LECTURE

Third Edition

RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND

DEFORMATION
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

3
Chapter
2.8

by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park

Slide No. 1

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Uniform Member
Consider a homogeneous rod as shown in
the figure of the next viewgraph.
If the resultant axial stress = P/A dos not
exceed the proportional limit of the
material, then Hookes law can applied,
that is
= E

= axial stress, = axial strain

E = modulus of elasticity

Slide No. 2

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

Uniform Member

Slide No. 3

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Uniform Member
From Hookes law, it follows that

= E (Hooke' s law)
P
= E
A
But =

, therefore,

PL
P
= E =
A
L
EA

Slide No. 4

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Uniform Member
The deflection (deformation),, of the
uniform member subjected to axial loading
P is given by

PL
=
EA

(1)

Slide No. 5

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Multiple Loads/Sizes
The expression for the deflection of the
previous equation may be used only if the
rod or the member is homogeneous
(constant E) and has a uniform cross
sectional area A, and is loaded at its ends.
If the member is loaded at other points, or
if it consists of several portions of various
cross sections, and materials, then

Slide No. 6

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Multiple Loads/Sizes
It needs to be divided into components
which satisfy individually the required
conditions for application of the formula.
Denoting respectively by Pi, Li, Ai, and Ei,
the internal force, length, cross-sectional
area, and modulus of elasticity
corresponding to component i,then
n
n
PL
= i = i i
i =1
i =1 Ei Ai

Slide No. 7

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Multiple Loads/Sizes

i =1

i =1

= i =

E1

E2

E3

L1

L2

L3

Pi Li
Ei Ai

Slide No. 8

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

Multiple Loads/Sizes
The deformation of of various parts of a rod
or uniform member can be given by
n

i =1

i =1

= i =

Pi Li
Ei Ai

(2)

E1

E2

E3

L1

L2

L3

Slide No. 9

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 4
Determine the deformation of the steel rod
shown under the given loads. Assume that
the modulus of elasticity for all parts is
29106 psi
2
Area = 0.9 in

45 kips

30 kips

75 kips

Area = 0.3 in2

12 in

12 in

16 in

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Slide No. 10

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 4 (contd)
Analysis of internal forces
1

2
45 kips
75 kips

P3

3
30 kips

30 kips

+ Fx = 0; P3 + 30 = 0
P3 = 30 kips

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Slide No. 11

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 4 (contd)
Analysis of internal forces
1

2
45 kips
75 kips

P2

45 kips

30 kips

30 kips

+ Fx = 0; P2 45 + 30 = 0
P2 = 15 kips

Slide No. 12

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 4 (contd)
Analysis of internal forces
2

45 kips
75 kips

30 kips

45 kips
75 kips

P1

30 kips

+ Fx = 0; P1 + 75 45 + 30 = 0
P1 = 60 kips

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Slide No. 13

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 4 (contd)
Deflection
Input parameters

L1 = 12 in

L2 = 12 in

L3 = 16 in

A1 = 0.9 in 2

A2 = 0.9 in 2

A3 = 0.3 in 2

From analysis of internal forces,

P1 = 60 kips = 60,000 lb
P2 = 15 kips = 15,000 lb
P3 = 30 kips = 30,000 lb

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Slide No. 14

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 4 (contd)
Carrying the values into the deformation
formula:
Pi Li 1 P1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3

=
+
+
E
A
E
A
A
A
i =1
i i
2
3
1
1 60,000(12) 15,000(12) 30,000(16)
+
+

29 106
0.9
0.9
0.3

= 0.0759 in
3

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Slide No. 15

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Relative Deformation
A

A
B/ A = B A =

L
C

PL
AE

Slide No. 16

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Relative Deformation
If the load P is applied at B, each of the
three bars will deform.
Since the bars AC and AD are attached to
the fixed supports at C and D, their
common deformation is measured by the
displacement A at point A.

Slide No. 17

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Relative Deformation
On the other hand, since both ends of bars
AB move, the deformation of AB is
measured by the difference between the
displacements A and B of points A and B.
That is by relative displacement of B with
respect to A, or

B/ A = B A =

PL
EA

(3)

Slide No. 18

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 5
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two
links AB and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600
mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Slide No. 19

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 5 (contd)
SOLUTION:
Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
Evaluate the deformation of links AB
and DC or the displacements of B
and D.
Work out the geometry to find the
deflection at E given the deflections
at B and D.

10

Slide No. 20

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

SOLUTION:

Example 5 (contd)

Free body: Bar BDE

MB = 0
0 = (30 kN 0.6 m ) + FCD 0.2 m
FCD = +90 kN tension

MD = 0
0 = (30 kN 0.4 m ) FAB 0.2 m
FAB = 60 kN compression

Slide No. 21

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 5 (contd)
Displacement of B:

B =
=

PL
AE

( 60103 N)(0.3m)
(50010-6 m2 )(70109 Pa)

= 514106 m

B = 0.514 mm

11

Slide No. 22

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 5 (contd)
Displacement of D:

D =
=

PL
AE

(90 103 N)(0.4 m)

(60010-6 m2 )(200109 Pa )

= 300 106 m

D = 0.300 mm

Slide No. 23

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 5 (contd)

Displacement of D:
BB BH
=
DD HD
0.514 mm (200 mm ) x
=
x
0.300 mm
x = 73.7 mm
EE HE
=
DD HD

E
0.300 mm

(400 + 73.7 )mm

E = 1.928 mm

73.7 mm

E = 1.928 mm

12

Slide No. 24

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Nonuniform Deformation
For cases in which the axial force or the
cross-sectional area varies continuously
along the length of the bar, then Eq. 1
(PL / EA) is not valid.
Recall that in the case of variable cross
section, the strain depends on the position
of point Q, where it is computed from

d
dx

Slide No. 25

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Nonuniform Deformation

d
dx

13

Slide No. 26

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Nonuniform Deformation
Solving for d and substituting for

d = dx
But = / E, and = P/A. therefore

d = dx =

dx =

P
dx
EA

(4)

Slide No. 27

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Nonuniform Deformation
The total deformation of the rod or bar is
obtained by integrating Eq. 4 over the
length L as
L

=
0

Px
dx
EAx

(5)

14

Slide No. 28

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 6
Determine the deflection of point a of a
homogeneous circular cone of height h,
density , and modulus of elasticity E due
to its own weight.
a

Slide No. 29

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 6 (contd)
Consider a slice of thickness dy
P = weight of above slice

= g (volume above)
y
1 2
y
P = g r y
3

1
g r 2 y
Pdy
g
3
d =
ydy
= 2 =
EA
E (r )
3E

15

Slide No. 30

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 6 (contd)
d =
h

g
3E

3E
0

gh

ydy
ydy =

g y 2
3E 2

6E

Slide No. 31

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Normal Stresses in Tapered Bar

Consider the following tapered bar with a
thickness t that is constant along the entire
length of the bar.

h1

h(x)

h2

16

Slide No. 32

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Normal Stresses in Tapered Bar

h1

h(x)

h2

The following relationship gives the height

h of tapered bar as a function of the
location x

hx = h1 + (h2 h1 )

x
L

(6)

Slide No. 33

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Normal Stresses in Tapered Bar

h1

h(x)

h2

The area Ax at any location x along the

length of the bar is given by

Ax = thx = t h1 + (h2 h1 )
L

(7)

17

Slide No. 34

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Normal Stresses in Tapered Bar

h1

h2

h(x)

The normal stress x as a function of x is

given

x =

P
P
=
x
Ax

t h1 + (h2 h1 )
L

(8)

Slide No. 35

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 7
Determine the normal stress as a function of x
along the length of the tapered bar shown if
h1 = 2 in
h2 = 6 in
t = 3 in, and
L = 36 in
x
h1
h2
h(x)
P = 5,000 lb
L

18

Slide No. 36

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 7 (contd)
Applying Eq. 8, the normal stress as a
function of x is given by
P
P
=
x
Ax

t h1 + (h2 h1 )
L

5000
5000
x =
=
x
x

32 + (6 2) ) 6 +
3
36

x =

x =

15000
18 + x

Slide No. 37

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 7 (contd)

x (in)

Max = 833.3 psi

At x =0

Min = 277.8 psi

At x =36 in

h1

h(x)
L

h2

0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36

(psi)
833.3
714.3
625.0
555.6
500.0
454.5
416.7
384.6
357.1
333.3
312.5
294.1
277.8

19

Slide No. 38

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Deflection of Tapered Bar

Consider the following tapered bar with a
thickness t that is constant along the entire
length of the bar.

h1

dx

h2

h(x)
L

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Slide No. 39

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Deflection of Tapered Bar

Recall Eq. 5

=
0

Substitute Eq. 7

Px
dx
EAx

into Eq. 5, therefore

L

PL
1
=
dx

Et 0 h1 L + (h2 h1 )x

(9)

20

LECTURE 3. RODS: AXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION (2.8)

Slide No. 40
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Deformations of Members under

Axial Loading

Deflection of Tapered Bar

Integrating Eq. 9, the deflection of a
tapered bar is given by

PL 1

ln[(h2 h1 )L ] (10)
Et h2 h1

21