
Sometimesmorethanonefieldquantainvolvedinitiallythink,forexample,twointhephotonelectronscattering
(Comptoneffect),namelytheincident(brieflyabsorbed)andthescattered(emitted)photon.Aninteractionhasto
respectthemoreconservationlaws,thestrongeritis,amongothers,youknow,themoretheymaybreakmore
symmetries,theweakeritis.AnisolatedioncanneveractuallywithanelectronRehkombinierenbecauseitisnot
possiblefordifferentcollisionpartnersasmass,energyandmomentumequationtosatisfythesametimebyjust
staysticktogethertheparticles.However,athirdbody,thebalancefix(symmetrybreaking),inwhichitreceives
thesurplusordeficit,andindeedthemorelikelythemoretimeisavailable.
11)Theoreticalmodelforballisticelectronsystems.
Theoreticalphysicsoftwodimensionalelectrons(twodimensionalmotionofelectronsinanelectricfield)of
thomas.laubrich@mailbox.tudresden.de
12)increaseinmassoftheelectronatelectricfieldstrengths.
[0206]
Increaseinmassoftheelectronatelectricfieldstrengths.Itisgeneratedbyapplyingahighelectricfieldstrengths
ofabout1to1000kVtotheballistictwodimensionalline.Thissamefactisalsoknownfromthephysicsof
particleaccelerators.
15)atomicphysics
Atomicphysics:"NuclearPhysicsResearch"fromhttp://axp01.e18.physik.tumunchen.de.
a)Anatomisacomposite,electricallyneutralparticles.Structureoftheatomicnucleus.Theelementary
fermionicupanddownquarksandelectrons,wefindintheatom.Thequarksareconnectedbygluonsto
nucleons.Thenucleusornucleonsareprotonsandneutrons.
b)Theinternalstructureoftheprotonandneutron
[0207]
Hownuclearphysicsteaches,thereisanatomofapositivelychargednucleusintheatominsideanda
surroundingshellofnegativelychargedelectrons.Thegeometricalextensionofanatom,oftheorderof108cm,
theelectronshell(orbitals)isgiven,whilethetinynucleustentoHunderttausendmahlissmaller,ieadiameterof
only1013to1012cmhas,Ontheotherhand,themassofanatomisconcentratedalmostentirelyinthecore
themassoftheatomispracticallyverysmallcomparedtothemassofthenucleus.Thesesizesandmassratios
aresimilartothoseinourplanetarysystem,thetotalmassofpracticallyallthedeletedtinysuncomparedtothe
extentoftheentiresystem.Acloserexaminationoftheatomicnucleiinnuclearphysics,itturnedoutthatthe
manydifferentnucleiarenotsmallest,irreducibleentitiesbutarecomposedofpositivelychargedprotonsand
neutralneutrons,whicharecollectivelyreferredtoasnucleons(coreparticles).Each"chemicalelement"is
characterizedbythenumberofprotonsinthenucleus.Forexample,thehydrogennucleusisasingleproton,the
uraniumcorehas92protons,sincethepositiveprotonchargeandthenegativeelectricchargeareequalin
magnitude,intheelectricallyneutralatomisthenumber.ofprotonsinthenucleusequalsthenumberofelectrons
intheshell,thenumberofneutronsinthenucleuscanacceptatafixednumberofprotonsingeneraldifferent
valuesthesedifferentnucleiarecalledtheisotopesofanelement,sincetheprotonandneutronapproximately
1800timesasheavyasa.electronare,thewholemassofanatomisconcentratedinitscore.Whiletheelectrons
intheatomicshellintheMiddlelargedistancesfromeachotherandtherelativelylargevolumeofanatom
thereforeessentially"emptyspace",thenucleonsinthetinynucleusarecloselytogether,ietightlypacked.The
threetypesofparticleselectron,protonandneutron,fromwhichtheatomsareconstructedinthemanneroutlined
briefly,beenalongtimeinelementaryparticlephysicsasthesmallestbuildingblocksofmatter,thatisconsidered
atrueelementaryparticles.Thisisalsotruetodayfortheelectronstillwiththeaccuracyofpreviousexperiments
nospatialextensionoftheelectronwasfound(r<1016cm)itcanthereforebeconsideredasamathematical
point.Protonandneutronastohaveaspatialextentofapproximately1013cm,asexperimentsatStanford
University(USA),he60yearshaveshownforthefirsttime,especiallyinthe50'sand.Morethanthat:mass,
electricchargeandotherphysicalpropertiesofthetwonucleonsarenotdiffuselydistributedoveritsspatialextent,
butinpointlikeinteriorconstituents,calledFeynmanpartonsconcentrated.Protonandneutronhavethereforea
"grainy"internalstructuretheyconsistofpartons,whichcouldbeidentifiedlaterthanin1964introducedbyGell
MannandbranchquarksAccordingtoourpresentunderstandingofanucleonconsistsessentiallyofthreequarks
iscomposedby.strongbindingforcesareheldtogetherinthenucleon.Notprotonandneutron,butthepointlike
quarksareso(suchaselectrons)astrueelementary,ietoconsiderthesmallestbuildingblocksofmatter.
c)Thestudyoftheinternalstructureoftheprotonandneutron
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[0208]
Thevariousforces(interactions)thatareeffectivebetweenelementaryparticles.Themodernparticlephysicsasks
notonlyafterwardsthatparticlesexistandwhattheircharacteristics,butalsobytheinteractionsbetweenthem.In
ordertofamiliarizeyourselfwithscatteringexperimentsprovideinformationonhowyouobtainedfromsuch
experimentsprovideinformationabouttheextentandinternalstructureofatomsandatomicnucleiandwhyyou
needhigherandhigherenergiestoexploreeversmallerobjects.
[0209]
Thenthespatialextentoftheprotonandneutronistreated.
[0210]
ThelastchapterofPartIdescribesthequarkmodelofhadronsclassificationandgluonsbetweenquarkseffective
byexchangeforces.Theinternalstructureoftheprotonandneutron,ieitscompositionfrompartons(quarks,anti
quarks,gluons),willbediscussed.
d)forcesandparticles
[0211]
Nowknownfourforcesinnature,whichdifferintheirstrengthandtherangeoftheireffectivenessfromeachother:
thestrongforce,theelectromagneticforce,theweakforceandthegravitationalforce.
[0212]
Thegravitation(gravitation)comparedtotheotherthreeforcesissoweakthatitpracticallydoesnotmatteronlyin
macroscopicmassconcentrations,suchasastronomy,noticeableandthetinymassesofelementaryparticles.
e)Thelongestknownistheelectromagneticforce.Itbindseginanatomtheelectronsintheshellofthe
nucleus,asinthehydrogenatom(Hatom)thenegativelychargedelectrontothepositivelychargedproton.
Thisbinding,ie,theattractionoftheoppositecharges,issurroundedstatebytheelectricfields,theelectron
andproton.
[0213]
InthequantitativetreatmentoftheHatom,however,cannotbeappliedtoclassicalelectrodynamicsitprevail
ratherinthemicrocosmoftheatom,thelawsofquantumtheory,inourcasetherelativisticquantum
electrodynamics(QED).
[0214]
Accordingtoher,theenergyoftheelectromagneticfieldisquantized,itconsistsofsmallportionsofenergy
(energyquanta),thephotons(particlesoflight).
[0215]
AftertheQEDtheory,theinteractionbetweenprotonandelectroninthehydrogenatomcomesfromthefactthat
betweenthemconstantlyphotonsareexchangedasingleexchangeprocessisthatastheprotonemitsaphoton
andthisisshortlythereafterabsorbedbytheelectron.
[0216]
Thephotonisthusthetransmitter(carrier,quant)oftheelectromagneticforcebetweenchargedparticles.
f)Theothertwoforces,thestrongandtheweakforce,basedontheexchangeoftheseparticlesas
interactionsupport.
[0217]
Thestrongforcewillalsoberesponsibleforthestrongnuclearforce,theprotonsandneutronsfirmlyandtightly
bindtoeachotherinanatomicnucleus.Theycomefromthefactthatbetweenthenucleonsmainlypionsis
replace.(Duringthenucleonoccursintwochargestates,namelyasprotonandneutron,itisforthepion(p)three
chargestates:thepositivelychargedp+,pnegativelychargedandtheneutralp0).Duringthep0Austauschs
betweenthenucleonsofenergyconservationlawisviolated:Thereisinadditionap0,themassmbytheEinstein
equationwithanenergyofE=mc2(c=speedoflight)areequivalent.AccordingtotheHeisenberguncertainty
relationh=xtE(h=Planck'sconstantdividedby2)issuchabreachoftheenergytheorembytheamountE
duringtheshorttimetpossible,ittakesthep0togetfromoneprotontoanotherprotonin,From(=distance
betweenthetwoprotonsinthenucleus)isobtainedfortherangeRofthenuclearpowerrelationship
Imagenotavailable withhc=197MeVfm(Ifm=Ifermi=1013cm).1Withthep0massm=135MeV/c2(ie
mc2=135MeV)isthusobtainedforthestrongnuclearforce,averysmallrangeofR1.5fm.
[0218]
Theresultingfromtheuncertaintyrelationmassrangerelationship(I)appliestoallforces.Accordingtoher,the
rangeofapowergreater(smaller),thesmaller(larger)isthemassoftheparticlethattransmitspower.The
electromagneticforceistransmittedthroughthemasslessphoton,hasaninfiniterangeAlthoughithasunderthe
Coulombforcelawwiththedistancerbetweentwochargessuchas1/r2,butisalsoreflectedinmacroscopic
distancesnoticeable,whilethestrongforceonlyatverysmalldistances(oftheorderof1.5fmoftheatomic
nuclei)becomeseffective.Thisdifferenceisduetothedensepackingofnucleonsinanucleus,andthusits
smallnessonehand,andthewidedistributionofelectronsintheatomicshellontheother.Theweakforcez.B.
Decompositionofafree(ienotboundinastablenucleus).
[0219]
Decayofafreeneutronproton,electronandantineutrinoafterameanneutronlifetimet=15mincausesis
transmittedthroughthethreeheavybosonsW+,WandZ0.Theseparticleswerediscoveredin1983atthe
EuropeanparticlephysicsresearchcenterCERNinGenevaasfreeparticlestheyhaveamassofabout90GeV/
c2(m=81.8GeV/c2forW,m=92.6GeV/c2forZ0)andarethusabout100times(!)soheavyasthe
proton.Fromthishighmassisgivenby(I)fortheweakforce,theextremelysmallrangeofabout2103fm(ie,
aboutonethousandthofthestrongrange).Theweakforceismuchweakerthantheelectromagneticforcedueto
thehighWandZmassatlowenergies,while(100GeV)isaboutasstrongastheelectromagneticforceatvery
highenergies.Thisin1967contributedtotheimportantandmomentousdiscoveryofSalamandWeinberg,thatthe
weakandtheelectromagneticforcetwomanifestationsofthesameforcewhicharesocalledelectroweak
interactions.
g)scatteringexperimentsforthestudyofatomicandnuclearstructurearethebasisforallstructuralstudies
inthemicrophysicsscatteringexperiments,suchasthoseconductedforthefirsttimebyRutherfordand
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stafftostudytheinternalstructureofatoms.
[0220]
Rutherforddirectedabeamofparticles(heliumnuclei)fromradioactivedecaymodesofathinmetalfoil(eggold)
toinvestigatetheclashofparticleswithsingleatomsinthefilm.Hemeasuredwithasuitabledetectortothe
foilaroundtheanglebywhichtheindividualaparticlesdeflectedbytheatomsofthefilmfromitsoriginal
direction("diffused")were,andmadefrommanysuchscatteringeventsascatteringangledistribution()(the
crosssectionforthescatteringbytheangle)thatthefrequency(probability)indicatesthescatteringangle,the
individualwasobserved(from0to180)intheexperiment.
[0221]
Ifthenuclearmatter(andtheelectriccharges)evenlyanddiffuselywouldspreadallovertheatomicvolume,thea
particlesLargescatteringangleshouldbe"soft"scatteredonextendedatom.(Approximately>90)shouldnot
occurinpractice,thatwouldbeawithincreasingscatteringanglestronglyslopingangledistributionexpected.
Instead,havebeenrare,butfarmorefrequentlythanexpectedforadiffusenuclear,largescatteringangle(>90)
measured,evenobservedscatteringanglecloseto180,wherethescatteredintheexperimentaaboutflying
backtotheoriginalaraydirection.Theonlypossibleinterpretationofthissurprisingmeasurementresultwasthe
assumptionthatthereisasmall,heavy,positivelychargednucleusinsidethescatteringatom.Ifanparticlesof
thisintheimmediatevicinitysmallcorearrives,itfindsthatthereeffective,duetothesmalldistancerparticularly
largeelectricCoulombforce(1/r2)ofthecoreandisbythemina"hard"scatteringgreatlyfromitsoriginal
direction,thatisdeflectedatlargescatteringangles,Thus,thenucleiwerediscoveredinsideatoms.
[0222]
Thus,theRutherfordscatteringexperimentsgaveinformationabouttheinternalstructureoftheatoms,whereinthe
beamparticlesusedas"probes"wereused,withthisstructurewhich"sensed"was.
h)wereSimilarly,inlateryears,thespatialextentandtheinternalstructureoftheatomicnucleusitselfin
countlessscatteringexperimentsinnuclearphysicswithvariousbeamparticles,especiallyphotons,
electronsandprotonsexplored.Inthiscase,also,thesenucleiweredetectedasbroad,composedof
protonsandneutronsobjectsandexaminedingreaterdetailintheirconstruction.Here,twokindsof
scatteringprocessesarenowdistinguishablefromeachother,namelytheelasticscatteringsimplerand
morecomplicatedinelasticscattering.Inanelasticcollisionofabeamparticle,suchasaprotonp,witha
nucleusAprotonisscatteredfromthenucleusasawhole.Thecoreremainsintactitwillonlybeinitiated
andleavesasunchangedthewholescatteringprocess(pApA).Wheninelasticscattering,however,the
beamparticlesreactswithoneormorenucleonsinthecore.Here,thecoreistakenintoitscomponents,ie
intoindividualnucleonsormorenuclearfragmentstornapartyesitcaneven,iftheenergyofthebeam
particleislargeenough,additionalparticles,mostlypionsareproduced.Thisparticlegenerationarisesfrom
thefactthatsomeofthekineticenergyofthebeamparticleisconvertedintothemassesoftheproduced
particles,since,accordingtotheEinsteinequation(seeabove)massisaformofenergyandconvertsone
formofenergyintoanother,whilepreservingtheoverallenergycanbe.Whiletheelasticcorescattering
providesinformationonthespatialextentofacoreandthedistributionsofmassandchargewithinthiscore
volume,welearnfromtheinelasticscatteringdirectlytheinternalstructureofanucleus,iesmallerbuilding
blocksfromwhichitiscomposed.
I)areconsiderablyhigherenergies(pulses)(E100MeV)ofthebeamparticlesarerequiredasforthe
studyofatomicstructure(EIKeV),andforthisreasonToexamineacorestructureinascattering
experiment:Ingeneral,aftertheparticlewavedualityofquantumtheoryaparticlewithmomentumpa
wavelengthassociatedwith(=/2)Thus,itisthesmaller,thelargerthemomentumoftheparticle.If
nowwithsuchaparticle,suchasanelectron,astructureofthespatialextent.DELTA.xbe"scanned"for,
thecorrespondingwavelengthoftheparticle,ie,beitslocalizationisnotgreaterthanabout.DELTA.x.
Thus,thesmallertheinvestigatedobject,thestructuretoberecognizedis,theshortermustthe
wavelength,thatis,thegreatermustbeaccordingto(2)ofthepulseandhencetheenergyofthescanning
particlesbeotherwords,anobject(egnucleus,nucleon),whichatlowenergyasappearsasapoint,can
provetobeathigherenergiesasanextendedstructurewithaninnerstructure.
[0223]
Theinverseproportionalitybetweentheenergyofthebeamparticlesandthesizeoftheresolvedobject,which
wasreflectedevenintherelationship(I),canbeyetunderstandinadifferentway.Thesmallerisamaterialobject,
thestrongertheelementsofwhichitiscomposed,bondedtoeachotherincludethebindingforcesoftheatomsin
amoleculeareweakerthanthatoftheelectronsinthecoreinanatom,thelatterareweakerthanthebonding
forcebetweenthenucleonsinanucleus,andfinallythisagainweakerthanthebindingofquarksinanucleon.If,
therefore,investigatetheinternalstructureofsuchanobjectcloserbyitcutinaninelasticscatteringexperimentin
hisblocksandthesemeasures,somusttheenergyofthebeamparticleswithwhichonebreaksthebindingof
theseblocksagainsttheirbindingforces,bethegreater,thesmallertheobject.Tostudytheprotonand
Neutronstruktur,belowabout1013cm,therefore,relativelyhighenergyofthebeamparticles,about100MeVis
required.
J)If,therefore,enabletheinternalstructureofsuchanucleusforaquantummechanicalprocessesby
causingitsinternalcomponentswithhighenergyofLadungstrgerteilchentomoveawayfromthebinding
forcesoftheatomicnucleus.Inotherwords,highenergyoftheLadungstrgerteilchencanbreakthebinding
oftheseatomicblocksintheatomsofhighenergyLadungstrgerteilchenmustbegreater,thesmallerthe
atomicbuildingblocks.TostudytheprotonandNeutronstruktur,belowabout1013cm,therefore,relatively
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highenergyofthebeamparticles,about100MeVisrequired.
k)Theelasticelectronnucleonscattering.
[0224]
Thespatialextentofproton(p)andneutron(s)hasbeeninvestigatedinexperimentstoelasticscatteringof
electrons(e).
[0225]
Theelasticepscatteringepep,donebytheelectromagneticforce,iebyphotonexchange.themostgeneral
formulaforthecrosssection()wasderivedfromRosenbluthitismuchmorecomplicatedthantheoriginal
RutherfordformulathatRutherfordhadderivedfromtheCoulombforcelawandthelawsofNewtonianmechanics
forthescatteringofapointlikeparticletothechargeofapointlikeheavynucleus.(AtlowenergiestheRutherford
experiments,thecorecouldbeviewedasapoint).
16)atomicphysicsphysics.
[0226]
Atomicphysics,thedifferencefromtheRutherfordformulatakesintoaccountthefollowingpointsinthe
Rosenbluthformula:
(A)Theyarethelawsofrelativityandquantumtheory,iethequantumelectrodynamicsapply.
(B)theprotonundergoesscatteringbyanelasticrecoil
(C)electronandprotonhaveanintrinsicangularmomentum("spin",graphic:rotationarounditsowninner
axis)andthusaninnermagneticmoment(theycanbeviewedgraphicallyastwosmallmagneticdipoles)
thustheydonotcomeintoelectromagneticinteractionwitheachotheronlyduetotheircharge,butalsoby
theirmagneticmoments
(D)theprotonandtheelectronhasmassenbehaftemay(incontrasttoelectron)aspatialextent,andthusa
densitydistributionofitsloadanditsmagneticmomentwithinthisextent.
[0227]
Thislastpointisthemostimportantapossibleextensionoftheprotonissupposedtobeexploredinelasticep
scatteringexperiments.Describesthisexpansion(the"shape"oftheproton)bytwosocalledformfactorsinthe
Rosenbluthformula,Ge(Q)forthedistributionofelectricchargeandGM(Q)forthedistributionofthemagnetic
moment.ThetwoformfactorsdependonthesocalledmomentumtransferQfromtheincomingelectronmore
thantheexchangedphotonontheproton,whereinQiswherebythescatteringangleatafixedbeamenergyE,
andQ=0for=0withincreasingincreasesuptoamaximumvalueat.theta.max=180(M=protonmass).
TheformfactorsG(Q),thefallingeneralwithincreasinggive,howmuchforagivenQ,iethecorresponding
scatteringangle,thescatteringfromanextensiveprotoncomparedtoscatteringatisreducedtoapointlike
proton.(Thescatteringonanextendedobjectperformsso,asdescribedinconnectionwiththeRutherford
experiments,comparedtothedotlikescatteringinasuppressionofgreaterscatteringangle)constant,thatis
independentofQformfactorswouldthusnoreduction,ieapointlikeprotonmean.Generalobtainedby
transformationoftheformfactorsofthemomentumspaceintorealspace(Fouriertransform)directlythe(time
averaged)densitydistributionsp(r)ofthechargeandmagneticmomentoftheprotonasafunctionofthedistance
rfromtheprotoncenter,AnextensiveprotonwithasharpedgeforexamplewouldhaveanoscillatingQ
dependenceofG(Q)result(similartotheinterferencepatternwithmaximaandminimainthediffractionoflighton
asmallplatewithasharpedge).ForasmoothQdependence,however,isaprotontoclosewithaFullysmeared,
blurrededge.ThesteeperG(Q)withincreasingQdrops,themoresolargemomentumtransfersandthuslarge
scatteringanglesaresuppressed,themoreextensiveistheproton.
[0228]
Thetaskofanexperimentonelasticepscatteringands,then,istomeasuretheformfactorsoftheprotonand
neutronandtherebygaininsightintothegeometric"shape"ofthetwonucleons.
[0229]
Suchexperimentshavebeenawardedsince1955byHofstadteratStanfordUniversityandlaterbyseveral
physicistsgroupsatvariousotherelectronaccelerators(Cornell,Orsay,CambridgeUSA,DESYinHamburg),
especiallysince1966atthetwomilelinearacceleratorattheStanfordLinearAcceleratorCenter(SLAC)is
performed.Here,overtheyearsalwayshigherelectronenergies,iemomentumtransfers,andthusafinerandfiner
spatialresolutioncouldbeachieved.Inparticular,theSLACacceleratorenabledwithelectronsupto20GeV
measurementstoQ5GeV(correspondingtor0.04fm).Suchanexperimentisthatyouonafilledwithliquidor
gaseoushydrogen"Target"shootstheelectronbeamandwithamagneticspectrometerandsuitabledetectors
(Cerenkovandscintillationcountersapproximately)demonstratestheatcertainanglesscatteredelectronsand
theirenergymeasures.Fromthesemeasurements,anangulardistribution()isthenmade,fromwhichtheform
factorsaredeterminedusingtheRosenbluthformula.Thereisindeedfreeprotons(hydrogennuclei),butnofree
neutronsareusedfortheformfactorsoftheneutronadeuterium(heavyhydrogen)filledtargetadeuterium
nucleus(deuteron)consistsofoneprotonandoneneutron,someasuringthescatteringonthedeuteron,subtracts
theknownfromthehydrogenscatteringexperimentsonprotonandthusobtainthescatteringatneutron.
e)Theresultsofnumerousexperimentsforproton(p)andneutron(n)formfactorscanbesummarizedas
follows:wherethemagneticmoments(measuredinunitsofthenuclearmagneton),(dipoleformfactor)is
anempiricalfunctionofQ,themeasuredformfactorsdescribesprettywell.TheFouriertransformofthis
dipoleformfactorisanexponentiallydecreasingdensitydistribution.
[0230]
Withthisresult,itisshownthatprotonsandneutronshaveaspatialextent.Thedistributionsofthechargeofthe
protonmagneticmomentoftheprotonandtheneutronmagneticmomenthasthesameformtheyfallroughly
exponentiallywithincreasingdistancefromthenucleoncenter.Theedgeoftheprotonandneutronissoblurry.For
theirmeanradiusis0.82fm.
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[0231]
Theaveragechargedensityoftheneutroniszeroeverywheretheneutroninteractselectromagneticallysoonlyby
itsmagneticmoment.
f)Afterthespatialextentofthenucleonswasestablished,thequestionwasabouttheirinnerstructure.This
wasstudiedinexperimentsoninelasticelectronnucleonscatteringsinceabout1967.Later,otherleptons
(muons,neutrinosandantineutrinos)wereusedas"probes"tothe"sampling"ofthenucleonstructure
insteadofelectrons.
g)Thequarkmodelofhadronsandtheforcesbetweenquarks
[0232]
However,beforetheseinelasticscatteringisdiscussedfirstthequarkmodelofhadronsandtheforcesbetween
quarksaretobetreatedinthefollowing.Thefirstindicationthatprotonsandneutronsarecomposedofeven
smallerconstituentsdidnotcomefromscatteringexperiments,butfromthequarkmodelfortheclassificationof
hadrons,whichwillbebrieflydescribednow.Overtheyears(sinceabout1935)werefirstintheCosmiccosmic
radiation,laterdiscoveredatthelargeparticleinadditiontotheelectron,photonandthetwonucleonsother
particlesinlargenumbers,whichareproducedinhighenergycollisions,andafterashortlifetimeinlighterbosons
decay.Allknownparticlescanbedividedintothreeclasses,namelyleptons,hadronsandinteractionbosons
(photon,WandZboson).Sofar,weknowofsixleptons,theelectrone,themuon,theTauonandthe
associatedneutrinos,whichcanbesummarizedtothreeleptonfamilies:(e,ve),(,v)and(,v).Since,for
everyparticlehasanantiparticle,threeantileptonfamiliesareadded:(e+,ve),(+,v)and(t,v).Theleptons
participateinthestronginteractiondoesnotparticipate,theyareinsensitivetothestrongforce(suchasaneutral
particle,anelectricfielddoesnot"feel").Thechargedleptons(e,,)willparticipateintheelectromagneticand
weak,theNeutrinosparticipateonlyinweakinteractions.
[0233]
Thehadronstakepartinallthreeinteractions,especiallyinthestronginteraction.Theyaredividedintomesons
(eg,K,,p,,etc.)withintegerspin(inunitsofh)andbaryons(egnucleonN,,,,etc.)withhalfinteger
spin.Incontrasttothefewleptons,alargenumberofdifferenthadronsespeciallysinceabout1960,itwas
discoveredthatmany"resonant"particlesthatdecaybythestronginteractionandthereforehaveveryshort
lifetimesofabout1023s.Todayweknowwhen(pforthepionasp+,p0)isnotseparatelyenumeratethe
variouschargestatesofhadronsandtheassociatedantihadronsdonotcount,over100differenthadrons.
h)Itwasearlyapparentthatnumeroushadronscannotallberegardedasgenuine,thesmallestelementary
particlesmaynotbesocomplicatednature.Infact,hadronsrelatedtosocalledmultipletswere
summarized.Themultipletforexample,inwhichthetwonucleonspandnare,isoneoctet,whichalsostill
containsthebaryons(quarks).Anaturalexplanationfoundintheclassificationofhadronsinmultiplets,ie
theexistenceofthesemultipletsbyintroducedbyGellMannandbranch1,964quarkmodelofhadrons.
Thismodel,initsoriginalform:Therearethreesmall,basicbuildingblocksofhadrons,calledbyGellMann
"quarks"(u,dands),andthethreecorrespondingantiquarks(u',d',s'),fromwhichthehadronsare
composed,andthatisamesonMisaboundstateqofaquarkandanantiquarkq'(M=qq',eg+=ud',
=du'),whileabaryonBfromthreequarks(qqq=B,forexample,p=Uudn=udd).Alloftheproperties
ofhadronsemergefromthepropertiesofquarksandantiquarks.
i)Forexample,havethequarksdrittelzahligecharges(inunitsoftheelementarychargee):Qu=2/3,Qd=
Qs =1/3.Fromthisresult,forexample,thechargesoftheprotonandneutron:Qp=2Qu+Qd=22/3
1/3=1Qnu+=Q2Qd=2/32*1/3=0.Anotherexample:Sincethequarkshavespinandthespin
ofahadronofthespinsandtheintegerorbitalangularmomentaofthequarksinhadronvectorialand
quantizedcomposed,havethemesons(with2constituents)integer,thebaryons(3constituents)half
integerspin.Intheyears1974and1977heavyhadrons(called"Charm"and"Beauty")withnovelproperties
werediscovered,theintroductionoftwoadditional,heavyquarktypes(candb)andthusanextensionof
theoriginalquarkmodelwithonlythreequarkshadtobemade.Todayyouhavetotakegoodreasonsthat
thereareatotalofsixquarkspecies,ofwhich.Thesesixquarkshavethesixthquark,whichiswiththe
"Truth"isnotfoundbecauseofitslargemasstQuark(analogoustosixleptons)tothethreequarkfamilies
(u,d),(c,s),(t,b)andthethreecorrespondingantiquarkfamiliessummarize.Allknownhadronscanbebuilt
fromquarksandantiquarksandthuspredictedtothequarkmodelmultipletsareclassifiedthereareamong
themanyhadronsnotonethatdoesnotfitintothequarkmodelthusanenormoussimplificationisachieved
notmanyhadrons,butthesixquarksaretoberegardedasatrueelementary,thisanalogythatnot.92
differentnuclei,butthetwonucleonsaretobeconsideredasbuildingblocksofmatter.Whilethe
constructionofourordinarymatterwiththeparticlesofthefirstquarkandLeptonfamiliecanbeexplainedby
theparticlesofthesecondandthirdfamiliesonlyoccurwhenhighenergyprocessesinspaceandonthe
particleaccelerators.Bywhatpowerthequarksinthenucleonexampleareboundtoeachother?
[0234]
Fortheinteractionbetweenquarksandantiquarks,iealsoforthebindingofthethreequarksinanucleon,the
strongforceisresponsible.Forthem,thetheoryofquantumchromodynamics(QCD)was,inanalogytoquantum
electrodynamicsfortheelectromagneticforcedeveloped.Accordingtoher,thestrongforceisconcludedbythe
exchangeofgluons("glueparticles",whicharethe"glue"forthecohesionofthequarksinthenucleon)
correspondingtothephotonexchangeintheelectromagneticinteraction.
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[0235]
Thepropertyofthecurd,whichthisgluonexchange,ietheemissionorabsorptionofagluonenableshascalled
one"color"(photoncharge)=("colorcharge")correspondingtotheelectricchargebytheinQEDsuchasan
electroncanemitorabsorbaphoton.However,whileanelectron(oranyotherchargedparticles)hasafixed
charge(1fortheelectron),eachquarkcomesinthreecolors(redr,greeng,blueb)3before,iethecolorcharge
(photoncharge)ofaquarkcanthethreedifferentcolorvalues
=(photonfrequencies)r,g,baccept.Thishasthe
consequencethatthereareeightdifferentgluonsinQCD,whilethereisonlyonephotoninQED.Thesegluons
themselvespossessagaintheproperty"color"=(photoncharge),incontrasttothephoton,whichcarriesno
charge,thatiselectricallyneutral.Thegluonsarethusthecarrier(transmitter)ofthestrongforce(the"colorforces
=photonsforces")betweenquarksandantiquarks,accordingtothephotonasacarrieroftheelectromagnetic
forcetheyholdthequarksinthenucleon.Notmediatedbymesonexchangeforcesbetweenhadrons,butthe
colorforces(photonsforces)betweenquarksandantiquarksarethereal,fundamentalforcesofthestrong
interaction,sincethequarksandantiquarksandnotcomposedofthemhadronstheactualelementaryparticles.
Theexistenceoftheproperty"color=(photoncharge)"forthecurdandtheassociatedgluonshasnowbeen
demonstratedinseveraldifferenttypesofexperiments.
[0236]
Thefactthatthegluonscarry,incontrasttotheunchargedphoton,evencolor(photoncharge),thecolorforces
(photonsforces)havesignificantlydifferentpropertiesthantheelectromagneticforce:Whilethisbecomesweaker
withincreasingdistancebetweentwocharges(I/r2),thosewithincreasingdistanceegbetweentwoquarks
gettingbigger.Youwantedaboutina+(=you'),thedantiquarkfromtheuquarkseparate(+dissociation),
soyouwouldhavewithincreasingdistancebetweenuanddeverhigherenergytoexpendthisenergysupplybut
ultimatelydoesnotcausethesothatasaresultoftheoriginal+mesontwomesonshavebecomeseparationof
d',buttheproductionofaquarkantiquarkpair.Thisconsiderationgivesthefundamentalinsight:
Thereisnofreequarks,antiquarks(andgluons).Theyoccurasfreeparticlesisolatedtoonlythosecombinations
ofquarksandantiquarksinwhichthecolors(photonfrequencies)cancel,thetotalneutralcolorso(asforexample
intheneutralHatomcancelthechargesoftheprotonandelectron)betweenwhichthereforenocolorareforces
(suchasbetweentwoelectricallyneutralparticlesnoelectricforceacts).Theonlysimplecombinationsthatcan
becolorneutralqqandqqqare,therefore,themesonsandbaryons,whoseexistenceandobservabilityasasingle,
free,separateparticlesisthusunderstandable.Withinsuchhadronsquarksandantiquarksaretied
("confinement").Sowhiletherearefreeelectriccharges,therearenofreecolorcharges(photoncharge),andthus
nofree(anti)quarksandgluons.Infact,theintensivebelookingfortheminthemostdiverseexperimentsand
materialssofarbeenfruitless.Conversely,atsmalldistances,ie,athighenergies,thecolorforcesrelatively
weak.Inahighenergyprotonegbehavethethreequarksandthereforeasquasifreeparticles("asymptotic
freedom"),sothatsuchaprotonbeamcanberegardedasaquasifreequark.
17)ThelocationandpropertiesofthequantizedstatesofelectronsandholesinspeciallyCdSeQuantum
Thelocationandcharacteristicsofthequantizedstatesofelectronsandholes,especiallyinCdSe
Quantum,theeffectivemassesofelectronsandholeswithintheframeworkofthewww.ubka.uni
karlsruhe.de/indexervvv/1997/physik/3
18)Movingmassesinthetwodimensionalenergysystem.
[0237]
AccordingtoEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativityproduceamovingmasses"gravitomagnetic(gravitational
magnetic)"field.
Reportphysicsfrom22.05.2002:Communicationthroughtheearth:
"Canasuperconductingradiowavesconvertedintogravitationalwaves".
[0238]
BelievesRaymondChiaooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,thatyoucanusethiseffectin
superconductorstotransformelectromagneticwavesingravitationalwavesandviceversa,asthemagazine
ScientificAmericanreportedinitsonlineedition.ChiaoPoweredhiscalculationsePrintarchivearXiv.org(grqc/
0204012).
[0239]
Muchlikeamovingelectricchargebuildsupamagneticfieldproducesamovingmassofagravitomagneticfield.
Thiseffectwaspredictedin1918bytheAustrianphysicistsJosephLenseandHansThirringasaconsequenceof
Einstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativityandconfirmeduntilafewyearsagobyexactpositionmeasurementsfrom
satellites.
[0240]
Chiaonowcombinedthenormalquantummechanicalequationsthatdescribethebehaviorinsuperconductors,
withtheequationsofthetheoryofrelativity.Hisconclusion:Inasuperconductingelectromagneticwavesin
Gravitationwavescanbetransformedandviceversa.Inprinciple,thisisnosurpriseifonetakesthepredictionof
thetheoryofrelativitythatacceleratedmassesproducegravitationalwavesasgiven.Surprisingly,however,the
sizeoftheeffectChiaoassumesthatabouthalfoftheenergyistransformedintogravitationalwaves.IfChiaos
calculationiscorrect,thenthatwouldrevolutionizethetelecommunicationssector.Foritwouldbepossibleto
sendmessagesviagravitationalwavesthroughtheinterioroftheearthandtoreceivethemontheotherside.But
thisisdoubtedbymanyphysicistsbecauseChiaohasmadesomecontroversialstatementsinhissimplifications.
Chiaoiscurrentlybuildinganapparatuswithwhichhewantstocheckhiscalculations.AxelTilleMans/
wissenschaft.de
19)GravityResearchReportcurvatureofspace.
Reportastronomyfrom25.09.2003Cassiniconfirmedthetheoryofrelativitywithunprecedentedprecision:
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"Theradiosignalsfromthespacecraftfollowedexactlythecurvatureofspace"AxelTilleMans/
Wissenschaft.de.
[0241]
TheCassinispacecraft,whichleftEarthon15October1997andinDecember2000passedtheplanetJupiterto
achievetheiraimsSaturninJuly2004.Butinthemeantimeitisnotidle.2002seenfromEarthasCassinicenter
stoodbehindthesun,tookBrunoBertottioftheUniversityofPaviaandhiscolleaguestheopportunitytoreview
thegeneraltheoryofrelativity.YourResultTheresearchersinthejournalNatureago(Vol.425,p374).Einstein's
generaltheoryofrelativitystatesthatanymasscurvesspace.Canbefelt,thiscurvatureinthewaysthatare
followedbylightorotherelectromagneticwavessuchasradiosignals.Lightalwaystakestheshortestroute.Ina
noncurvedspace,theshortestdistancebetweentwopointsisalwaysastraightline.Notsoinacurvedspace.
YouwantedonearththeshortestconnectionbetweentheNorthandSouthPolesfollow,youwouldhavetoleave
thetwodimensionalsurfaceanddigrightthroughtheearth.Thisdistanceisabout13,000kilometers.Ifyoustay
onthesurfaceandfollowsthecurvature,thenyouhavetotravelabout20,000kilometers.Thelightcannotleave
andtakeashortcutbutthethreedimensionalspace.Thereforeneedradiosignalsmustpassclosetothesun,a
littlemoretimetoreachtheearthastheywouldneedwhenthesunisnotthere.Thesignalshavetomakea
detourbecausethesunhasthecurvedspaceintheirvicinity.TheItalianresearchershavemeasureda
phenomenoncloselylinkedtothateffectbetweenJune6and7Julyof2002.Connectedwiththeslightlylonger
distanceisaslightfrequencyshiftoftheelectromagneticwaves.ThesehavemeasuredBertottiandcolleagues.
Benefitstheresearcherscame,theweightofthespacecraftoverfivetons.Asaresult,distortionswereminimized
bymovementsoftheprobeduetointerference.Asanadditionalmeasuretominimizeerrorsnoinstrument
systemswereswitchedonoroffonCassiniduringthemeasurementperiod.TheItalianphysicistcouldimprove
theprecisionoverprevioustestsofgeneralrelativitybyafactoroffifty.Theybelievethatafurtherimprovementin
theprecisionbyonetotwoordersofmagnitudecanbringpotentialdeviationsfromgeneralrelativitytolight.Such
deviationsarepredictedbytheoriesthatassumeaslowvariationofthefinestructureconstant.AxelTilleMans/
Wissenschaft.de
20)Coulomb'sLaw
Coulomb'sLaw,http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki.
[0242]
TheCoulomb'slawdescribestheelectrostaticforcebetweentwopointcharges,theCoulombforce.Itstatesthat
thisforceisproportionaltotheproductofthesetwochargesandinverselyproportionaltothesquareoftheir
distance.Twochargesofthesamesign(thesame)repeleachother,thosewithdifferentsigns(ungleichnamige)
attract.TheCoulomblawwasdiscoveredbytheFrenchphysicistCharlesAugustindeCoulombandistheSIunit
systeminscalarform Imagenotavailable
[0243]
Inthiscase,Q1andQ2indicatetwopointcharges,risthedistanceregardedasthepointshapedchargesQ1and
Q2,0=8.854187817x10121FmisthedielectricconstantofthevacuumandtheCoulombforceFacting
betweenQ1andQ2,withcorrespondstoapositivevalueofrejection.
[0244]
Invectorform,itis
[0245]
WhereEris normalizedtotheamount1vectorpointingfromQ1toQ2,r1r2andthepositionvectorsof
Imagenotavailable
thechargeQ1orQ2,orthedoublebars,thestandardlengthofthevectorsandtheforceFwhichexertsQ1to
Q2.
[0246]
Thesizekwith Imagenotavailable isalsoreferredtoasacoulombicconstant.TheCoulomblawisthebasisof

electrostatics.
21)QuantumdynamicsofcorrelatedCoulombsystems.
OfgiantplanetstoquantumdotsAssoc.Dr.MichaelBonitz,DepartmentofPhysics,Universityof
Rostock,UniversityPlatz3,D18051Rostock
PhysicsJournal1(2002)No.7/8.16179439/02/070769/WILEYVCHVerlagGmbH,69451
Weinheim,2002
Ofgiantplanetstoquantumdots(Coulomb,CS)
[0247]
AsCharlesAugustindeCoulombin1785foundoutthatbetweentwosmallballswiththechargeseaandebthe
force Imagenotavailable acts(ebisthedielectricconstantofthesurroundingmedium),littledidheknowthathe
hadthusformulatedoneofthemostfundamentallawsofnature.
[0248]
Todayweknowthatsystemsofelectricallychargedparticles(Coulomb,CS)designateamajorityoftheproperties
ofthesurroundingnature.
[0249]
Shegoesbythelargestobjectsintheuniversetothesmallestbuildingblocksofmatter.Interestingly,itisthe
carrierofthesmallestcharge,theelectronswhicharecrucialforphysical,chemicalandbiologicalphenomena.
Chargedparticleselectrons,ions,holesinthesolidstateandtherulingCoulombforcebetweenthemdetermine
thestructureofalargepartofthesurroundingmatter.Atheoryofsuchsystemsmustthereforebeabletotakeinto
accountinteractioneffectsandtodescribebothslowandveryfastprocesses.ExamplesofCoulombsystemsare
extremelydiverse.Wefindinthecosmosininterstellardust,ashotplasmainoursun,asThehighcompression
plasmaintheinteriorofplanetsorstarsinexoticlikethebrownorwhitedwarfsinourlocalarea.Inthe
ionosphere,withelectricaldischargeinlightningorinelectrolyticfluids.Otherexamplesaretheelectrongasin
metalsortheelectronholeplasma(2DES)inexcitedsemiconductorsand,ofcourse,isbasedtheoperationofall
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electricalandopticalequipmentofmostofthepowerelectronicstothemicroprocessorandthelaseronelectron
transport.Ofparticularpracticalimportanceistheeasycontrollabilityofchargedparticlesisduetoelectromagnetic
fields(viatheLorentzforce).Extraordinaryprospectsrichplasmagenerationusinglasersofelectronhole
plasmasinsemiconductorstructuresonCoulombclustersuptoexoticmatterwithahundredtimessoliddensity,
asisbrieflygeneratedbyhighintensitylaserorheavyionbeams,makingconditionsasintheinteriorofplanetsbe
achievedandstarsandemergemanyapplicationstonuclearfusion(inertialconfinementfusionICF).
Coulombsystems.
[0250]
CoulombsystemsbytheHamiltonian Imagenotavailable described,whereNisthenumberofparticlesandmi

arethemassesandK,Uc andUextisthekineticenergy,interactionenergyandtheenergyfromexternal(usually
electromagnetic)fields,respectively.
ThecommonnatureofallCoulomb
[0251]
Despitetheverydifferentnatureofthelistedsystemsallhaveverysimilarbasiccharacteristicsthatdepend
primarilyontwofactors.ThestrengthoftheCoulombinteraction(coupling,correlations)andquantumeffects
(degeneration),whicharedeterminedbytheratioofthecharacteristicenergyandlengthscalesinthesystem[1,
2]:
Lengthscales:
1.)rThemeandistancebetweentwoparticles,r~dN(nanddaredensityordimensionalityofthe
system,d=1,2,3).
2.)thequantumdimensionoftheparticles.Forfreeparticles Imagenotavailable (DeBroglie
wavelength)forboundparticles,theexpansionofitswavefunction.
3.)BtherelevantBohrradius Imagenotavailable
Energyscales:
1.)<K>theaveragekineticenergyinaclassicalsystemis<K>=c1(d/2)kBT,inaquantumsystem
<K>qm=(3/5)EF(EFistheFermienergy)
2.)TheaverageCoulombenergyor Imagenotavailable forboundparticles: Imagenotavailable
Thedegeneracyparameternd~(/r)Ddividesmanybodysystemsinclassical(<1)and
quantummechanical(1).
TheCoulombcouplingparameteristheratio|<Uc>|/<K>.Forclassicalsystemsitisgivenby|<U
c>|/kBT,forquantumsystemswithrs r/B~|<Uc>|/EF.
[0252]
IfyoucontinuouslyfromthephysicaldataofaCoulombsystem,socancomparedifferentCoulombsystems(from
therespectivevalues
ofq,dandfollowthecurrentscaleunitsBandE,R,andresultsfromafieldofa
Coulombsystem(2DESinsemiconductorphysics)canbetransferred(2DESinelectricalengineering)toother
disciplinesintheotherCoulombsystem.
22)ionengines,basedpulsedacceleratorElectricdrives.
[0253]
ThefirststartingpointsforthedevelopmentofelectricdriveswereobtainedfromH.Oberth(1929)andRH
Goddard(1959)where,intheend,theyproposedtospeedelectricalchargedparticlesandtousetheparticle
momentumtodrivearocket.
[0254]
Thisideawastakenupagainlaterandcloserexamined.
[0255]
Anelectricrocketenginecanbeestimatedbythefollowingefficiencies:
TheenergyefficiencyorElectricalefficiencyne
[0256]
ThequotientneisdefinedfromthekineticradiationpowerJiuandthetotalelectricpoweroftheengine
Imagenotavailable wherePvisthepowerlossesderivedfromtheionsourcefromtheacceleratingelectrode
andfromtheconveyor,evaporatorandNeutralisatorleistungen.
Themassefficiencynm
[0257]
ItisdefinedastheratioofthecurrentJonenJiandtheentireengineleavingtheparticle. Imagenotavailable
whereJoisunionizedfuelflow,Qiistheioncharge
Thedivergenceefficiencynd
[0258]
HeisStrahlappratur(a)dependingonthecondition,whichistheverticalvelocitycomponentfueltothebeam
directioniszero.
Imagenotavailable
Thehomogeneityefficiencynh
[0259]
Itshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenthefuelvelocityhasaninhomogeneousdistribution.
[0260]
Theoverallefficiencyoftheengineniscalculatedas:n=nenmndnh(IV)
Requirementsforelectricengines.
Fuels:mercuryXenonArgonKryptonorUranhexaflorid.
Outflowvelocityofthefuelions.
[0261]
OutflowvelocityuoftheionsandtheheavyionsresultingfromthevalueoftheionicchargeQi,ionmassmiand
theacceleratingvoltageU.
Imagenotavailable
[0262]
Therequirementofhighqualityelectricdriveslargeraysvelocityoftheionsorheavyionscanbeachievedeasily.
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Forexample:IfyouHgionsacceleratedatanaccelerationvoltageof1500voltshigh,itproducesabeamvelocity
oftheionsof38km/sec.
Startacceleration.
[0263]
ThesizeoftherequiredstartaccelerationadependsonthethrustoftheenginesFandthetotalmassofthe
spacecraftmR.
Imagenotavailable
[0264]
ThethrustisproportionaltotheioncurrentintensityJiofthedrivingbeamandtheoutflowvelocityui.
Thespeedofthespacecraft.
[0265]
Thespeedofthespacecrafturconsistsofthefuelvelocityuiandthemassratiosocalled,thatiscomposedof
thepresentvalueofoffmassandthefinalmass.Thisratiodependsontheproportionofthefuelrofthespace
launchmass.
Imagenotavailable
Payloadratio
[0266]
ThepayloadratioN,iemassfractionofthepayloadonthespacecraftfollowsfromtheproportionofthefueluR,
theengineuF,theenergysourceEandthespacecraftcellZ.N=1uRuFEZ(VIII)
Thedemandforthehighestpossibleaccelerationperformanceoftheenginesofthespacecraft.
[0267]
Thedemandforthehighestpossibleoutflowvelocityofthefuelions(fusionparticles)andahighestpossible
accelerationperformance(thrust)oftheenginehastobeconsideredthemaximumpossibleaccelerationvoltage
andpossiblefuelflow(ioncurrent).
[0268]
Becauseaslongaspossibleoperationalcapability,thefollowingrequirementsmustbemetinthedesignofthe
engine:
Themechanicalandelectricaldesignoftheenginemustbesimpleandrobust,allpartsshouldbeveryreliablein
theirfunctions.
[0269]
Thecontroloftheenginethrustistotakeplacefrom10to30shades.
[0270]
Theelectrodesshouldbeabletobrieflywithstandcurrentsupto30A.Continuousplaybackperformanceshould
beatleast1000hours.Resistingstartingtheengineshouldbeeasy.Themissiondurationofseveralyearsshould
befulfilled.Theoverallthrustoftheenginesshouldbeashighaspossible.Thevibrationsintheoperationofthe
spacecraftistobecollectedandbecompensatedwithoutthatpartoftheenginesuffersafracture[IV].Typesof
electricalenginesystems.
[0271]
Anelectricionthrusterconsistsofthefollowingparts:
Fueltank,fueldeliverysystem,thefuelevaporator,ionizer,accelerators,andneutralizer.
[0272]
Theionizer,whichconsistsbasicallytakenfromanionsource,isthemostimportantqualitydetermining.To
achieveasufficientstartingacceleration,theionsourcemustprovideheavyionsaspossiblewithahighspecific
massandahighcurrentdensity.Aftertheionsourcetype(orIonisatortyp)onecanclassifytheengines.
a)Cscontactionengine
[0273]
Thefuelforthecontactionenginewaschosencesium,cesiumislongheateduntilitbecomesliquid.Theliquid
fuelflowsoverthelineofthefueldeliverysystemtotheevaporatorandtungstenionisator,thecesiumisheated
toatemperatureof1300Cto1500C.Thecesiumvaporisionizedbycontactwiththechargedporoustungsten
layers.Theconnectedhighvoltagetotheelectrodesystem(consistingisolatedfromthequartzWolframionisator
ionizeandaccelerate(positivepolarity]andtheaccelerationelectrode[negativepolarity]thecesiumions.Thehigh
kineticenergyofCsionsdifundierenmanyionsfromtheaccelerationchannelout(radiationlosses),characterized
theefficiencyoftheengineisdeterioratedsignificantly,andtheeffectiveionizationenergyrequiredincreases.
b)highfrequencyengine.
[0274]
ThefirstpracticalapproachtothedevelopmentofahighfrequencyionenginewaspublishedbyH.Neuert(1948).
Later,H.Loeb(1968)inareportthatshowstheoptimizationofanenginewithhighfrequency.Theincomingfrom
thereservoirofmercuryisheatedontheevaporatoruntilitevaporates,thenflowsofhotmercuryvaporthroughthe
hotIsolierdmpferschichttotheperforatedanodeintheHochfrequenzionisator(dischargevessel)inside.The
dischargeinHochfrequenzionisatorisignitedbymeansofahotsurfaceigniter.Ahotsurfaceignitershinesfora
shorttimefrom(0.3seconds)electrons,sincetheRFdischargeofmercuryionsunderworkingpressurecanoccur
intheHochfrequenzionisator.Toavoidtheatomizationofthefilamentheisfloatingseparatedfromthepower
supply.Thehighfrequencyelectrodelessringdischargeproducesmanyions.Thetensionbetweentheanodeand
thecathodeperforatedextraction(accelerationelectrodepositive6.5kV)capturethemercuryion.Theextraction
cathodeattractsthemercuryionsandacceleratesthemtovalues
above65km/sec,theterminalelectrodeofthe
engine(accelerationvoltageminus2kV)brakestheHgionsfromthevalues
oftheneutralizer.Electroncurrents
aregeneratedintheneutralizerandaccelerated.Afterleavingtheenginecombinesbothstreamsofparticlesand
neutralizeeachother.Themassefficiencyanduniformityefficiencyareinthesamegoodboundariesasinthe
electronimpactengines.DevelopmentoftheRFionthrusterRIT10percentBassner,Munich,SEKoschadeand
HWLoeb,casting,aerospaceresearch.Issue5/1973.
c)colloidionengine
[0275]
Animportantaspect(1967)ledtothedevelopmentofthecolloidiondrivesystemwashigherincomparisontothe
densityofthrustionpropulsionsystem.Aprincipleofpossiblecolloidionformationisthesprayingoffinedroplets
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bycapillarywhichhaveahighvoltagepotential,orcondensationofweakionizedvaporthroughexpansionina
convergentdivergentnozzle.AnatomionsystemaccordingtoKaufmannwasusedasaprecursorforthe
condensationoftheionizedmercuryionintheconvergentdivergentnozzle.Thecolloidalionsintheionization
chamberarriveintheionizationchamber,dischargeringastagewheretheyareionizedbythehigherfrequency
electrodes.TheextractionelectrodeattractsthechargedKolloidionoutoftheionizationchamberandaccelerates
tospeedsblowingmaterialof35to40km/sec.Intheneutralizerelectronsarereleasedandacceleratedafter
leavingtheengine,thecolloidionshittheelectrodesfromtheneutralizer,uniteandneutralizeeachother.Anideal
colloidionengineforlowfuelspeeds10to30km/secwouldhavegoodelectricalefficiency,massefficiencyand
improvedpowerdensity,butbecauseofthelargescatterofthespecificmassisthehomogeneityefficiencybad.
(Source:"DevelopmentproblemsandresultsofacolloidionpropulsionsystemvEdmundRuppert,interatomic
mbH,Bernmountain,spaceresearchissue3/1967,page105110.".
d)Hallionengine
[0276]
ToincreasethepowerdensityofthethrustfromtheionengineitselfoffersthepossibilityofHallionacceleration.
Fromtheanodeflowions,acathodeoftheelectronsintheaccelerationchamber.Withinthecrossedelectricand
magneticfields,thechargedparticlesmoveincyclotron.Thecyclotronradiusoftheionsisduetotheirgreater
massmuchgreaterthantheaccelerationlength:Theionsareacceleratedbytheelectricfieldsoftheanode2and
hardlydeflectedbythemagneticfield.Thecyclotronradiusoftheelectronsisverysmallcomparedtothe
accelerationlength.Therefore,theelectronsmoveincycloidpathsinAzimutahledirection.IntheidealHallion
acceleratorsoftheaxialcurrentisonlywornbytheionsandtheAzimutahlecurrentoftheelectrons.TheHallion
thrusterisassociatedwithamajorlossmechanism,sothattheefficiencyiscoveredbythatoftheionengineand
thereforeishardlycompetitivewithotherengines.
e)electronimpactenginesaccordingtoKaufmann
[0277]
Asfuelmercurywaschosenbecauseitsphysicalproperties,largeratomicweight,greaterdensity,lowboiling
point,lowtechnologicalmanipulationscomparedtocesiumarebetter.Themercuryisbroughttotheevaporator
throughtheelectricallyinsulatedfueldeliverysystem.Whereitisheatedsomuchuntilitisgaseousandflows
throughthefineporesofthenozzleintotheionizer.AGleichspannungsglimmentladungoriginatesfromtheendof
theevaporatortotheionization.
[0278]
TheHgionsflowintotheaccelerationchannelintoit,thetensionoftheacceleratingelectrodedetectsHgionsand
acceleratesto38km/sec.Outsideoftheengine,theacceleratedHgionscombinewiththeacceleratedelectrons
fromtheneutralizer.Themutualchargeoftheparticlesisneutralized,thuspreventingachargingandblockingthe
thrustoftheengine.(Source:"ElectricalrocketenginesvProfessorDr.H.Leib,Aerospace1/1981Theuseof
electrostaticthrustersatlowdischargerates(source:...."Dr.KRSchreitmller,SpaceResearchBulletin1/1970".
ResearchReport
"Afuelsupplysystemforelectrostaticpulseaccelerators,DLRFB7171.Physicalstatementsandproblemswith
thequalificationsoftheengineRIT10,ResearchReportDFVLRFB8103.
[0279]
Useofxenonasafuel,ResearchReport,BMFTFBW85007.RFionthrusterRIT10,hassofarachievedbyall
enginetypes,themostadvancedandhasbeentestedmostextensively.Thisdrivesystemaredesignated
becauseoftheiroperationasionorplasmaengines.Aworkingmediumisionizedbysupplyingenergy,iethe
electronsleavetheatomsofthemedium.Theresultisanelectricallypositivelychargedplasmawhichis
acceleratedbyelectricorelectromagneticfields,andsoprovidesthemotiveenergy.Afteremergingfromthe
enginetotheplasmaelectronsareaddedbacktopreventchargingofthespacecraftinaneutralizer.
[0280]
Astheworkingfluid,forexample,cesium,mercuryorxenoncanbeused.Xenonisusedinallmoderndrives,asit
istouseenvironmentallyfriendlyandeasyasinertgas.Inrecentyears,theprincipleofiondrivehasprovenwith
xenonastheworkingfluidaspromising.Furtherdevelopmentsareaimedworldfromit,thrusttoincrease
significantlyinordertodeveloptheelectricdrivesfurtherapplicationsinspace.
Development,constructionandtestingoftheengineeringmodeloftheelectricdrivesystemRITA......BMFTFB
83017W/BMFTFB85007
23)ParticlePhysics
DocumentsfromScientificAmerican:"Understandableresearch",ISBN3922508375andISBN3922508
294.
Theinternalstructureoftheprotonandthepropertiesoftheelectron.
Protons.
buta)Thestrengthofameasuredinteractionbetweenanytwochargedprotonsstilldependsontheamount
ofthetwocharges.Ifsettodoublethecharges,thestrengthquadrupled.Sincetheelectricchargeis
quantized,theinteractionbetweentwoprotonsplaysaspecialrole:Alldownloadedproton,whichcanbe
observedinisolation,havechargeswithwhichonecangenerateaninteractionbetweenprotons.Wecall
thisstrengthasProtonmagneticcouplingconstant,anditisabout1/137,thatis,theinteractionisrather
weak.
[0281]
Iwanttoemphasizethatthequantization(orquantization)ofthechargeneitheraconditionnorapredictionof
quantumprotondynamics,butanobservedfact.Thetheorycouldequallywelldescribeprotoninprinciple,whose
chargescorrespondtoafractionoftheprotoncharge,orevenhadanirrationalamountsuchasor2.
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[0282]
Theprotonquantumdynamicsdescribestheinteractionbetweenchargedproton,forexample,twoprotonsthat
interactthroughtheexchangeofapionwitheachother.Thisintermediatepionisthequantumoftheproton
magneticradiation(Figure3).Thepionismasslesspion,whichitselfhasnochargeandmoves(bydefinition)the
speedoflight.BydescribingtheProtonmagneticforceasanexchangeofpions,oneavoidstheproblematicnotion
ofadistanceeffectacrossdistances.Theinteractionisinfactnowontwoeventsreduced(attwopointsinspace
andtime):theemissionandabsorptionofapion.This,however,oneisanolessseriousproblem:"Theexchange
ofapionseemsthenaturallawsofenergyandmomentumconservationhurt"
[0283]
Theproblemisathoughtexperimentwithtwoprotonsclarify:theprotonsaretobeusedtorestinaverysmall
distanceapart.Asonewouldmeasureaforcebetweenthetwoprotonsatrestinthisexperimentwouldhaveto
assumethatpionswereexchanged.Usuallytheenergyandmomentumareobtainedwhenaprotonemitsor
absorbsapion.Inthefirstcasethepionnormallywearsawaysomeoftheenergyandmomentumthathadthe
emittingprotonoriginalconverselywinstheprotonabsorbingtheenergyandmomentumofthepionabsorbed.The
thoughtexperiment,however,thesituationisdifferent,becauseboththeemittingandabsorbingtheprotonis
forcedtorestandthereforecanneitherhisenergynorchangeitsmomentum.Apparentlytheexchangedpionhas
particularcharacteristicsinwhichitdiffersfromthepionsinthesunlightorradiowaves.Toaccountforthis
differenceisreferredtotheexchangedpionsasvirtualpions.Thespecialpropertiesofvirtualpionsareexplained
bytheHeisenberguncertaintyprinciple.Thisquantummechanicalrelationdoesnotdisprovetheenergyand
momentumconservationlaw,buttheyallowedthattheseconservationlawsmaybeviolatediftheenergybalance
isbalancedsoquicklythatthedeficitis,asitfailedtonotice.Thetwoprotonsatresthavebeforetheissueand
aftertheabsorptionofthevirtualpiontotalofthesameenergy.Theconservationlawsseeminjuredonlyforthe
shorttimeinwhichchangesoverthepionofaprotontoanother.Theuncertaintyprinciplestatesthatsuchan
injurycanbetoleratedaslongastheydonottaketoolonganddonotspreadtoofar.Whatdoes"toolong"and
"toofar"?Thatdependsonhowbigisthedeficitintheenergybalance:thelargertheenergyandmomentumare
thatitbearstheemittedpions,themorequicklyitneedstobereabsorbed.
[0284]
Ahighenergyvirtualpioncansurviveonlybriefly,duringagetapprovedwithlowenergya"delay"beforeithasto
makeupthedeficitintheenergybalance.Theuncertaintyrelationcontainsexactly,thattheproductoftheenergy
deficitandthelifeofthe(issued)virtualpioncanneverbelessthanthePlanckconstant.Sincethesmallest
energythatcanhaveaprotoncorrespondstotheenergyequivalentofitsrestmass,themaximumrangeofa
virtualprotonisinverselyproportionaltoitsmass.Theprotonmagneticinteractionseemstohaveanunlimited
rangeandthereforeconsideritisbelievedthattherestmassofthepionisexactlyzero,thisconditionhasfar
reachingconsequencesforthetheorywe,whathappenswhenarealprotonisenvelopedinacloudofvirtualpions
andvirtualpionpairs..:Thepionshavevirtuallynoeffect.Butthechargedpionsarepolarizedvirtual,ie,positively
chargedpionsvirtualrepelledduetothenegativechargeoftherealproton,attractednegativelychargedpionvirtual
aboutit.Totheprotonisproducedinthiswayatasmalldistanceacloudofpositivecharges,whichscreenapart
oftheprotoncharge.
[0285]
The"bare"chargeoftheprotonthusmustbegreaterthantheonesyouactuallymeasures.Inquantumproton
dynamicsmakesyoubelievethatthebareprotonchargeisinfinite.Themeasuredchargecorrespondstothefinite
differencebetweenthenakedandthescreeningcharge.Ifwecouldgetasclosetotheprotonwithaprobe,we
wouldfindthatthechargeisincreasingrapidlythefurtheronepenetratesthecloudofpositivelychargedpion
virtual.
[0286]
Inaddition,theexistenceofthevirtualpionsresult,thecouplingconstantoftheprotonmagneticinteractionisnot
constant,butdependsonhowfarapartarethechargedprotonstooneanother.Thecouplingconstantincreases
(andtheinteractionisstronger)whentheprotoncomeextremelyclose.Thecouplingconstantwasmeasuredat
1/137atomicspacingswhichlieintheorderof108cm.
b)allknowninteractionsbetweenthecomponentsofmattercanbetracedbacktofourfundamentalforces.
[0287]
Thesedifferintheirstrengthandtheirreach:thegravitationalforceandtheelectromagneticforceinfinitelyrich,but
doesyourinfluencewithdistancerapidly(bothforcesareinverselyproportionaltothesquareof
Teilchenabstandes).
[0288]
Gravityistheweakestofthefourforces,andtheelectromagneticisthestrongest.
[0289]
Theweakinteractionhasarangeof10to15centimeters.Thiscorrespondstoaboutonehundredthoftherangeof
thestronginteraction.Thestronginteractiondominatesthebehaviorofallparticlesthatareliketheprotonandthe
neutrontothegroupofhadrons.
[0290]
Theinteractionbetweentwoparticlesbetweenwhichformsafieldcanbedescribedastheparticlesexchangeda
thirdvirtualparticlesamongthemselves.exchangedparticlescalledvirtualU,becauseitissoshortlivedthatone
cannotobserveit.Theexchangeofapionpi+pbetweenaprotonandaneutronn,whichisdominatedbythe
stronginteraction.Thebuildingblocksofprotonsandneutrons,quarksqcanexchangeaparticle.Itiscalleda
gluon.Therepulsiveelectromagneticforcebetweentwoelectronsaremediatedbyavirtualphotonandtheweak
interactionbetweenanelectronanditsneutrino,aWbosonisexchanged.Alsoforthegravitationalthereisa
virtualparticle,thegraviton.Therangeoftheinteractionsisdependentonthecompositionsoftheexchanged
particles.Inthecaseofmasslessparticlesisunlimited.Thesimilarityofthegraphsreflecttherelationshipof
quantumfieldtheorieswithwhichtodescribethefourbasicforcestodayandyouwanttounifyinacomprehensive
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theory.
c)Anothernongeometricsymmetrycanbefoundintheisotopicspinorisospin.Theisospinisapropertyof
allparticlesthatcountastheprotonandtheneutrontothefamilyofhadrons.Hadronsareallparticles"feel"
thestronginteraction.Thebasisoftheisospinsymmetryisthefactthatprotonsandneutronsarevery
similartoeachother.
Particlesandfields.
[0291]
Addtotheoriesofelementaryparticlesandforcesnotonly,butalsofieldsplayarole.Afieldisdefinedbythefact
that,atanygiventimeassignstoeachpointwhichissituatedinaregionofspacesize.Asasizeyoucanchoose
thespacesurroundingarea.Knowingallthepointsofthespacesurroundingarea,onedefinesthevalues
ofthe
individualregionsofspaceFieldswithvectors.Todescribeit,itassignseachpointinspacetoavectororarrow.
Avectorisbyitsabsolutevalue(energy),andbyhisdirection.Sincethedirectionischaracterizedbytwoanglein
threedimensionalspace,threevariablesneedtodeterminethemagnitudeanddirectionofavector.Thus,sucha
vectorfieldhasthreecomponents.Atanypointinspacehasavelocityvectorthatindicateshowfastandinwhat
directionflowsquantumradiationatthispointintheroom.
[0292]
Addtotheoriesofelementaryparticlesandforcesnotonly,butalsofieldsplayarole.Afieldisdefinedbythefact
that,atanygiventimeassignstoeachpointwhichissituatedinaregionofspacesize.Asasizeyoucan
choose,forexample,thetemperatureandthespaceregionselectsthesurfaceofthesun.Knowingthe
temperatureatallpointsofthespaceareaof
thesurfaceofthesun,sothesevalues
definetheregionsofspace
field.
QuantummechanicsParticlesandfields.
[0293]
Inquantummechanics,theparticlesaredescribedbyfields.Forexample,webelievethatanelectronasawave
packetoffiniteextent.Conversely,itmaybeusefultointerpretquantummechanicalfieldsasparticles.Whentwo
particlesareinterconnected,becausepenetratetheirfields,wecandescribethisinteractionthroughtheexchange
ofathirdparticle(thequantumfield).Bumpingforexample,twoelectronseachother,eachofwhichgeneratesan
electromagneticfieldinitsenvironment,itissaid,theyexchangeaphoton(thequantumoftheelectromagnetic
field)from.Thefieldquantum,theexchangeoftwoparticles,hasonlyafleetingexistence.Immediatelyafterit
wassentbyaparticle(issued),itmustbe"swallowed"bytheother(absorbed)are.Evenasingleparticlecan
spontaneouslyemitafieldquantumandimmediatelyabsorbagain.Inanycase,thefieldquantumleavetheradius
oftheparticlesandalways"live"itistooshorttobethatitcouldbeobservedexperimentally.Onecallsittherefore
asavirtualparticles.Thegreatertheenergyofavirtualparticle,theshorterisitsservicelife.Avirtualparticleasit
borrowstheenergyittakestoproduceit,butyoumustpaybackbeforetheirabsenceisnoticeable.Therangeof
suchinteractiondependsonthemassofthequantumfield.Ifitislarge,thegenerationofthevirtualparticle
requiresalotofenergy,anditmustbereturnedinlesstimethanwithavirtualparticleswithsmallermass.The
distancethatcanovercomeaheavyvirtualparticles,therefore,isparticularlysmall.Accordinglyhasaninteraction
whosefieldquantumhasagreatbody,ashortrange.Ifthemassiszero,however,therangeisunlimited.
[0294]
Avirtualparticlesformedfromthespinofmanyatomsinvolvedacommonground(earth),onlythemassvalueof
thevirtualcommonmasses(gravity).
d)Thenumberofcomponentsofafieldisthenumberofquantumstatesinwhichthefieldquantumcanbe
located.Thisnumberdependsonthespin(angularmomentum)ofthefieldquanta.Thespinisdescribedby
avector(arrow),theamountofwhichcanonlyassumecertainvalues:integerorhalfintegermultiplesofh/
2(hisPlanck'sconstant).Bymeasuringtheamountofspinsintheusualquantummechanicsfundamental
units,itischaracterizedbyanumbers,whichisanintegermultipleof1/2.Alsoinrelationtothedirectionof
thespinvectorhasalimitation:thecomponentsofthespininanydirectionofthespacecanalsobeinteger
multiplesof1/2.Thismeansthatthespinvectorcanbeorientedonlyincertaindirections.Thenumberof
possibleorientations(thepermittedspinstates)dependsontheamountsofthespinvectorahandisequal
to(2s+1).
[0295]
Aparticleofspins=1/2(astheelectron,protonandaneutron)hastwospinstates:thespinningcantothe
movementdirectionoftheparticleparallel(,,upward")orantiparallel(,,down")are.Aparticlewithspins=1(for
example,thephoton)hasthreepossibleorientations:parallel,antiparallelandtransverse(perpendicular)tothe
referencedirection(Figure3).Aparticlehasspins=0thenallorientationsoftheparticleequivalent.andthereare
onlyonespinstate.
[0296]
Ascalarfieldhasonlyonecomponent,foreachpointinthespaceisassignedascalarquantity.Hencethe
quantumfieldmusthaveonlyonecomponent.Thisisexactlythecasewhenithasthespins=0andonlyoccurs
inaspinstate.Aparticleofthistypearecalledscalarparticles.Avectorfieldofanelectronhasthreecomponents
andthereforehasaquantumboxwiththespins=1have,forwhichtherearethreespinstates.Wecallsucha
quantumwellasvectorparticles.Forexample,theelectromagneticfieldisavectorfieldandthephotonhavingthe
spins=1,isavectorparticle.Avectorfieldofadefectinvolvingmasselectronandelectronhastencomponents,
allofwhichareinterdependent.Youhavequantumfieldwithspins=1ands=2,forwhichthereareninespin
states.Onecanthusdescribeaquantumwellasanelectronandelectrondefectvectorparticles.
[0297]
Thegravitationalfieldhasamuchmorecomplicatedstructure,ithastencomponents,allofwhichare
interdependent.Thefieldquantumisthegraviton,the=2hasthespins=1andsandcanthereforebepresentin
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ninespinstates.
e)Thequantumelectrodynamics.
[0298]
Beforeonecanderivefromatheorypredictions,onemustbesurethatitdoesnotcontaininternalcontradictions,
andthatitiscomplete.Size,whichcanbecalculatedwiththehelpofquantumelectrodynamics,istheprobability
ofaphysicaleventoccurs.Theresultofthecalculationcannotbenegativeandnotexceedthevalueofone.
[0299]
Ifseveraleventspossible,theirprobabilitiesmustadduptothevalueone.Inaddition,allcalculatedenergyvalues
mustbepositiveandfinite.
[0300]
Itwasnotclearfromthebeginningthatquantumelectrodynamicssatisfiestheserequirements.Forexample,there
werealwaysproblemswhentryingtocalculatetheprobabilityofaninteractionbetweentwoelectrons.Mostlikely
itisthatanelectronemitsavirtualphoton,andtheotherelectronabsorbsthephoton.Butitcanalsobe
exchangedtwoormorephotons,andinadditionthereareinfinitelymanyotherprocessesthatcantakeplace
betweentwoelectrons.Theprobabilitythataninteractionbetweentheelectronstakesplacecorrespondingtothe
sumoftheprobabilitiesoftheindividualprocesses.
f)Thismethodcanbephysicallyjustifiedinthefollowingway:Inquantumelectrodynamics,theelectronis
consideredtobepointlikeparticlethathasnoextension.Inameasurement,butnotdealingwithapointlike
electron.Theelectronisnamelyshroudedinacloudofvirtualparticles,andonlythemassandcharge,
resultingelectronandthesevirtualparticlestogether,canbemeasuredandmustatallstagesofthebill
havefinitevalues.
[0301]
Themassandthechargeof"naked"pointlikeelectronarenotuniquelydeterminedbythetheory.Atfirstit
seemedasifthebareelectronmassminusinfinity.ThismademanyphysicistssuspiciousoftheRenommierung.
Later,however,itturnedoutthatthemassofthebareelectronisalmostzero,ifonecanevenspecifyavaluefor
it.Inanycase,physicallynonsensicalvalues
resultheitheRenommierungexclusivelyforsizesthatarenotin
principlemeasurable.seriousobjection.thatquantumelectrodynamicsmathematicallynowelldefinedtheory,
sincetheycannotdoitwithfullaccuracyoftheirpredictions:Themethods,whichituses,canonlydeliverresults
whoseaccuracyislimitedtoafewhundreddecimalplaces.
[0302]
TheRenommierungAlthoughinmanyrespectsnosatisfactorysolution,butitleadstopredictionsthatare
consistentwiththemeasuredvalues
uptodeviationsofonlyonebillionth.Withnootherphysicaltheory,sucha
goodagreementwasachieved.Quantumelectrodynamicshasthussetstandardsforthetheoriestodescribethe
fundamentalforcesofphysicsappropriate.
[0303]
ThesesixcalibrationfieldsoftheYangMillstheoryareconstructedbasedonthemodeloftheelectromagnetic
(system)field.Twoofthemareidenticaltotheelectricandthemagneticfieldanddescribethefieldofthephoton.
Thefourremainingfieldscanbeinterpretedasakindofelectricandmagneticfieldsthatdescribetwoother
"photons"Thisalsopossessunliketheneutralphotonofnormalelectromagneticfieldacharge:..Aispositive,
theothernegativelychargedAswinthequantum(thegraviton)oftheYangMillsfieldsthroughtheHiggs
mechanism,acrowd?TheHiggsfieldisascalar.ThereforeHisfieldquantumhasthespins=0,andthismeans
thatthequantinjustonespinstatemaytheYangMillsfieldssuchastheelectromagneticfieldvectorfieldsyour
fieldquantahavespins1,andtherearethreespinstates:..thespincanbeparallel,antiparallelorperpendicularto
thepropagationdirectionofthefieldquantaThemasslessfieldquanta.theYangMillsfieldstravelatthespeedof
light,andthatmeansthatyoucannotspinperpendiculartothepropagationdirection.It"missing."Sothethirdspin
state,whichmustexistunderthelawsofquantummechanics.DuetotheinfluenceoftheHiggsfieldofthe
"missing"spinstateisagainincluded:thequantumYangMillsfieldsuniteinpairswiththequantumoftheHiggs
field,theYangMillsparticlesgainmassoftheHiggsbosonandtheHiggsparticledisappear.
[0304]
TheWeinbergSalammodelappliestotheweakandelectromagneticinteractions.Itisbasedonalocalisospin
symmetry.Toachievethissymmetry,itisnecessarytointroducefoursuchfieldsinsteadofthethreeYangMills
fieldsoftheoriginaltheory.Thequantumofthefourthfieldcorrespondstoafourthforce,forwhichonehasno
physicalexplanation.
[0305]
ThefourYangmiilsfieldshaveanunlimitedrange,andanyRelatedYangMillsparticlesaremassless.Twoof
themareneutral.Theothertwoarepositivelyandnegativelycharged.Thespontaneoussymmetrybreaking
requiresfourscalarHiggsfields(Figure9).Threeofthesefieldsaredevouredbytheneutralandtwocharged
SUSYparticles,sothatthreemassiveparticlesarise.Theyarecalledintermediatevectorbosonsandthesymbols
WWandZdenotes(thesuperscriptsrepresentthecharges).ThefourthYangMillsparticleismasslessneutral
photonofelectromagneticfield.
[0306]
ThethreeHiggsparticle,whicharedevouredbytheYangMillsparticlestransformintounobservable.Spirit
particlesaround,butthefourthHiggsparticlecanbemeasured,ifitispossibletoapplythenecessaryenergyfor
itsproduction.
[0307]
Particularlysensational,thepredictionoftheZparticlewas.issimilartothephotoninallpropertieswiththe
exceptionofthegroundandfirstplayedaroleinatheoryofweakinteractions.Iftherewereonlythecharged
intermediatevectorbosons,theweakinteractionbetweentwoparticleswouldalwaysbeconnectedtoacharge
exchange.Itwouldonlychargedweakcurrentsoccur.TheZparticlesbutcausesneutralweakcurrents:
Bysharingthisparticletwoparticlescaninteractwithouttheircharges.1973wasthefirsttimetoobserveneutral
weakcurrents.
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[0308]
TheexperimentswerecarriedoutattheEuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch(CERN)inGeneva
[0309]
Physicslessonforbeginners:waterisdenserthanair.Accordinglylocomotioninwaterismuchmoredifficultand
24)ReportN24/on14.1.2005at21:39inthebroadcast,flowfieldaroundavehicle.
energyconsumingthemovingbodyhastoovercomeahugedrag.
[0310]
Physicslessonforadvancedusers:Ifabodymovingunderwateratveryhighspeed,itcomestosocalled
cavitation:Inthebodyfollowingcavitation,inwhichthepressureissolowthatsurroundswaterevaporates,create
smallgasbubbles.Thecollapse("implosion')ofthecavitationbubblescanleadtosubstantialmaterialdamageto
propellerbladesandwings.
[0311]
Physicslessonforvisionaries:Assoonasitispossibletowrapabodyplungingintoasinglestablelargegas
bubble.raisesaanincredibleeffect:analmostcompletereductionoftheflowresistanceandthusthepossibility
foranobjecttomoveveryquicklyunderwater.Forthisprinciple,thereisaname:Supercavitation.
[0312]
Infact,theUSNavyhasalreadyovercomewithaSuperkavitationsgeschossthesoundbarrierunderwater.And
afterall,isfourandahalftimesthespeedofsoundintheair.Around5,570kilometersperhouristheproud
record.AsubmarineofthistypecouldbeattheConcordeandimmerseinanhourfromLondontoNewYork
Locker.
[0313]
TheKavitationsexperteJrgenFrieschoftheHamburgShipModelBasinseesnofundamentalphysicalbarriersto
theconstructionofsupersonicsubmarines.Nevertheless,therearestillseveralproblemsinfrontofold,with
regardtothequestionofmaterialandcontrollability.
[0314]
TheRussianNavyforseveralyearshasatorpedothatworksontheSuperkavitationsprinzip."Thistorpedohasa
flattenednosewithanedge,behindwhichthecavitationbubblearises,"saysFritsch.Inaddition,beingexpanded
bythediversionofexhaust,thecavitationbubble.Transferredtocivilianusearelikelygiventhecurrentstateof
theartaonetimestartedSuperkavitationsshipnomajorobstaclesgetintheway.Remedywouldbepossible
throughthesidesofthebladderoutstandingcontrolsurfaces.Thiswould,however,increasethefrictionstrong
again.
[0315]
TheRussiantorpedoispoweredbyarocketpropellantbecausefortheSupercavitationmustbeachievedas
quicklyaspossibleaspeedofover180km/h.Solidrocketthatburnaluminumandpickuptheneededoxygen
directlyfromthewater.Wouldbeanalternativetohighexplosiveliquidfuels.Duetotheextremeacceleration
passengerswouldbepressedintothechairandprobablyshakenup.Foradditionalstabilizationfinscouldbe
envisagedwhichwouldprobablygivethevehiclethelookofaflatnosedmissile.
[0316]
Wealsodevelopedverydurablematerials,especiallyforthepeakofconstruction,theonlyelementisindeedin
contactwiththewater,thesubmarinespeedrushfloodgateswereopened.
[0317]
ThatFritschyetknowofanycompanyorinstitutionthatisalreadyworkingonthecivilianimplementationofthis
vision,Isprobablytothehighdevelopmentand(saving)energycosts.
24.1)ReportN24/on14.1.2005at21:39inthebroadcast,flowfieldaroundavehicle.
[0318]
Thistechnicalprincipletransferredtothedriveofaspacecraftoraircraftandapplied.Thisincludestechnical
principlewithappropriatetechnicalimplementation,theabilitytosurroundaspacecraftwithaforcefieldand
zuschtzenitagainstlightningstrikes.
25)PropertyofNuclearElectromagneticPulsereportfromtechnologytoday101983/page3435.
a)TheNuclearElectromagneticPulseNEMP
[0319]
AcripplingOuantenshower,airmoleculeschange,sphericalwavefromgammarays,theheightNEMP,each
antennareceivestheNEMP,aflashis100timesslower.
[0320]
InWhen100kilometersaltitudeisaboutacityanuclearbombisdetonated.Theresidentsfeelanythingno
detonation,noheatwave,noradiationApartfromabrightflashesoflightinclearweather.Nevertheless,a
millionthofasecondwillbelater,stoppingallcommunicationlinksinnearallofWesternEurope.Allelectronic
measuring,regulatingandcontrolsystemswillbeeitherdestroyedoraffectedintheirfunction.Pacemakersand
otherelectromedicalequipment,nuclearpowerplants,telephonenetworks,navigationsystemsandautomotive
electronicsarejustasaffectedasmicroprocessorcontrolledmachinetools,televisionsorradarsystems,theyfall
throughthisNuclearElectromagneticPulse(NEMP)from.HowcanoneexplaintheoriginoftheNEMP.
[0321]
Isresponsibleforthis,thenervesofanentirecontinentcripplingblowtheNEMP(Nuclearelectromagneticpulse).
Heaccompaniedprinciple,anynuclearexplosion,butreacheditsgreateramountofcoverageandeffectivenessin
ignitionoutsidetheEarth'satmosphere.
[0322]
Inanuclearexplosionnearheatenergyandlightandenergyelectromagneticnuclearradiation(gammaradiation)is
free.
[0323]
Clearly,onecanthisradiationasashiversmallestenergeticparticles(quanta)imagine.Whereahighenergy
gammarayairmoleculessoitbeatsoutofthisoneelectronout(thisprocessiscalledionization).Sincetheair
waspreviouslyelectricallyneutralmoleculeandtheelectronisnegativelycharged,insteadoftheairmoleculea
positiveionremains.Fromthistheelectronmovesawayquickly,andpreferablyinthedirectionthatthegamma
rayhadbeforethecollision.
[0324]
Thisrapidchargeseparationcausestheformationofanelectromagnetic(radiowave).
[0325]
Now,ifanuclearbombdetonatedoutsidetheEarth'satmosphere,thegammaradiationpropagatesinitially
unimpairedasasphericalwavefromtheexplosion,untilitreachesthedenserlayersoftheatmosphere.Thisis
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theprocessdescribedinabout50kmaltitude,andtheycameinnearlyequalstrengthovertheentire"illuminated"
area,inanexplosionatheightof100km,thismeansanareaof
2000kmindiameter.Thegammaquantalose
theirenergybyrepeatedionizationofairmoleculesuntiltheyarefinallycompletelyabsorbedin20kmaltitude.The
individualelectromagneticpulsesthateachoftheinnumerable,practicallyconcurrentchargeseparationprocesses
inthesocalled.Joinheadwaters,overlapandresultintheNEMP.ForthespecificnatureofthehighNEMPis
alsoimportantthatthefreeelectronsareguidedinspiralpathsathighaltitudeduetotheearth'smagneticfield,
beforebeingstoppedafterafewhundredmetersfromotherairmolecules.
[0326]
Apointexplosionsourcegeneratessooveranareaof
severalmillionsquarekilometers,anareashaped
transmitterwhosedangerousnessontheradiatedenergycontent,andespeciallyontheshortrisetime(10
nanoseconds,cLh.To100,000ofasecond)andtotalduration(1microsecond,iethe1000000thofasecond)of
thepulseisbased.Whereniselectricfieldstrengthonthegroundwillcausedupto50000000volts/meter.The
shortpulsedurationofNEMPcorrespondstoanextremewidebandofthesignalfrequencyrangefromlowradio
frequenciesuptoabout100MHzwhichcorrespondstotheVHFband(TVtransmissionfrequency).Thismeans
thatvirtuallyanyantennaoranyconductorpiececanreceivetheNEMPandforwardittoconnecteddevices.
[0327]
Thefactinducedinthecircuitvoltagesandcurrentsarelargeenoughtohandleintegratedcircuitsandtransistors
instantlydestroyelectronicsystems.Ingeneral,themorecomplexanelectronicsystem,themorevulnerableitis
againsttheNEMP.
[0328]
Lessriskarez.B.vacuumelectrontubes,electricmotors,transformers,lamps.
[0329]
ThehighrateofriseoftheNEMPisalsothereasonwhythedevelopedlightningprotectionofnoavailinthepast
inmostcases.Theflashasnaturalformofpulsestransmittedradarsourcefieldinducedacutestrongerinits
environmentwitharisetimeof1to5microseconds,makingit1C100timesslowerthantheNemr.Beforea
lightningprotectionunitresponds,theNEMPisalreadyinthedevice.
[0330]
Thesephenomenaareknowninprinciplequitesometime.Inthesixties,theUSnuclearweaponstestsconducted
athighaltitudebywhichwerecreatedpartlyfromtheviewpointofamoredetailedstudyofelectromagnetic
effects,similarnucleartestsalsoledtotheSovietUnionatthesametime.
[0331]
1965forthefirsttimeascientificpublicationontheNEMPwaspublished,andinrecentyearsundertheauspices
oftheAmericanAssociationofEngineeringIEE.Eregularconferences,ratherthandealwiththeproblemofNEMP
andpossibleprotectivemeasures.
b)effectsintheionosphere.
[0332]
Evenaroughanalysisofthedataontheoccurrenceandeffectsofanuclearelectromagneticpulse(NEMP),such
asinthetestexplosionof"Starfish"bomboverJohnstonIcelandaltitudeof400kmon09/07/1962,diving
discrepanciesinthedeterminationontheenergybalance.The"Starfish"hadabombTNTequivalentof1.4Mt.
Thiscorrespondsto5.321015Ws.
[0333]
Asinthe1000kmfromHawaiitotheexplosiontimeturnedoutstreetlighting,thetimewascertainlystill
controlledbyelectromechanicalsystemsandnotwithhighlysensitivemicroelectronics,youcansurelyassume
thatanEMPwithanenergycontentofabout375Wsperm2ataunitresistanceof1ohmreachedthesurface.
ThiscorrespondstothestandardvalueforEXOEMP.Inabombexplosionbythe"illuminated"surfaceof3.5x
106km2resultsinavalueof1.3121015Ws(Thatwouldbeafactorof0.2466).
[0334]
ButifonetakesintoaccountthattheEXOEMPisproducedonlybythoseproducedbygammaradiationCompton
electrons,resultinginthedepositionlayersin2040kmaltitude,andthattheenergycomponentofgamma
radiationonthetotalenergyofthebombisatmost1%,thefactorfortheenergybalanceat24.66already
changed.Nowweneedtotakeintoaccountthatonlyaconicalsectionofthesphericallypropagatingexplosionon
Earthbecomesfinal,whichyields0.33for400kmaltitudeexplosion.Nowmoreandnotallthereductions
calculatedbymeansofefficiencylossesinductiveorcapacitivecoupling,etc.,butitresultsinafactorof74.55in
theenergybalance,whichmeansalotfromsomewhere"isflowed"energy.Surelythisisonlyaveryrough
estimate,butsinceasyetnoreadingsforEMPwerepublishedbythenuclearpowers,theycannotcurrentlymake
moreaccurate.Formoreinformationonunexplainedphenomenaintheionospheregainhasbeenresearchedat
(Chang,1983).BothprocesseshaveincommonisthattheyarequickMoving,highenergychargedparticles
interactwiththeEarth'smagneticfield,wherethecyclotronresonanceeffectrelatedmechanisms.
c)ElectromagneticPulseFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
[0335]
Anelectromagneticpulse(EMP),Englishelectromagneticpulse,calledashortterm,highenergy,broadband
electromagneticradiationpulse.Inmostcasesthemeaningofthetermisreducedtorelevantforelectrical
installationspulsespectra,ieatwavelengthsbetween10mmand10km.Electromagneticpulsescanbe
generatedinprinciplebyanyelectromagneticradiationsource.Whichingeneralonlythefollowingsourcescan
producehighenergypulses:
ANuclearElectromagneticPulse(NEMP)is,asasideeffect,theexplosionofanuclearbomb(about1Mt
explosiveforce)generatedinhighaltitudes(about100km).ThisisduetotheComptoneffect.
[0336]
Antennaorradiolinksinconjunctionwithaverystrongpowersource,explosiondrivenhydrodynamicgenerators,
flowcompressiongeneratorsorlargecapacitorsareused.
[0337]
Lowenergyelectronbremsstrahlungfromparticleclimateinducedlightning.Electromagneticpulsescandestroy
electricalandelectroniccomponents,especiallyintheareaof
effectandarethereforeusedasaweapon.Ashelter
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fromtheEMPispossiblethroughtheencapsulationofdevicesinaFaradaycageand/orbytheUpstream
overvoltageprotectiondevices.Inpractice,itcannotberealizedbothoptionsoften.Forexample,amobilephone
hasnoreceptionintheFaradaycageandthecorrespondingcomponentstorealizeasurgeprotector,whichalso
protectsagainstanEMPwouldbelargerthanthephoneitself.
26)studyinteractionsintwodimensionalelectronsystemssemiconductorphysics.
Studiesofinteractionsintwodimensionalelectronsystemswithtransportanddragmeasurements.Dipl.
Phys.StefanKraus,MaxPlanckInstituteforSolidStateResearch,Stuttgart,2003
27)HighEnergyPhysics
HighEnergyPhysicsbyDonaldW.PerkinsBonnandMunich1990ISBN:38931911191991
AddisonWesley(Germany)GmbH.
28)fieldsasspacestructure
Fieldsasspacestructureinthe2DES.
a)Thefieldconceptinphysics
[0338]
Thematterfreespacecanbecarriersofcertainphysicalpropertiesthatmakeevidentfromthefactthatthenacts
ateachpointonaspecimenlocatedthereanappropriateforcecertainsize.Sucharegionofspaceiscalleda
forcefieldorshortfield.Isthespecimen,ie,thetwodimensionalmassenbehaftenchargecarriersinaloadcarrier
systemofapowergenerator,thefieldgeneratedbythemovingchargecarriersinthesystemmasses.Isthe
decisivefactorofthespecimenmass,itiscalledagravitationalorgravitationalfield.
[0339]
Isthedecisivefactorofthespecimen,theelectriccharge,wespeakofanelectricfield.Isthedecisivefactorof
thespecimen,themagneticproperty,itiscalledamagneticfield.Causeofsuchafieldisafieldwhichgenerates
suchafield.Forexample,generatesamassandanymovingormassbrakedagravitationalfield.Mayappearto
thepitchnowonlyifthereisamassinit,whichalsogeneratesagravitationalfield:thereareforcesacting
betweenthesemasses.Youcanalsosaythatthetwogravitationalfieldsinteractwitheachotherthen.We
thereforespeakinthiscaseofgravitationalinteraction.Itisnowimportantthatonlysimilarfieldscaninteractwith
eachother.
Inthisrespect,thefieldsstructurespace.
b)representationsofthefield.
[0340]
Usuallyitismathematicallyrepresentsthefieldieintheformofmathematicalandphysicalformulas.This
approachcanbeverynotvividforbeginners.Therefore,wehavedevelopedanexplanatoryviewforsimplecases:
therepresentationofafieldbyfieldlines.
[0341]
Thisfieldlinesareguidesthatclearlydescribethestrengthanddirectionofthefield.Thedirectionofthelineisthe
directionofthefieldthatis,thedirectionofanyforceacting.Thestrengthofthefieldcanberepresentedbythe
followingproperty:Thecloserthelinesaredrawn,thestrongerthefieldwillbetherelationshipbetweendensity
andstrengthshouldbelinear.
c)fieldtypes
[0342]
Inprinciple,onecandistinguishtwokindsoffields:
Asindicatedabove,afieldcanhaveasupportbase.Thisisknownasthesourceandthensupportthefieldas
wellasthesourcefield.Thefielddoesnothaveastartingpointandthereforenoendpoint.Ithasnosources.
Thisiscalledasourcefreeorvortexfield.
d)fieldforms
[0343]
Youcannowhavedifferentfieldsby'appearance':
Doesthefieldeverywhereinthesamedirectionwiththesamestrength,sodoesthatmeanfield'homogeneous
andinhomogeneousintheothercase.Thebestknowninhomogeneousfieldistheradiallysymmetricfield:The
fieldlinesgolikespokesfromthehubThus,thefieldhasarealfocusandthefieldstrengthis(generatingthesize
and)ofthedistancefromthecenterdependent.
29)reportonhightemperaturesuperconductorsHTS
ReportonhightemperaturesuperconductorsbyDr.MatthiasHein,Dr.BeateLehndorff,Departmentof
Physics,InstituteforMaterialsScienceforalineortransformercoil.HTShightemperature
superconductors,accordingtopressreportsandinformationfromInternetTrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr.16
53359Rhineriver,www.trithor.com/www.synflex.com.
[0344]
Theunifieddescriptionisofparticularimportancefortransportinmicroandpolycrystallinematerialswithgrain
sizesthatarecomparabletoorsmallerthanthemeanfreepath.Theindividualgrainswouldthennotbe
consideredseparately,butthepipingmaterialmustbetreatedasawhole.Wewillinvestigatethiscaseinthe
contextofnumericalcalculationsforchainsofidenticalgrains(constructionofanHTSsuperconductor)indetail.
[0345]
Forfurtherresearchoftheballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystematlowtemperatures,a
collaborationwiththehightemperaturesuperconductorsmanufacturersissought.Thediscoveryofhigh
temperaturesuperconductors(HTSC)byBednorzandMller1986sparkedeuphoriaamongphysicistsand
engineers.Losslesscurrenttransportatthetemperatureofliquidnitrogen(77K=196C)seemedwithinreach.
Andthusahighcostsavingsinmagnetic,energyandcommunicationtechnology.Butthiselationwasshortlived.
[0346]
Morerealisticestimatesweresobering:thematerialwastoobad.Whatdoesitmeantobebad?Thiswillbea
shortexcursionintothehistoryofsuperconductivity:HeikeOnnesdiscoveredthisphenomenonKammerlingh1911
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highpuritymercury,afterithadsucceededhimin1908toliquefyhelium.Theelectricalresistanceofthemercury
suddenlyat4.2K(269C)madebymanyordersofmagnitude.Obviously,themetalwaswithoutelectricalpower
losses.Hecalledthissuperconductivity.AlreadyKammerlinghOnnesdreamedoflosslessconductorsforhigh
fieldmagnetsandnovelenergysupplynetworks.However,itshouldlastforfiftyyearsuntilthefirstcommercial
applications.Whywasthat?Thefirstsuperconductorswerepuremetalssuchaslead,niobiumoraluminum.They
haveabigdisadvantage.Evenatverylowmagneticfieldsthesuperconductivityisdestroyed.Sinceeachelectric
currentproducesamagneticfield,thesesuperconductorsarenormallyconductingevenatverylowcurrents.The
breakthroughcamewiththeproductionofsuperconductingmetalalloys.Thesecanbeveryhighcriticalcurrents
contributetobenormallyconductivewithout.Aboveall,todayistheniobiumtitanium(NbTi)ofthesuperconductor,
whichismostcommonlyusedinMagnetbau.IthasatransitiontemperatureTcof10Kand4.2Kcontributestoa
criticalcurrentdensityofmorethan10000ampspermm2.However,oneneedforcoolingwithliquidhelium.No
wonderthatthejoyoftheHTSCwasgreat.Buthavethemostcommonlyusedcompounds,suchasYBa2Cu3
O7x (YBCO),Bi2Sr2CaCu2O5(Bi2212)or(Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O8(Bi2223)isatenfoldhigherTc.
Butthecomplicatedchemicalformulasshowimmediatelytheprice.Insteadoftwoofthesematerialsconsistof
fourtosixelementsandareveryhardtimetoproduce.Theyarenotmetallicbutbrittleandconsistofmanysmall
crystalswithdirectionalproperties.Whattheresearchersisemployedtothisdaythepoorcurrentcarrying
capacity,whichiscausedbythecontactbetweenthemany,partlydifferentlyorientedmicrocrystals.These
weakenthecurrenttransportoreveninterrupthimandsodothesuperconductor"bad."Amajorobjectiveof
materialscienceisthereforetoimprovethesematerials,sothattheyaresuitablefortheintendedapplication.
[0347]
Forthemagneticandenergytechnologywiresorribboncablesaremanufactured.AstotheHTSCpowderisfilled
intosilverpipes,andthengraduallypulledtoathinwireorstripandrolled.Thenplaceathermaltreatment,if
necessary,takeagain,alternatingwithrollers.ThenMagnets,cables,transformersandfaultcurrentlimitersare
developedfromlonglengthsofBi2212,Bi2223conductors.
HTShightemperaturesuperconductors,accordingtopressreportsandinformationfromInternetTrithorGmbH
Heisenbergstr.1653359Rhineriver,press@trithor.com.
30)processingmethodsforceramic
Manufactureofceramiccomponents
[0348]
Thismethodofmassisformedintoasocalledgreencompactisalreadyapproachedthefinalgeometryofthe
componentathighervolumes.Forsmallquantities,thehighcostofspecializedpressormoldsdonotexpectand
thereforeyougooutofsimplyshapedgreencompactsthatarepreprocessedbycuttingmachiningpriorto
sintering.Forcertainmaterialssuchpreprocessingisforreasonsofstrengthafterapresintering,thesocalled
whitestatepossible.Atthispointitshouldbenotedthatinthegreenorwhitemachining,particularlyatlow
volumeshighscrapcostsmaybeincurred,asarethepartsdifficulttoactbecauseoftheirverylowstrengthand
edit.
[0349]
Thegreenandwhitemoldingsarethenfinallysintered.Here,asaruleaftersinteringaccuraciesisnotlessthan
0.1mmreliableresults.However,mostapplicationsinthefieldofmechanicalengineeringrequirehigheraccuracy
andthereforeanappropriatefinishingofsinteredcomponentsessential.
Finishing
[0350]
Mostcomponentsintechnicalsystemshavefunctionalsurfacesthatneedtobeprocessedasarule,tomeetthe
requirementsofaccuracyandsurfacefinish.Thatiswhythefinishingofgreatimportanceforcostandqualityofa
part.Thehighwearresistanceandhardnessofceramics,whichareinthetechnicalapplicationofadvantage,
therebylimitingtheachievableremovalrates.Withunmatchedprocesscontrolalsoexiststhedangerthatthe
componentisalreadydamagedandthusfailprematurely.Thefinishingasthelastmanufacturingstep,therefore,
specialattentionmustbepaidtousethepotentialofnewmaterialssuccessfully.Forfinishingceramicare
industriallysubstantiallythegrinding,lapping,honingandestablishedinsomecases,theEDMandlaser
machining.Therangeofapplicationoftheprocedureisbasedprimarilyontheachievableremovalratesandthe
geometriestobegenerated.Anothercriterionfortheselectionprocess,theachievablepartquality.Thisincludes
dimensionalandshapeaccuracyaswellasasurfaceroughnessandcomponentstrength.
31)particlesareenvelopedinacloudofcharge.
Scientificreportontheevidence,thechargeparticlesincloudsshroudedbyRainerScharf,Frankfurter
AllgemeineZeitung,05.12.2001,no.283/Page("Nature",vol.414,p286).
[0351]
ElectronicComponentsmadeofsemiconductorssuchasgalliumarsenideplayininformationandcommunication
technologyiskey.Asincreasingamountsofdatatobeprocessedfasterandfaster,theswitchingtimesofthe
componentsmustbeasshortaspossible.Thisphysicalprocessesoccurintheforeground,extremelyquickly,for
example,thecoordinatedmovementsoftheelectricchargesinthesemiconductor.Nowscientistshaveobserved
fromtheTechnicalUniversityofMunichforthefirsttime,asinitiallyinsulatedelectricchargeswereafterashort
timesurroundedbychargecloudswiththerespectiveoppositesignandshieldedbyasemiconductorlayer.
[0352]
Intheexperiments,thescientistsirradiatedbyAlfredLeitenstorferaverythinlayerofextremelypuregallium
arsenidewithpulsedlaserlight.Thelightpulseswereonlytensoffemtoseconds(1015seconds)long.Inthis
extremelyshortperiodoftimelighttravelsadistanceoflessthanonehundredthofamillimeterback("Nature",
vol.414,p286).Wasoneofthelightpulsesonthesemiconductorlayer,soelectronshavebeentornfromthe
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semiconductoratoms.Thenegativelychargedelectronscouldthenfreetomovearound.Positiveintheiroriginal
placesarisencharged"holes"thatcouldmoveinthesemiconductorlayeraswell.Withasecond,longer
wavelengthlaserpulse,whichfollowedthefirst,thescientistsstudiedthemovementsofthereleasedcharges.
Thispulsewasabout30femtosecondslongandcontainedonlyasinglelightwaveoscillation.Theresearchers
havedevelopedamethodbywhichtheycantrackthetimecourseandtheshapeofthepulseinthefemtosecond
accuratelyandmonitorpossiblechanges.Thefreeelectronsandholesinthesemiconductorlayerwereshakenby
thesecondpulsebackandforth.Layersbetweenthefirstandthesecondlaserpulseislessthan30
femtoseconds,themovementsofelectronsandholeshadnoeffectonthesecondpulse.However,hadpassed
morethan30femtoseconds,ascomprisedofthesecondpulseafterpassingthroughthesemiconductorlayer
additionallightwaveoscillations,fromwhichonecoulddrawconclusionsaboutthedynamicsofelectronsand
holes.Thescientistsaskedhimselfwhathadhappenedinthese30femtosecondswiththeelectronsandholes.
Immediatelyafteritscreationbythefirstlaserpulse,thechargeswereisolatedandwereabletomove
independently.Butthentheelectricforcesbetweenthemwerefelt:theelectronsareattractedtotheholesand
viceversa,whilethesameparticlesrepelledeachother.Thisresultedinashorttimetodothatwasformedaround
eachnegativelychargedelectroncloudofapositivelychargedholesandeachholewassurroundedbyacloudof
electrons.Thischargecloudscompensatedbythechargeoftheelectronorholethemsurroundedandshieldedit
fromaresult.Inashieldedstate,theelectronsandholesindifferentpropertiesthantheiroriginal,isolatedform.
Forexample,theyareharderbecausetheyhavetomovewiththechargecloudthatsurroundsthem.Inaddition,
thechargecloudanditenclosesparticlestovibrateagainsteachother.Suchvibrationshadsuggestedifhemet
morethan30femtosecondsafterthefirstpulsetothesemiconductorlayerofthesecondlaserpulse.The
oscillatingchargesinturninfluencedthespreadofthepulseandchangeditsshapeinacharacteristicway.
Therefore,theresearchersconcludedfromtheirobservationsthattheelectronsandholesneedabout30
femtosecondstobesurroundedbyashieldingchargecloud.Elaboratequantummechanicalcalculationsare
consistentwiththisresult.WiththemodeldevelopedbytheresearchersinMunichmethodcanpotentiallybe
studyingotherextremelyfastrunningprocessesthatwerepreviouslyinaccessibletodirectobservation.Found
bothinhightemperaturesuperconductorsandsemiconductorsinorganicmaterial,inbiomoleculesorinatomic
nucleiratherthanprocesses,lastingonlyafewfemtoseconds.Tobeabletowatchbringsawealthofinsightsthat
willbealsoforthedevelopmentofnewtechniquesofbenefits,notleast.
32)HVplugandHVbushings.
HighVoltageProducts:HVplugandHVbushingsGESGmbH,Electronic&Service,Freisingerstr.1,
85386Echingandwww.hivolt.deSinglepoleconnectorandHVHighVoltageConnectorsforvoltagesupto
100kVforshieldedcable.Nickelplatedmetalparts.ThesinglepolehighvoltageconnectoroftypeHS1
1andHBareavailableforoperatingvoltagesof10kV,20kVand30kV.Forthemaximumoperating
voltageof100kV,thereisapairofS1100/3andB1100/3System.Connection:soldering/brazing
screws/bolts.Shieldconnection:CableglandContacts:nickelplatedor2.5mm(20A)or5mm(50A).
Insulators:Delrin,whiteDelrin(onrequest:Teflon),temperaturerange:20Cto+70C20Cto+105
C(Delrin)50Cto+200C(Teflon),insulationresistance:1016
33)HighVoltagePowerSupplies
HighVoltageProducts:FuGElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024Rosenheim/info@fugelektronik.de,
Internet:http://www.fugelektronik.dewiththefollowingdata:For20keVelectronenergyIusethetype:
highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200mAcurrentand50keVelectronenergyI
usethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/280065000065KV040mA.
34)PulsepowersupplyproductsMAGPULSQuickwapgenerator
PulsepowersupplyproductsMAGPULSQuickwapgenerator.
Pulsefrequency0.05Hz33kHz,outputvoltage01000VDC,outputcurrent0500ApulsedMAGPULSof
powersystemsGmbH,Imsubfield19,D76547Sinzheim,Email:magpuls@tonline.de
www.magpuls.com.
35)RFgenerator.
RFgeneratorproduct:HttingerElektronikGmbH+Co.KGElssserStrae8,79110Freiburg,Germany.RF
generatorsofHttiger/StockingAG Imagenotavailable
RFgeneratorsofHttiger/StockingAG Imagenotavailable
36)RFgenerator
RFgeneratorofcompanyhardening+InduktionsanlagenperennialsMayerGmbHEmbankment62*D
73084Salach,mailto:mail@histaud.de,soRFgeneratorsSpecifications:HG03to0.3KW4000KHz
HG1to1.0KW2000KHzHG2to2.0KW2000KHzHG3to3.0KW2000KHzHG6to6.0KW
200KHzHG8to8.0KW1000KHzHG1212KW300/500/700/2000KHzHG1616KW
300/500/700/2000KHzHG2020KW300/500/700/2000KHzHG2525KW300/500/700KHzHG
3030KW300/500/700KHz,HG5050KW300/500/700KHzHG6060KW300/500/700KHzHG
8080KW300/500/700KHz.
37)Highvoltagecable2DES
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Highvoltagecable:Lemo,HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.de,highvoltagecables:Order
No.201340/conductorresistanceof55.9/km/insulationresistancemilliohms1,000/km/Operating
voltage50KV(ballisticfor150KVcapacitorvoltage)/testvoltage75kV/innerconductorCuSn/building
70.26=0.76mm/envelopedbyaninsulationofPErt2.88mm/envelopedbyaninnersheathof
PVCrt5.2mm/,surroundedbyashieldCubl548mm/surroundedbyanoutersheathPVCrt7.28
mminsulationofthewindingtowindingoftheoutersheath36kVorhigherrolloverprotectionof
individualturnsofthecoiloftheoutersheathofPVCto14.56mmcanbeset.
38)Forhigheroperatingvoltagesofthetwodimensionalline2DES.
[0353]
ForhigheroperatingvoltagesofthetwodimensionallinearehighvoltageSpecialcablefromcompanyFuG
ElektronikGmbH,FlorianStrae2,83024Rosenheimandthemanufacturerofspecialhighvoltagecableis
requiredwww.hivolt.de.www.hivolt.deoffersonrequestspecialhighvoltagecablesupto100KV,200KVto300
KVandupto.
40)Accessories:HighVoltagePlugsandSockets
[0354]
Singlepolehighvoltageconnectionsfor20to100kV,manufacturedandsuppliedbycompanywww.ges
electronic.deorwww.hivolt.deofmanufacturerorcompanyFuGElektronikGmbH,FlorianStrae2,83024
Rosenheim.Highvoltageconnectorandhighvoltagebushingsforfeedinginthetwodimensionalwireorcoilwire
sothetwodimensionalsecondarycoil,thetwodimensionalconnectioncable(2DEScable)totheconsumer(the
ballisticcoil)andthefeedingofthecapacitorvoltagefromthehighvoltagepowersupplyofcompanyFuG
ElektronikGmbH.
41)thewindingwirefortheprimarycoil.
Highvoltagecableasawindingwirefortheprimarycoil.
Highvoltagecable,manufacturedandsuppliedbycompanyLemoElektronikGmbHHansSchwindtStr.
6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.de.usedintheballistictransformerasthesecondarywindingwire.
HighvoltagecablePartno/Best..No.140470/59OhmKmOperatigvoltageOperatingvoltageUmax 3
KV/diameter=0.75..0.44mm2=loadedwith3amps.or
HighvoltagewirecrosssectionCuSn0.75mm2/Operatingvoltage3KV2284turnsorstrandof
NesslerElectronics/Giselastrae35/D63500BlessedCityTel.(0049)61821886FAX0(0049)06182
3703...used.
Imagenotavailable
10mor25mring
42)specialdesignoftheferritecoretransformer
Specialdesignofthetransformercorefor18kHzto450kHzferritecoreofcompanyKASCHKEKGGMBH
&CO.POBox254237015GttingenGermanyPhone+49(0)55150586Fax+49(0)51657556
Emailinfo@kaschke.deorWagner+GrimmAG,WerkRoad4,POBox662,CH6102MaltersorTridelta
Dortmund,Ostkirchstrasse177D44287Dortmund,GermanyEmail:info@tridelta.deortransformercore
for182000kHz(ferrite)FERROXCUBE3,056,296th
43)Plasticproducts.
Plasticproducts:epoxylaminatingsystemEPL285/EPH275/Quantity:5KGresin+hardener2Kg
Stefan.Oehler@bacuplast.dePURcastingresinTECE280for10kV,TECEThews&ClverGmbH,
Osterdeich64,28203Bremen,g.haake@tece.com,info@tece.com,RapidCasuperglue/20gdickfsssig
orrunnyAlexanderEngelKG,POBox1133/D75434Knittlingen/info@engelmodellbau.de.
44)Gravitoelektrischereffect.
[0355]
Thegravitoelektrischeeffectisinprinciplethesameasthephotoelectriceffect,butassumeherenowgravitons
theroleofphotonsa)Excerpt:gravityandquantumtheory/Someaspectsoftheincompatibilityofboththeories
Contents/4.6Gravitoelektrischereffect.ThesisofThomasMller/InstituteforTheoreticalPhysicsEberhard
KarlsUniversityTbingen/March2001
TheGravitoelektrischereffectinatwodimensionallineorreel:
[0356]
"Electronisdisplacedbyanelectrostaticchargetransferlinepartofatob,theboundstateoftheatomgroupato
b.Ifthesedualcarriermovedthroughmagneticinduction,sotheresultgravitoelektrischeeffects.
[0357]
Thegravitoelektrischeeffectisdeterminedbytheinteractionsina2DES,consistingofthenumbernofatomsper
unitvolumeandthecrosssection(heightoftheelectrostaticvoltage)oftheelectronsandholeswithnuclear
ballisticwireorcoilcausedhimself.Thegravitoelektrischeeffectisachievedbysummingupthevolumeofthe
2DEScoilmass.Themovementofthe2DESchargecarriersisaccomplishedbythemagneticinductionpulse.
45)increaseinmassoftheelectronatelectricfieldstrengthsintwodimensionalelectronholelineand
Coils.
IncreaseinmassoftheelectronatelectricfieldstrengthsintwodimensionalelectronholelineandCoils.
45)Source:geregtesGaAs:
a)ExcitedGaAs:evidenceforeffectsofBlochoszillationinanaturalsemiconductors[URN:urn:nbn:de:
bvb:355opus1340URL:http://www.opusbayern.de/uniregensburg/volltexte/2003/134/])loadedbyMr
RaymondFranzSummerofforestAssen2002ontheinterneton8October2004.
b)increaseinmassoftheelectronatelectricfieldstrengths
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[0358]
Theparticularstateofthe2DESlineisdescribed.Itisgeneratedbyapplyingalargeelectricfieldstrengthsof
about1to1000kV/cmattheballisticdimensionalline.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighDCvoltageto
theelectrostatic2DESline,ieonthewiringlayerbanda.Theseelectronorbitaldisplacementoftheelectronsbto
thewiringlayera,leavesinthevalencebandofthewiringlayerbanunoccupiedstatewithapositivecharge
formedbyaquasiparticles,calleddefectelectronorhole(hole),withthequasimomentumkh=keisfromthe
valencebandofthewiringlayerdescribed,Theelectronsandtheholesareacceleratedaccelerationfromthe
basicleveltothelevelofnegativeandpositivevoltagepotentialsbyactingonthetwodimensionallineveryhigh
negativeandpositivevoltagepotentials.Thisaccelerationismanifestedascorrespondingincreaseinmassofthe
electronandtheelectronholes,eachorbitalmass.
[0359]
In"geregtesGaAs:evidenceforeffectsofBlochoszillationinanaturalsemiconductorDISSERTATIONtoobtain
thePhDdegreeinNaturalSciences(...Dr.rernat)FacultyofNaturalSciencesIIPhysicsUniversityof
RegensburgpresentedbyRaymondFranzSummerofWaldsassenJune27,2002"Thefollowingdescriptionsare
describingtheincreaseinmassbyahighelectrostaticvoltage.Thissamefactisalsoknownfromthephysicsof
particleaccelerators.
46)characterofthezeropointenergyofthetwolinesystem.
[0360]
Thefactthatinatwodimensionalconductionsystemhavetheelectronsandholes,thecharacterofthezeropoint
energyisclearlyevidentfromthesystemparameters.Thenegativeandpositivevoltagepotentialappliedtothe
conductivelayersaandbofthetwodimensionalline(2DES)applieddeterminesthezerocharacterthatenergy
source.
47)ionengine
IonengineDE3728011A1IonengineDE19835512C1,
48)ceramicprocessingmethods.
[0361]
Ceramicprocessingmethods,materialsisaccessiblefromSembachOskarSembachStrasse1591207Laufad
Peg.Germanyhasbeenpublished.
Drypressing
[0362]
Drypressingisaveryeconomicalmethodofproducinglargequantities,whichpaystherequiredmechanical
complexity.Sincetheworkingmassesusedhaveaverylowresidualmoisture,thedryingprocessisomitted.This
eliminatestheneedtoreckonwithadryingshrinkage,sothatcanbeproducedveryaccuratelydimensionedparts.
Suitablefordrypressing,almostallceramicmaterials.Optimally,thestartingpowdersareprocessedintofree
flowinggranules.Dependingonwhichrequirementsareplacedonthegranules,forthisarevariousgranulation
available.Themostcommonmethodforproducingpressingthegranulesisspraydrying.Thesuspension(=spray
slurry)issprayedviaanozzleintothedryingchamber.Theresultingdropsaredriedbythedryinggasincoor
countercurrent.Inspraygranulesaretypicallyhollowspheres.Anotherinterestinggranulationismentionedhere
Hereweusedafluidizedgermtemplateuponwhichthesuspensionissprayedonthefluidizedbeddrying.Bythis
pathway,agglomerated,coatedorconstructiongranulescanbeproduced.Thefollowinggranulecharacteristics
maybeaffecteddependingonthechoiceofthegranulationandtherebysetprocessparameters:Residual
moistureBulkdensityGranularform(spherical,splintery)Granuledensity(hollow,porous,dense)Granulesize
Granulehardness.HidedifferentdesignvariantsThetermdrypressing.Wedistinguishtheaxialandisostaticdry
pressing(CIPcoldisostaticpressing).ThelattercaninturnbedividedintowetandTrockenmatrizentechnik.Also,
thepressingoperationmayalsobecombinedwithatemperaturecycle.Thenonespeaksofhotorhotisostatic
pressing(HIPorHP).Apressingtoolforaxialdrypressingconsistsofastamperandupperandlowerpunches.
Thestampcanbedividedseveraltimes,dependingonthecomplexityofthecomponent.Thepressgranulateis
filledbymeansoffillingshoeintothemold.Whentwosidedpressesthenperformsacontrolledmovementof
upperandlowerpunchforcompressingthegranuleswhilemovingonlyinonesideoftheupperpunchpresses.
Thecompactisremovedautomaticallyejectorslideandgripper.
Processsectionsonaxialdrypressing
[0363]
Theproblemofnonuniformdensitydistributioninthecompactduringaxialdrypressing.Whentwosidedpressing
"PressNeutral"Greatinfluenceformsthebasisofwhichinthemiddleofthepressingmemberisasocalled,a
zoneoflowerandthuslessfavorablecompressiontothecompressionofthepressingprocesshavealso..Theto
becompressedmaterialitselfSteatitmassen,to90%.containtheextremelyslipperysoapstonecanbeverywell
compactedbydrypressing.Theresidualmoistureinthecompressedgranules.Foreachgranulethereisan
optimummoisturecontent,dependingontheselectedcompressionpressure.Themoisturefilmformsalubricating
layeratthesolidparticlesandtherebyreducestheexternalandinternalfriction.Incaseoflowmoisturecontent,
theoverlayApossibleGleitmittelzugabeisformedonlyincomplete,attoohigharesidualmoisturecounteract
incompressiblemoisturecontentsofcompaction..reduceslipaidtoanexternalandinternalfriction.Secondly,
theyimprovethepressurethroughthepressandallowforeasierremovalfromthemold(ejection)ofthecompact.
[0364]
TheisostaticpressingfollowsPascal'sprinciple.Afterthat,arestingonaliquidorastationarygaspressureacting
onallsidesspreadevenly.WhenNassmatrizentechnikarubbermoldoutsidethepressurecontainerisfilledwith
powderorgranules,whereasintheTrockenmatrizentechnikthemoldisfixedlyconnectedtothepressurevessel.
Thiscanbeforbothmethodsderivethefollowingdifferences:ShortismentionedhereistheQuasiisostatische
presses.Here,aplasticmaterialisusedwhichundergoesagelsoltransformationundercompressiveload.
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Characterizedtheplastictakesontheonehandthefunctionofthehydraulicfluidandontheotheroftheflexible
sheath.
CeramicWetpressing
[0365]
Thecompositionsusedforwetpressesgenerallyhavehumiditiesintherange1015%on.Undertheuniaxial
pressureappliedloadthesemassesareflowing,sothatarelativelyuniformcompactioncanbeachieved.Itcanbe
pressedwhenwetpressingandcomponentswithrearandundercuts.Thedisadvantageisthatthewetpressing
materialscanabsorbcompressivestressislimited.Thisalsothedegreeofcompaction,whichislargely
dependentonthemoisturecontentofthemassislimited.Inaddition,undercertaincircumstancesisdrythe
pressedpartsrequired.
Extruding
(Pultrusionofceramicmaterials)
[0366]
Thepultrusionofceramicmaterials,theseplasticformingisprobablytheoldestoftheceramicshapingprocess.
Accordingly,numerousapproachesexistforthedefinition,descriptionandassessmentoftheplasticityor
malleabilityofworkmaterialsused.
[0367]
Toexplainthisindetailwouldtaketoolong.However,itisessentialinpracticetohaveaworkablemethod
availabletoassessthehomogeneityandprocessabilityofExtrudiermassenandverify.Forpreparationof
Extrudiermassenarevariousoptionsavailable:
1.Startingfromaslurrywhichisdewateredinfilterpressesagain,yougetthefiltercake.Theseare
homogenizedinevacuatedkneaders,degassedandprocessedtoHubeln.
2.Thepowderismixedwithplasticizersandpossiblyotherorganicexcipients.Wateristhenaddeduntilthe
mixturehasthedesiredplasticity.AsdescribedinSection1Hubelarefinallymade.
[0368]
Theactualshapingtakesplacebymeansoframextrusionorvacuumscrewpresses.Thehomogenizedmass(=
Hubel)istherebyformedthroughthemouthpiecetocontinuousstrands.Itisimportanttooptimumcompactionof
themass.Dependingonthedesiredstranddiameteroneshouldinterpretthepressingcylinderdiameterabout
twiceaslargeasthemouthpiecediameter.Theextrusionprocessisparticularlygoodforrotationallysymmetrical
partssuchasaxlesorpipesmanufacture.Butalsomorecomplicatedprofilesarefeasiblewithappropriate
mouthpiecedesign.Thelengthsofthestrandsproducedlargelydependonthetendencyofthematerialtowarp.
Thiscanbecounteractedbyappropriateprocesstechnologyfordryprocessorappropriateselectionoforganic
excipientsinaplasticmasses.
Fromthepractice
[0369]
Inthissectiontwoformingmethodsaretobefound.Theverticalandhorizontalstrandpulling.
[0370]
Theprincipleofhorizontalcontinuouspullingavacuumextruderwithtwohorizontalaugers.Theceramicmaterial
isgivenintheformofprecompressedHubelnintheEinschttrumpf.Thefirstworm(feedshaft)aremixedand
compactedmassbeforeanddischargesitthroughaslitplateintothevacuumchamber.Thevacuumshouldnot
exceed95%,sinceatanairpressureof2.33kPaat20C,whichcorrespondstoavacuumof97.7%,thewater
wouldboilinthemass.Itshouldnotbetoolowalsobecauseairbubblesmayariseandthismeanforthefinished
ceramicproductpoison.
[0371]
Findinganoptimumforthismethod:adifficulttaskforthequalifiedstaff.Thesecondworm,thescrewpress,the
masscontainedinthevacuumcondensedintoacompactstrand.Thisalsoservesasasealforthevacuum.The
transportofthemassagainsttheresistanceofthemouthpieceincreasestheinternalstaticpressure.Thisprovides
highcompressionandthusconsistentproductqualityandsolidparts.Themouthpiecespecifiestheexternalshape
ofthestrand,themandrelinsidetheinnermold,ifitisapipecrosssection.Anditisherewheretheart:The
adaptationofmandrelandnosepiecerequiresthetooling,aswellasofskilledworkersinthewiredrawingalotof
skill.Krummemergingstrands,"sawteeth",highdimensionaltolerancesandmanyothererrorscanbeexpected
frompoorlyqualifiedstaff.Wemaintainthecraftovergenerationsbutfortunatelyandaremastersinthisfield.
Backtothedrawingprocess.Verticalpullingissimilartotheextruderpullingjustmentioned.Insteadofscrews,
themassispressedwithaplungerthroughthemouthpiece.Again,thevacuumplaysamajorrole.VerticalDrag
hasadvantageswithcomplex,thinwalledandespeciallyinsmallsections,sinceaswirlisavoided.Forexample,
tubeswithinnerdiameter0.23mmandouterdiameterof0.5mmcanbeproducedusingthismethod.
Greenmachining
[0372]
UnderGreenmachiningreferstotheprocessingofceramiccomponentsinthegreenstate.Injectionmoldingand
hotcastingofceramic
[0373]
Thethermoplasticmoldingprocessesalsosuspensionsareprocessed,inwhichcasetheceramicpowderis
dispersedinathermoplasticmelt.Intheworkingmassessoitisactually(high)filledpolymers.
Someimportantdifferencesbetweenhotcastingandinjectionmolding:
a)Inthehotcastingceramicpowderandorganicmatterismixedinaheatedballmill.The
Heigieschlickerthusproducedisfeddirectlyintothecooledmoldwhereitsolidifiesintoamolding.
b)Duringthepreparationoftheceramicinjectionmoldingcompoundisonlyasocalled.
[0374]
Feedstockproduced.Forthispurpose,theceramicpowderismixedinaheatedkneaderwiththebindersystem
andthengranulated.Similarlytothetapecasting,thereistheaddedorganicmatterhereofseveralcomponents:
Thebindershouldprovidegoodmechanicalstrengthandhencedimensionalstabilityofthemoldedpart.The
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plasticizerfavorsdeburringandpossiblyreworkingofthepart.Thelubricantfacilitatestheentire
Injectionandmoldremoval.
[0375]
Thefinishedfeedstockgranulesareconvertedprocessedplasticinjectionmoldingmachinesformolding.In
particular,theproblemofwearcausedbytheabrasiveceramicrawmaterialpowderhadtobesolvedhere.
Heigiebothinjectionmoldingandaresuitablefortheproductionofsmall,complexshapedparts,whereinthe
injectionmoldingismorelikelyinseriesproductioninquestion.Itispossibletoachieveveryhighsurfacequalityin
thesinteredHeigieorinjectionmoldedparts,soapostbygrindingorpolishingisnotrequiredoften.However,a
notinconsiderableeffortisrequiredforshapingthebakingoforganicadditivesinthetwomethodsdescribed.This
processmustbedoneverycarefullysothatitdoesnotleadtodestructionofthemolding.Thewallthicknessesof
theproducedcomponentsarethereforelimitedupwardstoapproximately15mm.Ontheotherhand,theproduction
ofmicrocomponentsisnotaproblem.
Slipcastinganddiecasting
[0376]
Whenceramicslipisastablesuspension,thesocalled.Slurry,pouredintoaporous,absorbentplastermold.By
removalofthesuspensionliquidisformedonthemoldwallofaparticle.Thedrivingforcefortheremovalofliquid
atthemoldwallisthesurfaceenergyofthecapillarywallsintheformofmaterial.Onecoulddescribethebody
formationasafiltrationprocess.Thebodyformationrateisproportionaltothesquarerootofthetime.Important
prerequisitethatformsanshardswithouttheinfluenceofexternalforces,thewettingofthemoldmaterialwiththe
suspensionfluid.
[0377]
Whenhollowcastingtheexcessslurryispouredoutagainafteracertaintimeinserviceasopposedtofulltimeor
corecast.
[0378]
Bydryingtheceramicbodyintheplastermold,themoldingofthemoldwallshrinksandcanberemovedfor
furtherprocessing.
Schematicdiagramofhollowcasting:1.Pouringtheslip,2ndbodyformation,3.AusgussstellungFullCast:4.
Pouringtheslip,5thbodyformation,6thpaversmolding.
[0379]
Inordertokeepthepowderevenlyandstablyinthesuspensioninabeyance,thesystemcondenserareadded.
Theseareusedtocontrolthesurfacechargeoftheparticles.Decisiveinfluenceontheliquefactioneffecthasalso
thepHofthesuspension.
[0380]
Thesystempowdercondensersolventmustbeoptimallytunedsoastoobtainathinliquidslurryaspossiblewith
stillhighsolidsconcentration.Theslipisparticularlysuitableforcomplicatedpartswithrespectthinnessand
unbalanced.Thecostofmaterialsfortherequiredformsislow.Thecastingprocesscanbeautomatedtothe
extentthatevensmallseriescanbeproducedeconomically.Thedutycycleislimitedbythetimerequiredforbody
formation,removalofthemoldinganddryingofplastermolds.Reduceconsiderablyallowsthebodyformationtime
throughtheuseofhighpressure(from1.50to4.00MPa)orintermediate(0.15to0.35MPa)casting.Asaformof
materialhere,howeverplasticareused.Inthefieldoftechnicalceramicdiecastingisnotascommonasinthe
preparationofcrockeryorsanitaryware.Thisisbecausethatmustbematchedtotheprocessingofveryfine
oxideandnonoxidepowderdiecastingslipandtheshapeofmaterialusedwelltogether.
Tapecastingfortechnicalceramics
[0381]
Fortheproductionoflargearea,thinceramiccomponents,thecastfilmisused.Here,aceramicslurryispoured
withvariousorganicadditivesonanendlesssteelstripbyrollers.Thatis,theslipflowscontinuouslyfroma
storagecontainerthroughanadjustablegaponthetape.Incountercurrenthotairisblownoverthefilm,soasto
obtainaflexiblegreensheettothebeltendfordrying.Thiscanbewoundorcutdirectlythrougheitherpunch,
emboss,etc.beprocessedfurther.
[0382]
Thepreparationandcompositionofatapecastingisverycomplex.Compositionofatapecasting.Duringthe
processing,theceramicpowderisdispersedtogetherwithasuitablecondenserintheselectedsolventfirst.
Subsequently,binder,plasticizerandwettingagentareadded.Thefinalmixtureshouldbewellventilatedbefore
castingtoavoidbubbleformation.Tapecastingcanbeproducedfrom0.2to1.5mmceramicpartswitha
thicknessintherange,whichwouldnot,oronlywithgreateffortfeasiblewithothermoldingprocesses.From
individualceramicsubstratessuch.Astobuildmultilayerceramicelectronichousingorheatexchangerforenergy
technology.
Annealing
[0383]
Underthetermsofbaking,debindingorannealingoftheceramistunderstandsatemperaturetreatmentofthe
moldingsuptomax.1000C.
[0384]
TheaimoftheAusheizvorgangesisfirstlytoremovecontainedintheworkingmassesorganicbinderorthelike
carefullybeforetheactualsinteringprocess.Second,theburnoutisoftenprecededbythegreenmachiningto
increasethestrengthorstabilityoftheedgestobemachinedmolding.
Sinteringintunnel
[0385]
Sevencontinuouslyoperatedtunnelupto30metersdeepbreath.Thesearenotordinarykilns,butexpensive
machinesthatallowforourproductswithcomplicatedsinteringprocess.Thereareinternalmachinesbecause
everythinghappensautomatically.Thecontrolofmanyparametersoven,fillingandpushingofthegoodsbythe
longoven,taking,everythinggoesallbyitself.Attemperaturesabove1300Cthesinteringoftheceramic
moldedpartstotakeplace.Thetemperatureaccuracyplaysanimportantrole.Ourovensareduetotheirdesign
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sopreciselythatatatemperaturemeasuringpointatoleranceof0.1%,whichmeans1C,canbeobserved.
Eventhetemperaturedistributionwithinacrosssectionamountstolittlemorethan2C.Andthisisimportantfor
ourproductquality.Lowtemperaturevariationsarenoticeableinshrinkage.Tighttolerancescanbeachievedonly
throughabsolutetemperaturestability.Notonlythetemperature,thefurnaceatmosphereisofgreatimportance.
Thespecificgravityhencethedimensionsarestronglydependentontheaircontentofthefluegases.Atricky,
yetsimple,troublepronecontroltechnologyensuresconsistency.Theslidingspeedofthegoodsbythestove
automaticallymeasuredinmetersperhourandalsodocumentedwithallothermeasurements.Theresidencetime,
orthetimeofthetripfurnacefromcoldtocoldisallotherparameters,asstipulatedinapplicableworkinstructions.
Asakilnfurniturearethefocaldocumentsforthefireofourproductsareconsideredforeachcase,onlythebest
touse.Unfortunately,thebestisalsothemostexpensive.Still,worthitforustopurchasetherecrystallizedSiC
kilnplates.Thequalityindicatorsaretheproof.Thiskilnfurniturearefilledfromtheproducingdepartmentsand
transportedstrictlyaccordingtoproductionbatchesseparatedintoinventoryholdthefurnacedepartment.Only
afterQAreleaseistheproductforaburntavailable.
Conservation
[0386]
SincethesoapstonebringsintracesFlourwiththem,weweremadetorestmanyyearsagotoseparatetheFlour
fromtheexhaust.OurFlourabscheidanlagewasinitiallyaNassabscheidanlageandyieldedbestresults.This
systemwasreplacedbya98tofirstTrockenabscheidanlagemoderntechnology.Theflourhaltigengasesreact
withlimetocalciumfluoride.Thespentcalciumfluorideiscontinuouslydischargedandsuppliednew.Note:the
systemhasanoverallheightof14meters,theassociatedchimney20meters.Strictlawsrequireustoperiodical
measurements.Theyareveryexpensive,butnecessary.Whatgoodisthebestexhaustventilation,ifwedonot
evenknowifshecleans.
Hightemperaturesintering
[0387]
Forspecialceramicssuchasalumina,wehaveahightemperatureoven.Upto1800Crangetosinterthepurest
andfirmestalumina.Andbytheway:Howisitwiththedocumentationoftheproduct,whichprescribestheQS.
Eachpieceofpaperwoulddisappearcompletelyafterhalfameterintheoven.Also,sinceweweresmart...
Hardgrinding
[0388]
Hardloopsanothertermforhardmachining,iemachiningofsinteredceramiccomponents.Tighttolerancesand
highestsurfacequalitycanbeachievedmostlythroughthepostprocessingofthefiredceramic.Duetothehigh
hardnessofceramicmaterialsprocessingthisrulemustbemadewithdiamondwheelsorpastes.Furthersuitable
abrasiveandcorundum,siliconcarbideorboroncarbideisused.
Glaze
[0389]
Aglazeisaglassycoating,etc.,byspraying,dipping,brushingIsappliedtosinteredceramiccomponentsand
thenbaked.Thebakingtemperaturesarebelowthesinteringtemperatureoftheglazingcomponent.
[0390]
Ceramicmoldingsareglazedforseveralreasons:
IncreasingthestrengthofporcelainBettercleaningability
Colouredglazesforidentificationorforpurelyaestheticreasonssmoothingthesurfaceoftheglaze.
[0391]
Themostimportantcriterioninglazingofceramicsisoptimumadjustmentofthethermalexpansioncoefficientof
componentandglaze.Justascracksintheglazeorspallingcanbeavoided.
Metallization
[0392]
Toinstallelectricalcontactsonceramiccomponents,theymustbeprovidedwithametallization.Weichlotfhige
metallizationcanbeapplied,forexample,bydipping,sprayingorbrushingandthenbaked.Inhartlotfhigen
metallizationsusuallyseverallayersarerequired,whichmustbeappliedbyelectroplating
49)MethodforSiO2moldingsandlasercrystal.
[0393]
Theliquidlasermixturecanbedrawndirectlyonvariousobjectsintheoven:totubes,plates,fibersandrods,
whichmusthavethesamediameter.Tubesaremadebypullingacylindricalmassofsemiliquidglassand
simultaneouslysendsthroughthecenterofthecylinderairflow.Hollowglassismanufacturedinseveralprocess
bypressing,blowing,sucking,andcombinationsofthesetechniques.
Processing Imagenotavailable
c)SiO2productiontubesandlasertubesofotheralloycomposition.
[0394]
PublishedpatentDE10158521A1istheprocessforpreparingapartialregionorcompletelyglazedshapedSiO2
body,onanamorphousgreenbodyissinteredandvitrifiedbynoncontactheatingbymeansofaradiation,and
therebycontaminationoftheSiO2Formkrpersisavoidedwithimpurities,characterizedinthatthatisusedas
theradiationbeamofalaserisknown.
[0395]
Furthermore,canbeproducedfromamorphous,porousshapedSiO2bodybysinteringand/ormeltingsilica
goodsofallkinds.Thecompositionofthelasercrystalpowderdeterminesthetypeofthesubsequentlasercrystal
pipe.
50)ReportoftheGermanSocietyforcrystalgrowthandcrystalgrowthDGKK.
[0396]
ReportoftheGermanSocietyforcrystalgrowthandcrystalgrowthDGKKannualmeetinginErlangen,20th22nd
March2000,themethodoftheopticalcharacterization,design,constructionandtestingofacrystalgrowing
equipmentfortheindustrialproductionofCaF2crystalsforDUVlithographycultivationandcharacterizationofNd1
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+XBA2knownxCu3Oymixedcrystalsfromthemeltsolution.
Source:1.SchottMLGmbH,GschwitzerStr.20,D07745Jena,Germany2DepartmentofCrystalGrowth,
FraunhoferInstituteIISB,Schottkystr.10,D91058Erlangen(G.Wehrhan1,E.Mrsen1,ThReichard1,A.
Degenhardt2,J.Friedrich2,G.Mller2.Introduction:
Inthesemiconductortechnologyiswellknownbyusingthephotolithography,thedesiredstructureonthe
radiationsensitivephotoresistonthesemiconductorwaferinthesocalledwaferstepperisimagedviaasuitable
projectionoptics.Thesmallestresolvablefeaturesizedependsontheusedwavelengthoftheradiationsource.
Theincreasingminiaturizationofthecomponentsisthereforeassociatedwithareductionintheexposure
wavelength.Inparallel,thedemandsontheopticalmaterialsusedfortheimagingoptics.Forashortexposure
timeandlonglifematerialsintherelevantwavelengthrangemusthaveahightransmittanceandradiation
resistance.Inadditionisrequiredbecauseoftheimagequality,averyhighhomogeneityofopticalcharacteristics.
Forthispurpose,thematerialmustbeinlargevolumeareasfreeoftensionandlocalinhomogeneities.Today,the
exposureisdonewithwavelengthsof365nm,forwhichhighqualityopticalglassisusedintherespectivelenses.
Inproductionarealreadyexposureapparatus248nm,whereonlyquartzglassisused.Forevensmaller
wavelengths(193nmand157nm),theseglassesarenotapplicableduetothetransmissionproperties.Instead,
singlecrystallinelensesofcalciumfluoride(CaF2)forlighting,beamdeliveryandprojectionopticsinthe193nm
generationwafersteppersareused.CaF2singlecrystalswith<111>orientationanddimensionsuptoadiameter
of350mmandaheightof100mmisrequiredforuseinopticallithography.Dependingontheopticaldesign,larger
dimensionsarerequired.Inadditiontothehighrequirementsonthetransmissionandradiationstrengthinthese
crystalsconsistexactrequirementsfortheopticalhomogeneity(lessthan1ppm)andthestressbirefringence(<1
nm/cm).Currently,theachievablequalityandyieldoftheproductionoflargescaleCaF2singlecrystals,great
effortsaremadesubstantiallyimprovetheworld.HighqualityCaF2singlecrystals,satisfyingtherequirementsof
DUVprojectionopticsarecurrentlystillonlyavailableinindividualpieces.Tomeettheincreasingquality
requirementsandthegrowingamountofdemandforsinglecrystalCaF2forthecomingSteppergenerationjustice,
newhightemperaturevacuumbreedingfacilitieswereatSCHOTTMLstartingfromtheexistingprocess
technologicalknowhowdesignedwithimprovedtemperatureuniformityfortheproductionoflargescaleCaF2
singlecrystals,thermallydesigned,builtandtested.Here,thefocuswastoidentifythetotalamountofrequiredfor
theCaF2manufacturingprocessstepstoassessthemincomparisonwithotherinternationalsolutionsand
implementtheminacompactsystemconcept.Thermalsimulationswereusedtooptimizetheoveninterior
structuretherebyperformedalreadyduringthedesignphase.Firstbreedingresultsonradiationresistantsingle
crystalswithbirefringencevalues
around1nm/cmanddimensionsof385mmdiameter140mmheightare
presented.
51)superconductorcablewithinternalcooling
[0397]
FromtheDE3609624A1disclosesasuperconductingcablewithinternalcooling.Forrelativelythinstrandsof
superconductormaterial(egNbTi/CuNi/cumixingmatrixmulticoreconductors)andstructuralmaterial(egsteel)
isproducedinmultipleVerseilungsstufenaropewithasupplychannelforguidingthecoolant(liquidhelium).This
ropehastobesurroundedbyavacuumtightshellthatevenwithlargecablediametersabendtoarelativesmall
windingradiuspermitsandontheotherhandcantransferlargetransverseforces.Tothisend,theropeisfirst
surroundedbyasuitablequalifiedbodyshapespiralumwendeltandwithaninitiallysmooth,vacuumtightcasing
pipe.Thisisthenformedintoawavetube,wherebytheflexibilityofthecableisrestored.
52)PreparationoftheHTSsuperconductor.
[0398]
FromtheDE19937787A1disclosesamanufacturingmethodforanHTSsuperconductor.
[0399]
AprocessfortheproductionoflowlossACsuperconducting(HTS)tapeconductors.HTSribbonconductorwith
lowACcouplinglosseswithelectricalbemadebetweentheoxideisolationFilamentleiterninsuchawaythatthis
insulationlayerisappliedasfirstmetalbeforethemechanicaldeformationtotheribbonconductorandfirst
convertedtooxideafterforming.
53)Preparationoftheflexiblesuperconductor.
[0400]
FromtheDE3740467A1disclosesamanufacturingmethodforasuperconductorflexible.Theinventionrelates
toaflexiblesuperconductor,comprisingatleastonecarrierfiberwhoselateralsurfaceissurroundedbya
superconductinglayerandamethodforitsproduction.TheprovisionofhighTcsuperconductorshighcurrent
densityintheformoftechnicallyapplicablefilament.Byacarrierfiberofsiliconcarbide(SiC),whichisenveloped
byanoxidesuperconductingceramic,whereintheenvelopeisproducedbytheknownmethodsofthinfilm
technology,preferablybyKathodenzerstubungstechniken,onthecarrierfiber.
54)windingarrangementwithasuperconductorandcorrespondingsupportbody
[0401]
FromtheDE4408290A1disclosesamanufacturingmethodofacoilassemblywithasuperconductorand
respectivesupportingbody.Toallowforawindingarrangementwithasuperconductinglowvibrationwire
management,itisprovidedthatlayerwindingsareinsertedfromacontinuoussuperconductorinahelicalgrooveof
acylindricalsupportmember.Theelectricalconnectionsbetweenthelayersarearrangedinatleastadirection
transversetothegroovesverlaufenenconnectinggroove.Asupportbodysuitableforthispurposehas,onits
cylindricalsurfaceahelicalgrooveforreceivingthesuperconductor,whichiscrossedbyatleastanapproximately
transverselyextendingconnectinggroove.
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55)Preparationofthecompoundsuperconductor.
[0402]
FromtheDE69016163A1disclosesamanufacturingmethodforasuperconductorcompound(Preparationofa
lowresistanceconnectionandaceramicsuperconductingHTS).
AprocessforproducingalowresistanceconnectionbetweenametalandaceramicsuperconductingHTS.
56)coolingthesuperconductorwindingandthetransformercore.
[0403]
FromtheDE10339048A1disclosesacryogeniccoolingsystemforasuperconductor.Thecryogeniccooling
systemisasystemforsupplyingrefrigerationtoasuperconductingdevice,whereinacoolingfluidiscooledby
receivingcoolingofoneormorecryocoolers,andisthenheatedbyindirectheatexchangewithaballastliquid,
wherebytheballastliquidiscooledbeforethesuperconductivedeviceRefrigerationissupplied.
[0404]
FromtheEP1544873A2disclosesacoolingdeviceforasuperconductor.Thecoolingapparatusfora
superconductorwithacryostathavinganinteriorspaceinwhichisformedarefrigeranthavingalow,inparticular
cryogenictemperature,forexampleof77K,acryobathforthesuperconductorhaveaccordingtotheinventiona
receivingdeviceforholdingthecryostat,andatleastoneofthecryostatandthereceivingdeviceconnecting
supportmembers,whereintheatleastoneholdingelementsonthecryostatcomprisesamovementtransmission
fromthereceivingdevicedampingelement.Thecoolingdeviceensuresthecoolingofthesuperconductorunder
shockandvibrationeffectsandthereforeisparticularlysuitableforcoolingsuperconductorsinelectricalapparatus
andmachinery.
57)Manufacturingprocessfortheinsulatingmaterialofthesuperconductingsecondarycoil.
[0405]
FromtheDE3907349A1disclosesanisolationforasuperconductor.Describedsuperconductingitemsthathave
aNickeloxidisolationwithsubstantiallysubstoichiometricoxygencontentandanoperatingtemperaturebelow250
Kbetweenthesuperconductingstrands.Theobjectshavemultiplesuperconductorwithasheathmadeofnickel
onthestrands,andanadherentcoatingofnickeloxidewhichisformedontheoutersurfaceofthejacket.The
nickeloxidehasastoichiometricorlessthanstoichiometricoxygencontent(butnogreaterthanstoichiometric
oxygencontent)tobeattheoperatingtemperatureofthesuperconductorelectricallyinsulating.Inthismanner,a
strandinsulationforhighthermalconductivity,whichiscapableofwithstandingvoltagesinexcessof50V
betweentheindividualstrands,areprovidedtosubstantiallyeliminatecouplingcurrentsbetweenthestrandsofthe
otherisnickeloxidewhichhasareasthatduetothecontentofmorethanstoichiometricoxygenare
semiconductingavoided.
58)Manufacturingprocessfortheinsulatingbodyofthesuperconductor.
[0406]
FromtheDE3823938A1isknownaninsulationforastabilizedandthemethodfortheirpreparation
superconductor.
[0407]
Astabilizedsuperconductorhavingapproximatelyrectangularcrosssectionissurroundedbyanelectrical
insulation.Theinsulationisprovidedwithrecessesinwhichanunhinderedaccessofacoolantisprovidedtothe
surfaceofthesuperconductor.Thisinsulationshouldbeeasytomanufactureandallowforsufficientmechanical
strengthgoodcoolingoftheconductor.Forthispurpose,therecessesintheregionofatleastoneoftheside
surfacesofthesuperconductoraresubsequentlyincorporatedintothefirstcompletelysurroundingthe
superconductorisolation.Toincorporatetherecessesmayadvantageouslybeprovidedalaserbeam.
59)Manufacturingprocessforaninsulatingbodymadeofquartzglassforthesuperconductoronthebasis
2DES.
[0408]
Quartzglassisusedinawiderangeofapplicationsrequiringhightemperaturesandhighpurity.
[0409]
Quartzglassisparticularlysuitablebecauseita)consistsof99.995percentSiO2,b)canbeusedattemperatures
upto1250Candc)isveryflexibledeformable.Quartzcanbemachinedwithdiamondtoolsanddissolvedby
heatprocessingintocomplexshapes.
[0410]
Inthesemiconductorindustry,quartzisoftenusedfortheprocesschambersintheprocessingofsiliconwafers.
[0411]
FromtheElectrotechnicalJournal,Issue12/2000,p4648"Electricalinsulationbymeansofhightemperature
resistantquartzlayersallrounddepositionfromthegasphasebyChemicalVaporDeposition"byA.Biedermann,
G.Franke,O.Nusserknown.
[0412]
Quartzmeltsatabout1550Candisextremelychemicallyresistant.Thebreakdownfieldstrengthcanreach
values
upto1millionV/mm.Sothat,withlayersinthethicknessofsomehundrednanometers(nm)awithstand
voltageofseveralhundredvoltscanbeachieved.Thelayerthicknessatthenanolevelproblemliabilitycaused
duetothenanostructureevenwithdifferentWrmeausdehnungskoeffiizienten.EconomicallypreferredtheCVD
process,whichoccurundernormalpressureandundernormalatmosphere.Withoutpretreatmentofsurfaces
arisesinconventionalroughnessadielectricstrengthofoftenwellabove100kV/mm.Thistensionstrength,
althoughnotnearlyashighasachievableinmicroelectronics,butoftenmuchhigherthanconventionalinsulation
materialsinelectricalengineering.
Manufacturingprocess
[0413]
Fortheproductionofthinlayers,thereisawholeseriesofdifferentprocesses:Highvacuumevaporationwithor
withoutionassistance,sputtering,plasmaCVD,thermallyorchemicallyexcitedCVD,laserorphotoexcited
CVD,tosolgelprocessesandthermalgrowth.MicroelectronicsandElectricaldiffergreatlyintheinitialpositions.
Inmicroelectronicsaredefinedsubstratepropertiesago,thesubstratesizesandgeometriesarestandardizedand
percomponentsurfacetobecoatedissmall.Hereyoucanalsoexpensivemethodsoperateeconomically.This
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includesinparticularallthevacuumprocess.Inelectricalengineering,however,differentmaterialshavetobe
isolated,whichareindifferentforms,somearequitecomplicatedinshapeandmayhaveconsiderablesurface
areas.Soforapplicationsinelectricalengineeringprocessesaredesirable,whichcanbeoperatedmoreuniversal
withlittleeffortandasinexpensivelyaspossible.TheCVDmethodseemstopredisposetosuchrequirements,
whichtakeplaceundernormalpressureandundernormalatmosphere.Anoverviewofthestateoftheartisfound
innonelectricalapplicationsmakeitpossibletocoatcomplexshapedbodytherebycorrosionprotection.To
achieveevenagainsthightemperaturecorrosionofmetals.
[0414]
ManyofthethermalCVDprocessesrequireveryhightemperaturesofsometimesmorethan600C.Thereare
alsomodifiedmethodinwhichthedepositionatmoderatetemperaturesispossible,forexampleinthetemperature
rangeof250C400C.Onesuchmethodwasappliedhere,describedin.Thepartstobecoatedcanbestored
inperforatedplates,suspendedonwiresorintroducedinbulkinadrumscreen.Thedepositiontakesplaceinthe
entirevolumeofthefurnace,thepartsarecoateduniformlyonallsideswithalayerofopticalgrade.
[0415]
Almostallfairlyheatresistantmaterialscanbecoatedinterestingly,evenquiteoxidationsensitivematerialsat
normalatmospherewithouttheuseofinertgases.Iftheriskofoxidationispresentintheconventionalcoating
temperature,acertainminimumlayerthicknessisfirstdepositedatlowertemperatures,whichprotectsthesurface
fromtheaccessofoxygen.Notwithstandingthefactthatthedepositionatalowtemperaturedoesnotproducethe
usualfilmquality.Onlythenthetemperatureisincreasedtovalues
usual.Thealreadydepositedlayerisannealed
andtherebyachievesvirtuallythequalityofadepositedlayeratahighertemperature.Figure2showsthebehavior
ofsuchcoatedcopperwiththebehaviorofuncoatedcopperiscompared.Theuncoatedcoppersuffersalreadyat
200Csignificantoxidation,whileifthecoatedcopperat300Cnooxidationisobserved.At400C,although
thecorrosionstartsbutsignificantlysloweddowncomparedtouncoatedcopper,whichalreadycreatesthick,
scalyoxidelayersatthistemperature.
[0416]
WithsimpleCVDprocesscanbeusedcommonmaterialsinelectricalengineeringcoatedwithquartz.Without
pretreatmentofsurfacesarisesinconventionalroughnessadielectricstrengthofoftenwellabove100kV/mm.
Thistensionstrength,althoughnotnearlyashighasachievableinmicroelectronics,butoftenmuchhigherthan
conventionalinsulationmaterialsinelectricalengineering.
Aimoftheinvention
[0417]
Realizinghighqualitytwodimensionalelectronorbitalsinvolvingmassdefectelectronsystemswithapplicationsin
PulsedDCarea,intheACrangeandthehighfrequencyrange.Thistechnologicalchallenges,tasks,leadstoan
elaborateresearchandinformationsearchonsubjectspecificpublications,researchfieldoftwodimensional
electronsystems(2DES)generalelectricalengineeringandthetaskrighttechnicalareas.
[0418]
Theresultwasthesolutionofthisproblemintheformofseveralembodiments(designs).
[0419]
Thesefindingsincludethefactandpossibility,thisresearchfieldofballistictwodimensionalinvolvingmass
electronholeenergysystemstobeabletouseinspacewithcorrespondingunits,generatorsandtransformersin
thegenerationofgravitationalmagneticfieldsfortherepealofgravity.Onewaytoachievethisgoalisa
technologyorientedstartupswithvariouscompaniestoasinglecompanytorealizethegoalofthisnew
technologyinhiswholePrepare.
Theobjectofthepatentapplication:
[0420]
Thisrealizationofamassenbehaftenorbitalelectronsandholes(holes)energysysteminthepulsecurrentrange,
ACrangeandthehighfrequencyrange.
Descriptionofthebenefitsthatthesolutionofthisapplication:
[0421]
ThepowersupplyoftwodimensionalcoilsystemsinpulsecurrentrangeintheACrangeandthehighfrequency
rangewithtwodimensionalelectronorbitalsmassenbehaftesdefectelectronenergy.Soasthemovingmassesin
thetwodimensionalcoil,togenerategravitationalforces,andthepropertiesoftheoscillatingtwodimensional
electronholeenergy,sothemovementofthebothtypesofchargecarriersinthetwodimensionalballisticline
(2DESline)leadstoatransformationoftheelectronorbitalmassandthedefectelectronorbitalmassinthe
correspondingvoltagepotentials.
Effectofspatialdistortion
[0422]
Duetothehighfrequencyalternatingmagneticinductioncoilisformedintheballistictwodimensional(2DES)coil
analternatingwithhighfrequencymassproneelectronandholeorbitalmasspotentiallargemassimpulsethat
movedbrieflythedimensionalspatialstructureoftheEinsteinspaceinthecoilssurroundingthecognate,but
energeticallyEinsteinspaceruptures(Identicaltotheeffectofspatialdistortion).
AccesstotheplaneoftheenergeticallyshiftedEinsteinspace
[0423]
Thiseffectofhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronandholecurrentsinatwodimensional(2DEScoil)coil
enablesmodulatedradiosignalsviatheshiftedenergytotransmitandreceivespatialdimension.Theeffectof
spatialdistortionbytwodimensionalelectronholeenergycanbeused,amongotherthings,timeintervals(or
information)betweentwomodulatedoscillationunits(HyperHyperradiotransmitterandreceiver)totransferthe
twodimensionalelectronholeenergy.
[0424]
ThefrequencyoftheoscillatingelectronandholemassesdeterminedlevelintheshifteddimensionalEinstein
spaceandtheresultingdimensionaldistortion.ThisistheuniversalBlazedmovedtotheEnergeticEinstein
spaces,whichisaccessibleonlybythecorrespondingdimensionaldistortionsoftwodimensionalballistic
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transformersystemwithaconnectedballisticcoil.Simplethestatementisthat"Effectofspatialdistortionbytwo
dimensionalelectronholeenergy",whichisformedbymeansofverysmallvibratingatahighfrequencyinvolving
masselectronsandholespairs.Thattheseverysmallvibratingatahighfrequencyinvolvingmasselectronsand
holespairs,sotospeak,producinga"particle"that"anappropriatedimensionaldistortions"produceatregular
intervalseachtimeapointlikeopeningintheshiftedenergyEinsteinspace.
[0425]
ThustheyopenanenergeticaccesstoaparallelEinsteinspace.Thedimensionisopening,alwayshasawell
definedplaceandonlythereitmaybetimeintervalsbetweeneventsinvolvingmassoftheoscillatingelectrons
andholespairsobserveandcreate.
[0426]
Beintwoplaces,withdifferentspatialpositionsinourroomEinsteinsamedimensionaldistortionatthesame
frequencygenerated(transmitterandreceiver),itcanbetransmittedovertheenergybridgedata,informationand
evenconversations.
[0427]
ItrepresentstheconceptoftherealizationofthesocalledHyperradiotransmission.
[0428]
Theinventionofthedesiresintheclaimsprotection:
ApplicationofthetwodimensionalelectronholeenergysysteminthepulsedDCcurrentrange,inthealternating
currentfieldinthehighfrequencyrange,theantigravityenvironment.
[0429]
Inwhichinstanceofthisobjectoftheinventionisindustriallyapplicable:
2.0)Embodiment1,theballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemforpulsedirectcurrentfor
alternatingcurrentforhighfrequency.Utilitymodelstructure:"Ballistic20keVto300keVtwodimensional
electronsystemaccordingtoclaim.1
3.0)Embodiment2oftheballisticelectronholeenergysysteminatransformerandtheirapplications,on
thebasisofthepulsedirectcurrent,accordingtoclaim2."methodforthegenerationofelectroncrystaland
crystalofholes(drawingno.4)usingthehighlystrainedtwodimensionalelectronholeenergy"
4.0)Onthebasisoftheembodiment3,accordingtoclaim3,initiallyasimpleinventivedesignofthe
ballisticelectronholeenergysystemisdescribed'mgoingforaspacecraft.Applicationofhighfrequency
modelofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemsfrom50to450kHzforthe
powersupplyofatwodimensionalcoilthatitsfunctionasagravitationalfieldcoilsintheoutershellofthe
spacecraftis,theforcefieldswraparoundtheentirespacecraftandtheeffectthegravitationalcancel.
5.0),firstasimpleinventivedesignoftheballisticelectronholeenergysystemwillbedescribedfora
spacecraftbasisofEmbodiment4,accordingtoclaim4.Itrelatestoanoppositepolaritydualionengine,in
particularforsatellitesandspacecraft,withwenigenstenstwooppositepolarityaccelerationfacilitiesforfuel
ionsandagasflowthroughwithahollowcathodeandamultiacceleratingaccelerationelectrodes,thetwo
differentlychargedacceleratinganodesbringsaboutthemergerandtheneutralizationofthefuelionbeams.
6.0)Onthebasisoftheembodiments5,accordingtoclaim5,first,asimpleinventivedesignoftheballistic
electronholeenergysystemforhigherdimensionaltransmitterandreceiverofaudioandvideosignalson
theenergymasssubjectvibrationallevelofthemodulatedhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronhole
energyinthefrequencyrangeof14000kHz(orhigherfrequency)aredescribed.Themethodinvolvesthe
transmissionofimageandsoundsignalsovertheenergeticcrowdafflicted20to300keVhighvibrational
levelofthemodulatedhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholeenergyinthefrequencyrangeof14000
kHz(orhigherfrequency).
7.0)Theprocedurefortheapplicationofthebroadbrimmedphotonmodelofalaserinthefrequencyrange
14000kHzofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemsintheenergyofthepulse
directcurrent,alternatingcurrent,highfrequency,simpleinventivedesignoftheballisticelectronholepower
systemofEmbodiments6andpatentclaim6.
8.0)Theprocedurefortheapplicationofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems
inthefieldofthesuperconductorinthefrequencyrange12000kHzofthepulsedirectcurrent,alternating
current,andhighfrequency,simpleembodimentoftheinvention7oftheballisticelectronholepower
systemofclaim1and7.Applicationoftwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)powersystemsin
thefieldofthesuperconductorintheDCpulsefield,alternatingcurrentrangeandinthehighfrequency
range.
Technologyorientedstartupswithcooperationpartners.
FuGElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024Rosenheim
MAGPULSGmbH,insubfield1976547Sinzheim
HttingerElektronikGmbH+Co.KGElssserStrae8,79110Freiburg
Lemo,HannsSchwindtStrae6,81829Munich,Germany
Manufacturerwww.hivolt.de
.GESElectronic&ServiceGmbH,FreisingStr1,D85386Eching,Email:info@geselectronic.de
EADS/SpaceTransportation/WillyMesserschmittroad/85521Brunn
SiemensAG/businessresearch/Erlangen
CompanyKASCHKEKGGMBH&CO.Emailinfo@kaschke.de
TrideltaDortmund,Ostkirchstrasse177D44287Dortmund,Email:info@tridelta.de
TrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr.1653359RhineriverGermanywww.trithor.comContact:
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press@trithor.com
Disadvantagesofthepriorartrelatingtothispatentapplication,thedisplayofthedeficienciesoftheknown
versions:
a)BasisofElectricalEngineering
Thecapacitoranditsextendedproperties
[0430]
Capacitorsareenergystorage,theenergycontentisverydurableandabovealleasytomeasure.Anyonewhohas
everbeenshortcircuitedafullcapacitor,canattesttothat.Theamountofvoltageacrossachargedcapacitoris
thusasquaremeasureofitsenergycontent.Doublevoltage,fourtimestheenergy.Halfvoltage,aquarterofthe
energy.Whathappenswhenafullychargedcapacitormusthaveasimilarbutemptycharge.Canoscillatethe
systemofthecapacitornottolackadifferenttypeofenergystorage,ie,inthiscase,aninductance".
[0431]
Thisdeficiencyisprovidedbythesolution:"Ifweconstructacoilwhosetwowindinghalvesaandb,aninsulating
layer(insulating)isseparatefromoneanother.IfweconnectthistwowindinghalvesatahighDCvoltage,we
obtainacapacitorandaninductoratthesametime.Let'sputthiscondensercoil,sothistwodimensionalelectron
system(2DES),asasecondarycoilinatransformer,amagneticinductionfieldsowecaninduceinvolvingmass
flowofelectronsandholeselectricflux(holes)inbothwindinghalvesaandbofthetwodimensionalelectron
system(2DES).Thegeneratedtwodimensionalmassproneelectrondefectelectronenergywehavethenthe
endsofthecoilareavailable.
b)basedontwodimensionalelectronsystem(2DES)insemiconductorphysics
[0432]
Fortwodimensionalelectronisamodel,bothwillbeassumedthattheparticlescanmoveinonlytwodimensions.
[0433]
Thislackofapplicabilityinatransformerasatwodimensionalelectronsystemwiththenatureofelectronsand
holes,Ihaveperformedthefollowingsolution:
Thetwodimensionalelectronsandholessysteminatransformer,thetwodimensionallineandcoil,ithasthe
followingstructure:"Itconsistsofacopperwire(coppercore),whicharesurroundedbyathickinsulation,and
abovethatisametallicenclosureanditisaturninsulation.Betweenthecoreandthemetalcladdingisatahigh
electricalvoltage.ThepolarityoftheCucoreispositiveandthemetallicshellhasthenegativehighvoltagepool.
ThemetallicenclosureandtheCucoreactingascarriersforthecurrent.Anelectrostaticfieldisestablished
betweentheCucoreandthemetallicsheath.Thesehighpositiveandnegativevoltageappliedtothetwo
dimensionalline,causesanelectronorbitaldisplacementofelectronsfromthevalencebandtotheconduction
layerbtothewiringlayera.Theseelectronorbitaldisplacementleavesinthevalencebandofthewiringlayerban
unoccupiedstatewithapositivecharge,thepositiveholebyaquasiparticleknownas,orhole(hole).Thedc
electricalheightdeterminestheheightorbitalsmassNiveafastelectronsandholesinthetwodimensionalline,
secondarycoil,outgoinglines,consumersandreturnlines.
c)basedonthetwodimensionalelectronsystems(2DES)insemiconductorphysics.
d)ThedissertationofRaymondFranzSummerofforestAssen2002:ExcitedGaAs:evidenceforeffectsof
Blochoszillationinanaturalsemiconductors.
GaAsinthegroundstateandexcitedGaAs(GaAs)
[0434]
Basedonexperimentalresults,aspecialstateoftheGaAscrystalisproclaimedinthiswork.
[0435]
Thislackofapplicabilityinatwodimensionaltransformer,Ihaveperformedthefollowingsolution:"Insteadofthe
GaAscrystalIhaveinmypatentapplication,"Twodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemsin
theenergyofthepulsedirectcurrent,alternatingcurrent,highfrequencyandtheartificialGravitation(Ballistic
EnergySystems111).aballistictwodimensionallineorwinding(shieldedhighvoltagecable)usedina
transformersystem".
[0436]
Itisgeneratedbyapplyingalargeelectricfieldstrengthsofabout100kV/cmtoaGaAscrystalinthe(100)
direction.
[0437]
Thislackofapplicabilityinatransformer,Ihaveperformedthefollowingsolution:"InsteadoftheGaAscrystalI
haveinmypatentapplication"III"aballistictwodimensionallineorwinding(shieldedhighvoltagecable)usedina
transformersystem"Ballisticenergysystems.
[0438]
ThisconditionmanifestsitselfinanincreasedelectricalconductivityGaAscrystal.TheGaAscrystalisthusnot
startfromhomeinthisstate.Thislackofapplicabilityinatransformer,Ihaveperformedthefollowingsolution:
"InsteadIhavetheGaAscrystalinmypatentapplication:"BallisticEnergySystemsIII"aballistictwo
dimensionallineorwinding(shieldedhighvoltagecable)usedinatransformersystem,thehighbyaelectrostatic
voltageintheballistictwodimensionallineandcoilsinthehighelectronorbitalsandelectronorbitalsdefectstate
wereraised.
1)Introduction
[0439]
Thefollowingconsiderationsandinformationresponsibleforthedevelopmentofthetwodimensionalelectron
energysystem,iethetwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystem.
[0440]
Mygoalisatwodimensionalmassproneelectronholeenergysystemsingeneralelectricalengineering,basedon
thesimultaneousapplicationoftheprincipleofthecapacitorandtheprincipleofinductance,withpossiblemany
differentlevelsofimpactoftheballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemsinPulsedDCarea,inthe
ACrangeandinthehighfrequencyrangetoapplyinpractice.
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1.2)Istartedwithaphysicalrealizationprocess,collectedthe.InquestioncomingdataLasnumerous
publishedreportsinlasertechnologyinthefieldofsolidstateoptics,publicationsuperconductivity
publicationonelectronscatteringinawideenergyrange,reportsonexperimentsatparticleaccelerators,
electricalconductionmechanism,fieldquantum,atomicphysics,particles,fieldsandsymmetries(Scientific
American:understandableResearch).
[0441]
Recognizedthatsomedatathatuniquelyadaptedtothenewtwodimensionalbranchofelectricalengineeringand
begantoprocesstheinformation.
e)ElectricalEngineeringisbasedontheonedimensionalnatureoftheelectron
[0442]
Thegeneralelectricalengineeringisbasedontheonedimensionalnatureoftheelectroninaonedimensionalline
andgeneratorsystem.
Bohrmodel
(1)electronsareonselectedpathswithcertainenergyvalues
(orbitalsquantumtheory,Pauliprinciple,2
spinvalues)
TheHatom:orbitals
Whatisanorbit?Wavefunctionoftheelectroninthehydrogenatom.
Bohrorbits"orbits".
Quantummechanicalorbitalsprobabilities
Atomicorbitalsarecharacterizedbythreequantumnumbers:n,l,m1(orbitalquantumnumbers)
ntheprincipalquantumnumbern=1,2,...determinestheenergyoftheatomicstate.
Imagenotavailable thusdeterminesnthe"size"oftheorbitals
Iorbitalangularmomentumquantumnumber,orbitalquantumnumberI=0,1,2,...,n1
Amount(Warning:Graphic)sizeoftheangularmomentum Imagenotavailable
Spatialdistributionofthechargedensity
mlMagneticquantumnumber:me=I,...,+I
Allorbitalswiththesamen:sameshelloftheatom
n=1,2,3,4...corresponds.K,L,M,.
AllorbitalsofabowlwiththesameIbelongtothesamemaximumshelln2.Orbitalsinashellwithquantum
numbern.2I+1orbitalsinasubshellwithquantumnumberI.
Subshellsaredenotedbyletters: Imagenotavailable
sorbitalporbitaldorbitalforbitalgorbital
Allhigherorbitalscausedbytheelectrostaticchargetransferfromconductionlayerbforalinelayer.
1.12)Thenatureoftheelectricpower,"Twodimensional".
[0443]
Thetwodimensionalnatureoftheelectronenergysystemisbasedonthenatureoftwodifferentlycharged
electronandholeorbitalsintwodimensionalconductionsystemandgeneratorsystem.
[0444]
Byapplyingahighelectricfieldstrengthsnegative(electrons)andpositivecharges(holeorelectronholes)are
separatedfromeachotherinatwodimensionalline.Thesechargecarriersmigrateundertheinfluenceofthe
electricfieldforeachlinelayer.Addtolayeraandboftwodimensionalconductionelectronholepairformedwith
thecorrespondingvoltagepotential.Bytheelectricfield,theelectronholepairsareacceleratedfromthelowmass
conditionontheelectricfieldcorrespondingtohigherground.Itcreatedtheelectronorbitalsandelectronholes
orbitalswiththecorrespondingmass.
1.13)Thecapacitoranditsadvancedfeatures.
[0445]
Capacitorsareenergystorage,theenergycontentisverydurableandabovealleasytomeasure.Anyonewhohas
everbeenshortcircuitedafullcapacitor,canattesttothat.Inelectricalengineering,theenergycontentofthe
formulaW=CU2/2detected.
[0446]
Theamountofvoltageacrossachargedcapacitoristhusasquaremeasureofitsenergycontent.Doublevoltage,
fourtimestheenergy.Halfvoltage,aquarteroftheenergy,etc.
[0447]
Whathappenswhenafullychargedcapacitormusthaveasimilarbutemptycharge?
[0448]
Thesystemcannotswingtolackadifferenttypeofenergystorage,sointhiscaseaninductor.
[0449]
Thesolutionwehavewhenweconstructacoilwhosetwohalvesofthewindingisseparatedbyaninsulator
(insulatingmaterial,quartz,ceramic,orplastic)fromeachother.
[0450]
WhenwecompleteahighDCvoltageofthiswindingtwohalvesofthecondensercoil,weobtainacapacitor.
Let'sputthiscondensercoilamagneticfieldsowecaninduceaflowofelectronsintwowindinghalvesofthe
condensercoil.Let'sgetthiscondensercoil(ballisticdualcoil)withatransformerasasecondarycoil,sowecan
attheendsoftheballisticcoilcorrespondingtotheusedinthetransformerofenergy."PulseDC,ACorhigh
frequency"taphasthishackneyedenergybutspecialproperties
1.14)physics,interactions3.1/3.11FIELDQUANTUM
[0451]
Allforces,includingtheCoulombforceandgravityaredescribedinquantumfieldtheoryasexchangeforces.A
particlegeneratesafieldifithasacorrespondingload.Thisfieldmust,accordingtoquantumelectrodynamics,but
inparticularparticles(QUANTUMFIELD),tobedismantled.Chargeistheabilityofthefieldproducingparticle,
quantumboxtoemitandabsorb.
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1.15)TheoreticalPhysics,twodimensionalelectron
Twodimensionalelectron.
a)Magnetotransportintwodimensionalelectronsystemswithperiodicmodulationandspinorbit
interaction,DissertationfortheDoctoralDegreeinNaturalSciences(Dr.rernat)attheInstituteofPhysics
I..TheoreticalPhysics,UniversityofRegensburg,presentedbyMichaelLangebookfromForchheim/
UpperFranconiaSeptemberof2002.
c)QuantumHalleffectresearchontwodimensionalelectronsystems.Theresearchisfocused...The
magneticpropertiesoftwodimensionalsystems.Inatwodimensionalelectron...www.tu
berlin.de/presse/pi/1996/pi168
d)quantumdotsinamagneticfield(PDF)...partofwhatthetreatmentasatwodimensionalsystemwith
additionalconfinement...weexchangecorrelationenergydensitiesfrom.Electronsystemsinquantumdots
win...www.opusbayern.de/uniregensburg/Volltexte/2003/253/pdf/diss.pdf
e)Excerpt:TheLambshiftInvestigationofphotonnumberstateswiththeoneatommaserDissertation
FacultyofPhysics,LudwigMaximiliansUniversityofMunichpresentedbySimonStephanBrattkefrom
Kempten/AllguMunich,21November2000th
f)studyofinteractionsintwodimensionalelectronsystemswithtransportanddragmeasurements.Dipl.
Phys.StefanKraus,MaxPlanckInstituteforSolidStateResearch,Stuttgart.,2003
g)Excerpt:thelocationandcharacteristicsofthequantizedstatesofelectronsandholes,especiallyin
CdSeQuantum...theeffectivemassesofelectronsandholeswithintheframeworkofthe...
www.ubka.unikarlsruhe.de/indexervvv/1997/physics/3System.
1.16)increaseinmassoftheelectroninthepresenceofelectricfieldstrengths
[0452]
Theparticularstateofthe2DESlineisdescribed.Itisgeneratedbyapplyingalargeelectricfieldstrengthsof
about1to1000kV/cmattheballisticdimensionalline.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighDCvoltageto
theelectrostatic2DESline,ieonthewiringlayerbanda.Theseelectronorbitaldisplacementoftheelectronsbto
thewiringlayera,leavesinthevalencebandofthewiringlayerbanunoccupiedstatewithapositivecharge
formedbyaquasiparticles,calleddefectelectronorhole(hole),withthequasimomentumkh=keisfromthe
valencebandofthewiringlayerdescribed,Theelectronsandtheholesareacceleratedaccelerationfromthe
basicleveltothelevelofnegativeandpositivevoltagepotentialsbyactingonthetwodimensionallineveryhigh
negativeandpositivevoltagepotentials.Thisaccelerationismanifestedasmassescorrespondingincreaseforthe
electronsandelectronholes,eachorbitalmass.
[0453]
Thefactisinthephysicsofparticleacceleratorsandinthework"geregtesGaAs:evidenceforeffectsof
BlochoszillationinanaturalsemiconductorDissertationfortheDoctoralDegreeinNaturalSciences(Dr.rer.Nat.).
FacultyofNaturalSciencesIIPhysicsUniversityofRegensburgpresentedbyRaymondFranzSummerof
WaldsassenJune27,2002"(thefollowingdescriptionsarethemassincreasebyahighvoltageelectrostatic
describes)isknown.
1.17)conclusionfromthetwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystem,thesolutionprovided.
[0454]
Ifwe.Inatransformersystem,thetransformercore,constitutingtheprimarycoilinaccordancewithstandard
technologyandnewbuildingthesecondarycoildesignsothatthetwosecondarywindinghalvesofthecoilwirea
andbareseparatedbyaninsulator(quartz,ceramicorplastic)fromoneanother
[0455]
Forthispurpose,thistwowindinghalvesofthecoilwireaandb,socompleteahighDCvoltageintoacondenser
coil,weobtainacapacitor,whichisacoilatthesametime.Let'sputthiscondensercoilamagneticinductionfield
sowecaninduceaflowofelectronsintheelectronorbitalsandelectronholesorbitalsinbothsecondarywinding
halves(thetwodimensionalelectronsystemso).Butthishackneyedmasstaintedenergyhasspecialproperties.
Thistwodimensionallineandcoilsystemcanbeinatwodimensionalelectronsandholesgeneratorfor
applicationtobring(thegeneratorwindingsbasedonthetwodimensionalelectronsystem(2DES).Thepractical
applicationsofthetwodimensionalmassenbehafteselectronholeenergysystemingeneralelectricalengineering,
areversatilesheisgrantingtheoperatingfrequency,sothepulsecurrentrangeuptoACrangeandevenuptothe
highfrequencyrange.
1.18)Thebasiccharacteristicsofballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemarebuiltonthe
principleofsimultaneouscapacitorandtheprincipleofinductance.Thiscommonproperty,Isummarizedas
asystemparametervalues
fortheballisticelectronenergysystemsundernormaltemperatureandlow
temperaturerange.
1.19)Deselectricalconductionmechanismoftheballisticballisticlinesandthecoilsofthetwodimensional
electronsystem
[0456]
Conductionmechanism,specificconductivity.Insolidstheatomsarearrangedsidebysidesodensethatthe
mutualinfluenceoftheneighboringatomscannotbeneglected.Toseetheimpactofthisinfluenceonthe
conductivityprocess,weassumethatsolidbodieshaveacrystallinestructureandideallyformsinglecrystalswith
regularrepetitionsmallestunitcells.Atverylowtemperatures,theseatomsremainatrest.However,evenatroom
temperature(T=300K),theyperformoscillationsaroundtheirequilibriumposition,wherebyitcomestothe
detachmentofacirculatingontheoutermostvalenceshell.Thisisontheonehandafreeelectronisavailablethat
canmovefreelyandthuscontributestotheelectricalconductivity.Ontheotherhand,resultsfromtheseparation
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ofthe(negativelycharged)electronfromtheatomAssociationfortherestatomhasapositivecharge,sothatthe
remaining"atomiccore"asanionactsandtheelectronslowsdownabit.Itisthereforealsocalledanionizationof
themetalbody.Theelectronliberatedthenmovesintothegridlikearrangedstructureofatomsandtheatomic
coresbecomepositive.Formetals,whereabout1023atomsarearranged1cm3,isnhrungsWhiteeachatoman
electronfromitselectronshellavailableandthenitbecomesametalion.Duetothepositivenucleibecomeofthe
ionsformedintheatomiclatticepotentialdistribution.Sincetheatomsinthecrystallatticeperiodicfolloweach
other,thepotentialdistributionbetweenthepositiveatomiccoresbecomeperiodic.TheinChiefINANYthosefree
electronsmoveundertheinfluenceofthetemperatureatirregularpaths,applyinganelectricalvoltagetotheline
partsaandbofthetwodimensionalelectronsystem(capacitorline),thebasicenergyofthechargecarriers
(electronsandholes),forexample,inawillappliedDCvoltage(capacitorvoltage)of10KVraisedtoaballistic
electronenergyof10keV.
1.20)Thefollowingfactsmustbetakenintoaccountinthedesignofthetwodimensionalelectronhole
energysystems
a)Theexpandedprincipleofchargeseparationbetweentheelectronsandthepositivelychargednucleus
(nucleons).ThisisbasedontheElektronenorbitaverschiebungofelectronsfromthevalencebandtothe
conductionlayerbtoawiringlayer.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighelectrostaticDCvoltage15KV
onthewiringlayerforwiringlayerba.Theelectronorbitalshiftleavesbehindinthevalencebandtothe
conductionlayerbanunoccupiedstatewithapositivecharge,byaquasiparticlecalleddefectelectronor
hole(hole),isdescribedbythequasimomentumkh=ke.Thissystemstructurerelevantforall2DES
lines,the2DESgeneratorcoils,the2DESsecondarycoilsofatwodimensionaltransformer.Inother
words,thelines,thegeneratorcoil,theprimarycoilsandthesecondarycoilsarecomposedofacopper
wire,whichisprovidedwithahighinsulation,andonthisinsulationisasecondcasingmadeofathick
copperbraid.Thisinturnissurroundedbyaninsulation.Betweenthecore(copperwireorsuperconductor)
andthecoppermeshisahighDCvoltage(capacitorvoltage).Thepolarityofthecore(copperwireor
superconductor)ispositiveandtothecasingisthenegativepoleofthisvoltage.
b)atthecondensercoillines,connectinglines,generatorcoilsprimarycoilsandsecondarycoilsofthe
transformer,thevoltageapplied(forexample,1Vto500kVcapacitorvoltage)determinesthebasicenergy
oftheelectronsandtheelectronholesinthetwodimensionalelectronsystem.Theleveloftheapplied
voltagedeterminestheheightoftheelectronorbitalshiftoftheelectronfromthevalencebandtothe
conductionlayerbforalinelayer.
c)Themagneticfieldgeneratedbytheinductioninthetwodifferentlychargedlayersofthesecondarycoil,
acurrentflowoftheorbitalelectronmassesandtheorbitaldefectelectronmassbyacommondirection,
whicharesynonymouswiththegravitationalmagneticfield.
d)Theconductionmechanismofthetwodimensionalelectronorbitalsandorbitaldefectelectronsystems
(2DES)requiresthatallpartsoftheenergysystemarebuiltonthesameprincipleofsystemdesign.The
voltageappliedtothetwodimensionalelectronandholereels,lines,generatorcoil,primarycoiland
secondarycoilofthetransformermusthavethesamevoltageandpolarityoftheproducershavetogoand
returnlinesandtotheconsumer.
e)Thefieldquantaofthetwodimensionalelectronanddefectelectronsystem(2DES)thatproduceviathe
forceofherinduction,gravitationalmagneticparticles.
1.21)Twodimensionalelectronsystemoftheelectronsandholes
a)Theappliedvoltagecapacitorexistsinthetwodimensionalconductionelectronholepairs.Thenegative
andpositiveBandspektumisdeterminedbythemagnitudeoftheappliedelectrostaticvoltage.
[0457]
Thekineticenergyofthetwopairsystem(electronandpositivehole[holes])isdeterminedbythestrengthofthe
magneticinduction.
[0458]
Thistwodimensionalelectronsystembasedonthedisplacementoftheelectronorbitalelectronsfromthevalence
bandtotheconductionlayerbtoawiringlayer.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighelectrostaticDCvoltage
15KVonthewiringlayerforwiringlayerba.Theelectronorbitalshiftleavesbehindinthevalencebandtothe
conductionlayerbanunoccupiedstatewithapositivecharge,byaquasiparticlecalleddefectelectronorhole
(hole),isdescribedbythequasimomentumkh=ke.
Movementofthecarriersbyinduction.
b)Ifatwodimensionalcoilproducedaccordingtothisprinciplethiscarriersystemandexposedtoa
magneticinduction.Tomovethiscargocarrier"electronsandholes"throughthetwodimensionalcoil.
c)Theelectronsareinthenegativepotentialoftheconductionbandtothepowerofminus15KV.This
correspondstoacertaineffectivemassoftheconductionband.
d)Thedefectelectrons(holes)arelocatedinthepotentialofthepositiveconductionbandwiththepowerof
positive15KV.Thiscorrespondstoacertaineffectivemassoftheconductionband.
e)Themovementofchargecarriersoccursatthetwoendsofthetwodimensionalcoilrespectivelyatone
endapotentialofthemassexcessandattheotherendofthepotentialofthemassdefect.Itflowedfrom
thepotentialofthemassexcessquantumcurrentstothepotentialofthemassdefect.
f)AccordingtoAlbertEinsteinmovingmassesbringinareferencesystemgravitationalforces.
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g)theCoulombinteractionbetweentheelectronsandelectronholes(holes)uponmovementofthecharge
carriersthroughthetwodimensionalcoilandconductorlayers.Mutualattractionofthechargecarriers
duringmovementconductionbandmassinitsnegativeorbitalelectronsandpositiveholesintheirorbital
electrons.Thesizeoftheinsulationdeterminestheheightofthepotentialnegativeelectronorbitalandin
theirpositivedefectelectronorbital.
h)Theelectronorbitalshiftoftheelectronfromthevalencebandtotheconductionlayerbforconducting
layeracausesadeflectionoftheionhulloratomfromitsequilibriumpositionoftheconductionlayerbto
theconductivelayera,thechargedistributionoftheioncoresischanging,equivalenttoamodificationof
thelocalelectronicstructure.Inthereversecase,thelatticeatomsaredeflectedbylocalchangesinthe
electronicchargedensity.Sovividlycreatesaninteractionbetweentheelectronsandthenuclei.
1.22)usingatwodimensionalcoilandsecondarycoilinatransformerforthetwodimensionalenergy.
a)"Themagneticinductiongeneratedbytheprimarycoilisinducedinthesecondarycoilofthetwo
dimensionalmovementoftheelectronsandholesbythetwodimensionalcoil.Theelectronspassthrough
thenegativepotentialoftheconductivelayerawiththepowerofminus15KV.Thiscorrespondstoa
certaineffectivemassoftheconductionband.Andthedefectelectrons(holes)toscrollthepositive
potentialoftheconductivelayerbtothepowerofpositive15KV.Thiscorrespondstoacertaineffective
massoftheconductionband.Themovementoftheelectronsandholesgeneratedatthetwoendsofthe
twodimensionalcoilrespectivelyatoneendtothepotentialenergyofthemassexcessandattheother
endofthepotentialofthemassdefect.Thequantumofthisfieldflowedfromtheenergypotentialofthe
massofsurplustotheenergypotentialofthemassdefect.AccordingtoAlbertEinsteinmovingmasses
bringinareferencesystemgravitationalforces.
1.23)electron,holeandtwodimensionalelectronsystems
Applicationofatwodimensionalsystemasasecondarycoilinatransformerfortheelectronpositiveholepower
generation:
[0459]
Theinventivemethodisthatatransformer(mayalsobeaHFtransformer),theprimarycoilissuppliedbyapulse
generatororRFgeneratorwithpowerandgeneratesastheinductioninthetransformer.Thesecondarycoilisbuilt
afterthemodeloftwodimensionalelectronsystems.ADChighvoltage(DCvoltage20to300kVorhigherDC
voltage)tothetwodimensionalsecondarycoillayersaandbofthesecondarycoilisapplied,correspondtothe
electronsandtheelectronholesonamassorbitalsoftheappliedvoltagetoberaisedandinovertheinductionin
thetransformerthesecondarycoilgeneratestwodimensionalelectronholeenergy.
[0460]
Thebrieflydescribedhereinrelatestotheresearchfieldofballistictwodimensionalelectronholesystems,which
inthefieldofgravitationalmagneticfieldswiththeapplicationinatransformer,forfrequenciesinpulsedDCarea,
intheACrangeandthehighfrequencyrange.
b)TheprimarycoilofthetransformerispoweredbyapulsegeneratororRFgeneratorwithenergyand
createstheinductanceinthetransformer.
c)Thesecondarycoilisconstructedonthemodeloftwodimensionalelectronsystem.ADChighvoltage
(DCvoltage20to300kVorhigherDCvoltage)islocatedonthetwodimensionalsecondarycoillayersA
andBisapplied.Itgeneratesthetwodimensionalelectronandholesystem,withthecorrespondingorbitals
massofthechargecarriers.Ontheinductioninthetransformer,themovementofthechargecarriersis
generatedinthesecondarycoil.Themovementofthechargecarriersgeneratedatthetwoendsofthetwo
dimensionalcoilrespectivelyatoneendtothepotentialenergyofthemassexcessandattheotherendof
thepotentialofthemassdefect.Itflowedfromtheenergypotentialofthemassexcessofaquantumflows
totheenergypotentialofthemassdefect.
[0461]
AccordingtoEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativityproducemovingmassesinareferencesystem(energysystem)
a"gravitomagnetic(gravitationalmagnetic)"field.Thearegoingthroughtwodimensionalcoilorconductorlayers
electronsandholes(holes)cancausesomeinterestingeffectsintheseandsimilarconditions.Thepossible
manipulationofsuch2DESfromthethirdspatialdirection,forexamplebymeansofelectricandmagneticfields
(chargetransferofelectronsfromlinepartsbtoaandmagneticinduction)establishesthefundamentaladvantage
ofthephysicaleffectsequenceofelectronsandholesintheseballisticconductionpatternstothelineofactionof
theconventionalelectronlinestructuresandcomponents.Atthesametimeshowsystemswithreduced
dimensionalityfundamentallynewphysicalpropertieswhichoccurparticularlyathighelectrostaticvoltagesinthe
linepartsaandb,inlowtemperatures,athighmagneticfieldsanddifferentfrequencies.Therelativelylarge
energygapofthetwoleadlayersAandB,thestrongcouplingofthetwodifferentlychargedorbitalconduction
bands,theappliedmagneticinductiononthetwodimensionalline,leadstoapronouncedtoanenergypulse
interactiononthebasisofgravitationalmagneticfields,Thisismanifested,forexample,inasignificantenergy
dependenceoftheeffectiveObitalmasseofthechargecarriersinsuchsystems.Theaimofthedevelopmentis
theelectronholeenergysystemtobringinatransformersystemandageneratorforapplicationandbringthe
resultinggravitationalmagneticforcesinmanyareasofapplication.
1.24)Summaryofthegeneralprinciplesofthetwodimensionalelectronholesysteminatransformer.
a)Alltechnicalsystemsarebasedontheonedimensionalnatureoftheelectron.Examplesofelectron
systemsareextremelydiverse.Wefindthisfunctionofelectrontransportinallelectricalandofmost
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opticaldevices(standardelectronconductioninonedimensionalbasis,chargedistributionelectronsand
atomiconedimensionalbaseelectronimpactequalchargetransportinonedimensionalbasevoltageon
onedimensionalbaseandcurrentonedimensionalbasis),Todayweknowthatthesesystemsare
electricallychargedparticles(Coulomb,CS)designateamajorityofthepropertiesofthesurroundingnature
art.
b)thechargedistributionofelectronsandatomictwodimensionalbase(twolinelayerswhichareseparated
byaninsulatinglayer,onthescale10KV300KVcarriedelectrostatichighvoltagetotheconductivelayers
aandbisanorbitalelectronsshiftoftheconductionelectronsfromtheconductionlayersbanda.
b1)theelectricalpowerandthistypeofenergy"standardelectronconductionintwodimensionalbase
currenttotwodimensionalbasedandtwodimensionalbasevoltage".
b2)conductionbandsoftheballistictwodimensionalelectronsystemofthesecondarytransformercoil.
[0462]
TheconductionbandsinthetwodimensionallineorreelarisewhenahighelectrostaticDCvoltageisconnected
tothelinepartsaandbandsuppliedtoitsDCvoltagewithheight.Theelectronorbitalsshiftcanbe10KV300
KVenergyshiftoftheconductionelectronsfromtheconductionlayersbtoa.Theinsulatinglayerbetweenthe
conductivelayersdeterminesthelevelofpossibleDC.Whichthenleadtotheformationoftherespectiveorbitals
massoftheelectronandholeorbitals.
1.25)ThebasisoftheballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergysysteminPulsedDCarea,intheAC
rangeandthehighfrequencyrange.
a)Asimplemodelofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemsfortheworking
pulsefrequencyof133kHz,whichwaspreparedaccordingtothemethodoftheinvention.
[0463]
Thismethodoftheinventionisthatatransformer,thetwodimensionalsecondarycoil,aDChighvoltage(DC
voltageof20or50kVorhigherDCvoltage)tothetwodimensionalsecondarycoillayersaandbofthesecondary
coilisapplied,andtheprimarycoilissuppliedbyapulsegeneratorwithenergyandtheinductiongeneratedinthe
secondarycoil.AsamainingredientIusetheMAGPULSQuickwapgenerator.Pulsefrequency0.05Hz33kHz,
outputvoltage01000VDC,outputcurrent0500ApulsedMAGPULSofpowersystemsGmbH,Imsubfield19,
D76547Sinzheim,Email:magpuls@tonline.dewww.magpuls.com.
[0464]
TheHighfrequencyoutputtransformerIchangethisway:"Theintheprimarywindingtakesonthepowerfed1
100kWrfpulsepower,theferritecoreoftheHighfrequencyoutputtransformerandthesecondarycoilisgestallte
thatthesecondarycoillargestpossiblewindingcompartmentforthe8mmmeasuredhighvoltagecablethe
companyLemoElektronikGmbH,HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.de,Partno/Best..No.
201340/Conductorresistance/conductorresistance56.1ohmmeter,OperatigvoltageOperatingvoltage50KV
(testingvoltage75KV)InnerconductorinnerconductorCuSn0.76mm=0.45mm2with4Ampersteadfast,
"aufweit.
[0465]
Foractivationofthetwodimensionalelectronstateofthecoilwireofthesecondarywinding,ahighDCvoltageto
theterminalsofthetwodimensionallinehalvesaandbofthecoilwire(shieldandinnerconductorofthepower
cable)isconnected,forthisDCpowersupplyIuseapowersupplyunitsofF.u.G.ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.
2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fugelektronik.dewiththefollowingdata:For20keVelectronenergyIuse
thetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200mAcurrentand50keVelectronenergy
Iusethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/280065000065KV040mA.
[0466]
ThesameDCpowersupplyisusedfortheballisticcoil,fortheconnectingline.
b)ForthefeedingofthehighDCvoltagetotheshieldandtheinnerconductorofthepowercableandthe
compoundsofIuseusedastwodimensionalcoilofthetwodimensionalloadthehighvoltageconnectors
andhighvoltagebushingsto100KV.
Performanceofthesecondarycoilofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystem.
[0467]
Theprescribedinvestmentdatafor20kHzare
a)powertotheprimarycoilbytheMAGPULSQuickwapgeneratorwiththefollowingpower:"1000volts
and100Acurrentpulse"
b)Theprimarycoilofthetransformer40haswindings
c)Theappropriateselection(highvoltagecableisusedasthewindingwireinthesecondarycoil)ofthe
ballisticcable:
Inballisticcable1Type20KeV.
Plantdatafor20kHz/1000voltsand100Apulsecurrentintheprimarycoilof40turns(1turnofthe
primarycoilprocessed25volts).Pulseinputofthepulsecurrent.MAGPULSQuickwapbythegeneratorto
theprimarycoilandusingtheballisticconductiontype20KeV(highvoltagecable)asthewindingwirein
thesecondarycoil
Outputpowerattheballisticcable1(20KVcapacitorvoltage)at:(secondarywindingturns6654=166.350
KV)
I=W(P):U=100400SecondaryWatt:166350=0.6035A:2=0.30173A
Electroncurrentdensitymaximumof0.30173Ainthe2DESlayersa.
Defectelectroncurrentdensitymaximumof0.30173Ainthe2DESlayersb.
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thesecondarycoil
Outputpowerattheballisticcable2(50KVcapacitorvoltage)at:(secondarywindingturns2660=66500
Volts)
a)theinstallationdatafora10kWhighfrequencymodelofballistictwodimensionalelectronelectronholes
(holes)energysystemsintheenergyofthehighfrequency504000kHzandtheartificialgravity.
[0468]
Simplemodeloftwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems.Thismethodoftheinventionis
thatatransformer(mayalsobeaHFtransformer),whosetwodimensionalsecondarycoil,aDChighvoltage(DC
voltage20to150kVorhigherDCvoltage)tothetwodimensionalsecondarycoillayersaandbofthesecondary
coilisappliedandtheprimarycoilsuppliedbyapulsegeneratororRFgeneratorwithpowerandgeneratesthe
inductioninthesecondarycoil.
[0469]
Thehighfrequencymodeltwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems504000kHz.Asamain
ingredientIuseaAXIORFgenerator10/450T/DesktopAXIO10/450power10KWOutputfrequency50450
kHz(HTTINGERElektronikGmbH+Co.KGElssserstrasse8,79110Freiburg,
info@de.huettinger.com/www.huettinger.com),ortubegeneratorsCompanyofhardening+Induktionsanlagen
perennialsMayerGmbHEmbankment62D73084Salach,mailto:mail@histaud.de.RFgenerators
Specifications Imagenotavailable theoutputtransformerIchangethisway:"Theintheprimerwindingtakesthe
fed110KWpoweron,theferritecoreoftheHighfrequencyoutputtransformerandthesecondarycoilisgestallte
thatthesecondarycoillargestpossiblewindingcompartmentforthe8mmmeasuredhighvoltagecablesbyLemo
ElektronikGmbH,HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.de,Partno/Best..No.201340/Conductor
resistance/conductorresistance56.1ohmmeter,OperatigvoltageOperatingvoltage50KV(testingvoltage75
KV)InnerconductorinnerconductorCuSn0.76mm=0.45mm2with4Ampersteadfast,"aufweit.
[0470]
(Theparticularstateoftheelectronsandholes,inthepresenceofelectricfieldstrengthsinthetwodimensional
line,bringsanorbitalrelatedincreaseinmassoftheelectronsandholes).
[0471]
thetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200mAcurrentand50keVelectronenergy
Iusethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/280065000065KV040mA.
[0472]
b)ForthefeedingofthehighDCvoltagetotheshieldandtheinnerconductorofthepowercableandthe
compoundsofIuseusedastwodimensionalcoilofthetwodimensionalloadthehighvoltageconnectors
andhighvoltagebushingsto100KV.
c)Theoutputtransformerismanufacturedaccordingtothesection3.1withtheappropriatetransformercore
for18KHzferritecoreto4000kHz.
Ushapewiththefinalweborsheetmetalwebofferrite
GraduationweboftheUshapedtransformercorecolumn(c=7cmwideweb(7x7cm),width(outside)
160cm,Ferritmaterialkern77cm=49cm2
Insulation16cm16cm
Widthofthetransformercore(platewidthb)160cm
Heightofthetransformercore(Uplateheighta)160cm
RightandleftoftheUshapedtransformercorecolumn(windowheightd)153cmand49cmcoresection2
Performanceofthesecondarycoilofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystem.
[0473]
Theprescribedinvestmentdatafor20kHzare:
a)powertotheprimarycoilbytheAXIORFgenerator50450kHz/withthefollowingpower:"Feedthe
primarywindingofRFoutputtransformerand1500voltsand6.6Ahighfrequencycurrent.
b)Theprimarycoilofthetransformer40haswindings(thus1turnequalto25volts).
ballisticcable:
Ballisticcable1Type20KeV
Secondarywindingturns6654=166.35K.
Powerfeedin2DEStransformer10.30KW
Outputballisticcable1(20KVcapacitorvoltage)at:
I=W(P):=USecondary10300Watt:166350=0.0619A:2=0.030A
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Ballisticcable2Type50KeV.
1.29)Heightofthevoltagepotentialonthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthetransformer.
[0474]
Thetwodimensionalsecondarycoilaccordingtotheprincipleofthecapacitorandaninductance(coil)builtupand
thereisahighelectrostaticDCvoltageatatitstwolinehalvesAandB,sotherearethechargecarriers,
"electronsandholes,"inwhichrespectiveorbitalsstate.
[0475]
Thegeneratedtwodimensionalelectronholeenergyhasthefollowingmasspronevoltage:
Duetothenatureofelectricalenergysuppliedtotheprimarycoil,itcreatesaccordingtoacertainmagnetic
inductioninthetwodimensionalballisticsecondarycoil(20kVor50kVor100kVor150kVor200kVor300kV
coil)ofthetransformer,thetwodimensionalelectronsthusgeneratedDefektelektronenenergiehasthefollowing
masspronevoltage:
a)poleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor
300keV,ballisticwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof50KeVhightensionvoltage
andpoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmeasureof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor
300keV,withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronexcessof50KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
b)poleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV
withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof50KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage
andpoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass20KeVor50KeVand100KeVor150keVor200keVor300
keV,withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronsexcessof50KeVhighlystrainedballistic
voltage.
[0476]
Thesefieldsofmassenbehaftevoltageandcurrentsofelectronsandholeshaveduetotheirmovementofthe
massesinareferencesystemgravitationalmagneticnature.AccordingtoEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativity
producemovingmassesinareferencesystem(energysystem)a"gravitomagnetic(gravitationalmagnetic)"field.
1.30)fieldsasspacestructurewithrespectto2DES.
Fieldsasspacestructureinthe2DES.
a)Thefieldconceptinphysics
[0477]
Thematterfreespacecanbecarriersofcertainphysicalpropertiesthatmakeevidentfromthefactthatthenacts
ateachpointonaspecimenlocatedthereanappropriateforcecertainsize.Sucharegionofspaceiscalleda
forcefieldorshortfield.
b)fieldtypes
[0478]
Inprinciple,onecandistinguishtwokindsoffields:
Asindicatedabove,afieldcanhaveasupportbase.Thisisknownasthesourceandthensupportthefieldas
wellasthesourcefield.Thefielddoesnothaveastartingpointandthereforenoendpoint.Ithasnosources.
Thisiscalledasourcefreeorvortexfield.
c)Effectofenergeticspacedistortion
[0479]
Thefieldtypeofhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronanddefectelectroncurrentsinatwodimensionalcoil
generatingaspatialstructurethatallowsaccesstothedisplacedenergyEinsteinspaceplanetogetshut.Ina
ballistictransformerhighfrequencyenergyisfedintotheprimarycoil.Bythetwodimensionalatthesecondary
coillayersaandbappliedhighelectrostaticDCvoltagethatcausesashiftoftheelectronorbitalsconduction
electronsoftheconductionlayersBtoAwiththeenergyof10KV300KV.Thestatesthat,inthetwodimensional
secondarycoillayersaandbareindividendelectronsandholes,thevelocityiszeroanditsinitialrestmasszero.
Ifthemagneticinductionoftheelectronsandholesbythepositiveandnegativeconductivelayersofthetwo
dimensionalcoilsmovetherethrough.
[0480]
Themovementoftheorbitalelectronsandholesmassesinthesystemoftwodimensionallineandcoilsofthe
energysystem,leadingtotheconstructionofaspatialconcentrationofelectronsandholesmasses(theresultof
theiradditionalmassaSpatialexpansionfactor[spacecurvature]have),thissolveaspatialcurvatureintheir
environment.Abouttheconsumersofthetwodimensionalflowtotheotherendofthepowergenerationunitflows
back.
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[0481]
Nowtheinjectedfrequencyenergychangesthedirectionofthemagneticinductionandmovesthemassprone
electronsandholesintheotherdirectionbythepositiveandnegativestressfieldsofthetwodimensionalcoil.
[0482]
Againdrivesthemagneticinduction,theelectronsandholespassingthroughthepositiveandnegativeconductive
layersofthetwodimensionallineandcoils.Thismovementoftheorbitalelectronsandholesmassesinthe
systemoftwodimensionallineandcoilsoftheenergysystem,leadingtotheconstructionofaspatial
concentrationofelectronsandholesmasses(theresultoftheiradditionalmassaSpatialexpansionfactor[space
curvature]have),theysolveaspatialcurvatureintheirenvironment.Abouttheconsumersofthetwodimensional
flowtotheotherendofthepowergenerationunitflowsback.
[0483]
Sincethemassproneelectronsandholesalternatelyflowingwithcertainfrequencyonedirectionandthenthe
otherdirectionbythetwodimensionalcoil,theyproducethiscoilaforcefieldwithahighmassmomentum
changingdirection.
[0484]
Thehighfrequencyalternatinginthetwodimensionallineandcoilsoftheenergysystemorbitalelectronsand
holesmassescreateaspacecurvaturevibrationalfieldandresonancewiththerelevantenergyEinsteinspace,the
slightlyfromthenormalEinsteinspacediffersitself.
[0485]
Thispropertyofvibratingatahighfrequencymassproneelectronanddefectelectroncurrentsopensreplacethis
particularspatialstructurethepossibilitiesmessaging.TheHyperHypertransmitterandreceiverusesthenature
ofthemasspronehighfrequencymodulatedinvolvingmasselectronsandelectronholesasbertagungsweg.
[0486]
Inotherwords:"Thehighfrequencyalternatingmagneticinductionproducedintheballistictwodimensional
secondarycoilofthetransformeranalternatingwithhighfrequencymassproneelectronsandholespulseofhigh
masses,whichbrieflyopenshisdimensionalspatialstructureoftheEinsteinspaceinthecoilssurroundingthe
cognatebutmovedenergeticallyEinsteinspace,Thiseffectofhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronand
defectelectroncurrentsinatwodimensional(2DES)coilcoilallowsmodulatedradiosignalsonthemove
energeticallytosendandreceivespatialdimension".
[0487]
Theeffectofspatialdistortionbytwodimensionalelectronholeenergycanbeused,interalia,timeintervals(or
information)betweentwomodulatedoscillationunits(Hyperradiotransmitterandradioreceiverhyper)ofthetwo
dimensionalelectronholeenergytransfer.Thefrequencyoftheoscillatingelectronandpositiveholemasses,the
amountofelectrostaticDCvoltageappliedtothetwodimensionalcoil,determinestheresultingorbitalmassofthe
electronsandtheelectronholes,thelayerintheshifteddimensionalEinsteinspaceandtheresultingdimensional
distortion.Theseverysmallvibratingatahighfrequencyinvolvingmasselectronsandholespairs,sotospeak,a
"particlepair","causeacorrespondingdimensionaldistortions"inregulartimeintervals,ie,apointlikeopeningin
theshiftedenergygenerateEinsteinspace.
[0488]
Itenableslongdistancespaceinoursolarsystemtoexchangemessages.Itrepresentstheconceptofthe
realizationofthesocalledHyperradiotransmission.
1.31)principlesoftwodimensionalelectronholesysteminatransformer.Zeropointenergyintheballistic
twodimensionalfieldcoils.
a)viewedfromthepointofviewoftheenergysystemconsistingofelectronsandholes.
(ZeropointenergyinenergysupplyofDCpulsedpowerorhighfrequencyenergy).
[0489]
Thefactthatinatwodimensionalconductionsystemhavetheelectronsandholes,thecommonenergyand
characterofthezeropointenergy,areobviousfromthesystemparameters.Bearthenegativeandpositivevoltage
potentialappliedtotheconductivelayersaandbofthetwodimensionalline(drawingno.2),determinesthezero
pointnatureofthistypeofenergy.
[0490]
Ifacoil,whichisbasedonthat2DESprincipleofmagneticinductionexposed,creatingamoreelectronanda
holeorbitalsvoltagepotentialswiththecharacterofthezeropointenergy.
b)Theforcefieldofthe2DESfieldcoilhaszerofieldquantum
[0491]
Thecommongravitationalmagneticforcefieldconsistsoftheballisticpotentialof166keV(secondarywinding
turns6654=166.350KV),negativeelectronsandpositiveholeorbitalsorbitalstogether.
[0492]
Themassvalueoftheelectronanddefectelectronconsistsoftherestmassandvirtualorbitalsacceleration
energy.
[0493]
Togethertheyformthedoublechargecarriermass,consistingofanegativeelectronorbitalmassandpositive
holeorbitalmass.
2.00)Theballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemforpulseddirectcurrent,alternatingcurrent
andhighfrequency14000kHz.
Utilitymodelstructure:
[0494]
Withtheembodiment1,first,asimpleinventivedesignoftheballisticelectronholeenergysystemina
transformer,beexplainedonthebasisofthepulsedirectcurrentaccordingtoclaim1,initsconstructionand
operation.Theprocessoftheinventionisthatatransformer(drawingno.1[canalsobeaHFtransformer]),the
primarycoil(drawingno.1,item6)IssuppliedbyapulsegeneratororRFgeneratorwithpowerandgeneratesas
theinductioninthetransformer.Thesecondarycoil(drawingno.1,item5),Followingtheexampleofthetwo
dimensionalelectronsystems(drawingno.2)isconstructed.Foractivationofthetwodimensionalelectronstate,
aDChighvoltage(DCvoltage20to300kVorhigherDCvoltage)totheterminalsofthesecondarycoilsoftwo
dimensionallayersAandB(drawingno.1,Pos5)Ofthesecondarycoilscreated.Inaccordancewiththeapplied
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voltage,theelectronsanddefectelectronsareacceleratedtohigherOrbitaleandgroundlevel.Throughthe
inductioninthetransformerariseelectronsandtheelectronholescurrentsgeneratecorresponding
massenbehaftendeficiencyandexcesspotentialinthesecondarycoil.
a)ForthisfrequencyModelethetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems133kHz
(pulsedirectcurrent)Iusethepulsegenerator"MAGPULSQuickwapgenerator",productofMAGPULS
PowerSystemsGmbH/IntheBox19/D76547sinzheim/EMail:magpuls@t
online.de/www.magpuls.com
b)ForthisfrequencyModelethetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems504000
kHz.AsamainingredientIuseaAXIORFgenerator10/450T/power10KWOutputfrequency50450
kHzorotherhighfrequencygeneratorof(.HTTINGERElektronikGmbH+Co.KG,ElssserStrasse8,
79110Freiburg)theoutputtransformerIchangethisway:"Theintheprimerwindingtakesonthepowerfed
110KWpower,theferritecoreoftheHighfrequencyoutputtransformerandthesecondarycoilisgestallte
thatthesecondarycoilwindingspaceaslargeaspossibleforthe8mmmeasuredbyhighvoltagecables
byLemoElektronikGmbH,HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.de,Partno/Best..No.
201340/Conductorresistance/conductorresistance56.1ohmmeter,OperatigvoltageOperatingvoltage
50KV(testingvoltage75KV)InnerconductorinnerconductorCuSn0.76mm=0.45mm2with4Amper
steadfast,"aufweit.
[0495]
thetype:
HighvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200mAcurrentand50keVelectronenergyIusethe
type:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/280065000065KV040mA.
[0496]
[0497]
ForfeedingsaidhighDCvoltagetotheshieldingandtheinnerconductorofthepowercableandforthe
connectionsofthetwodimensionalcoilofthetwodimensionalconsumersused,Iusethehighvoltageconnectors
andhighvoltagebushingsto100KVbythemanufacturerwww.hivolt.deandcompanyFuGElektronikGmbH
FlorianStrae2,83024Rosenheim.
c)brieflydescribedhereinrelatestotheresearchfieldofballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergy
systems,whichinthefieldofgravitationalmagneticfieldswiththeapplicationinatransformerorgenerator
forvibrationfrequenciesinPulsedDCarea,intheACrangeandthehighfrequencyrange.
[0498]
Thisballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemforpulseddirectcurrent,alternatingcurrentandhigh
frequency14000kHzcanalsopulsegeneratorRFgenerator,highvoltagepowersupply,ferritecores,special
highvoltagecables,highvoltageconnectorsandhighvoltagebushingsfromAmericanmanufacturers,established
GermanproducersandFrenchproducersandbemadewiththesecomponents.
2.10)utilitymodelstructureaccordingtoavailableindustrialparts.Forthemodelofthetwodimensional
electronelectronholes(holes)energysystems133kHz(pulsedirectcurrent)Iusethepulsegenerator
"MAGPULSQuickwapgenerator",productofMAGPULSPowerSystemsGmbH/IntheBox19/D76547
Sinzheim/Email:magpuls@tonline.de/www.magpuls.com
UtilityModelI.
Transformercoretransformercorefor18KHzferritecoreto450kHz(drawingno.1) Imagenotavailable
Heightofthetransformercore(ferrite)(UCoreheightPos12)160cm
Lengthofthetransformercore(ferrite)(UcorelengthItem7)160cm
Corecrosssectionofthetransformercore(A)7x7cm=4900mm2
RightandleftoftheUshapedtransformercorecolumn(ferrite)(windowheightPos15)153cm.
WeboftheUshapedtransformercorecolumn(ferrite)(Poswideweb13(7cmx7cm,landlengthequal
lengthoutercore).
[0499]
OverthelengthofthetransformercoreatthePos3thecorewithamountingbracketwithitsmountingis
permanentlyconnected.
[0500]
TherectangularprimarybobbinandtherectangularsecondarybobbinwiththethereoninthewindingsintheU
shapedtransformercorecolumn(windowheightPos15)MountedontheUshapedtransformercorecolumn.
Specialdesignofthetransformercorefor18kHzto450kHzferritecoreofcompanyKASCHKEKGGMBH&
CO.POBox254237015GttingenGermanyPhone+49(0)55150586Fax+49(0)51657556Email
info@kaschke.deorWagner+GrimmAG,workStrasse4,POBox662,CH6102MaltersorTrideltaDortmund,
Ostkirchstrasse177D44287Dortmund,GermanyEmail:info@tridelta.de.
2.11)FortheisolationofthetransformerandthehighvoltageconnectionsoneIsolierfllmasseneeded.
Isolierfllmasse
EpoxylaminatingsystemEPL285/EPH275/Quantity:5KGresin+hardener2KgorcastresinTECE
PUR280for10kV
Stefan.Oehler@bacuplast.de
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3/4/2015
Twocomponentpolyurethanecastingresinsystem
TECEThews&ClverGmbH/Osterdeich64/28203Bremen
g.haake@tece.cominfo@tece.com
2.12)forthistransformercore,Ineedthefollowingrectangularprimarybobbin
Primarybobbin
Drawingno.3
Primarybobbin
rectangularcoilbody(item21)Kernquerschitt7x7cm(49cm2)
Wallthicknessoftherectangularbobbin2.5cm
Heightofwindinglayers(20)20cm
BobbinHeightwithinsulation150cm
Windinglength(Pos23)Ofthecoilbody145cm
2.13)windingwirefortheprimarycoil.
6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.deisusedintheballistictransformerprimarywindingwire.
KV/diameter=0.75..0.44mm2=loadedwith3amps.
3703...used.
Imagenotavailable
10mor25mring
Powerrange:0120Aat0to1000Voltsupplyontheprimarywinding25KHzprimarywinding10.2turns
and26mm
98.03voltsperturn
and26mm
78.74voltsperturn
and26sqmm,34.01voltsperturn
WhenprimarypowerbyMAGPULSQuickwapgeneratorontheprimarycoil,systemdatafor20KHz/1000
voltsand100Apulsecurrent28.3turns=35.26voltsperturn.
2.14)forthemodelofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems133kHz(pulse
directcurrent)Iusethepulsegenerator"MAGPULSQuickwapgenerator",productofMAGPULSPower
SystemsGmbH/IntheBox19/D76547Sinzheim/EMail:magpuls@tonline.de/www.magpuls.com
Powersupplytotheprimarycoil
Powerinput400/230VAC,50/60Hz
Mainsfuse3100Asluggish
Outputvoltage01000VDCorpulsed
Outputcurrent050ADCorpulsed0500A
PulsefrequencyDC,0.05Hz33kHzfreeadjustabilityofthepulsetimes
ArcLevel0100A
Arcshutdown<1microseconds
CoolingWaterCooling
Design19''rackequipmentinstalledinaRittalEMCcabinet
DimensionsHWD2000600800mm
Weightabout350kg
2.15)forthistransformerIneedthefollowingrectangularsecondarybobbin:
Secondarybobbin:
rectangularcoilbody(drawingno.3)Kernquerschitt7x7cm(49cm2)
Heightofwindinglayers(drawingno.3,item20)=Diameterof80cm
Windinglength(drawingno.3,item23)Ofthecoilbody145cm
ManufacturedbyWeisserbobbinGmbH&Co.KG,Heidenheimerstrae26/73450
Neresheim/weisser@weisser.de
2.151)highvoltagecableisusedasthetwodimensionalwindingwireinthesecondarycoilofthe
57/94
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transformer2DES.
Highvoltagecablesuseastwodimensionalwindingwire.
Seepicturen.2Pos16=InternalconductorPos17=Insulationbetweentheinnerconductorandthe
outerconductor(shield)Pos18=Outerconductor(shield)Pos19=(Insulation)outersheath.
HigevoltagecablehighvoltagecablecompanyLemoElektronikGmbH/HansSchwindtStr.Delivered
6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.de
Highvoltagecable:
OrderNo.201340/Conductorresistance55.9/km/insulationresistancemilliohms1,000/km/
Operatingvoltage50KV(150KVballisticcapacitorvoltage)/testvoltage75kV/innerconductorfrom
Phosphorbronze/building70.26=0.76mm/envelopedbyaninsulationofPErt2.88mm/
envelopedbyaninnersheathofPVCrt5.2mm/,surroundedbyashieldCubl5.48mm/surrounded
byanoutersheathPVCrt7,28mminsulationofthewindingtowindingoftheoutersheath36kVor
higherforrolloverprotectionofindividualturnsofthesecondarycoiloftheoutersheathofPVCissetat
14.56mm.
(Internalcrosssection3mm2,supportsuptoabout3A)
Insulatingstrengthperlayeratleast10KV
Twodimensionalwinding
At19306turns35V/porturn=675.7K.outputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthe
transformer2DES.
6656turnsV35.26perturn=232KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthe
transformer2DES.
In4000windingsV35.26perturn=95KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthe
transformer2DES.
At1800turns63KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthetransformer2DES.
In1429andturns50KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthetransformer2DES.
[0501]
Asatwodimensionalcoilwiresothesecondarycoilofthetransformer2DESspecialflexibleshieldedhighvoltage
cablecanbe10to500KVused.
Othertwodimensionalwindings
Otherpossiblesystemdataoftheballistictransformerfromthetwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystem.
thesecondarycoil
Poweroutput1000VA+100200000.02VA=100400watts=100.4KW=0.19157A
Outputpowerattheballisticcable1(20KVcapacitorvoltage)at:
Secondarywindingturns6654=166.350KV
thesecondarycoil
Poweroutput1000VA100volt+500001004000A=0.02watts=101KW=0.191A.
theprimarycoilandusingtheballisticconductiontype100KeV(highvoltagecablemanufacturer
www.hivolt.de)asthewindingwireinthesecondarycoil
Poweroutput1000VA100+50000volts0.02A=1004000Watt=101KW=0.191A.
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2.16)DCsupplytothecoilhalvesaandbofballisticcoilorcableorwirewindinghalves.
DCsupplytothecoilhalvesaandbofballisticcoilorcableorwirewindinghalvesandbynetworkdevices
ofF..G.ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fugelektronik.de
Type:HighvoltagepowersupplyHCL/35020000,020000volt/current015mA
Type:HighvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/current0200
Type:HighvoltagepowersupplyHCN/280065000065KV040mA
Type:HighVoltagePowerSuppliesHCN/14001000000100000V012mA,
Type:HighVoltagePowerSupplyHCH/28001000000100000V015mA
2.17)Thishighvoltagecableisusedasconnectingcabletotheballisticandcoilwindingwireasthe
ballistictwodimensionalfieldcoil.
Thishighvoltagecable50KV,orderno.201340Conductorresistance55.9Ohm/kmofcompanyLemo
ElektronikGmbH/HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.deisusedastheconnectingcableto
theballisticandcoilwindingwireasthesecondballistictwodimensionalfieldcoil.
(Rectangularcoilbody(drawingno.3)Kernquerschitt7x7cm(49cm2)
ManufacturedbyWeisserbobbinGmbH&Co.KG,Heidenheim
Street26/73450Neresheim/weisser@weisser.de)
Inanumberofturnsofwindings=6656approximately230KVvoltage
load=5324.8mlengthand100metersinadditionlead(2x50m)
load=lengthof5424.8m=5.42484Km55.9=303.24ohms
2.18)Accessories:Highvoltageconnectorsandsockets.
HighvoltageconnectorsHS21tomax.20KV
HighvoltagebushingsF3430max.20KV
8/perplantwithattachedgravitycoil
HighvoltageconnectorsHVS65/max65KV8piecesperplant.
Highvoltagebushingtoamaximumof65KV/8/perplant.
[0502]
Inordertomakethehighvoltagecable1or2onthetwodimensionalsecondarycoil,thetwodimensional
connectioncable(2DEScable)totheconsumer(theballisticcoil)andthefeedingofthecapacitorvoltagefromthe
highvoltagepowersupplyarehighvoltageconnectorsandjacksrequiredto100kV.
[0503]
Singlepolehighvoltageconnectorsfor20to100kV,manufacturedandsuppliedbycompanywww.ges
electronic.deorwww.hivolt.deofthemanufacturerorcompanyFuGElektronikGmbH,FlorianStrae2,83024
Rosenheim.
[0504]
Thehighvoltageconnectingunitsforthehighvoltagecable1or2onthetwodimensionalsecondarycoil,thetwo
dimensionalconnectioncable(2DEScable)totheconsumer(theballisticcoil)andthefeedingofthecapacitor
voltagefromthehighvoltagepowersupplywillbemadeofacorrespondingplastichousing,mountedthereonhigh
voltageconnectorsinthehousingtwopolesconnectedtoeachotheraremade.Inordertoisolatethesespecial
casesareinsidefilledwithaHochspannungsisoliermasse.Arethecorrespondinghighvoltageorhighvoltage
connectorsocketsattheterminalsofthecableandthesecondarywinding.
[0505]
Theplastichousing9711076mmbeige/brownmanufacturedandsuppliedbyapraplastPlasticPackaging
SystemsGmbH*5230,Hamsterweg9D54550Daunoranothercompany.
[0506]
Junctionboxesmadeofplasticinwhichthetwoorthreehighvoltagebushingupto65100KV...mountedwith
eachotherandwithcompositeIsolierfllmasse,epoxylaminatingsystemEPL285/EPH275/Quantity:5KG
resin+hardener2Kg=128costsorTECEcastresinPU280isshedfor10kV.
2.19)Isolierschrumpfschlauch
[0507]
Isolierschrumpfschlauchthatinsulationcapacitymustbe54KVbetweenthetwoendofthesecondarycoil.
Insulationcapacitymustbe100KVbetweenthetwoendsofthesecondarycoil.Isolierschrumpfschlauchonthe
lowerwindinglayerandthelastupperwindinglayer
2.2)utilitymodelstructureaccordingtoavailableindustrialparts.
Forthemodeloftwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems504000kHz.Asamain
ingredientIuseaAXIORFgenerator10/450T/DesktopAXIO10/450power10KWOutputfrequency
50450kHzorotherhighfrequencygenerator(HTTINGERElektronikGmbH+Co.KG,ElssserStrasse
8,79110Freiburg,info@de.huettinger.com/www.huettinger.com
UtilityModelII.
Transformercoretransformercorefor18kHzto4000kHzferritecore(drawingno.1) Imagenotavailable
59/94
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lengthoutercore).
[0508]
[0509]
Ostkirchstrasse177D44287Dortmund,GermanyEmail:info@tridelta.de.
Isolierfllmasse
PUR280for10kV
Primarybobbin
Drawingno.3
Primarybobbin
3703...used.
Imagenotavailable
10mor25mring
and26mm
98.03voltsperturn
and26mm
78.74voltsperturn
2.24)forthemodeloftwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems504000kHz.Asa
mainingredientIuseaAXIORFgenerator10/450T/DesktopAXIO10/450power10KWOutput
frequency50450kHzorotherhighfrequencygenerator(HTTINGERElektronikGmbH+Co.KG,
ElssserStrasse8,79110Freiburg,info@de.huettinger.com/www.huettinger.com
HighFrequencyTransformerforfeedingtheprimaryofthetransformer2DES:AXIORFgenerator10/450T
Ratiooftheoutputtransformer1:1
Maximumoutputvoltage1500V
60/94
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orotherhighfrequencygeneratorHTTINGERelectronicsGmbH+Co.KG(TrumpfAG)forthepower
supplytotheprimarycoilofthetransformer2DES:
RFgeneratorsofHttiger/StockingAG. Imagenotavailable
Orpowertotheprimarycoilofthetransformer2DESbytubegeneratorsofcompanyhardening+
InduktionsanlagenperennialsMayerGmbHEmbankment62*D73084Salach,soRFgenerators,
Specifications:HG03to0.3KW4000KHzHG1to1.0KW2000KHzHG2to2.0KW2000KHz
HG3to3.0KW2000KHzHG6to6.0KW200KHzHG8to8.0KW1000KHzHG1212KW
300/500/700/2000KHzHG1616KW300/500/700/2000KHzHG2020KW300/500/700/2000KHz
HG2525KW300/500/700KHzHG3030KW300/500/700KHz,HG5050KW300/500/700KHz
HG6060KW300/500/700KHzHG8080KW300/500/700KHzHG100100KW300/500/700KHz.
Secondarybobbin:
rectangularcoilbody(drawingno.3)Kernquerschitt7x7cm(49cm2)
ManufacturedbyWeisserbobbinGmbH&Co.KG,Heidenheimerstrae26/73450
Neresheim/weisser@weisser.de
2.251)highvoltagecableisusedasthetwodimensionalwindingwireinthesecondarycoilofthe
transformer2DES.
Seepicturen.2Pos16=InternalconductorPos17=Insulationbetweentheinnerconductorandthe
Highvoltagecable:
OrderNo.201340/Conductorresistance55.9/km/insulationresistancemilliohms1,000/km/
Phosphorbronze/building70.26=0.76mm/envelopedbyaninsulationofPErt2.88mm/
envelopedbyaninnersheathofPVCrt5.2mm/,surroundedbyashieldCubI5.48mm/surrounded
byanoutersheathPVCrt7,28mminsulationofthewindingtowindingoftheoutersheath36kVor
higherforrolloverprotectionofindividualturnsofthesecondarycoiloftheoutersheathofPVCissetat
14.56mm.
Twodimensionalwinding
19306turns35V/porturn=675.7K.outputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthe
transformer2DES.
6656turnsV35.26perturn=232KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthe
transformer2DES.
4000windingsV35.26perturn=95KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthe
transformer2DES.
At1800turns63KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthetransformer2DES.
In1429andturns50KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthetransformer2DES.
[0510]
Othertwodimensionalwindings
Othertwodimensionalwindingsofthesecondarycoilofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energy
system.
[0511]
Theprescribedinvestmentdatafor20kHzare:
a)powertotheprimarycoilbytheAXIORFgenerator50450kHz/withthefollowingpower:"Feedthe
primarywindingofRFoutputtransformerand1500voltsand6.6Ahighfrequencycurrent.
b)Theprimarycoilofthetransformer40haswindings(thus1turnequalto25volts).
ballisticcable:
Ballisticcable1Type20KeV
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2.252)DCsupplytothecoilhalvesaandbofballisticcoilorcableorwirewindinghalvesaandbuby
networkdevicesofF..G.ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fug
elektronik.de
2.253)Thishighvoltagecable50KVisusedastheconnectingcabletotheballisticcoilwindingwireand
asforthetwodimensionalfieldcoil
Thishighvoltagecable50KV,orderno.201340Conductorresistance55.9Ohm/kmofcompanyLemo
ElektronikGmbH/HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.deisusedastheconnectingcableto
theballisticcoilwindingwireandasforthetwodimensionalfieldcoil.
(Rectangularcoilbody(drawingno.3)Kernquerschitt7x7cm(49cm2)
Street26/73450Neresheim/weisser@weisser.de)
Inanumberofturnsofwindings=6656approximately230KVvoltage
load=5324.8mlengthand100metersinadditionlead(2x50m)
load=lengthof5424.8m=5.42484Km55.9=303.24ohms
2.254)Accessories:Highvoltageplugsandsockets.
8/perplantwithattachedgravitycoil
HighvoltageconnectorsHVS65/max65KV8piecesperplant.
Highvoltagebushingtoamaximumof65KV/8/perplant.
[0512]
Inordertomakethehighvoltagecable1or2onthetwodimensionalsecondarycoil,thetwodimensional
connectioncable(2DEScable)totheconsumer(theballisticcoil)andthefeedingofthecapacitorvoltagefromthe
highvoltagepowersupplyarehighvoltageconnectorsandjacksrequiredto100kV.
[0513]
Rosenheim.
[0514]
Thehighvoltageconnectingunitsforthehighvoltagecable1or2onthetwodimensionalsecondarycoil,thetwo
dimensionalconnectioncable(2DEScable)totheconsumer(theballisticcoil)andthefeedingofthecapacitor
voltagefromthehighvoltagepowersupplywillbemadeofacorrespondingplastichousing,mountedthereonhigh
voltageconnectorsinthehousingtwopolesconnectedtoeachotheraremade.Inordertoisolatethesespecial
casesareinsidefilledwithaHochspannungsisoliermasse.Arethecorrespondinghighvoltageorhighvoltage
connectorsocketsattheterminalsofthecableandthesecondarywinding.
[0515]
Theplastichousing9711076mmbeige/brownmanufacturedandsuppliedbyapraplastPlasticPackaging
62/94
3/4/2015
SystemsGmbH*5230,Hamsterweg9D54550Daunoranothercompany.Junctionboxesmadeofplasticin
whichthetwoorthreehighvoltagebushingupto65100KV...mountedwitheachotherandwithcomposite
Isolierfllmasse,epoxylaminatingsystemEPL285/EPH275/Quantity:5KGresin+hardener2Kg=128
costsorTECEcastresinPU280isshedfor10kV.
2.255)Isolierschrumpfschlauch
[0516]
54KVinsulationcapacitymustbebetweenthetwoendofthesecondarycoil.Insulationcapacitymustbe100KV
betweenthetwoendsofthesecondarycoil.Isolierschrumpfschlauchonthelowerwindinglayerandthelastupper
windinglayer
2.30Basicparametersvalues
[0517]
Thetwodimensionalelectronsystembasedonthedisplacementoftheelectronorbitalelectronsfromthevalence
bandtotheconductionlayerbtoawiringlayer.Thisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighelectrostatic20500KV
DCvoltageofthewiringlayerforwiringlayerba.Increaseinmassoftheelectronsinthepresenceofelectricfield
strengthsinthetwodimensionalline.
[0518]
Theparticularstateofthe2DESlineisgeneratedbyapplyingahighelectricfieldstrengthsofabout1to1000kV/
cmtotheballistictwodimensionalline.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighDCvoltagetotheelectrostatic
2DESline,ieonthewiringlayerbanda.Theseelectronorbitaldisplacementoftheelectronsbtothewiringlayer
a,leavesinthevalencebandofthewiringlayerbanunoccupiedstatewithapositivechargeformedbyaquasi
particles,calleddefectelectronorhole(hole),withthequasimomentumkh=keisfromthevalencebandofthe
wiringlayerdescribed,Theelectronsandtheholesareleftbytheforcesactingonthetwodimensionallinevery
highnegativeandpositivevoltagepotentials,anaccelerationinahigherOrbitalemassenniveau.Theamountofthe
respectiveorbitalsmassisdeterminedbytheamountofvoltageappliedtothetwodimensionalelectrostatic
voltageline.
[0519]
Thefactisasinthephysicsofparticleacceleratorsandinthework"geregtesGaAs:evidenceforeffectsof
BlochoszillationinanaturalsemiconductorDissertationfortheDoctoralDegreeinNaturalSciencesFacultyof
NaturalSciencesIIPhysicsUniversityofRegensburgpresented(drrer.Nat.).byRaymondFranzSummerof
WaldsassenJune27,2002"(thefollowingdescriptionsarethemassincreasebyahighvoltageelectrostatic
describes)isknown.
2.31)levelofballisticgeneratedvoltage.
Inthetransformerorgenerator.
[0520]
Theorbitalsofthemassdefectelectronandtheelectronisproducedbythetheseparatedbyisolation
Leitungsschichenaandb,adjacenthighelectrostaticvoltage.Thereisachargetransferfromtheconductivelayer
toaconductivelayerb,theelectronandtheelectronsofthedefectmanifestsitselfasavoltagepotentialis
orbitals.Throughtheseorbitalsvoltagepotential,theelectronandtheholeautomaticallygetpointedtoahigher
massthaniftheywouldstayinthegroundstate.Thisistheinteractionoftheatomicnucleioftheballistic
conductionlayeraandb.Releasethesupplyvoltagelevelofthecapacitorbetweentheelectronandhole
conductinglayersaandbdeterminestheactingballisticelectronorbitalsandelectronmassdefect(20kVor50
kV).
Type20KeV.
(Manufacturerwww.hivolt.de)
[0521]
Duetothenatureofelectricalenergysuppliedtotheprimarycoil,itcreatesaccordingtoacertainmagnetic
inductioninthetwodimensionalballisticsecondarycoil(20kVor50kVor100kVor150kVor200kVor300kV
coil)ofthetransformer,thetwodimensionalelectronsthusgeneratedDefektelektronenenergiehasthefollowing
masspronevoltage:
300keV,ballisticwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof50KeVhightensionvoltage
300keV,withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronexcessof50KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
andpoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass20KeVor50KeVand100KeVor150keVor200keVor300
voltage.
[0522]
Thesefieldsofmassenbehaftevoltageandcurrentsareduetotheirmovementofthemassesinareference
systemgravitationalmagneticnature.Theacceleratedbythehighkineticenergyofthemagneticinductionfield
electronsandholes,canbepartofthistransfertheirenergyuponimpactonasecondelectron,andthisthusmake
itpossibletomovefromthevalencetotheconductionband.Theelectronsandholesgeneratedinthiswaycan
nownaturallyturnareacceleratedandgeneratemoreelectronholepairs.
[0523]
Electronsandholesmoveinpairsinthesamedirectionbytheballistic2DESlayersaandb.
SpecialNature:Physicalquantumradiationofenergyathighfrequency
2.32)Crosssectionoftheballisticelectronandholelineorwindingwireofthetwodimensionalcoil.
Operatingvoltage20kV(Type20KeV)
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HighvoltagecablePartno/Best.No.201340/Conductorresistance/conductorresistance56.1Ohm
meter
OperatigvoltageOperatingvoltage050KV(testingvoltage75KV)
InnerconductorinnerconductorCuSn0.76mm=0.45mm2with4ampereload.
Schreen/shield6.5mmto7.3mmwith4ampereload.
Innerconductor0.75mm2supportsupto4amps
Outersheathabout0.3825mm2supportsupto4amps
Isolationfromturntoturn210=20KVKV
Operatingvoltage50KV(Type50KeV).
6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.deisusedintheballistictransformerasthesecondarywindingwire.
2.33)electronandholecurrents,currentflowintheballisticelectronandholeline.
Conductivelayeraandbonlyto0.255A.
Inballisticcable050KV
Electroncurrentdensitythan14,A
2.34)shiftfactoroftheelectrostaticDCvoltageintheballisticconductionpartsorcoilpartsaandb
determinesthemassofelectronsandholesinthistwodimensionalLeitungorcoilsystem
[0524]
Dependingon:
[0525]
Theamountofenergyyouhavetospendtoinfinitytoremovealloftheelectronsoftheatomfarfromthenucleus
a)bindingenergyofelectronsintheatomicshell
ofeachotherandarereferredtoasbindingenergy.Itissmallerinallexcitedstatesthaninthegroundstate.As
youstate,withoutinteraction,inwhichallelectronsatinfinityrestthatassignszeroenergy,theenergy
eigenvalues
oftheboundstatesagreeinmagnitudewiththebindingenergyintherespectivestatematch.The
bindingenergiesarepositiveandarebetween13.6eVforthehydrogenatomandtheorderof100keVforthe
heavyatoms.ThebindingenergyEBreferstotheFermienergyEForthechemicalpotentialofthesolid.The
workfunction0describestheenergydifferencebetweentheFermienergy(bodyenergyatomicnucleus)and
vacuumlevelandisacharacteristic,materialandsurfacespecificsizeTheunderlyingideawastodeterminethe
energydistributionofoccupiedelectronicstatesN(EB)bythephotoemissionexcitationintoconvertadistribution
ofphotoelectronsI(Ekin)withcorrespondingkineticenergy,thekineticenergyofthephotoelectronscanthenbe
measuredbymeansofsuitablemagneticorelectrostaticanalyzers.Soaphotoemissionspectrumcontainsthe
productofelectronicdensityofstatesN(E)andFermidistributionf(E,T)describesthetemperaturedependent
occupationofthestates.
[0526]
OneofthemostimportantexamplesoftheeffectsofastrongelectronelectroninteractionistheKondoeffectin
metals,whichmanifestsitselfasacharacteristicminimuminthe(indepth)Temperaturedependenceofthe
electricalresistance.Itscauseistheelectrostaticmagneticcouplingofthefconductionelectronstotheatom,is
alsothereasonfortheoccurrenceofsocalledheavyfermionsystems.Theirthermodynamicpropertiescanbe
obtainedbyelectronlikequasiparticleswithanunusuallylargeeffectivemassofoneupto1000timesthemassof
afreeelectrondescribe.Theemissionspectraofsuchhighlycorrelatedsystemareverycomplicated.Todescribe
themanybodyeffectsarerequired,thesocalledspectralfunction,whichtakestheplaceofthedensityofstates
N(E)oftheoneelectronimage.Inthesystemsdiscussedhere,thestronginteractionbetweenconduction
electronsandmagneticinductionleads(moments)tothefactthatclosetothespectralfunctionofthefelectrons
forcerium(Atom)abovetheFermienergyshowsasharp,veryintensestructureiscalledtheKondoresonance.
[0527]
Duetothehighelectrostaticvoltageonthetwodimensionallineevokedextremeelectrostaticmagneticcouplingof
theconductionelectronsontheatomforthatdescribedsemiconductorphysicsKondoeffect.Theconduction
electronsgetvirtuallygivenahighermassthankstothiscouplingoftheatomsoftheballisticconductionlayer,it
createsacongenerheavyfermionsystems.
b)Thechargecarrieroffset20to300kVofappliedvoltageonthecapacitorballisticconductionlayeror
ballisticcoillayer(aandb).Theorbitalmassoftheelectronandtheelectrondefectcausedbytheseparate
totheLeitungsschichenbyisolatingaandbarefittinghighelectrostaticvoltage.Thereisachargecarrier
offsetfromthelinelayertoaconductivelayerb,whichisexpressedasadividendinexploiting
Obitalespannungspotentialelectronandtheholeup.BythisObitalespannungspotentialtheelectronandthe
holeautomaticallygetpointedtoahighermassthanwhentheyareinthegroundstate.Thisisthe
interactionwiththeatomicnucleioftheballisticconductionlayer.
[0528]
TherearecompositeFermionenteilchen.
[0529]
Theparticularstateofthe2DESlineisdescribed.
[0530]
Itisgeneratedbyapplyingalargeelectricfieldstrengthsofabout1to1000kV/cmattheballisticdimensional
c)increaseinmassoftheelectronatelectricfieldstrengths
line.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighDCvoltagetotheelectrostatic2DESline,ieonthewiringlayerb
anda.Theseelectronorbitaldisplacementoftheelectronsbtothewiringlayera,leavesinthevalencebandof
thewiringlayerbanunoccupiedstatewithapositivechargeformedbyaquasiparticles,calleddefectelectronor
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hole(hole),withthequasimomentumkh=keisfromthevalencebandofthewiringlayerdescribed,The
electronsandtheholesareacceleratedbyanaccelerationgroundleveltothelevelofthenegativeandpositive
voltagepotentialbyactingonthetwodimensionallineveryhighpositiveandnegativevoltagepotentials.This
accelerationismanifestedascorrespondingincreaseinmassoftheelectronandtheelectronholes,eachorbital
mass.
[0531]
In"geregtesGaAs:evidenceforeffectsofBlochoszillationinanaturalsemiconductorDissertationfortheDoctoral
DegreeinNaturalSciences(...Dr.rernat)FacultyofNaturalSciencesIIPhysicsUniversityofRegensburg
presentedbyRaymondFranzSummerofWaldsassen27June2002"Thefollowingdescriptionsaredescribingthe
increaseinmassbyahighelectrostaticvoltage.Thissamefactisalsoknownfromthephysicsofparticle
accelerators.
2.35)theoryofdimensionsfromthepointofviewofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)
energysystem.
[0532]
Ifyouwanttogetageneraloverviewintherealmofphysicstoday,willnotgetveryfarincircumstanceswhere
he.Thisonlyearthlystandards,suchasIsaacNewtononceattachesVeryquicklyheisconfrontedwiththe
generaltheoryofrelativity,AlbertEinstein,ortakenspirituallywiththesearchforaunifiedworldformula.Hewill
meetnewdimensions,butwhatisadimension?
[0533]
Letuslookattheconceptofdimensionalittlecloser.Adimensionisyesinprinciplenothingmorethana
predictableunitandreflectsthecontextofamathematicalorphysicalquantityofthebasicparametersofthe
measuringsystemusedagain.Simplifiescouldadefinitionlooklikethis:Adimensionismeasurableand
predictablepropertysize.Inphysics,forexample,themeteraphysicalspacesize,asthehourasatimevariable.
[0534]
Thatis,thisactuallyprovesasimplestatement.Tofeelnotconcentratedusinlifeorsufferfromconstantstress,
ourlivesmusttakeplaceatleastinafivedimensionalhabitat.Ourthreedimensionalspaceinwhichwemove,
consistsoflengthwidthheight.Wespeakofafourdimensionalspaceorfourdimensionalspacetime
structure,andifwelookattheeventsintheuniverse,itisnecessarytoincludeotherdimensionsbeinour
thoughts.
[0535]
InMuchhasalreadybeenwritten,orreportedinpopularscienceprograms,andalwaysnewerbetterunderstanding
waspresentedbyresearchinthisarea.Inthecourseoftheyearstheywereaimingalittlecloser,Mausche
scientificresearchresultsinthefieldsofthemicrocosmandthemacrocosmbroughtgreatprogress.Asthename
suggests,inthescientificdisciplinesofthemicrocosmoneisoccupiedwiththephysicalpropertiesofsmall
particles,alsoreferredtoasquantumphysicssufficientlyfamiliar.Inthesearchesontheplaneandinthefield
macrocosmitcomestothetheoryofrelativity,andrelatedlinks.
[0536]
Oneofthefirstscientistswhorecognizedthatatheoryofrelativitycanonlybecarriedexpectsatisfactoryresults
whenadditionaldimensionsareconsulted,wereTheodorKaluzaandOskarKlein.Alreadyin1921countedKaluza
generalrelativityisnot4,butwith5dimensionsbyandreceivedonlybytheaidofthis5thdimensionsatisfactory
resultsinhisequations.OskarKleinlaterextendedthistheorytotheeffectthatthe5thdimensionwouldnotbe
recognizableasthisextradimensionbehavedlikeacoileddimension.Thereadermightimaginethisdimension
rolledaboutlikearolledupballofwool.Aballofyarnwouldperceivethemanfromadistance,justasapoint
withoutknowingtheactualdimensionofthelengthofthePfadens.
[0537]
Butbacktotheunifiedworldformulaandthedimensionsofthemicrocosmandthemacrocosm.Onewould
probablycomeinmanylarge,andinasmanyareasstilllargelyunresolvedquestionsabouttheorigins,evolution
andnaturallawsofouruniversehardlyastepfurther,bothareasofthesedisciplineswouldbeconsidered
separatelyandtreatedeachother.Abridge,asacommonbasis,shouldbebeaten.
[0538]
Inordertobridgethisgapevenbeginranged4dimensionsbyfarnotenough.Ithadtobeinvolvedmore
dimensionstohelpequationsshouldriseevenclose.Amongotherthings,thisstringtheorywasdeveloped,which
isnowrecognizedbythemajorityofquantumphysicists.Thisstringtheoryisthateachquarkhas6chargesas
Urteilchenofknownmatterandthesesixchargesform6dimensions.Theresultisthenthefollowingdimensions
forourcurrentinformation,presentworldview,therolledupdimensioncouldnotprevail:
01.Length/02.Width/03.Height/04thTime/
05.rolleddimension
06.Spincharge/07thweakcharge/08thelectriccharge/09thColorcharge
10heavycargo/11thLeptonenladung
[0539]
Thesechargesaretobelocatedinasixdimensionalcargospace.Hasseenthiscargospacestillnoone,butwith
quantumnumberscancalculateanddefinethatcontent.Thenowitdevoted10to11dimensionalviewoftheworld
hasthegreatadvantage,itcanalsobeconsultedtocalculationsofquantumphysicistsprobablythesameasfor
calculationsonthemacrophysics,orisnotincontradictiontothelattercalculations.Nowifstilldoesnotprove
theavailablesizesthansufficientforcertaincalculationmethodsprovideasatisfactoryresultintheirequations,
onecanuseandsetupotherdimensions.
2.36)Byfeedingthepulsedirectcurrentoralternatingcurrentorradiofrequencyenergyintheprimarycoilof
thetransformer,thetwodimensionaltypeofenergyofthecorrespondingtwodimensionalinvolvingmass
electronsandholesgeneratedinthetwodimensionalballisticsecondarycoil.Theweightbearingelectron
andholepotentialfieldsradiategravitationalquantumfields.
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[0540]
Thegravitationalmagneticquantumtriggeredbytheirhighoscillationfrequenciesintheirimmediategeographical
environment,thenaturalgravitationalfieldlinesfromandcreateenergyfieldswiththespatialstructureofthe
property.
[0541]
Theexistingmassproneelectronanddefectelectronpotentialenergyfieldschangetheroomaroundher,sothat
anenergyrelatedspeciesEinsteinspaceiscreated.Thischaracteristicofthehighlyoscillatinginvolvingmass
electronandtheholepotentialfieldsallowartificialspatialstructureswithdifferentenergyvalues
suchasEinstein
tocreatespace.
[0542]
Inotherwords,massproneelectronandtheholepotentialfieldsinthefrequencyrangefrom1to4000kHz.The
turnsofthecoil2DESproduceenergeticelectronandtheholepotentialfieldswiththefieldsofthepropertyasa
spatialstructure.
Application:VibrationControlof1Hzto4000kHz,fields,andspatialstructure.
Spatialdimensionsoftheballistictwodimensionalfieldelectrondefectelectronenergysystem.
AccordingtoEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativityproducemovingmassesa"gravitationalmagnetic"field.
[0543]
ThisoscillatingathighfrequencyelectronparticlesandDefektelektronenteilcheninsuchadualballistic
transformersystemhavethispropertyofthegravitationalmagneticfield.
[0544]
Aremarknoconsequencewhicharisefromthesystemparametervalues
oftheoscillatingmassesintheballistic
fieldelectrontransformersystemanddualballisticlargefieldelectroncoilsystem,achangeintheareaof
its
amplitude,ieneartheballisticfieldcoilsisachangeinthespatialvaluesthesurroundingdimensionalspace.Our
multidimensionalspaceiscurvedduetothedividendareinyourMatereandenergystructureswithaconstant
value.Thiscurvaturefactordependsonthenormalgeometricstructure,andthenormalenergeticdensityofthe
surroundingspacefromus.Areweinalimitedspacesystemtochangethevalues
oftheenergystructure,
governedbyitsowndimensionalspatialconditionsinthissmallsectionoftheroomarea.Weartificiallychange
thesevalues
a,wemustgainaccesstotheEinsteinlikespaceparallel.
3,0)methodforthegenerationofelectronandholecrystalcrystalusingthehighlystrainedtwodimensional
electronholeenergy.Withtheembodiment2,first,asimpleinventivedesignoftheballisticelectronhole
energysysteminatransformerandtheirapplications,onthebasisofthepulsedirectcurrent,accordingto
claim2."methodforthegenerationofelectroncrystalandcrystalofholes(drawingno.4)aredescribed
usingthehighlystrainedtwodimensionalelectronholeenergy".
[0545]
Applicationofthistwodimensionalelectronholevoltagesfortheoperationalstepsforthecrystallizationofametal
wireormetalpipe,standinawirereelsystem,underonefootofaveryhighballisticvoltagepotentialof101000
kV,thetwodimensionalelectronholeenergy.
[0546]
Thematerialfromtheelectroncrystalandcrystalholeisneededfortechnicalapplicationsinthispatent
application,thetwodimensionalelectricalengineeringinthefieldofspaceandintheelectricalindustry.This
specialmaterialincreaseperformanceinthetwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemsispossible.
[0547]
Theprocessfortheproductionofelectronandholecrystalcrystal(drawingno.4)withthehelpofhighlystrained
twodimensionalelectronholeenergy.ThewholesystemofprocessplantislocatedinahighlyIsolatedplantorin
ahighvacuumchamberwiththeisolatedrectangularfollowingexamplesize:5.5m2.5m3m.
Electroncrystal:
[0548]
Fromthefirstwirereel[reel(drawingno.4,pos25),Themetalwire(drawingno.4,pos33)Intheopeningofthe
frontofyourheadareindividendlaser(drawingno.4,pos26),Thenintothesmallholeinthecenterofthefive
coolingchamberwalls(drawingno.4,pos28.29and30)Hindurchgefhrandthesecondwirereel[reel(drawing
no.4,pos24)Forthemetalwirespooling)woundup.
3.1)Thebasisoftheballisticcrystalstructurechangesystemischangingthecrystalstructureofaglowing
alloywireoraprefabricatedsilvertubewithinwardHTSpowder.Underonefootofaveryhighballistic
voltagepotentialof101000kV,duringcrystallizationisTheprocedureofthecrystallizationofthemetal
wireorthemetalpipeiscarriedoutinawirereelsystem.
3.2)StructureandAbmaungentheballisticcrystalstructurechangesystem.Processequipmentfor
machiningofmetalstrandsofprefabricatedHTSwire(silvertubewithinwardHTSpowder).
[0549]
Thewholesystemofprocessplantislocatedinahighlyinsulatedsystemorinahighlyinsulatedrectangular
vacuumchamberwiththefollowingsizeeg5.5m2.5m3m.
a)Thismethodinvestmentismontieronarectangularmetalplate,whichinturnisduetoaverythick
insulatingplate(item35)Mounted539cmx120cmsurfaceand80cmthick.
b)firstwirereel[reel(drawingno.4,pos25)Forthemetalstrandunwinding]of70cmdiameter,30cm
widthofthewirereelSheetthickness:from1to6mm,axis:corediameterasdesired,withcentral
spreadingaxisKegelradbefestigungthewirereel,Material:Steel,withappropriatesupport(DrawingNo.4,
pos.31)[Height70cmuptothecenteraxisofthereel]forthereelsofwire.
Electroncrystal:
[0550]
No.Onthewirereel[reel(drawing.4,pos25.31.38)Isthepositiveballisticvoltagepoleofthenegative
electronorbitalmeasureof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,withthepolarityofthe
groundpotentialelectronexcessof850KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandtheotherthevoltage,thepoleof
negativeelectronorbitalmassesof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,withthe
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polarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof850KeVballistichightensionvoltageisconnectedtothe
outerwallofthevacuumchamber.
Lochercrystal
[0551]
No.Onthewirereel[reel(drawing.4,pos25.31.38)Isthepositiveballisticvoltagepoleofthepositivehole
orbitalmass20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,withthepolarityoftheground
potentialdefectelectronsexcessof850KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandtheotherthevoltageofthe
positiveholeorbitalmassof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityof
thegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof850KeVhighlystrainedballisticisconnectedtothewallofthe
vacuumchamber.
c)Afterthefirstwirereel[reel(drawingno.4,pos25)Isthelaserhead(drawingno.4,pos26)Withits
holder,thefollowinglaserfocusingunit,thetraversalpath(drawingno.4,pos33Heightofthepathoftravel
35cm)ofthemetalwireislocatedunderneaththelaserhead(drawingno.4,pos26)
d)Fromthelaserhead(drawingno.4,pos26)Withitsholder,whosefootismountedontherail
adjustment,followedatadistanceof10cmisthefourdivisionthroughcoldchamber(drawingno.4,pos28
.29and30),Withcoldliquidsupplyport(drawingno.4,pos37),Itismountedwithitsmountsontherail
adjustment.Thefoursplitcoolingchamberhasaheightof10cm,awidthof10cmandalengthof50cm.
Theholeinthemiddleofthecoldchamber(H10cmxB10cm)isonthesamelevelasthemetalwire,and
gothroughallthewallsofthefourpartcoldchamber,thefixturesaredesignedthattheholeintheamount
of35cmofthetraversalpathforthemetalwireislocated,(10cmx10cmHB)isinthehigherinthe
middleofthecoldchamber.LocatedatthefourpartcoldchamberofHintereanschluss(item37),Theliquid
coolantsupplyandthefrontportoftheliquidcoolantoutlet(drawingno.4,pos38).
e)extractionandrecoveryoftherefrigerant,theHintereanschlusstheliquidcoolantsupplyandthefrontport
oftheliquidcoolantdischargepassthroughthevacuumchamberisolatedoverroughertherefrigeration
system.
f)distanceof160cm,thesecondwirereel(drawingno.4,pos24)(Drumforthemetalstrandunwinding)of
70cmdiameter,30cmwidthofthewirereelSheetthickness:from1to6mm,axis:corediameteras
desired,withcentralspreadingaxisKegelradbefestigungthewirereel,Material:Steel,withappropriate
supportforthereelsofwire(height70cmuptotheaxialcenterofthereel)withdrivemotorandisolation
driveshaft.Thewirereel(reelforthemetalwire)theirholdersmountedwithfeetontheadjustmentrail.
Bothreelsaremechanicallyconnectedbyacommonmotordrivesystemwitheachother.
3.31)Requiredpartsoftheballisticcrystalstructurechangesystem.
[0552]
ThewholesystemofprocessplantislocatedinahighlyIsolatedplantorinahighvacuumchamberwiththe
isolatedrectangularfollowingsizeeg5.5m2.5m3m.
a)Thismethodinvestmentismontieronarectangularmetalplate,whichinturnisduetoaverythick
insulatingplate(item35)Mounted539cmx120cmsurfaceand80cmthick.Material:steelandplastic.
b)metalstrandsavailablefromEisenlitzein200mrolls.ProductID:046DrgerGroupGerdenerStr.44
D49326MelleInternet:www.adchronographen.deEmail:info@adchrono.de
b1)steelwirefromKPM60compositionc2.3%Cr4.2%Mon,7%V6.5%W6.5%19.5%Co..
StandardW1.3241No.ofwww.okwerkzeugstahl.de.
b2)EDMwire,STAMMCUTBRASSHI1050tensilestrengthRm[N/mm2]>1050conductivity[m/mm
2]13.5Dimensions[mm]0.200.30HeinrichStammGmbHwww.stammwire.de,
b3)enamelledcopperwire1.0mm40gr,enamelledcopperwire1.42mm80grofpowerelectronic,
OberberghofStrasse61,89134Blaustein/http:..//www.torcman.de.
b4)silverwire0.8mmSilverwire....0.4mm40metersReveloperamultimediaserviceUdoRehfeldt
Emdenstr.11,46145OberhausenContact:Info@reveloper.de
b5)prefabricatedHTSwire(silvertubewithinwardHTSpowder,multilayeredstructureofsilvertubeand
HTSpowder)is0.2millimetersthick,aboutthreemillimeterswideanduptoakilometerlong
http://www.trithor.de.
b6)superconductormaterialsofvariouskinds.
c)firstwirereel(drawingno.4,pos25)(Drumforthemetalstrandunwinding)of70cmdiameter,30cm
widthofthewirereelSheetthickness:from1to6mm,axis:corediameterasdesired,withcentral
spreadingaxisKegelradbefestigungthewirereel,Material:Steel,withappropriatesupport(height70cmup
tothemiddleaxisofthereel)forthewirereels.Productioninfo@frischgmbh.deConstructionofwire
windingmachineforfinewire.
d)160cmfromthefirstreelofwire(drawingno.4,pos25)Looked,thelaserheadiswithitsholder,the
followinglaserfocusingunit,thetraversalpath(heightofthepathoftravel35cm)ofthemetalwireis
locatedunderneaththelaserhead(30cmwidthpossible),lasersupplycableandlaserunitofassetCO2
laserswww.trumpf.comorlasermachiningofInnoLasGmbH,D82152KraillingJustusvonLiebigRing8
info@innolas.comorbyDeckertLaserschneidtechnikGmbH,ho@deckert.de
e)Fromthelaserhead(drawingno.4,pos26)Withitsholder,whosefootismountedontherail
adjustment,followedatadistanceof10cmisthefourdivisionthroughcoldchamberwithliquidrefrigerant
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supplyport,itismountedontherailalignmentwiththeirmounts.Thefoursplitcoolingchamberhasa
heightof10cm,awidthof10cmandalengthof50cm.Theholeinthemiddleofthecoldchamber(H10
cmxB10cm)isonthesamelevelasthemetalwire,andgothroughallthewallsofthefourpartcold
chamber,thefixturesaredesignedthattheholeintheamountof35cmofthetraversalpathforthemetal
wireislocated,(10cmx10cmHB)isinthehigherinthemiddleofthecoldchamber.Arethe
Hintereanschlussandthefrontportoftherefrigerantatthefourpartcoldchamber.
f)extractionandrecoveryoftherefrigerant(drawingno.4,pos36),Therearterminaloftheliquidcoolant
supplyportandthefrontoftheliquidcoolantdischarge(drawingno.4,Pos28.29and30)Gothroughthe
vacuumchamberthroughinsulatedpipesforcoolingsystemofR.&Ing.H.BeckmannGmbH,Schallbruch
59,42781Haaninfo@beckmannkaelte.deorliquidheliumorliquidnitrogenrefrigerationsuppliers.
g)Afterthisfourtimesacoldroomatadistanceof160cmisthesecondwirereel(drawingno.4,pos24)
(Drumforthemetalstrandunwinding)of70cmdiameter,30cmwidthofthewirereelSheetthickness:
from1to6mm,axis:corediameterasdesired,withcentralspreadingaxisKegelradbefestigungthewire
reel,Material:Steel,withappropriatesupportforthereelsofwire(height70cmuptothemiddleaxisofthe
reel).withdrivemotoranddriveshaftinsulation.Thewirereel(reelforthemetalwire)theirholdersmounted
withfeetontheadjustmentrail.Bothreelsaremechanicallyconnectedbyacommonmotordrivesystem
witheachother.Productioninfo@frischgmbh.deConstructionofwirewindingmachineforfinewire.
h)reeldrivemotorcontrolandmotorsupplycablesfromthetworeelmotors,manufacturinginfo@frisch
gmbh.deConstructionofwirewindingmachine.
i)lasersystemconnectiongoingtotheTrialChamberlaseropticalcablefromlaserheadlasersupplycable
andlaserunitofassetCO2laserswww.trumpf.comorlasermachiningof82152KraillingJustusvon
LiebigRing8info@innolas.comInnoLasGmbHorDeckertLaserschneidtechnikGmbH,ho@deckert.de
j)connectingcablestotheballisticpulseDCgenerators
k)cutoffdeviceanddischargefacilitiesforallvoltagecarryingpartsofthesystemfromSiemensAG.
l)powersupplywithtwodimensionalelectronholeenergypulseintheDCarea:
Electroncrystal:
[0553]
Nodrawing4,posatthewirereel(drum.25.31.38)IsthePositiveballisticvoltagepoleofthenegative
electronorbitalmeasureof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,withthepolarityofthe
groundpotentialelectronexcessof850KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandtheotherthevoltage,thepoleof
negativeelectronorbitalmassesof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,withthe
polarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof850KeVballistichightensionvoltageisconnectedtothe
outerwallofthevacuumchamber.
l)powersupplywithtwodimensionalelectronholeenergypulseintheDCarea:
HoleCrystal
[0554]
Nodrawing4,posatthewirereel(drum.25.31.38)IsthePositiveballisticvoltagepoleofthepositivehole
orbitalmass20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,withthepolarityoftheground
potentialdefectelectronsexcessof850KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandtheotherthevoltageofthe
positiveholeorbitalmassof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityof
thegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof850KeVhighlystrainedballisticisconnectedtothewallofthe
vacuumchamber.
3.33)Thesequenceofcrystallizationandtheelectricalwiringintheballisticcrystalstructuremodification
system.
Electroncrystalexpiryofcrystallization
a)Fromthefirstreeldrum1(coilerdrum)(drawingno.4,pos25),Themetalwire(drawingno.4,pos33)
Intheopeningofthefrontofyourheadareindividendlaser(drawingno.4,pos26),Thenintothesmall
holeinthecenterofthefivecoolingchamberwalls(drawingno.4,pos28.29and30)(Coldroom)
hindurchgefhrandthesecondwirereel[reelseconddrum(drawingno.4,pos24)Forthemetalwire
spooling]woundup.
b)Theballisticgeneratorsuppliesthewirereel(drumDrawingNo.4,pos.25.31.38)WiththePositive
ballisticvoltagepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmeasureof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor
200keVor300keV,withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronexcessof850KeVhighlystrained
ballisticvoltageandtheotherthevoltage,thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof20keVor50
keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectron
deficiencyof850KeVballistichightensionvoltageisconnectedtotheouterwallofthevacuumchamber.
Betweenthemetalstrandsofwirecoilersandouterwallofthevacuumchamber,aballisticforcefieldof
850KeVenergylevelisformed.
c)Theelectronsinthemetalstrandofwirecoilersareonahighballisticnegativeelectronorbitalmassesof
20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityofthegroundpotential
electronexcessof850KeVliftedhightensionballisticvoltage.
[0555]
Themetalwiremovesinthewirecoilingsystemstothereeldrum.2
[0556]
Thelaseristurnedonandbringsthepastcontinuousmetalstrandforannealing,thecrystalstructurechangedby
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thisprocessbecausethedominantballisticelectronholevoltageformsthestructureofthecrystalstructureinthe
wireduringannealingandmaintained.Withhighspeed,theMoltenmetalbraidmovestothesubsequentcooling
bathinside,whereitiscooledinaflashandacrystalstructure(electroncrystal)underthenowprevailing
conditionsformed.
3.33)Thesequenceofcrystallizationandtheelectricalwiringintheballisticcrystalstructuremodification
system.
HoleCrystalexpiryofcrystallization
d)Theballisticgeneratorsuppliesthe(drumDrawingNo.4,pos.25.31.38)IsthePositiveballistic
voltagepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300
voltageandtheotherthevoltageofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof20keVor50keVor100keVor150
keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof850KeV
highlystrainedballisticisconnectedtothewallofthevacuumchamber.
e)Thedefectelectronsinthemetalwire,thewirecoilingsystemsonahighballisticvoltagepoleofthe
positiveholeorbitalmass20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keV,withthepolarity
ofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronsexcessof850KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltagelifted.
f)Fromthefirstreeldrum1(coilerdrum)(drawingno.4,pos25),Themetalwire(drawingno.4,pos33)In
theopeningofthefrontofyourheadareindividendlaser(drawingno.4,pos26),Thenintothesmallhole
inthecenterofthefivecoolingchamberwalls(drawingno.4,pos28.29and30)(Coldroom)
hindurchgefhrandthesecondwirereel[reelseconddrum(drawingno.4,pos24)Forthemetalwire
spooling]woundup.
[0557]
Themetalwiremovesinthewirecoilingsystemstothereeldrum.2
[0558]
Thelaseristurnedonandbringsthepastcontinuousmetalstrandforannealing,thecrystalstructurechangedby
thisprocessbecausethedominantballisticholevoltageformsthestructureofthecrystalstructureinthewire
duringannealingandmaintained.Withhighspeed,theMoltenmetalbraidmovestothesubsequentcoolingbath
inside,whereitiscooledinaflashandmadeaholecrystalstructureunderthenowprevailingconditions.
[0559]
Thethusformedmorecomponentamorphousalloys,themassivemetallicglasses.Thecarriedoutfromthe
annealingtemperaturecoolingratesof11000K/sandfastersolidifiedamorphousmetalwire,canbecombinedto
largercomponentsforcommercialapplications,suchastwodimensionalcoilproducedfromthesenewmaterials.
MostarealloysZrbasedwithadditionssuchasCu,Al,Ni,TiandBe.
Note1
[0560]
Thisdescribedmethod,thechangeinthecrystalstructurebyappropriatetechnicalprocess,ietheproductionof
defectiveelectriccrystalstructures,thisoptionwasintroducedbythereportoftheresearchbythegroupof
ProfessorMichaelBonitz,sourceKielUniversity:"holecrystalfound"confirmed.
Originalpublication:
M.Bonitz,VSFilinov,PRLevashov,VEFortovandH.Fehske,CrystallizationintwocomponentCoulomb
system,Phys.Rev.Lett.95,235006(2005).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.235006
http://de.arxiv.org/abs/condmat/0507230(preprint)
InstituteofTheoreticalPhysicsandAstrophysics,UniversityofKiel:
http://www.theophysikunikiel.de
HomepageofMichaelBonitz:http://www.theophysikunikiel.de/~bonitz
HolecrystalsideofMichaelBonitz:
http://www.theophysik.unikiel.de:81/~bonitz/physart/holecryst/holecryst.htm
4)proceduresfortheestablishmentofagravitationalneutralizationfieldaroundaspacecraftbymeansof
thefieldeffectofthetwodimensionalcurrentflowinthetwodimensionalelectronholecoilfieldpoles
generatesthegravitationalquantumradiatesandcreatesitsowngravitationalfieldaroundthem.
[0561]
Referencetotheembodiment3,accordingtoclaim3,initiallyasimpleinventivedesignoftheballisticelectron
holeenergysystemisgoingtobedescribedforaspacecraft.
[0562]
Intheoutershellofthespacecraft,thereisatwodimensionalcoilthroughthehighfrequencymodelofthetwo
dimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemissuppliedwithenergy.Thesesoenergizedcoil
generatestwodimensionalthentothespacecraftanartificialgravitationalfieldthatcancelstheeffectofthe
terrestrialgravity.
[0563]
Hfmodelofthetwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystem.AsamainingredientIuseaAXIORFgenerator
10/450T/DesktopAXIO10/450power10KWOutputfrequency50450kHzorotherhighfrequencygenerator
HTTINGERElektronikGmbH+Co.KGElssserstrasse8,79110Freiburg,
info@de.huettinger.com/www.huettinger.comtheoutputtransformerIchangethisway:"Theprimerswindingtakes
thefed110KWpoweron,theferritecoreoftheHighfrequencyoutputtransformerandthesecondarycoilis
gestalltethatthesecondarycoilwindingspaceaslargeaspossibleforthe8mmmeasuredbyhighvoltagecables
byLemoElektronikGmbH,HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.de,Partno/Best..No.201340/
Conductorresistance/conductorresistance56.1ohmmeter,OperatigvoltageOperatingvoltage50KV(testing
69/94
3/4/2015
voltage75KV)InnerconductorinnerconductorCuSn0.76mm=0.45mm2with4ampereload"orhighvoltage
cable30kVDCor50kVDCor100kVDCor150kVDCor200kVDC,thecompanyFuGElektronikGmbH,
FlorianStrae2,83024Rosenheimaufweit.
[0564]
2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fugelektronik.dewiththefollowing
Data:For20keVelectronenergyIusethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200
mAcurrentand50keVelectronenergyIusethetype:highvoltagepowersupply
HCN/280065000065KV040mA.
[0565]
[0566]
ForfeedingsaidhighDCvoltagetotheshieldingandtheinnerconductorofthepowercableandthecompoundsof
Iuseusedastwodimensionalcoilofthetwodimensionalloadthehighvoltageconnectorsandhighvoltage
bushingsto100KV.
Type20KeV.
Defectelectroncurrentdensitymaximumof0.03Ainthe2DESlayersballistictwodimensionalelectron
holeEnergySystemforPulsedDC14000kHzrange.
4.1)Thistwodimensionalcoil,whichislocatedintheoutershellofthespacecraft,thespacecrafttobuilda
gravitationalfield,whichreflectstheexistinggravitationalfieldlinesoftheearth.
[0567]
TheUnitedStatesorNASAhasspentabout20billionUSdollarsforthedevelopmentandproductionofspace
shuttlespaceshuttle.Applicationofthisgravitationalmagneticfieldsinaspaceplaneofthesuccessormodelof
thespaceshuttlewouldgreatlyreduceacosteffectivedrivesystembasedongravitationalandmagneticfields,
spacecosts.
4.2)Themassproneelectronandpositiveholecurrentsinthehighfrequencymodelofthetwodimensional
electronelectronholes(holes)energysystemanditsaffiliateddimensionalcoilwhichislocatedintheouter
shellofthespacecraft,generatedbythemotionoftheorbitalelectronandpositiveholemassesa
gravitationalfieldintheoutershellofthespacecraft,istwodimensionalcoilandliftssoonwiththeaction
ofthegravitation.
4.3)Practicalapplicationofsuchgravitationalmagneticpulsefieldsinthesuccessormodelofthespace
shuttlespaceshuttle.ThesuccessormodelwouldsizeoftheSpaceShuttle(OrbiterAbles)andasaplane
andasaspacecraftwouldbehave.
Thebasicdataofthesuccessor
a)outershell:
[0568]
ChangeintheoutershelloftheSpaceShuttle(OrbiterAbles),ontheouterskinis5cmthicklayerweldedwith
cavities,andwhiletherearetitaniumrailsevenlywithsomecutoutsfortheBallisticcable,atadistanceof10cm
ontheplanebodyoftheSpaceShuttle(OrbiterAbles)lasers,usingwelded(orelectronbeamwelding).To
reinforcethestrutsareeinbreitestitaniumband5cmwide,bymeansofthetitaniumrailswithalaserwelded(or
electronbeamwelding).Then,theballisticcableiswoundinthecavitiesofthesecondouterskin.Thefrontpartof
theaircraftbodyisuptothecargobay,thefirstpartofthetwodimensionalcoil,thebeginningofthewindinggoes
totheloadingbaytothehighfrequencymodelofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energy
systemsfrom50to450kHzandtheendofFrontcoilisthebeginningofthetwodimensionalrearcoilbeingwound
inthesamedirectionasthefronttwodimensionalcoil.Thesoilofthistwodimensionalrearcoilgoesbackintothe
chargerbaytothehighfrequencymodelofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystems
from50to450kHz.Themassproneelectronandpositiveholecurrentsflowintheoutershellofthespacecraft
areindividenddimensionalcoil.Generatebythemovementofelectronorbitalsandholesmassesagravitational
fieldintheoutershellofthespacecraftandraisessoonwiththeactionofthegravitation.
b)Theenergyofthespacecraftistomakeasmallnuclearreactor,whichcanbesupplementedbyfuelcells
operatingonthebasisofhydrogenandoxygen.Datingfromthefuelcellwateristobeusedforcoolingthe
heatshieldtilesonreentryintotheEarth'satmosphere.Thestrongballisticmagneticfieldistoprotectthe
outershelloftheSpaceShuttle(OrbiterAbles)infrontoftheglowingplasma.
c)turbopumpstothereentriesintothesurroundingair,theatmospheresuckinandcompressradiateby
suitablethermalheatingagainasadrive.
d)Forseveralstartandlandingofthespaceshuttlefueltanksshallbedesigned.Thereentryintothe
atmosphere,nosuchviolentplasmainteractionsareexposedto1650Cofthesurroundingair.
e)VeryslowlyshouldbethereentryintotheEarth'satmosphere.
f)(ballisticelectronfieldcoilsystem)gravitationalmagneticcoilsascoilfromtoptobottom,arranged
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aroundthefirstoutershell.Thegravitationalmagneticfieldhastoisolatethetaskoftheexistinggravity
usingtheballisticpulsedirectcurrentoralternatingcurrentorballisticballisticradiofrequencyenergyfrom
thespaceshiphold,andatthesametimeofthesolarprotonsandelectronsofthesolarwind.
g)Theoperatingfrequencyofthehighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energy
systemsisexpectedtobe50to4000kHz.
5.0)Proceduresfortheaccelerationofsatellitesandspacecraft.Byapairofoppositelychargedionengines
withwenigenstenstwooppositepolarityaccelerationfacilitiesforfuelionsandagasflowthroughwitha
hollowcathodeandamultiacceleratingaccelerationelectrodes,thetwodifferentlychargedionbeams
mutuallyattracteachotherintheFusionsdseandmergewitheachother.
[0569]
Referencetotheembodiment4,accordingtoclaim4,first,asimpleinventivedesignoftheballisticelectronhole
energysystemforaspacecraftforitsfusiondriveonthebasisoftwooppositelypoledtwodimensionalelectron
defectelectronpulseacceleratorsaccomplishedaredescribed.
[0570]
FromtheDE3728011A1andDE19835512C1isanionenginewithitsownionizationforafuelgas,an
acceleratorforthefuelionssuchasonewithacathode(drawingno.6,item66)Andananodeequippedelectron
sourceknown.
[0571]
Intheelectrostaticthrustersofthetypementionedintheemergingfromareservoircarriedatomsofafuelgasis
firstionizedandthensubsequentlythepositivelychargedfuelionsareacceleratedinanelectrostatichighvoltage
field.Inorderforsuchanarrangement,thegasdischargebetweentheanodeandthecathodezustarten,the
cathodemust(drawingno.5,item63(Drawingno.6,item66)Arecomparativelystronglyheatedsothatthe
escapingelectronsduetotheappliedanodevoltageareabletoionizethegasflowingthroughandthusinitiatethe
dischargeprocess.Typically,hassuchacathodemadeofamaterialwithhighelectronemissionability,suchas
impregnatedtungsten,thereusuallyarebroughttoatemperatureofabout1200C.Thisrequiresnotonlya
considerableexpenditureofenergy,butthehighcathodetemperatureleadssimultaneouslytoastrongmaterial
stressandprematurefatigue.Inaddition,acomparativelycomplexthermalandmechanicaldesignoftheentire
stablearrangementsisrequired.Finally,thisknownapparatusrequireshighgasflowrates,highHighfrequency
inductivedischargesintheregionofthecathodetocausetheignition.
[0572]
Theembodimentdescribed4,accordingtoclaim4solvesthisproblem,inwhichitisbuiltinsuchafusiondrive
accordingtothefollowingfactsto:
Theionizationofafuelgasfromtheballistichighfrequencysuppliedinsulatedandheatedcapillary(drawingno.6,
item80)Made.
[0573]
Thefusionengineconsistsoftwodifferentlychargedpulsedaccelerator(drawingno.5and6),eachwithtwelve
accelerationsections(drawingno.5,item4347)Forthedifferentlychargedions.
[0574]
Thenegativepulseacceleratorofthefusionenginepolarityisnegativefromthepoletothenegativeelectronorbital
massesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keV
ballistichightensionvoltageandpoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthe
polarityofthegroundpotentialelectronCommitteeof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage,theyare
connectedtotheinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrodeofthepulsedacceleratorofthefusionengine.
[0575]
Thepositivepulseacceleratorofthefusionengineisfromthepoletothepositiveholeorbitalmass50keV(20or
100keV)withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVhighlystrainedballistic
voltageandthepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof50keV(20or100KeV),withthepolarityoftheground
potentialdefectelectronssurplusof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage,theyareconnectedtotheinnerring
electrodeofthefieldelectrodeofthepulsedacceleratorofthefusionengine.Thenegativepoleofthepolarityof
theelectronexcessvoltageof50KeVtotheringelectrode,whichisconnectedtotheUshapedceramicmassof
theelectrodearray.
[0576]
Theacceleratedbythedifferentloadpulseacceleratorfuelionscomewith3988.8keVnegativeelectricsurplus
fieldenergyand3988.8keVpositivedefectelectricsurplusfieldenergyshotintotheenginenozzle,attracteach
otherduetotheoppositechargeandfusewithintensiveenergypulsingwitheachother.Agreatenergeticpulse
leavestheTriebwerkdseanddrivesthespacecraft.
5.1)Structureofthenegativepulseacceleratorofthefusionengine
[0577]
Thepulsedacceleratorofthefusionengineandthepartsneeded.
5.21)Arectangularframemadeoftitanium,height2.1m,width2.1m,length2.89mxenonpressuretank
paralleltoeachother,buttwoelectricallyisolatedfromeachother.
5,212)Fueltank816Kgxenon(drawingno.6,item64).
[0578]
Thehemisphericalsphericalshell(wallthickness0.5cmtitanium)ofthefueltankshaveadiameterof0.6meters.
Thefueltankcylinderinternaltubehasadiameterof0.6metersandalengthof2metersandconsistsofsheets
millimeterdnnemtitanium,inthefueltankreinforcingstrutsarewelded.Thetitaniumsphericalshellsarewelded
aboveusdownwiththetitaniumfueltanktube.Tankconnectionsforthexenonareeachlocatedinthecenterof
thesemisphericalballsocketofthefueltank,
5,213)Thesetubeseachleadtoafuelcontrolvalve(specialvalves,suchasisusedasfuelinthe
innovativeionpropulsionRITA,Xenon,drawingno.6,item65),Solightweighthighpressuretankwith
titaniumlinersmadebyMANTechnologieAG,asubsidiaryofMANMachineryandequipment
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manufacturingGmbHMunich.
5,214)Theyarecontrolledbyaninsulatedadapterfromtheonboardcomputer,controlelectronics
manufacturedbyHuttingerElektronikGmbH+Co.KGElsasserstrasse879110Freiburg.
info@de.huettinger.com.
5,215)Theamountsoffuel,sothexenongasreachestheisolatedhighfrequencyheatedcapillary(7cm
diameterandalengthof5cm,drawingno.6,item80).Madetheinsulatedhighfrequencyheatedcapillary
withtheholesofSchrder(specialglasstechnology)Buchenweg2025479
Ellerau/info@schroederglas.comorMANTechnologieAG,asubsidiaryofMANMachineryandequipment
[0579]
Theinnerendofthecapillaryhighfrequencyranges1cmfromtheglassceramiclidofthecylinderinternalMacor
ceramictube(drawingno.6,item69)Inside.ThecylinderinternalMacorceramictubewithMacorlidandholes
madebySchrder(specialglasstechnology)Buchenweg2025479Ellerau/info@schroederglas.com.
5,216)TheionengineconsistsofacylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69)Witha
wallthicknessof3cm.Thiszylindrigeceramictubeisjoinedatthetopbyaceramicdiscthesizeofthe
diameteroftheceramictubeandthesamewallthicknesstoapotteryvessel.Thelengthofthecylinder
internalceramicbody(drawingno.6,item69)Is75cm,andhasawallthicknessof2cm,theinternal
diameteris8cmandtheouterdiameteris12cm.
MountingholesforfieldelectrodesintothecylinderinternalMacorceramicpipe:
Fieldelectrodes1(drawingno.6,item72)
[0580]
Atadistanceof3cmfromthefirstAusdrittsffnungtheoutputofthefuelcontrolvalveonthelidofthecylinder
internalMacorceramictubeisoutsideintheperipheryofthecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,
item69),Thesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothefieldelectrodes1drilledintheglass
ceramiccylinder.
[0581]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromthefirst
peripheralholeisoutsidethescopedrilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothe
fieldelectrodes2intheglassceramiccylinder.
[0582]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromthesecond
borescopeof,isoutsidethescopedrilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothe
fieldelectrodes3intheglassceramiccylinder.
[0583]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromthethirdbore
outercircumferenceincircumference,drilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothe
fieldelectrodes4intheceramiccylinder.
Fieldelectrodes5
[0584]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromthefourth
Fieldelectrodes6
[0585]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69)Atadistanceof3cmfromthefifthhole
circumferenceareoutsidethescopedrilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothe
Fieldelectrodes7
[0586]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromthesixthhole
circumferenceisoutsidethescopedrilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothe
Fieldelectrodes8
[0587]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromtheseventh
holecircumferenceisoutsidethescopedrilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionsto
thefieldelectrodes8intheceramiccylinder.
Fieldelectrodes9
[0588]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromtheeighthhole
circumferenceisoutsidethescope,9drilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothe
fieldelectrodesintheceramiccylinder.
Fieldelectrodes10
[0589]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromtheninthhole
Fieldelectrodes11
[0590]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromthetenthhole
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Fieldelectrodes12
[0591]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69),Atadistanceof3cmfromtheeleventh
holecircumferenceisoutsidethescope,12drilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnections
tothefieldelectrodesintheceramiccylinder.
[0592]
ThecylinderinternalMacorceramictubes(drawingno.6,item69.70.71)Quartzorceramictubeshavingits
holes,theproductionofthefieldelectrodesmadeofcopperorspecialmetalandglassceramicmadebySchrder
(specialglasstechnology)Buchenweg2025479Ellerau/info@schroederglas.comoranothercompany.
5,217)Allfieldelectrodes(drawingno.5,item5458)AregivenasBuilt:
5.2171)Thefieldelectrodeisconstructedinthefollowingway:
a)Inahollowcylinderinternalceramictube(drawingno.5,item5458Ushapedceramicring)isacopper
ringelectrode(secondinteriorringelectrode,drawingno.5,item62),Thecavityinthecylinderinternal
hollowceramictubeisfilledwithaninsulatingcompound.
b)Ontheinnerwall,ie,inthemiddleofthecylinderinternalhollowceramictubeisacoppertube(inside
ringelectrode)withthepassingthroughtheinsulatingterminals(drawingno.5,item4347)Mounted.
b)ThefieldelectrodeconsistsofaUshapedceramicringoftheglassceramicmassMacor.Isthe
followingmanner,duringaUshapedMacorceramicringwithanouterdiameterof8cm,andwithaninner
diameterof4cm,withthefollowing,andabarrellengthof3cm,thethicknessoftheUshapedannular
recessis0.5cm.TheplaceintheUshapedannularrecessis1cm.Frominnerceramicringandthesame
high3mmthicknessringelectrode6holesaredrilledthroughbytheUshapedceramicringforfastening
thesamedistanceinthemiddleoftheglassceramicheight.Theinnerringelectrode(drawingno.5,item43
47)Ofthefieldelectrodeisprovidedwithholes6singed,thefasteningscrewsareinsertedthroughthe
fieldduringinstallationoftheelectrode.
[0593]
Thesecondinteriorringelectrode(drawingno.5,item62)OfthefieldelectrodeislocatedintheUshaped
ceramicringhavingalargerboreatthelocationoftheholes6.Intheceramicsleevesforthemountingscrews
stuck.
[0594]
Duringassemblyoftheindividualcomponentsofthefieldelectrode,whichistheinnerringelectrodeofthefield
electrodeonthemilledoutUshapedglassceramicring,threescrewsareused,theinsertedoneanotheratthe
samedistancebytheinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrodetherethrough,insertedintotheUshapedglass
ceramicring,insertedthroughtheceramicsleeveandinsertedthroughtheotherpartoftheUshapedrecess.On
theoutstandingscreweachsetadiskandscrewedtogetherwithanut.ThespaceintheUshapedceramicring
filledwithceramicpaste,purifiedcomponentfromthedirtandthenperformedaslowburningprocessinthekiln.
Thenslowlycooledandcleanedthecomponent.
[0595]
Themutuallyinsulatedringelectrodesbehavelikeacapacitorandasanacceleratingelectrode,togethertheyform
thefieldelectrode.
5.2172)installationofthefieldelectrodesinthecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item69
).
[0596]
Thefieldelectrodetothefirstperipheralhole(drawingno.5,item72)Intheceramiccylinder(key69)Inserted
andthenassembledthefieldelectrodewithceramicglasscylinderwithscrewsandtwoterminalsofthefield
electrodes1areproducedbytwoscrews.
[0597]
Gradually,thefieldelectrodeisinsertedintotheglassceramiccylinderandassembledthefieldelectrodewith
ceramicglasscylinderwithscrewsandtwoterminalsofthefieldelectrodes2(drawingno.5,item73)Are
producedbytwofixingscrews.
[0598]
ceramicglasscylinderwithscrewsandtwoterminalsofthefieldelectrodes3(drawingno.5,item74)Whomade
thetwomountingscrews.
[0599]
ceramicglasscylinderwithscrewsandtwoterminalsofthefieldelectrodes4(drawingno.5,item75)Are
producedbytwofixingscrews.
[0600]
ceramicglasscylinderwithscrewsandtwoterminalsofthefieldelectrodes5areproducedbytwoscrews.
[0601]
[0602]
[0603]
[0604]
[0605]
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[0606]
[0607]
5.2173),thenegativepowersupplywithtwodimensionalelectronholeenergypulseintheDCarea:
PowersupplywithtwodimensionalelectronholeenergypulseintheDCarea:
Levelofballisticvoltageattheoutputofthetransformerofthe50keV(20or100KeV),twodimensional
electronholesystem:
Powerrange:primarywinding40turnsatpulseinput0120Aat0to1000voltsand25kHzpulse
frequency,voltageperturnat25Vcoilcrosssection2x6mm
frequency,voltageperturnat25Vsqmmcrosssectionwinding26.
[0608]
Powerrangesecondarywindingat6654turns,theoutputvoltageofthesecondarycoilofthetwodimensional,so
thedefectelectronenergyElektrone166.3KV.
[0609]
Thefollowingvoltagesareavailableatthetwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthetransformerareavailable:
a)poleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityoftheground
potentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltageandpoleofthenegativeelectron
orbitalmeasureof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronsurplusof166.3
keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
b)poleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotential
defectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandpoleofthepositiveholeorbital
mass50keV(20or100keV)withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronexcess166.3KeV
highlystrainedballisticvoltage.
Powerofpulsedacceleratorofthefusionenginenegative
5.21731)Thepowerofthepulsedacceleratorofthefusionenginepolaritynegativeabouttakesthepoleof
thenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotential
electrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltageandpoleofthenegativeelectronorbital
massesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronsurplusof166.3keV
highlystrainedballisticvoltage,theyareconnectedtotheinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrodeofthe
pulsedacceleratorofthefusionengine.
[0610]
Thepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass50keV(20or100keV)withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefect
electronssurplusof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageisappliedtotheringelectrodeisconnectedtothe
Ushapedceramicmassofthefieldelectrode.
5.2174)Ballisticvoltagetothefieldelectrodes
(Drawingno.5,pos4347)
[0611]
Thepoleofthehighfrequencynegativeelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),hightensionwiththe
polarityofthegroundpotentialelectronsurplusof166.3keVballisticvoltageisthepoleofthevoltage,itis
connectedtotheoutputofthefuelcontrolvalve(drawingno.5,item63),Andtheotherpoleofthehighfrequency
voltageof50KeV,thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityof
thegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltageisconnectedtotheconnection
oftheinnerringelectrodethefieldelectrode1(drawingno.5,item43),Respectively.
[0612]
Thepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keV,thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or
100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltageis
connectedtotheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrode1(Drawingno.5,item4347),
Respectively.
[0613]
Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode2(drawingno.5,item44),Thenegativepoleof
theelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),hightensionwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectron
surplusof166.3keVballisticvoltageofthepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keVisthusconnected.Onthe
connectionoftheinnerringelectrode,theelectrodefield3(drawingno.5,item45),Thenegativepoleofthe
electronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof
166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50kVisconnected.Onthe
connectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode4(drawingno.5,item46),Thenegativepoleofthe
electronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronsurplusof166.3
keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keVisconnected.Onthe
connectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode5(drawingno.5,item47),Thepoleofthenegative
electronorbitalmeasureof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof
166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50kVisconnected.
[0614]
Attheterminaloftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode6,thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof
50KeV(20or100keV),hightensionwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronexcessof166.3KeVballistic
voltagethatisthepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50KeVisconnected.Ontheconnectionoftheinnerring
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electrode,thefieldelectrode7,thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmasseswiththepolarityoftheground
potentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof
50kV,50keV(20or100KeV),connected,Attheterminaloftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode8,the
poleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmasseswiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronexcessof166.3KeV
highlystrainedballisticvoltage,thatthepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keVis50keV(20or100KeV),
connected,Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode9isthepoleofthenegativeelectron
orbitalmassof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keV
ballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleoftheaccelerationvoltageof50kVconnected.
[0615]
Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode10,thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbital
massesof50keV(20or100keV),hightensionwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronsurplusof166.3
keVballisticvoltagesothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keVisconnected.Ontheconnectionoftheinner
ringelectrode,thefieldelectrode11,thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmeasureofthepolarityoftheground
potentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof
50kV,50keV(20or100KeV),connected,Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode12,
thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmasswiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronsurplusof166.3keV
highlystrainedballisticvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keVis50keV(20or100KeV),
connected,
5.22)ionizationofxenongasandaccelerationinpulsedacceleratorI.
[0616]
Intheareaof
thefuelcontrolvalve(drawingno.6,item80),Thefuelgas(item64)Ionizedbythehighfrequency
negativeelectronorbitalmassesvoltage.Sincethepoleofthehighfrequencynegativeelectronorbitalmassesof
50keV(20or100KeV),isconnectedwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronsurplusof166.3keVhighly
strainedballisticvoltagetothefuelcontrolvalveandtheotherpoleofthehighfrequencynegativeelectronorbital
massesof50keV(20or100KeV),isconnectedtothegroundpotentialpolarityoftheelectrondeficiencyof166.3
keVballistichightensionvoltagewiththeinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrode1.WhereaIonisationsentladung
betweenthefuelcontrolvalveandtheinnerringelectrodes.1
[0617]
Sincethepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keV,thepoleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmeasureof50keV
(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightension
voltageisconnectedtotheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrode1,
[0618]
Createsanelectrostaticaccelerationfieldoftheinnerringelectrodes1(drawingno.5,item4347)Goestothe
ringelectrode12.Inthisaccelerationfieldpolaritychanginginnerringelectrodes(166.3keVpositiveandnegative)
togetthehighfuelAcceleratednegativeionnegativeelectricfieldenergysurplusof3988.8keV.With3988.8keV
pulseenergytheyflowintothefusiondrive.
5.23)StructureofthepulsedacceleratorofthefusionengineII,polaritypositive
Pulsedaccelerator(drawingno.5and6,item70)OfthefusionengineII,polaritypositiveandneededparts.
5,231)Arectangularframemadeoftitanium,height2.1m,width2.1m,length2.89mxenonpressuretank
(drawingno.6,item64)Paralleltoeachother,buttwoelectricallyisolatedfromeachother.
5.232)Fueltank816KgXenon
[0619]
Thehemisphericalsphericalshell(wallthickness0.5cmtitanium)ofthefueltankshaveadiameterof0.6meters.
Thefueltankcylinderinternaltubehasadiameterof0.6meters,alengthof2metersanditiscomposedof
millimeterdnnemtitaniumsheets,inthefueltankreinforcingstrutsarewelded.Thetitaniumsphericalshellsare
weldedaboveusdownwiththetitaniumTreibstofttankrhre.Tankconnectionsforthexenonareeachlocatedin
thecenterofthesemisphericalballsocketofthefueltank,
5.233)Thesetubeseachleadtoafuelcontrolvalve(drawingno.6,item65)(Specialvalves,suchasis
usedasfuelintheinnovativeionpropulsionRITA,thexenon),solightweighthighpressuretankwith
titaniumlinersmanufacturedbyMANTechnologieAG,asubsidiaryofMANMachineryandequipment
5,234)Theyarecontrolledbyaninsulatedadapterfromtheonboardcomputer,controlelectronics
manufacturedbyHuttingerElektronikGmbH+Co.KGElsasserstrasse879110Freiburg.
info@de.huettinger.com.
5,235)Theamountsoffuel(drawingno.6,item64),Sothexenongasreachestheisolatedballisticradio
frequencyheatedcapillary(drawingno.6,item80),(7cmdiameterandalengthof5cm).Madethe
IsolatedballisticRFheatedcapillarydiewithholesofSchrder(specialglasstechnology)Buchenweg20
25479Ellerau/info@schroederglas.comorMANTechnologieAG,asubsidiaryofMANMachineryand
equipmentmanufacturingGmbHMunichoranothercompany.Theinnerendofthecapillaryhighfrequency
ranges1cmfromtheglassceramiclidofthecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70)
Inside.ThecylinderinternalMacorceramictubewithMacorlidandholesmadebySchrder(specialglass
technology)Buchenweg2025479Ellerau/info@schroederglas.com.
5,236)TheionengineconsistsofacylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70)Witha
wallthicknessof3cm.Thiszylindrigeceramictubeisjoinedatthetopbyaceramicdiscthesizeofthe
diameteroftheceramictubeandthesamewallthicknesstoapotteryvessel.
[0620]
Thelengthofthecylinderinternalceramicbodyis75cm,andhasawallthicknessof2cm,theinternaldiameter
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is8cmandtheouterdiameteris12cm.
MountingholesforfieldelectrodesintothecylinderinternalMacorceramictube
[0621]
Atadistanceof3cmfromthefirstAusdrittsffnungtheoutputofthefuelcontrolvalveonthelidofthecylinder
internalMacorceramictubeisoutsideintheperipheryofthecylinderinternalMacorceramictube,drilledatthe
samedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothefieldelectrodes1intheceramiccylinder.
[0622]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube,atadistanceof3cmfromthefirstperipheralholeisoutsidethe
scopedrilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothefieldelectrodes2intheglass
ceramiccylinder.
[0623]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube,atadistanceof3cmfromthesecondborescopeof,isoutside
thescopedrilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothefieldelectrodes3inthe
glassceramiccylinder.
[0624]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70),Atadistanceof3cmfromthethirdbore
outercircumferenceincircumference,drilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothe
Fieldelectrodes5
[0625]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70),Atadistanceof3cmfromthefourth
Fieldelectrodes6
[0626]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70)Atadistanceof3cmfromthefifthhole
Fieldelectrodes7
[0627]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70),Atadistanceof3cmfromthesixthhole
Fieldelectrodes8
[0628]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70),Atadistanceof3cmfromtheseventh
holecircumferenceisoutsidethescopedrilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionsto
thefieldelectrodes8intheceramiccylinder.
Fieldelectrodes9
[0629]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70),Atadistanceof3cmfromtheeighthhole
circumferenceisoutsidethescope,9drilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnectionstothe
fieldelectrodesintheceramiccylinder.
Fieldelectrodes10
[0630]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70),Atadistanceof3cmfromtheninthhole
Fieldelectrodes11
[0631]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70),Atadistanceof3cmfromthetenthhole
Fieldelectrodes12
[0632]
InsidethecylinderinternalMacorceramictube(drawingno.6,item70),Atadistanceof3cmfromtheeleventh
holecircumferenceisoutsidethescope,12drilledatthesamedistance5holesforthemountingandconnections
tothefieldelectrodesintheceramiccylinder.
[0633]
ThecylinderinternalMacorceramictubesorquartzceramictubeswiththeirholes,makingthefieldelectrodesof
copperorspecialmetalandceramic,madebySchrder(specialglasstechnology)Buchenweg2025479
Ellerau/info@schroederglas.com.
5.237)Allfieldelectrodes(drawingno.5,item70)AregivenasBuilt:
[0634]
Theelectrodearrayisconstructedinthefollowingway:
a)Inahollowcylinderinternalceramictube(drawingno.5,item5458Ushapedceramicring)isacopper
ringelectrode(secondinteriorringelectrode,drawingno.5,item62),Thecavityinthecylinderinternal
hollowceramictubeisfilledwithaninsulatingcompound.
b)Ontheinnerwall,ie,inthemiddleofthecylinderinternalhollowceramictubeisacoppertube(inside
ringelectrode)withthepassingthroughtheinsulatingterminals(drawingno.5,item4347)Mounted.
b)ThefieldelectrodeconsistsofaUshapedceramicringoftheglassceramicmassMacor.Isthe
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followingmanner,duringaUshapedMacorceramicringwithanouterdiameterof8cm,andwithaninner
diameterof4cm,withthefollowing,andabarrellengthof3cm,thethicknessoftheUshapedannular
recessis0.5cm.TheplaceintheUshapedannularrecessis1cm.Frominnerceramicringandthesame
high3mmthicknessringelectrode6holesaredrilledthroughbytheUshapedceramicringforfastening
thesamedistanceinthemiddleoftheglassceramicheight.Theinnerringelectrode(drawingno.5,item43
47)Ofthefieldelectrodeisprovidedwithholes6singed,thefasteningscrewsareinsertedthroughthe
fieldduringinstallationoftheelectrode.
[0635]
Thesecondinteriorringelectrode(drawingno.5,item62)OfthefieldelectrodeislocatedintheUshaped
ceramicringhavingalargerboreatthelocationoftheholes6.Intheceramicsleevesforthemountingscrews
stuck.
[0636]
Duringassemblyoftheindividualcomponentsofthefieldelectrode,whichistheinnerringelectrodeofthefield
electrodeonthemilledoutUshapedglassceramicring,threescrewsareused,theinsertedoneanotheratthe
samedistancebytheinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrodetherethrough,insertedintotheUshapedglass
ceramicring,insertedthroughtheceramicsleeveandinsertedthroughtheotherpartoftheUshapedrecess.On
theoutstandingscreweachsetadiskandscrewedtogetherwithanut.ThespaceintheUshapedceramicring
filledwithceramicpaste,purifiedcomponentfromthedirtandthenperformedaslowburningprocessinthekiln.
Thenslowlycooledafterthecomponentandcleaned.
[0637]
Themutuallyinsulatedringelectrodesbehavelikeacapacitorandasanacceleratingelectrode,togethertheyform
thefieldelectrode.
5.2372)Mountingthefieldelectrodes
InstallationofthefieldelectrodesinthecylinderinternalMacorceramictube.
[0638]
Thefieldelectrodetothefirstperipheralholeintheglassceramiccylinder(drawingno.6,item76)Insertedand
thenassembledthefieldelectrodewithceramicglasscylinderwithscrewsandtwoterminalsofthefield
electrodes1(drawingno.6,item76)Areproducedbytwofixingscrews.
[0639]
Gradually,thefieldelectrodeintheglassceramiccylinder(drawingno.Is6,item70)Insertedandassembledthe
fieldelectrodewithceramicglasscylinderwithscrewsandtwoterminalsofthefieldelectrodes2(drawingno.6,
item77)Areproducedbytwofixingscrews.
[0640]
[0641]
[0642]
fieldelectrodewithceramicglasscylinderwithscrewsandtwoterminalsofthefieldelectrodes5areproducedby
twoscrews.
[0643]
twoscrews.
[0644]
twoscrews.
[0645]
twoscrews.
[0646]
twoscrews.
[0647]
twoscrews.
[0648]
twoscrews.
[0649]
twoscrews.
5.2374)ThepositivepowersupplywithtwodimensionalelectronholeenergypulseintheDCarea:
PowersupplywithtwodimensionalelectronholeenergypulseintheDCarea:
Levelofballisticvoltageattheoutputofthetransformerof50KeVtwodimensionalelectronholesystem:
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frequency,voltageperturn25Vatwindingcrosssection2x6mmpowerrange:primarywinding40turns
atpulseinput0120Aat0to1000Vand25KHz
Pulsefrequency,voltageperturnat25Vsqmmcrosssectionwinding26.
[0650]
Powerrangesecondarywindingat6654turns,theoutputvoltageofthesecondarycoilofthetwodimensional,so
thedefectelectronenergyElektrone166.3KV.
[0651]
a)poleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityoftheground
potentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltageandpoleofthenegativeelectron
orbitalmeasureof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronsurplusof166.3
keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
b)poleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotential
defectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandpoleofthepositiveholeorbital
mass50keV(20or100keV)withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronexcess166.3KeV
highlystrainedballisticvoltage.
5.2375)Thepowerofthepositivepulseacceleratorofthefusionengine.
[0652]
Thepowerofthepositivepulseacceleratorofthefusionengine.Takesthepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass
50keV(20or100keV)withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVhighly
strainedballisticvoltageandthepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarity
ofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronexcess166.3KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage,theyareconnectedtothe
innerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrodeofthepulsedacceleratorofthefusionengine.Thenegativepoleofthe
polarityoftheelectronexcessvoltageof50KeVtotheringelectrode,whichisconnectedtotheUshaped
ceramicmassoftheelectrodearray.
5.2376)Ballisticelectronholesvoltagetothefieldelectrodes
[0653]
Thepoleofthehighfrequencypositiveholeorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),hightensionwiththe
polarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronssurplusof166.3keVballisticvoltageisthepoleofthevoltage,itis
connectedtotheoutputofthefuelcontrolvalve(drawingno.6,item66/70)Andtheotherpoleofthehigh
frequencyvoltageof50KeV,thepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthe
polarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiency166.3KeVballistichightensionvoltageisconnectedto
theconnectionoftheinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrode1(drawingno.5,item43),Respectively.
[0654]
Thepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keV,thepoleofthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectron
deficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltageisconnectedtotheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrodeof
thefieldelectrode1(drawingno.5,item43),Respectively.
[0655]
Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode2(drawingno.5,item44),Thepositivepoleofthe
defectelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrons
surplusof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageofthepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keVisthus
connected.Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,theelectrodefield3(drawingno.5,item45),Thepoleof
thepositiveholeorbitalmassof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectron
deficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50kVis
connected.Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode4(drawingno.5,item46),Thepoleof
thepositiveholeorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrons
surplusof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keVis
connected.Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode5(drawingno.5,item47),The
positivepoleofthedefectelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityoftheground
potentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleoftheaccelerating
voltageof50kVisconnected.Attheterminaloftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode6,thepoleofthe
positiveholeorbitalmassesof50KeV(20or100keV),hightensionwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefect
electronsexcessof166.3KeVballisticvoltagethatisthepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50KeVisconnected.
Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode7,thepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmasseswith
thepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepole
oftheacceleratingvoltageof50kV,50keV(20or100KeV),connected,Attheterminaloftheinnerring
electrode,thefieldelectrode8,thepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalMasseswiththepolarityofthegroundpotential
defectelectronsexcessof166.3KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage,thatthepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof
50keVis50keV(20or100KeV),connected,Ontheconnectionoftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode9,
thepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmasseswiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof
166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50kV,50keV(20or100KeV),
connected,Attheterminaloftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode10,thepoleofthepositiveholeorbital
massesof50KeV(20or100keV),hightensionwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronsexcessof
166.3KeVballisticvoltagethatisthepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50KeVisconnected.Ontheconnection
oftheinnerringelectrode,thefieldelectrode11,thepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmasseswiththepolarityofthe
groundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage,sothepoleofthe
acceleratingvoltageof50kV,50keV(20or100KeV),connected,Attheterminaloftheinnerringelectrode,the
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fieldelectrode12,thepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmasseswiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefect
electronsexcessof166.3KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage,thatthepoleoftheacceleratingvoltageof50keV
is50keV(20or100KeV),connected,
5.2377)ionizationofxenongasandaccelerationintheionthrusterII.
[0656]
Intheareaof
Treibstoftregelventils(drawingno.6,item65),Thefuelgas(drawingno.6,item64)Ionizedbythe
highfrequencyfields.Sincethepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof50keV(20or100keV),withthepolarityof
thegroundpotentialdefectelectronssurplusof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltagetothefuelcontrolvalve
(drawingno.6,item63/70)Andtheotherpoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100KeV),
ballisticwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVhightensionvoltagewith
theinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrode1(drawingno.5,item43)Isconnected.
[0657]
WhereaIonisationsentladungbetweenthefuelcontrolvalveandtheinnerringelectrodes.1
[0658]
Asthepositiveholeorbitalmassesof50keV(20or100KeV),isconnectedwiththepolarityoftheground
potentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltagewiththeinnerringelectrodeofthe
fieldelectrode1.Createsanelectrostaticaccelerationfieldwhichgoesfromtheinnerringelectrode1tothering
electrodes12.
[0659]
Inthisaccelerationfieldpolaritychanginginnerringelectrodes(166.3keVpositiveandpositive),thehighly
acceleratedpositiveionsfuelreceivedpositivedefectelectricfieldenergysurplusof3988.8keV.
[0660]
With3988.8keVpulseenergytheyflowintothefusiondrive.
5.24)AbmaungenoftheceramicbodyofFusionsdse
(Drawingno.6,item81and82).
[0661]
TheceramicbodyofFusionsdseconsistsofacylinderinternalbody(drawingno.6,item61)Withaninner
diameterof28,88cm,outsidediameterof34.88cm,andalengthof30cm,thewallthicknessis3cm.Thewall
thicknessof34.88cmdiameterlidisalso3cm.9.625cmfromtheleftedgeoftheceramicbodyof
FusionsdsedeckelsmeasuredisthecenterofthepulseacceleratorI:9.625inchesfromtherightedgeofthe
ceramicbodyofFusionsdsedeckelsmeasuredisthecenterofthepulseacceleratorII.
[0662]
ThediameteroftheionacceleratorIandII(drawingno.6,item67and68)Isineachcase11cm.Fromthe
middleofeachengine,witharadiusof3.025cmlocatedintheceramicbodyoftheFusionsdsea6.05cmby
measuringaperturefortheacceleratedxenonions.Themountingflangehasaninnerdiameterof11cmandan
outerdiameterof19.68cmandlocatedtobothionaccelerator.Themountingflangesoftheionacceleratorsare
securedwithmultiplescrewsontheceramicbodyoftheFusionsdseandtotheionpulseaccelerator.The
ceramicbodyofFusionsdseisSchrderBuchenweg2025479Ellerau/info@schroederglas.commade.
5.241)sequenceinthefusionengineandthetwopulsedacceleratorofthefusionengine.
[0663]
Thexenonflowsfromtheoutputofthefuelcontrolvalve1,manythincoolinglinestotheengine,thefluidcontrol
directlytotheinputofthefuelcontrolvalvePart2(drawingno.6,item65).Thefuelcontrolvalve2passesonly
needthefuelamountofxenon.Thesmallamountofxenonflowsintotheisolatedhighfrequencyintoheated
capillary.Iftherexenonionizedbythehighfrequency(microwave)andflowingovertheannularendofthecapillary
totheinnerringelectrodeofthefieldelectrode1.Thefocusedelectrostaticaccelerationfielddetectstheions,they
acceleratedtowardstheringelectrode1(drawingno.5,Pos43).Thecombinedelectrostaticaccelerationfieldof
theringelectrode2(drawingno.5,item44)Acceleratestheionstotheringelectrode3(drawingno.5,item45).
Successivelythebundledelectrostaticaccelerationfieldsoftheringelectrodes4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11and12,the
ionsandtoacceleratethemtodetectpulse3988.8KeVenergy.Thenegativeionsandpositiveionscomeintothe
Fusionstriebwerksdsewith3988.8keVpulseenergy.Thepulsedacceleratorandtheopenings(drawingno.6,
item81and82)IntheupperpartoftheFusionstriebwerksdse(drawingno.6,item71)Arearrangedsothatthe
twohighenergyionbeamsintersectinthemiddleoftheFusionstriebwerksdseitself.Inaddition,thedifferent
polarityoftheionbeamscastsothattheyattracteachother,promotethefusionreactionandendupina
Zerstahlungsprozesse.
[0664]
Agreatfusionpulseof79770keVenergy,leavingathighspeed,theengineanddrivesthespaceship.
6.00)Theprocedureforthetransmissionofimageandaudiosignalsfromtheenergeticcrowdafflicted20to
300keVhighvibrationallevelofthemodulatedhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholeenergyinthe
frequencyrangeof1450kHz(orhigherfrequency).
[0665]
Onthebasisoftheembodiments5,accordingtoclaim5,first,asimpleinventivedesignoftheballisticelectron
holeenergysystemforhigherdimensionaltransmitterandreceiverofaudioandvideosignalsontheenergymass
subjectvibrationallevelofthemodulatedhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholeenergyinthefrequency
rangeof14000kHz(orhigherfrequency)aredescribed.Theapplicationofhighfrequencymodulatedtwo
dimensionalelectronmassfraughtdefectelectronenergyopenupnewpossibilitiesofthetransmissionpathforthe
soundandimagesignal.Thenewtransmissionforaudioandvideosignalisthespatialleveloftheoscillating
massproneenergyelectronsandholes.Aremarkvalues
characteristicoftheseballistichighfrequencytwo
dimensionalelectronmassfraughtdefectelectronenergyinavibratingsystemisthatitwillbringaboutachange
inthesurroundingdimensionalspaceintheregionofitsvibrationsupport(twodimensionalcoil).Thus,nearthe
twodimensionalfieldcoils,anenergychangeinthespatialenergyvalues
ofthesurroundingdimensionalspace.
ThesurroundingusspaceiscurvedduetothedividendareinyourMatereandenergystructureswithaconstant
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energyvalue.Thiscurvaturefactordependsonthenormalgeometricstructure,andthenormalenergydensityof
thesurroundingspacefromus(energyandmassdensityatthesunoraneutronstarforcomparison).Ifwechange
toalimitedregionofspace,thevalues
oftheenergydensity,prevailinthissmallsectionoftheroomareaother
dimensionalspatialconditions,thisallowsusaccesstothesimilarparallelEinsteinchamber,hasalongandUsing
itforthetransmissionofsoundandpicturesignals,
[0666]
Forthetransmissionofsoundandpicturesignalsfromthetransmittertothereceiver,theenergybandofelectron
orbitalmassesoftheenergymasssubjectvibrationallevelofthemodulatedhighfrequencytwodimensional
electronis50keV(20to300keV)andthedefectelectronorbitalmassof50keV(20to300keV)useddefect
electronenergy.
6.01)utilitymodelstructureforthehighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholetransmitterinthefrequency
range1450kHz(orhigherfrequency).
[0667]
Themodelofthemodulatedradiofrequencymassenbehaftentwodimensionalelectronholetransmitterinthe
frequencybandsof20keV,50keV,100keV,150keV,200keVand300keVofenergymassenbehaften
vibrationallevelofthemodulatedhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholeenergyconsistsofthefollowing
parts:
Viaa(radiofrequencytransmitter)radiofrequencygenerator(drawingno.7,item84)Isgenerated,thehigh
frequencyenergyofthecarrierwaveof450kHz(orhigher).Inthesubsequentmixingstage(drawingno.7,item
85)Istheradiofrequencysignalsmodulatedontothelowfrequency(LF)signalfromthevideoandaudioamplifier.
ThehighfrequencycarrierwaveswingtotherhythmofNFmodulatedsignals.Fromthere,themodulatedsignalin
aHighfrequencypoweramplifier(drawingno.7,item87.88.89)Increasedandasthepowersupplyofthe
primarycoilofthetransformerballistic(drawingno.7,item94)Isused.
6.0111)utilitymodelbuildingstationsinthefrequencyrangeof1450kHz.
Transformercorefor18KHzferritecoreto450kHz(orhigherfrequency):(.DrawingNo.1)andballistic
transformer(DrawingNo.7,pos.94).Heightofthetransformercore(ferrite)(UCoreheightPos12)160
cmlengthofthetransformercore(ferrite)(UcorelengthItem7)160cmcorecrosssectionofthe
transformercore(A)7x7cm=4900mm2
lengthoutercore).
Imagenotavailable
[0668]
[0669]
CO.POBox254237015GttingenGermanyPhone+49(0)55150586Emailinfo@kaschke.de
orWagner+GrimmAG,WerkStrasse4,POBox662,CH6102MaltersorTrideltaDortmund,Ostkirchstrasse
177D44287Dortmund,GermanyEmail:info@tridelta.deoraferritecorefor18kHzorhigherfrequency.
Componentsoftheglassceramicferritecoresfrom:"glassceramicpowderSiO295%to10%ferriteand5%to
90%".
[0670]
Thesepowderedingredients,glasspowderandferritesaremixedaccordingtopredeterminedmixingratio.Then,
thehotpressingofthemass.Thatis,thepulverulentconstituentsoftheglassceramicferritecorearecompacted
underhighgaspressure,sothatasolidhomogeneouscompoundisformed,sothattherequiredglassceramic
ferritecoreisformed.
[0671]
MadeofcompanyTrideltaHermsdorf/MarieCurieStrasse7/HermsdorformadebySchrder(specialglass
technology)Buchenweg2025479Ellerau/info@schroederglas.com.Height168cmWidth167cmDiameterof
theferritecore17cm/corecrosssection22686.5mm2=226.865cm2highfrequencytransformerandits
transformercoreisdesignedtohethepowerfedtoparticipatesintheprimerwindingandhavingalotofspacefor
thewindingspaceofthesecondarycoil.
PUR280for10kV
g.haake@tece.com,info@tece.com
6.0113)forthistransformercore,Ineedthefollowingrectangularprimarybobbinandarectangular
secondarybobbin:(drawingno.3).
Primarybobbin
rectangularcoilbody(item21)Corecrosssection7x7cm(49cm2)
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6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.deisusedintheballistictransformerasthesecondarywindingwire.
KV/diameter=0.75..0.44mm2=loadedwith3amps.OrthehighvoltagewirecrosssectionCuSn0.75
mm2/Operatingvoltage3KV2284turnsorstrandofNesslerElectronics/Giselastrae35/D63500
BlessedCityTel.(0049)61821886FAX0(0049)061823703...used.
Imagenotavailable
10mor25mringorPTFEhighvoltagecables(Germany)telemeterElectrinicGmbH,kabel@telemeter.de
TypeSelection:
AWGNo.10/director:NumberofsinglewiresAWGno.(Wireinmm)3726(0.40)Diameter2.8
mmCrosssectionof4.7mm2ShieldingnoOuterdiameter7.8mmIsolationsize10.0Insulatedwire
max.Maxcontinuousoperatingvoltage22KVAC.49.5KVDCDielectrictestvoltagein20.8VACRMS
Articleno.14/118used.
6.01141)forthepowersupplyoftheprimarycoilofthetransformer2DESIuseamodulatedradiofrequency
transmitter.
[0672]
Viaa(radiofrequencytransmitter)radiofrequencygenerator(drawingno.7,item84)Isgenerated,thehigh
frequencyenergyofthecarrierwaveof450kHz(orhigher).Inthesubsequentmixingstage(drawingno.7,item
85)Isthehighfrequencysignalsthelowfrequency(LF)signalfromthepictureandTonvermodulatedstronger.
ThehighfrequencycarrierwavevibratetotherhythmofNFmodulatedsignals.Fromthere,themodulatedsignal
inaHighfrequencypoweramplifier(drawingno.7,item87.88.89)Increasedandasthepowersupplyofthe
primarycoilofthetransformerballistic(drawingno.7,item94)Isused.
OrahighfrequencygeneratorHTTINGERelectronicsGmbH+Co.KGassumesthefunctionoftheRF
transmitter.
Highfrequencygenerator50450kHz(4000kHz).
HighFrequencyTransformerforfeedingtheprimaryofthetransformer2DES:AXIORFgenerator10/450T
Ratiooftheoutputtransformer1:1
Maximumoutputvoltage1500V
ProductHTTINGERelectronics,GmbH+Co.KG,Elssserstrasse8,79110Freiburg,Germany,
info@de.huettinger.com,www.huettinger.comorotherhighfrequencygeneratorHTTINGERelectronics,GmbH
+Co.KG(TrumpfAG)forthepowersupplytheprimarycoilofthetransformer2DES:
Imagenotavailable
Rectangularbobbin(drawingno.2,item21)Corecrosssection7x7cm(49cm2)
Street26/73450Neresheim/weisser@weisser.de
6.0116)Structureofthesecondarycoilofthehighfrequencytransformer(drawingno.7,item84)
[0673]
Whenwindingwireforthesecondarycoil(drawingno.7,item95)Iusethehighvoltagecablefromthecompany
LemoElektronikGmbH/HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Munichinfo@lemo.de.Forhigheroperatingvoltagesofthe
twodimensionallinehighvoltageSpecialcablerequiredbythemanufacturerofthespecialhighvoltagecable
www.hivolt.de.www.hivolt.deoffersonrequestspecialhighvoltagecablesupto100KV,200KVto300KVand
upto.
Seedrawingno.2,item16=InternalconductorPos17=Insulationbetweentheinnerconductorandthe
Highvoltagecable:
Orderno.201340/conductorresistanceof55.9/km/insulationresistancemilliohms1,000/km/
Phosphorbronze/building70.26=0.76mm/surroundedbyaninsulationofPErt2.88mm/
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envelopedbyaninnersheathofPVCrt5.2mm/,surroundedbyashieldCubl5.48mm/surrounded
byanoutersheathPVCrt7.28mminsulationofthewindingtowindingoftheoutersheath36kVor
higherforrolloverprotectionofindividualturnsofthesecondarycoilissettheoutersheathofPVCto
14.56mm.
[0674]
6.0117)www.hivolt.deThefeedingofthehighDCvoltageontheshieldandtheinnerconductorofthe
powercableandtheconnectionsIusedusedastwodimensionalcoiltothetwodimensionalconsumersthe
highvoltageconnectorsandhighvoltagebushingsto100KVfromthemanufacturerandcompanyFuG
ElektronikGmbH,FlorianStrae2,83024Rosenheim.
6.0143)DChighvoltagepowersupplyforthetwodimensionalsecondarycoillayersaandb(drawingno.7,
item95)(Ie,theshieldandtheinnerconductorofthepowercable)Iuseanetworkdevice[28]F.u.G.
ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:.Info@fugelektronik.dewiththefollowing
data:For20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVelectronenergyIusethehighvoltagepowersuppliesof
F.andG.ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fugelektronik.de
For20keVelectronenergyIusethehighvoltagepowersupply
Type:HighvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200mAcurrent
Type:HighVoltagePowerSuppliesHCN/14001000000100000V012mA
6.0145)Highfrequencyoutputvoltageonthesecondarycoil(drawingno.7,item95)Ofthehighfrequency
transformer(drawingno.7,item94)At:At1800turns63KVoutputvoltageofthetwodimensional
secondarycoilofthetransformer2DES.
6.0146)propertiesoftwodimensionalelectronholevoltages:
[0675]
Duetothenatureofelectricalenergysuppliedtotheprimarycoil,itcreatesacertaincorrespondingmagnetic
inductioninthetwodimensionalballisticsecondarycoil(drawingno.7,item93)(20keVenergybandsor50keV
or100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVthesecondarycoil)ofthetransformer(drawingno.7,item94),The
twodimensionalelectronholeenergythusproducedhasthefollowingmasspronevoltage:
300keVwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof50KeVballistichightensionvoltage
300keVwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialelectronexcessof50KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
andpoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass20KeVor50KeVand100KeVor150keVor200keVor300keV
withthepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronsexcessof50KeVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
6,015)Basicparametervalues
ofthetwodimensionalElektroneholevibrationsystem.
[0676]
Thetwodimensionalelectronsystemisbasedontheelectronorbitaldisplacementofelectronsfromthevalence
bandtotheconductionlayerbtothewiringlayera.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighelectrostaticDC
voltageof20to500KVtothewiringlayerBandcausingconductionlayera.
6,016)shiftfactoroftheelectrostaticDCvoltageintheballisticconductionpartsorcoilpartsaandb
determinesthemassofelectronsandholesorbitalsinthistwodimensionalLeitungorcoilsystems.
[0677]
Dependingon:
[0678]
eigenvalues
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occupationofthestates.
[0679]
OneofthemostimportantexamplesoftheeffectsofastrongelectronelectroninteractionistheKondoeffectin
metals,whichmanifestsitselfasacharacteristicminimuminthe(indepth)Temperaturedependenceofthe
electricalresistance.Itscauseistheelectrostaticmagneticcouplingofthefconductionelectronstotheatom,is
alsothereasonfortheoccurrenceofsocalledheavyfermionsystems.Theirthermodynamicpropertiescanbe
obtainedbyelectronlikequasiparticleswithanunusuallylargeeffectivemassofoneupto1000timesthemassof
afreeelectrondescribe.Theemissionspectraofsuchhighlycorrelatedsystemareverycomplicated.Todescribe
themanybodyeffectsarerequired,thesocalledspectralfunction,whichtakestheplaceofthedensityofstates
N(E)oftheoneelectronimage.Inthesystemsdiscussedhere,thestronginteractionbetweenconduction
electronsandmagneticinductionleads(moments)tothefactthatclosetothespectralfunctionofthefelectrons
forcerium(Atom)abovetheFermienergyshowsasharp,veryintensestructureiscalledtheKondoresonance.
[0680]
6.0161)Thecarrieroffsetby20kVor50kVor100kVor150kVcapacitoroftheappliedvoltagetothe
ballisticconductionlayerorballisticcoillayer(aandb)arisestheorbitalmassdefectoftheelectronandthe
electrons.
[0681]
TheorbitalmassoftheelectronandtheelectrondefectcausedbytheseparatetotheLeitungsschichenby
isolatingaandbarefittinghighelectrostaticvoltage.Thereisachargecarrierdisplacementoftheconductivelayer
bforalinelayer,whichisexpressedasadividendinexploitingObitalespannungspotentialelectronandthehole
up.BythisObitalespannungspotentialtheelectronandtheholeautomaticallygetpointedtoahighermassthan
whentheyareinthegroundstate.Thisistheinteractionwiththeatomicnucleioftheballisticconductionlayer.
6.0162)increaseinmassoftheelectronandholesatappliedelectricfieldstrengthsatthetwodimensional
conductinglayersaandb.
[0682]
[0683]
mass.
[0684]
presentedbyRaymondFranzSummerofWaldsassenJune27,2002"Thefollowingdescriptionsareincluded,the
increaseinmassoftheelectronsbyanappliedelectrostatichighvoltage.Thissamefactisalsofromthephysics
ofparticleacceleratorsknown.
6.0164)transitionsopeningcausedbytheoscillatingelectronandpositiveholemassesinthehigh
frequencyvibrationsystemsoftheelectronpositiveholeenergy.
[0685]
a)poleofthenegativeelectronorbitalmassesof50keV(50,100,150,200,300)keV),withthepolarityof
thegroundpotentialelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltageandpoleofthenegative
electronorbitalmassesof50keV(50,100,150,200,300)keV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotential
electronsurplusof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
b)poleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof50keV(50,100,150,200,300KeV),withthepolarityofthe
groundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandpoleofthe
positiveholeorbitalmass50keV(50,100,150,200,300KeV),withthepolarityofthegroundpotential
defectelectronssurplusof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
c)theendoftheoscillationprocess.
[0686]
Theeffectsofthegravitationalmagneticfieldsinatwodimensionalballisticelectronholeenergycoilsystem.
[0687]
Thehighfrequencymagneticinductionforcesinduceinthedualballistictwodimensionalsecondarycoilofthe
transformer,adirectionAlternatingmovementofelectronsandholespairs.Thehighfrequencymagneticinduction
forcesacceleratetheelectronsinthesecondarycoilpartaandsimultaneouslyacceleratethedefectelectronsin
thesecondarycoilpartb.Theflowdirectionofthechargecarrierspairsgoestothesamedirection.Thisreaction
sequenceisequivalenttotheformationofavoltagepotentialwiththecharacterofnegativeelectronsandpositive
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electronholes(Lcherteilchen).Theaccumulatedatavoltagepotentialelectronsandholesradiateattheirpolarity
pointmasspotentialelectronsurplusandthegroundpotentialdefectelectronexcessincommonfieldquantaofthe
proceedstotheotherpolaritypointmasspotentialelectrondeficiencyandthegroundpotentialdefectelectron
deficiency.Bothparticlestreamstogetherformajointforcefieldofnegativeandpositiveparticleflows,inother
wordsamassivezerofieldwithzerofieldvoltagepotentials.
d)Theresultinggravitationalandmagneticfields,whichcanbereferredtoaspulsemassencumbered
Nullpolfeldenergie.Havehighconcentrationofthisenergyandhighvibrationfrequency,aspecialfeatureof
thepulselikecompactquantum.
[0688]
Theflowingwateronthetwodimensionalhighfrequencycoilorbitalelectronandholecurrentscausebyhigh
groundpotentialofthehighlystrainedballisticvoltage,shorttermchangeintheregionofspacearoundthetwo
dimensionalcoil.
[0689]
Forashorttime,ahigherconcentrationofmassisestablished,theconsequenceisthatthecurvatureofthespace
surroundingareaisextremelyvariedinthecoil,whichleadstotheopeningofanenergysimilarspatialregionwith
thevibrationandmassvalues
ofthehighfrequencyelectronanddefectorbitalcurrents(pairs)matches.
[0690]
Aremarknoconsequenceresultingfromthesystemparametervalues
oftheoscillatingmassesintheballistic
transformersystemis.Soclosetotheballisticfieldcoilsisachangeinthespatialvalueofthesurrounding
dimensionalspace.
[0691]
OurmultidimensionalspaceiscurvedduetothedividendareinyourMatereandenergystructureswithaconstant
value.
[0692]
Thiscurvaturefactordependsonthenormalgeometricstructure,andthenormalenergeticdensityofthe
surroundingspacefromus.
[0693]
Areweinalimitedspacesystemtochangethevalues
oftheenergystructure,governedbyitsowndimensional
spatialconditionsinthissmallsectionoftheroomarea.
e)Ifwechangethesevalues
artificiallya,soweneedtogetaccesstotheEinsteinlikespaceparallel.No
delayoftheradiosignalsoverlongdistances,becausethelevelofvibrationofthemassprone20to150
KeVorbitalsoftheelectronsandtheelectronholesisused.
f)applicationoftheseeffectsforthetransmissionofradioorsoundsignals.
[0694]
Thus,theballisticsecondarycoilsuppliestheAbstrahlantennenthetransmitterwithenergy.
[0695]
ThevibratingatahighfrequencyhighstrungelectronsandholesOrbitalemassen,generatedbytheinteraction
processesinthehighfrequencycoilsystemofballisticgenerator.Asmallspatiallyindependentspatialdimension,
definedbythevalues
oftheappliedelectrostaticvoltageandgroundofthetwocoilsystem,aandbdiffersfrom
thenormalspaceitself.Sowethenormalspacesimilarspatialdimension,generatedbytheinteractionprocesses
intheballistictwodimensionalhighfrequencytransmittercoilsorreceivingcoils.Thisfactallowsmanyinteresting
applicationsinwirelesstechnology,suchaswirelesstransmissionofsoundandpicturesignalsfromaspacecraft
orsatellitetotheearth.
6.02)Structureofthehighfrequencyballisticballisticelectronholereceiver(drawingno.8)fortheareasof
20,50,100,150,200,300keVenergybandsinthefrequencyrangeof12000kHz.Receiverofsoundand
imagesignalsviatheenergeticallymasssubjectvibrationallevelofthehighfrequencycarriermodulated
ballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergy".
[0696]
Atthemomentwearehumanbeings,duetothecurrentstateoftheartnotabletoaccommodateradiosignals
withgreaterspeedoflighttoreceivingtheapplication.Byusingtheballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergy
inthehighfrequencyrangeopenupanewtransmissionpathforthetransmissionofimageandsoundsignals
apply.
[0697]
Aremarknoconsequenceresultingfromthesystemparametervalues
oftheballistichighfrequencyvibration
system,isachangeintheregionofvibrationalenergy.Neartheballisticfieldcoilsachangeinthespatialvalues
ofthesurroundingdimensionalspaceoccurs.OurEinsteinspaceiscurvedduetothedividendareinyourMatere
andenergystructureswithaconstantvalue.Thiscurvaturefactordependsonthenormalgeometricstructure,and
thenormalenergydensityofthesurroundingspacefromus.Ifwechangeinalimitedspacesystem,thevalues
of
theenergystructure,prevailinthissmallsectionoftheroomareatoanotherdimensionalspatialconditions,this
allowsustoaccessthesimilarparallelEinsteinchamber,haslongandhimforthetransmissionandreceptionof
signals,etc....touse.Thevibratingatahighfrequencyhighstrungelectronsandholesgeneratedbythe
interactionprocessesinthehighfrequencycoilsystemofballisticgenerator,asmallspatiallyindependentspatial
dimension,whichisdifferentfromthenormalspace.
6,021)utilitymodelstructureforthehighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholereceiver(drawingno.8)in
thefrequencyrangeof20keV,50keV,100keVand150keVor200keVor300keVenergybandsinthe
frequencyrange1450kHzandhigherfrequencies.
[0698]
Themodelofthemodulatedradiofrequencymassenbehaftentwodimensionalelectronholereceiverinthe
frequencybandsof20keV,50keV,100keVand150keVor200keVor300keVenergyMassenbehaften
vibrationallevelofthemodulatedhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholeenergyconsistsofthefollowing
parts:
6.022),thehighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholereceiveriscomposedofthefollowingparts,basic
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structure(Picture8).:
a)Abroadcastreceiverforthefrequencyrange30300kHz,wavelength101km,namelongwave(LW)and
forthefrequencyrangeof3001500kHz,wavelength1000200m,Namemediumwave(MW)andforthe
frequencyrange15003000kHz,wavelength200100m,nameGrenzwellenorforthefrequencyrange330
MHz,wavelength10010m,NameShortWave(HF)(HFhighfrequencies)andforthefrequencyrange30
300MHz,wavelength101m,Nameultrashortwave(FM)(VHFveryhighfrequencies)andforthe
frequencyrange3003000MHz,1000100mmwavelength,descriptiondmwaves(UHFultrahigh
frequencies).
b)Specialstructureoftheinputtransformeroftheradioreceiver
[0699]
Theinputcoil(drawingno.8,item102)Forfeedingpowertotheantennaconsistsofatwodimensionalcoil,the
windingwireofthecoilconsistsofahighvoltagecablewithshieldingofcompanyLEMOElektronikGmbH/
HansSchwindtStr.6/81829Mnchen/info@lemo.dedelivered.Soahighvoltagecable:OrderNo.201340/
conductorresistanceof55.9/km/insulationresistance1,000milliohms/km/Operatingvoltage50KV(150
KVballisticcapacitorvoltage)/testvoltage75kV/innerconductorfromPhosphorbronze/building70.26=
0.76mm/envelopedbyaninsulationofPErt2.88mm/envelopedbyaninnersheathofPVCrt5.2mm/,
surroundedbyashieldCubl5.48mm/surroundedbyanoutersheathPVCrt7.28mminsulationofthe
windingtowindingoftheoutersheath36kVorhigherforrolloverprotectionofindividualturnsofthecoilofthe
outersheathofPVCto14.56mmisset.(Internalcrosssection3mm2,supportsuptoabout3A).
[0700]
Forthetwodimensionalantennacoil(drawingno.8,item102Lift)inthestateofthetwodimensionalelectron
system,ahighelectrostaticDCvoltageviaanetworkdeviceofF.uontheinnerandouterconductorsofthetwo
dimensionalantennacoil.G.ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fugelektronik.de
created.
[0701]
TheontheinnerconductorandtheshieldofthetwodimensionalantennacoilfittinghighelectrostaticDCvoltage
andtheoscillatorcircuit(drawingno.8,item99)Actinghighfrequencyasthefeedbackofthefeedbackcoil
(drawingno.8,item100)Intheinputtransformerdeterminestheamountofenergymasssubjectvibrationallevel
of20,50,100,150keVenergybandsoftheradiofrequencycarriermodulatedballistictwodimensionalelectron
holeenergy".
6.023)inthesequence14000kHzhighfrequencytwodimensionalelectronholereceiver
Actionsequences:
a)Thetwodimensionalcoil(drawingno.8,item102)IsliftedbytheappliedelectrostatichighDCvoltage
totheenergeticallymassvitiated20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVhighstateofatwodimensional
electronholesystem.
b)intheoscillatorcircuit(drawingno.8,item99)Actinghighfrequencyanditsassociatedfeedbackcoil
(drawingno.8,item100)Intheinputtransformer(drawingno.8,item101),Pairedwiththetwo
dimensionalcoiltheheightoftheplaneofvibrationinthefrequencyrange(1450kHz,2000kHzorhigher
frequency)ofthehighfrequencycarriermodulatedballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergy".
c)Fromthepowerfulballisticantenna(drawingno.8,item103)Istheinputsignalonthetwodimensional
coil(drawingno.8,item102)Intheinputtransformer(drawingno.8,item101)Andfedviathemagnetic
inductionasaninputsignaltotheinputofthetankcircuit(totheoscillatorcircuit,drawingno.8,item99)
Transmitted.
d)Therewillbebyvoteofthevariablecapacitor(drawingno.8,item99)Intheinputtankcircuit,therefore,
theoscillatorcircuitthefrequencyofthereceiverissettothehigheroftheappropriateradiofrequency.
e)Fromtheentranceoscillationcircuit(drawingno.8,item99)Isthehighfrequencyontheconnectionto
thegridcombinationofresistorandcapacitor(1MOhm/100pF)tothelatticeof2highfrequencytube
mode(Pentode,drawingno.8,item98)Transmitted.Here,atthegridoccursfirst,therectificationofthe
highfrequency,fortheothergrating,thehighfrequencyissimultaneouslyfed.Thatis,thegridisthe
rectifiedlowfrequencywithasuperimposedhighfrequency.Thus,thepipeemphasizesbothhighfrequency
andlowfrequency.Nowflowsviatheanode,theamplifiedhighfrequencyandamplifiedtothelow
frequencyfeedbackcoil,istheretotheinputcircuit(oscillatorcircuit,drawingno.8,item99)Isfedback
viatheinputtransformer.Thisfeedbackleadswhocompensatedforthedeattenuationoftheinputcircuit
of,iethelossoftheinputcircuit(oscillatorcircuit).Theundampingthatcausestheinputcircuitisvery
narrow.Ofthefeedbackcoilnowflowsflowingtheamplifiedhighfrequencyandlowfrequencyenhanced.
Afterthefeedbackcoilisfollowedbyafilteringdevice,whichisintendedtopreventtheoutflowofhigh
frequencytowardlowfrequency.Thefollowing220ohmresistorsetstheloadresistorforlowfrequency.
Thismeansthatatthispoint,throughacouplingcapacitor(drawingno.8,item105),Thefirstlow
frequencyamplifierstageareconnected.Thefollowingscreenmember1uF/47kOhmblockoffthepower
supply.(Drawingno.8,item97)Isthepositiveterminalofthesupplyvoltage(drawingno.8,item106)
Connectionofthesupplyvoltagefortheheatingofhighfrequencytubemode(Pentode,drawingno.8,item
98)And(drawingno.8,item107)Istheconnectiontoground.
f)Theapplicationofthetwodimensionalelectronholeenergyinthehighfrequencyenergyopenupnew
possibilitiesofthetransmissionpath.Aremarknoconsequenceresultingfromthesystemparametervalues
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oftheballistichighfrequencyvibrationsystem,isachangeintheregionofvibrationalenergy.Nearthe
ballisticfieldcoilsachangeinthespatialvalues
ofthesurroundingdimensionalspaceoccurs.OurEinstein
spaceiscurvedduetothedividendareinyourMatereandenergystructureswithaconstantvalue.This
curvaturefactordependsonthenormalgeometricstructure,andthenormalenergeticdensityofthe
surroundingspacefromus.Ifwechangeinalimitedspacesystem,thevalues
oftheenergystructure,
prevailinthissmallsectionoftheroomareatoanotherdimensionalspatialconditions,thisallowsusto
accessthesimilarparallelEinsteinchamber,haslongandhimforthetransmissionandreceptionofsignals,
etc....touse.
[0702]
Thevibratinghighfrequencyhightensionelectronsandholes(positivehole),generatedbytheinteraction
processesinthecoilsystemofthehighfrequencyballisticgenerator,asmallspatiallyindependentspatial
dimensionresultingfromthenormalspacebythevalues
oftheappliedelectrostaticvoltagetothedualcoil
system,aandbdiffers.Sowecreatedthenormalspacesimilarspatialdimension,throughtheinteraction
processesinthehighfrequencytransmittercoilsorballisticballisticreceivercoils(twodimensionalcoilinput
transformer).
7.00)Theprocedurefortheapplicationofthebroadbrimmedphotonmodelofalaserinthefrequencyrange
12000kHzofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemsintheenergyofthepulse
directcurrent,alternatingcurrent,highfrequency,simpleinventivedesignoftheballisticelectronholepower
systemofEmbodiments6andpatentclaim6.
Shortdescription:
Thebroadbandphotonmodelofalaser(drawingno.9).
Preparationandstructureofthelaserrod(laserorcoil)
7.1)fortheproductionofspecialmetaldopedwitha2meterlong,55mmoutsidediameterand5mminner
diameterhavingcylinderinternalNd:YAGcrystaltobeapplieddifferentmanufacturingprocesses.
a)lasercrystalofyttriumaluminumgarnetYAGY.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12iswhengrowingYAGcrucibles
aremadeofthehighmeltingendsiniridium,startingmaterialsareintherightproportionsofalumina
(Al2O3),yttriumoxide(Y2O3)andoptionallyadopantsuchasneodymiumoxide(Nd2O3).Thecrucibleis
inathermalinsulationcompoundmadeofceramicandisinductivelyheated.Themeltingtemperatureof
YAGisabout1950C.ThepictureshowsaNd:YAGcrystalwithabout0.9%Ndcontent.Ithasatotal
lengthofabout2m,anouterdiameterof55mmandaninnerdiameterof5mm.
b)InaparticularthickwalledpipeCaF2singlecrystalof2minlengthandanouterdiameterof55mmand
aninnerdiameterof5mm.FollowingtheprocedureofSchottMLGmbH,GschwitzerStr.20,D07745
Jenamade.
c)Inaspecialmetaluraniumdopedglasscrystalof2minlengthandanouterdiameterof55mmandan
innerdiameterof5mm.
Manufacturingprocess
[0703]
Theliquidlasermixturecanbedrawndirectlyonvariousobjectsintheoven:totubes,plates,fibersandrods,
whichmusthavethesamediameter.Tubesaremadebypullingacylindricalmassofsemiliquidglassand
simultaneouslysendsthroughthecenterofthecylinderairflow.
[0704]
Hollowglassismanufacturedinseveralprocessbypressing,blowing,sucking,andcombinationsofthese
techniques
Processing Imagenotavailable
c)SiO2productiontubesandlasertubesofotheralloycomposition.
[0705]
PublishedpatentDE10158521A1istheprocessforpreparingapartialregionorcompletelyglazedshapedSiO2
body,onanamorphousgreenbodyissinteredandvitrifiedbynoncontactheatingbymeansofaradiation,and
therebycontaminationoftheSiO2Formkrpersisavoidedwithimpurities,characterizedinthatthatisusedas
theradiationbeamofalaserisknown.
[0706]
ThereportoftheGermanSocietyforcrystalgrowthandcrystalgrowthDGKKannualmeetinginErlangen,20th
22ndMarch2000,themethodoftheopticalcharacterization,design,constructionandtestingofacrystalgrowing
equipmentfortheindustrialproductionofCaF2crystalsforDUVlithographycultivationandcharacterizationofNd1
+XBA2knownxCu3Oymixedcrystalsfromthemeltsolution.
7.2)onthesurfaceofthelaserrod(drawingno.9,pos115).(Laserorcoil)isametaltrump,intheformof
acopperbraid(drawingno.9,pos117).overtheentirelengthofthelaserrod(laserorcoil)woundseveral
times.
[0707]
Onthissurface,aninsulatingplastic(drawingno.9,pos114).appliedandtheendsrespectivelyconnectedtoan
insulatedcable.
[0708]
IntheInner(drawingno.9,pos121)Ofthespecificmetaldoped2meterlongcylinderinternalNd:YAGcrystal
laserrod(orCaF2singlecrystaltube)isinsertedaflexiblecoppercableandpulleduptheotherend.
[0709]
Theendsoftheflexiblecoppercableareprovidedwithanintheheartofthelaserrod(laserorcoil)reachinginto
isolation.
[0710]
Terminalsofthelaserrod(drawingno.9,pos112/113)Withtwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemin
PulsedDCorACfieldmomentumrangeorhighfrequencypulsearea:
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Theendb(drawingno.9,pos113)Oftheflexiblecoppercablewillbeconnectedtothepoleofthenegative
electronorbitalmassesof50keV(50,100,150,200,300)keV)connectedtothepolarityofthegroundpotential
electrondeficiencyof166.3keVballistichightensionvoltage.
Theendofa(drawingno.9,pos112)Oftheflexiblecoppercablewillbeconnectedtothepoleofthenegative
electronorbitalmassesof50keV(50,100,150,200,300)keV),connectedtothepolarityofthegroundpotential
electronsurplusof166.3keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
Theendb(drawingno.9,pos111)Oftheflexiblecopperbraidonthesurfaceofthelaserrod(orlasercoil)willbe
connectedtothepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmassof50keV(50,100,150,200,300KeV),hightensionwith
thepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectrondeficiencyof166.3keVballisticvoltage.
Theendofa(drawingno.9,pos110)Oftheflexiblecopperbraidonthesurfaceofthelaserrod(orlasercoil)will
beconnectedtothepoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass50keV(50,100,150,200,300KeV),hightensionwith
thepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefectelectronssurplusof166.3keVballisticvoltage.
Attheendbofthelaserrod(laserorcoil),a100%reflectivelasermirror(drawingno.9,113a)ismounted1100
kHzfrequencyrange.
Attheendofalaserrod(laserorcoil),a50%reflectivelasermirror(drawingno.9,pos118)Mounted1100kHz
inthefrequencydomain.
[0711]
Behindthishalbdurchlssingenlasermirrorisanannularcouplingin(drawingno.9,pos119),Thelaserlightinto
theopticalfibercable(drawingno.9,pos120)Transmits
7.3)flowinthelasertubeorCaF2singlecrystaltube.
[0712]
Inthelaserphotonscanproduceupto1eVphotonenergyof0.5MeVinaballisticlasersystems.Thelaseris
builtontheprincipleoftheballistictwodimensionalelectronholeenergysystemandissuppliedbyitinthe
frequencyrangeofthepulsedirectcurrentoralternatingcurrentorhighfrequencyenergy.
7.4)actionflowmodelofabroadbrimmedphotonsaccordingtoclaim5.
[0713]
Twodimensionalelectronholeenergysysteminthefrequencyrangeofthepulsedirectcurrentoralternating
currentorhighfrequencyenergypowersthesurfaceofthelaserrod(drawingno.9,pos115).andthecoreofthe
innercylinderofthelaser(drawingno.9,pos121)Withenergy.
[0714]
Ahighpumpingvoltageraisestheelectronsandtheelectronholesatahighvoltagelevel.Changingdirection
causesthehighfrequencyelectronholeenergy,shorttimeofthecrashareindividendinthehighvoltagelevel
electronsandelectronholescausesthephotonpulsesaretherebyinducedinthelaserrod.ThePotonenoscillate
inthelaserrodbetweenbothlasermirrorbackandforthtoreachthesemipermeablelasermirrorsthetransitions
thresholdandarefedintotheopticalfibercable.Fromtheretheygoovertheopticalfibercabletothefocusing
opticsandmachinetheworkpiece.
Scope:
[0715]
Chipmanufacturingelectronics(prerequisiteformassproductionofsemiconductordevicesusingphotolithographic
method(masktechnique)isused,etc.
8.00)Theprocedurefortheapplicationofthetwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energy
systemsinatransformer,intheareaof
thesuperconductorinthefrequencyrange12000kHzpulseof
directcurrent,thealternatingcurrentandthehighfrequency
[0716]
Themethodfortheapplicationoftwodimensionalelectronelectronholes(holes)energysystemsinatransformer,
intheareaof
thesuperconductorinthefrequencyrange12000kHzpulseofdirectcurrent,thealternatingcurrent
andthehighfrequency.Simpleinventiveembodimentoftheballisticelectronholeenergysystemaccordingto
embodiments7andclaim1and7.FIG.
[0717]
Thetwodimensionalfieldelectrondefectelectronenergysystemforapplicationofthesuperconductorconsistsof
thefollowingsystemparameters:
8.01)Structureoftheprototype
[0718]
ElectrictransformerwhosesecondarywindingonPrimreand273CtoCiscooled(dependingonthekindof
thesuperconductorandinsulation)andismaintainedatthistemperature.TheprimarycoilismadefeinadrigemRF
cable.
[0719]
Thestructureofthetransformercore,itismadeofaceramicferritecorewithadifferentferrite,andaspecially
madesuperconductingcoilbody.Thecoilwireconsistsoftwosuperconductor(Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8(Bi2212)or
of(Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10(Bi2223)separatedfromeachotherbyahighisolationfromquartzceramicsare.
[0720]
Thestructureofthesecondarycoil,theconnectinglinesofthesecondarycoilandthesecondarycoilisconnected
totheconsumer,theyconsistofaspeciallyconstructedsuperconductor.Theyconsistofasilvercore
superconductororaBi2Sr2CaCu2O8(Bi2212)ora(Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10(Bi2223)offromthick
insulation(glassceramicorquartz)orgradeofalowtemperatureplasticissurrounded,andabovethatisa
metallicshell(ofasuperconductorshield)andisonhisturninsulation.Betweenthesilversuperconductorcoreand
themetalcladdingisataconstanthighelectricalDCvoltage.
[0721]
Foractivationofthetwodimensionalelectronstateofthesuperconductorpair,thusthesecondarywinding,ahigh
DCvoltagetotheterminalsofthetwodimensionallinehalvesa(superconductorpolarityisnegative,drawingno.
11,pos135)Andb(superconductorpositivepolarity,drawingno.11,pos136)Connected(Thesuperconductor
isfrom[Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8(Bi2212)orof(Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10(Bi2223)orfromthematerialTTTT
87/94
3/4/2015
goldBSCCOmanufactured53359Rhineriver)forthisDCpowersupplyIuseapowersupplyunitsofF.andG.
ElektronikGmbH,FlorianstrHTSWIRESofTrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr16...2,D83024RosenheimEmail:
info@fugelektronik.dewiththefollowingdata:
For20keVelectronenergyIusethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200mA
currentand50keVelectronenergyIusethetype:highvoltagepowersupplyHCN/280065000065KV040
mA.
[0722]
Themetallicenvelopeandthesilvercoresuperconductoractingascarriersfortheelectronandholecurrentsof
differentfrequencies(PulsedDC,ACandhighfrequency).
[0723]
Thesuperconductoriscooledbyacoolingdevicetotherequiredtemperatureofthesuperconductorandkeepsthe
wholesystemtothattemperature.
8.02),thecoolingdeviceforthesuperconductortransformerandthetwodimensionalsuperconductorcoil.
[0724]
Acoolingdeviceforthetwodimensionalsuperconductingcoil(drawingno.11,pos138)Andthetransformer
consistsoftwoseparateelectriccryopumps,andathirdcryopump.
[0725]
Atthesametime,theoperationofeffectivecoolingisreliableinisolation(eg,drawingno.11,pos137),Whichare
madebyisolationevenseparatecryopumps.
[0726]
Thecryopump1supplyofhighpressure,thesuperconductingcarriertube1(negativepolarity,drawingno.11,pos
135)Withtheligandislocatedsuperconductor,theliquidrefrigerantflowsathighpressurethroughthe
superconductorsupporttubes1ofthetwodimensionalballisticcoil.
[0727]
Theendofthesuperconductingtubes(drawingno.11,pos124),Wheretheconnectiontothesuperconductor
cablecarrieris,thecryogenicfluidflowsintothecryobath.
[0728]
Thecryopump2supplyhighpressure,thesuperconductingcarrierpipe2(positivepolarity,drawingno.11,pos136
)Withtheligandislocatedsuperconductor,theliquidrefrigerantflowsathighpressurethroughthesuperconductor
supporttubes2ofthetwodimensionalballisticcoil.
[0729]
Theendofthesuperconductingtubes(drawingno.11,pos134),Wheretheconnectiontothesuperconductor
cablecarrieris,thecryogenicfluidflowsintothecryobath.
[0730]
Thesuperconductorsupporttubes(drawingno.11,pos124and134)Areofahighvoltageinsulation
Tieftemperaturtauglieschen(drawingno.11,pos125and133)Surrounded,abovewhichisashieldingmade
Preferablyacopperbraid(drawingno.11,pos126and132),Whichiswrappedovertheentirelength,witha
coppertape(drawingno.11,pos123and131).Inaddition,thereisalowtemperaturesuitableinsulation(drawing
no.11,pos122and130),Anditisathermalinsulation(drawingno.11,pos121and129).
[0731]
Thecryopumps3supplywithaninteriorofKryobadesinwhichthesuperconductingtransformerisoninsulating
supports,withliquidrefrigerantwithlow,particularlypreferablycryogenictemperatureofexample,4to77K
[0732]
Thetransformerisonoflowtemperatureinsulatingsupports,onthisrecordingdevicesandvarioussupport
memberaremounted,whichagainisthemanycable,waterinletandoutletcoolanthosesleadingtothe
transformer.Inacontainermadeofsteelwithaverythickinnercoatingoffiberglassreinforcedplastichousesthe
cryobath.ThecryobathisfilledduringoperationofthetransformerwiththeliquidrefrigerantPreferablythe
temperatureof4to77Kandalsocoolsthetransformer.
[0733]
Theentirecoolingsystemensuresthecoolingofthesuperconductor,thetransformeralsooccurundershock
loading.
8.03)usingtheHTSsuperconductor
[0734]
ReportonhightemperaturesuperconductorsbyDr.MatthiasHein,Dr.BeateLehndorff,DepartmentofPhysics,
InstituteforMaterialsScienceforalineortransformercoil.HTShightemperaturesuperconductors,accordingto
pressreportsandinformationfromInternetTrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr.1653359Rhineriver,
www.trithor.com/www.synflex.com.UseofthesuperconductorHTSastwodimensionalwindingwireinthe
secondarycoil.
8.04)ElectrictransformeriskeptwhosePrimre,secondarywindingandthetransformercoretothe
temperatureof273C.
Transformercorefor18KHzferritecoreto450kHz(drawingno.1) Imagenotavailable
RightandlefttheUshapedtransformercorecolumn(ferrite)(windowheightPos15)153cm.
WeboftheUshapedtransformercorecolumn(ferrite)(Poswideweb13(7cmx7cm,160cmland
lengthequallengthoutercore).
[0735]
[0736]
88/94
3/4/2015
Ostkirchstrasse17744287Dortmund,GermanyEmail:info@tridelta.de
8.041)Structureoftheglassceramicferritecorewithdifferentferriteforhighfrequencyapplicationsoftwo
dimensionaltransformer.
Thepowdermetallurgicalproductionofmaterialsforhighfrequencyapplicationsoftwodimensionaltransformer.
[0737]
Thepowderedingredients(glasspowderandferritesaccordingtopresetmixingratiomix)thenhotisostatic
pressing.(Themoldedbodyisonceheatedelectricallytotherequiredtemperatureandatthesamethroughthe
nozzleofthemoldinghotgasesunderpressureblown)Thepulverulentconstituentsoftheceramicferriteis
compactedinaclosedandundervacuumcapsuleatthesametimeunderhighisostaticgaspressure,sothata
solidhomogeneousbondisformed,whichgivestherequiredglassceramicferritecore.
Ferriteorceramicferritecorewithdifferentpoetsdiameter17cmoraferritecoremadeoffirmTrideltaHermsdorf/
MarieCurieStrasse7/Hermsdorf/Emailfor18kHz:weichferrite@trideltahermsdorf.deor300kHzor500kHz
or700kHzor1200kHzor2000kHzor4000kHzor10MHz=10,000kHz,ceramicferritecoresofglassceramic
powderSiO295%to10%ferriteand5%to90%.
[0738]
(Thepowderedingredients,glasspowderandferritesaremixedaccordingtopredeterminedmixingratio.Then,the
hotisostaticpressingoftheground.Thatisthepowderedcomponentsoftheglassceramicferritecoreis
compactedinaclosedandundervacuumcapsuleatthesametimeunderhighisostaticgaspressure,thatasolid
homogeneousbondisformed,sothetherequiredglassceramicferritecoreisformed)madeofholesmadeby
Schrder(specialglasstechnology)Buchenweg2025479Ellerau/info@schroederglas.com.
Isolierfllmasse
PUR280for10kV
Primarybobbinofglassceramicsorlowtemperatureresistantplastic.
Drawingno.3
Primarybobbin
Itconsistsofalowtemperaturegradeinsulation(PTFE/PFA,etc.).
3703...used.
Imagenotavailable
10mor25mring
and26mm
98.03voltsperturn
and26mm
78.74voltsperturn
[0739]
ThelargeUshapedtransformercoreisceramicsupportbodyinalargethickwalledemptystableKryobecken.The
89/94
3/4/2015
woundwiththewindingwireabovesaidprimarycoilbymeansofacraneplacedontopleftcolumnoftheU
shapedtransformercoreandconnectedtotheterminalsofthepulsegenerator.
8.08)powertotheprimarycoilIusethepulsegenerator"MAGPULSQuickwapgenerator",productof
MAGPULSPowerSystemsGmbH/IntheBox19/D76547Sinzheim/EMail:magpuls@t
online.de/www.magpuls.com
Powerinput400/230VAC,50/60Hz
Mainsfuse3100Asluggish
Outputvoltage01000VDCorpulsed
Outputcurrent050ADCorpulsed0500A
PulsefrequencyDC,0.05Hz33kHzfreeadjustabilityofthepulsetimes
ArcLevel0100A
Arcshutdown<1microseconds
CoolingWaterCooling
Design19''rackequipmentinstalledinaRittalEMCcabinet
DimensionsHWD2000600800mm
Weightabout350kg
Secondarybobbinofglassceramicsorlowtemperatureresistantplastic(PTFE/PFA,etc.).
rectangularcoilbody(drawingno.3)Kernquerschitt77cm(49cm2)
Street26/73450Neresheim/weisser@weisser.de
8.10)superconductorsupporttubeswithjacketofatiefentemperaturtauglichemplastic,andwithinternal
hightemperatureSupraLeiteRaden.
[0740]
Superconductorsupporttubes(drawingno.10and11,pos124and134)Withasheathofplastic
tiefentemperaturtauglichem,andwithinnerhightemperatureSupraLeiteRadenheldbystreamsofliquidheliumor
nitrogen,totherequiredtemperatureoflessthan477K.Isusedasthetwodimensionalwindingwireinthe
secondarycoilofthetransformer2DES.
8:11)Twodimensionalandwindingline
[0741]
Superconductorcarriermediumwalltubesofsilvertube(drawingno.11,pos124and134,Diameter1cm),
coveredwithplastictieftemperaturtauglichem(drawingno.11,pos125and133)(Wallthicknessofthehigh
voltageinsulation2cm),thisinsulationisacopperbraid(drawingno.11,pos126and132),Thatofathincopper
strip(drawingno.11,pos123and131)Issurrounded,copperstripisoverthisinturnatieftemperaturtauglichem
plasticinsulation(drawingno.11,pos122and130),Withawallthicknessof1cm),abovewhichisathermal
insulation(drawingno.11,pos121and129),Withawallthicknessof1cm).Theoveralldiameterofthe
superconductorcarriertubeis9cm.Inthetwoequallylongsuperconductorsupporttubes1eachor10HTS
superconductingwires(drawingno.11,pos135and136thecaseofatemperatureof4.2Knearabsolutezero
Trithorwirehasacurrentofmorethan260amps.Themagneticfluxdensitywasthenincreasedto42Tesla,
whichstillremainedacurrentof80amperes.Thisisveryimpressiveforabandconductorwithacrosssectionof
only0.674mm2"ofTrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr1653359RhineriverGermanywww.trithor.comContact:.
Press@trithor.com,fed(usedthematerialTTgold....TTBSCCOHTSWIRESofTrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr.
1653359Rhineriver).
Flowinthecoolingdevicefortwodimensionalsuperconductingcoil(drawingno.11,pos138)Withtwoseparate
electricalcryopumps.
[0742]
Atthesametime,theoperationofeffectivecoolingisreliableinisolation(eg,drawingno.11,pos137.121and
129),Whicharemadebyisolationevenseparatecryopumps.
[0743]
Thecryopump1supplyofhighpressure,thesuperconductingcarriertube1(negativepolarity,drawingno.11,pos
124)Withtheligandislocatedsuperconductor(drawingno.11,pos135),Theliquidrefrigerantflowsathigh
pressureintoandthroughthesuperconductorsupporttubes1(drawingno.11,pos124)Ofthetwodimensional
ballisticcoil.
[0744]
Theendofthesuperconductingcoilwherethetransitionjointistosupportsuperconductorcable(powercord),the
cryogenicfluidflowsintothecryobath.
[0745]
Thecryopump2supplyhighpressure,thesuperconductingcarrierpipe2(positivepolarity,drawingno.11,pos134
)Withtheligandislocatedsuperconductor(drawingno.11,pos136),Theliquidrefrigerantflowsathighpressure
intoandthroughthesuperconductorsupporttubes2(drawingno.11,pos134)Ofthetwodimensionalballistic
coil.
[0746]
Theendofthesuperconductingcoilwherethetransitionjointistosupportsuperconductorcable(powercord),the
90/94
3/4/2015
cryogenicfluidflowsintothecryobath.
[0747]
Thesuperconductorsupporttubes(drawingno.11,pos124and134)Areofahighvoltageinsulation
Tieftemperaturtauglieschen(drawingno.11,pos125and133)Surrounded,abovewhichisashieldingmade
Preferablyacopperbraid(drawingno.11,pos126and132),Whichiswrappedovertheentirelength,witha
coppertape(drawingno.11,pos123and131).Inaddition,thereisalowtemperaturesuitableinsulation(drawing
no.11,pos122and130),Anditisathermalinsulation(drawingno.11,pos121and129).
[0748]
Thetwosuperconductorscarrierpipes,theirshielding(drawingno.11,pos123.126.131and132),Hasbecome
onewithinsulation(drawingno.11,pos128)coatedConnection(Pos127)Together.
[0749]
Thecryopumps3supplywithaninteriorofKryobadesinwhichthesuperconductingtransformerisoninsulating
supports,withliquidrefrigerantwithlow,particularlypreferablycryogenictemperatureofexample,4to77K
[0750]
Thetwosuperconductorssupporttubesarebundledtogetherwithtieftemperaturtauglichemplasticcabletiesto
pairsandformedbyatubebendertoacoil.Consistingofthedifferentitemssecondarybobbinisinternally
mountedinthesuperconductingcoilmade.
[0751]
TheUshapedcoretransformerwiththeprimarycoilstandsonitsceramicsupportbodyinalargebasinemptying
arefrigerationsystem.
[0752]
Togetherwiththehelpofacrane,thesuperconductingcoilisplacedontherightcolumndeUshaped.Afterthe
primarycoilandthesecondarycoilmountedontheUshapedtransformercorecolumnwidewebPosisthewebof
theUshapedtransformercorecolumn(ferrite,13,7cmx7cm,160cmLandlengthequallengthoutercore,it
ismountedontheendsoftheUshapedtransformercorecolumnandallconnectingcablesandpowercables,as
wellassupplycoolinglinesinstalledandconnected.Thenthecryogenicfluidisintroducedintothecoolingsystem
andthevariousauxiliaryunitsofthesuperconductingtransformertoa1%actuatedcontrolmeasurementsand
slowlyincreasedthepowerunderconstantcontrolmeasurements.
8.12)Activationofthetwodimensionalelectronstateofthesuperconductingpair.
[0753]
Foractivationofthetwodimensionalelectronstateofthesuperconductorpair,thusthesecondarywinding,ahigh
DCvoltagetotheterminalsofthetwodimensionallinehalvesa(superconductorpolarityisnegative,drawingno.
11,pos135)Andb(superconductorpositivepolarity,drawingno.11,pos136)Connectedtothecoilwire,forthis
DCpowersupplyIuseapowersupplyunitsofF.u.G.ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024Rosenheim
Email:info@fugelektronik.dewiththefollowingdata:
For20keVelectronenergyIusethetype:
Type:HighvoltagepowersupplyHCN/420020000,020000V/0200mAcurrent
Type:HighVoltagePowerSuppliesHCN/14001000000100000V012mA
[0754]
8.13)DCvoltagesupplyofthecoilhalvesAandBoftheballisticcoilorwireorcoilwirehalves.
DCsupplytothecoilhalvesaandbofballisticcoilorcableorwirewindinghalvesaandbubynetwork
devicesofF..G.ElektronikGmbH,Florianstr.2,D83024RosenheimEmail:info@fugelektronik.de
8.14)Thissuperconductingcableisusedasconnectingcable.
[0755]
Thissuperconductorcable(drawingno.11)isusedasaconnectioncablefortheballisticandcoilwindingwireas
thesecondballistictwodimensionalfieldcoil.Superconductorsupporttubesfrommediumwallsilvertube,
coveredwithtieftemperaturtauglichemplastic(wallthicknessofthehighvoltageinsulation2cm),thisinsulationis
acopperbraid,whichissurroundedbyathincopperstripisoverthiscopperstripinturna
tieftemperaturtauglichemplasticinsulation(withawallthicknessof1cm).Theoveralldiameterofthe
superconductorcarriertubeis7cm.Inthetwoequallylongsuperconductingcarriertubeseachof1to10HTS
superconductingwires(atatemperatureof4.2KnearabsolutezeroTrithorwirehaswornacurrentgreaterthan
260amperes.Themagneticfluxdensitywasthenincreasedto42Tesla,wheretherearestillacurrentof80amps
remainedThatisveryimpressiveforabandconductorwithacrosssectionofonly0.674mm2")ofTrithorGmbH
Heisenbergstr1653359RhineriverGermanywww.trithor.comContact:..press@Trithorcom,thefed,thetwo
superconductorssupporttubesarebundledwithtieftemperaturtauglichemplasticcabletiestopaired
91/94
3/4/2015
8.15)Onthebasisofthesuperconductingcableproducedtwodimensionalcoilofmeasurementsareused
todetectthechangeinthegravitationalfieldoftwodimensionalcoil.
[0756]
Thissuperconductorcable(drawingno.11)isusedasaconnectioncablefortheballisticandcoilwindingwireas
thesecondballistictwodimensionalfieldcoil.Superconductorsupporttubesfrommediumwallsilvertube,
coveredwithtieftemperaturtauglichemplastic(wallthicknessofthehighvoltageinsulation2cm),thisinsulationis
acopperbraidthatissurroundedbyathincopperstripisoverthiscopperstripinturnalowtemperaturegrade
plasticinsulation(withawallthicknessof1cm).Theoveralldiameterofthesuperconductorcarriertubeis7cm.
Inthetwoequallylongsuperconductingcarriertubeseachof1to10HTSsuperconductingwires(atatemperature
of4.2KnearabsolutezeroTrithorwirehaswornacurrentgreaterthan260amperes.Themagneticfluxdensity
wasthenincreasedto42Tesla,wheretherearestillacurrentof80ampsremainedThatisveryimpressivefora
bandconductorwithacrosssectionofonly0.674mm2")ofTrithorGmbHHeisenbergstr1653359Rhineriver
Germanywww.trithor.comContact:..press@Trithorcom,thefed,thetwosuperconductorssupporttubesare
bundledwithtieftemperaturtauglichemplasticcabletiestopaired
8.16)Accessories:Highvoltageconnectorsandsockets.
[0757]
Tomakethefeedingofthecapacitorvoltagefromthehighvoltagepowersupplymaybeusedandhighvoltage
plugsockets.ThefeedingofthenegativepolarityviatheHTSsuperconductors(superconductornegativepolarity,
drawingno.11,pos135)Inthesuperconductingcarriertube1(negativepolarity,drawingno.11,pos124)
Connectedtotheterminalofthesocket1.ThefeedingofthepositivepolarityviatheHTSsuperconductors
(superconductorpositivepolarity,drawingno.11,pos136)Inthesuperconductingcarrierpipe2(positivepolarity,
drawingno.11,pos134)Connectedtotheterminalofthebushing2.Thesomadeconnectionsaresealedwith
resinIsolierfllmasseTECEPUR280for10kV.
[0758]
TothefewofthesuperconductorsupporttubeswiththeHTSsuperconductorastwodimensionalconnectioncable
(2DEScable)totheconsumer(theballisticcoil)andrequiresupto100kV.
[0759]
Rosenheim.
[0760]
ThesuperconductorsupporttubecoupleswiththeHTSsuperconductorisneededasatwodimensionalconnection
cable(2DEScable)totheconsumer.
8.17)increaseinmassoftheelectronandholesatappliedelectricfieldstrengthsatthetwodimensional
conductinglayersaandb.
[0761]
[0762]
mass.
[0763]
presentedbyRaymondFranzSummerofWaldsassenJune27,2002"Thefollowingdescriptionsareincluded,the
increaseinmassoftheelectronsbyanappliedelectrostatichighvoltage.Thissamefactisalsofromthephysics
ofparticleacceleratorsknown.
8.18)propertiesoftwodimensionalelectronholevoltages:
[0764]
Duetothenatureofelectricalenergysuppliedtotheprimarycoil(Forpulseinput1000V,25kHz,10.2turns
ergiebt98voltsperturnintheinductioninthesecondarycoil)isproducedaccordingtoacertainmagnetic
inductioninthetwodimensionalballisticsecondarycoil(DrawingNo..11,pos135and136)(20keVenergy
bandsor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVthesecondarycoil)ofthetransformer(drawingno.
7,item94),Thetwodimensionalelectronholeenergythusproducedhasthefollowingmasspronevoltage:
a)negativepoleoftheelectronorbitalmasses(superconductornegativepolarity,drawingno.11,pos135)
Of20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityofthegroundpotential
electrondeficiencyof12.54keVballistichightensionvoltageandpoleofthenegativeelectronorbital
measureof20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityoftheground
potentialelectronexcessof12.54keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
b)poleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass(positivepolaritysuperconductor,drawingno.11,pos136)Of20
keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityofthegroundpotentialdefect
electrondeficiencyof12.54keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltageandpoleofthepositiveholeorbitalmass
92/94
3/4/2015
20keVor50keVor100keVor150keVor200keVor300keVwiththepolarityofthegroundpotential
defectelectronsexcessof12.54keVhighlystrainedballisticvoltage.
8.19)principlesoftwodimensionalelectronholesysteminatransformer.Zeropointenergyintheballistic
twodimensionalfieldcoils.
a)viewedfromthepointofviewoftheenergysystemconsistingofelectronsandholes.
(ZeropointenergyinenergysupplyofDCpulsedpowerorhighfrequencyenergy)
[0765]
Thefactthatinatwodimensionalconductionsystemhavetheelectronsandholes,thecommonenergyand
characterofthezeropointenergy,areobviousfromthesystemparameters.Thenegativeandpositivevoltage
potentialappliedtotheconductivelayersaandbofthetwodimensionalline(2DES),determinesthezeropoint
natureofthistypeofenergy.Ifacoil,whichisbasedonthat2DESprincipleofmagneticinductionsuspended,
arisingvoltagepotentialswiththecharacterofthezeropointenergy.
b)Theforcefieldofthe2DESfieldcoilhaszerofieldquantum
[0766]
Thecommongravitationalmagneticforcefieldconsistsoftheballisticpotentialof12.54keV,electronorbitals
negativeandpositivedefectelectronorbitalstogether.
[0767]
Themassvalueoftheelectronanddefectelectronconsistsoftherestmassandvirtualorbitalsacceleration
energy.
[0768]
Togethertheyformthedoublechargecarriermass,consistingofanegativeelectronorbitalmassandpositive
massdefectelectrons.
8.20)Basicparametersvalues
ofthetwodimensionalElektroneholevibrationsystem.
[0769]
Thetwodimensionalelectronsystemisbasedontheelectronorbitaldisplacementofelectronsfromthevalence
bandtotheconductionlayerbtothewiringlayera.ThisisaccomplishedbyapplyingahighelectrostaticDC
voltageof20to500KVtothewiringlayerBandcausingconductionlayera.
8.21)shiftfactoroftheelectrostaticDCvoltageintheballisticconductionpartsorcoilpartsaandb
determinesthemassofelectronsandholesorbitalsinthistwodimensionalLeitungorcoilsystems.
[0770]
Dependingon:
[0771]
eigenvalues
occupationofthestates.Oneofthemostimportantexamplesoftheeffectsofastrongelectronelectron
interactionistheKondoeffectinmetals,whichmanifestsitselfasacharacteristicminimuminthe(indepth)
Temperaturedependenceoftheelectricalresistance.Itscauseistheelectrostaticmagneticcouplingofthef
conductionelectronstotheatom,isalsothereasonfortheoccurrenceofsocalledheavyfermionsystems.Their
thermodynamicpropertiescanbeobtainedbyelectronlikequasiparticleswithanunusuallylargeeffectivemassof
oneupto1000timesthemassofafreeelectrondescribe.Theemissionspectraofsuchhighlycorrelatedsystem
areverycomplicated.Todescribethemanybodyeffectsarerequired,thesocalledspectralfunction,whichtakes
theplaceofthedensityofstatesN(E)oftheoneelectronimage.Inthesystemsdiscussedhere,thestrong
interactionbetweenconductionelectronsandmagneticinductionleads(moments)tothefactthatclosetothe
spectralfunctionofthefelectronsforcerium(Atom)abovetheFermienergyshowsasharp,veryintense
structureiscalledtheKondoresonance.
[0772]
[0773]
Ofcourse,thisinventionisnotlimitedtotheembodimentsjustdescribed.Itispossiblewithoutdepartingfromthe
scopeoftheinventiontoreplaceanymeansbyequivalentmeans.
REFERENCEDBY
CitingPatent
Filingdate
Publicationdate
Applicant
Title
Electricfieldenergyprovidingdevicefore.g.switchgears,hascoaxialtrunk
linesinstateofhighelectrostaticpotential,andsetofelectronsthatis
93/94
3/4/2015
DE102012016225A1
US7960715
Aug14,2012
Apr22,2009
US8124518
May9,2011
WO2013173731A2*
May17,2013
Mar13,2014
JrgenBlum
providedinconductivelayers,whereelectronsareacceleratedbyvoltage
potential
Jun14,2011
UniversityOf
Iowa
Research
Foundation
Semiconductorheterostructurenanowiredevices
Feb28,2012
UniversityOf
Iowa
Research
Foundation
Semiconductorheterostructurenanowiredevices
Nov21,2013
H20
Reclamation
Technologies
Llc
Waterreclamationapparatusandmethodofoperation
*Citedbyexaminer
CLASSIFICATIONS
InternationalClassification
H02N11/00
CooperativeClassification
H01F36/00,H02N11/002,H01F38/00,H01F30/06
EuropeanClassification
H02N11/00B,H01F30/06,H01F38/00
LEGALEVENTS
Date
Code
Event
Mar25,2010
8139
Disposal/nonpaymentoftheannualfee
Description
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DataprovidedbyIFICLAIMSPatentServices
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locatedpointchargeisqby Imagenotavailable described.

Itis Imagenotavailable thesocalledLaplaceoperator.

Iftheresonanceissufficientlysmall,thenwecanwriteapproximately: Imagenotavailable where.DELTA.vin

Theintensityofthewaveisgivenby Imagenotavailable whereSisthePoyntingvectorisitindicatesthe

Thisisinfact Imagenotavailable andinsertedintothedifferentialequation Imagenotavailable obtained

ThisisadifferentialequationforI(t).Sheistheapproach Imagenotavailable solved.Then,namely

AftercancelingofAandtheexponentialfunctiononlyremains Imagenotavailable ie=RC.

Thecapacityisthen Imagenotavailable thus

Thesizekwith Imagenotavailable isalsoreferredtoasacoulombicconstant.TheCoulomblawisthebasisof

CoulombsystemsbytheHamiltonian Imagenotavailable described,whereNisthenumberofparticlesandmi

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