Astronautics 309

Lecture 5-6

Outline
The EoM

The TwoBody Problem

What other
forces?

Position as
a function of
Time

Hyperbolic arc

Circular orbit

Elliptical orbit

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Parabolic arc

The Orbit Formula (true anomaly)

The position as a function of true anomaly

Rate of change of true anomaly

h
v? =
r

Removing position from the equation:

tp = 0
p = 0

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Circular Orbit
When (e=0) the integral is simple:

relation between true anomaly and time:

as a fraction of one period:

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Elliptical Orbit
From the integration:

The mean anomaly:

in elliptic orbit:

The mean motion:

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Elliptical Orbit
Keplers transformation:
uniform circular motion for an ellipse

Eccentric anomaly

the relation between two geometries:

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Keplers Equation
Relation between true anomaly and eccentric anomaly:

Keplers equation

mean anomaly

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eccentric anomaly

Example

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Example

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Parabolic Trajectory
when (e=1), the integration is simple:

mean anomaly:

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Example

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Hyperbolic Trajectory
for e>1, well!

defining the mean anomaly:

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Hyperbolic Trajectory
to simplify the integration:
defining an auxiliary angle F:

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cosh2 F

sinh2 F = 1

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Hyperbolic Trajectory
hyperbola equation
cosh2 F

sinh2 F = 1

when:

simplifies:

hyperbolic mean anomaly

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hyperbolic eccentric anomaly

relation between true anomaly and

hyperbolic eccentric anomaly

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Summary
similarity between ellipse an hyperbola

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Force Model
Mathematically modeling the acting forces on all the
particles of a dynamical system.
Newtonian motion:

r = F(t, r, r )/m
Two-Body Gravitational Force:

r =

r
r3

Other forces on a satellite in the Earths atmosphere:

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Geopotential (the effect of non-spheric body on the gravity)

Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP)
Atmospheric Drag

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Geopotential
Using potential to derive equations of motion:

r =
Gravitational Potential:

U=

rU

For a small element:

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Geopotential
We can use an polynomial expansion to write:

where

Legendre Polynomial

Using spherical coordinate:

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Geopotential
Legendre Polynomial

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Geopotential
Using normalized coefficient:

Then, the force can be written as:

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Geopotential
The Earth:

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Geopotential
The Earth:

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Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP)

The pressure by absorbed and reflected photons
Using solar flux

1 dE
=
A dt

momentum by a single photon :

E
p =
c

change of the momentum for a small element:

Force:

dp
F =
= A
dt
c

dE
dp =
= Adt
c
c
Pressure:

P =

At 1AU:
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c
= 1367 W m

P = 4.56 10

Nm

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Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP)

Absorption

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Reflection

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Atmospheric Drag

Drag force model:

Depends on relative velocity

Assume that atmosphere rotates with the Earth

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