Water Consumption and Water Demand Lecture 1

Water Demand, Supply and
Distribution
Consumption and Demand
Dipl.-Ing. Ralf Minke, AOR
Institute for Sanitary Engineering,
Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA)
- Chair of Sanitary Engineering and Water Recycling 1
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Copyright
The slides of this file or presentation contain images which are

not quoted or which are quoted insufficiently. This presentation
is just intended for internal use as a learning aid. Principially
there is a copyright on the entire contents. The permission of the
author needs to be obtained before any further publishing.
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
CWSS Overview
5 Elements of Centralized Water Supply Systems:

Collection Transport Treatment Storage - Distribution
3
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Definitions
Water
Consumption:
In a provided area actually delivered

and measured water quantity.
Water Demand:
Estimation of the water quantities to be delivered in an area of supply at the end of

design period.
Base for the planning and design of a
water supply system.
Water Demand
Calculation:
Forecast of the water consumption expected

in an exactly defined area of supply within a
certain design period.
4
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Example: Forecast and Reality.

Development of water consumption in households and
water demand prognosis
(old federal states of Federal Republic of Germany)
[L / Inh. * d]
Water consumption in households and

small businesses, Germany
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
WaterSupply
consumption
Water
Demand,
and Distribution
Necessity
for water
supply?
1) To survive:
3 10 [l/C*d]
drinking water:
2) For hygienic reasons:

drinking water, preparing food, wash up dishes,
body care, washing of clothes, cleaning
15 25 [l/C*d]
3) For comfort:
2) PLUS Flushing toilets:
40 60 [l/C*d]
2) PLUS Flushing toilets, shower, bath:
80 [l/C*d]
2) PLUS 3) PLUS irrigation of gardens,
swimming pools, car washing:
100 600 [l/C*d]
4) For activities:
agricultural irrigation:
public and commercial activities:
industrial activities:
400 1,700 [l/C*d]

50 - 200 [l/C*d]
30 1,300 [l/C*d]
6
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Consumer
Water
Demand,
Groups
Supply
(Types and
of Water
Distribution
Demand)
Necessity
for water
supply?
Domestic Demand:
Households, Gardens, Small Business
Agricultural Demand:
Inhabitants and livestock in farms,

irrigation
Industries and all buyers with individual
contract
Large Buyers
Demand:
Public Demand:
Administration, Schools, Hospitals,

Kindergardens
Own needs of Water

Works and Losses:
Rinsing of pipes, Filter-Backwashing,

Leakages, Meter inaccuracies
Demand for fire-fighting: Water supply for the fight against fire
7
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Influences on Water Consumption

Living standard
Climate
Type of Water Supply System & Wastewater disposal
Industrial characteristic of provision
Water tariff Measuring - Billing
Water Quality
Provision pressure
Environmental awareness
Technical Progress
8
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Example for Influence on Water Consumption:

Water Supply System
Type of Water Supply System
Range
Average value
[l / C * d]
[l / C * d]
Distance ~1,000 m
5 - 10
Distance 500 1,000 m
10 - 15
12
Distance ~250 m
15 - 25
20
Distance ~250 m
20 - 50
30
20 - 80
40
Single Tap
30 - 60
50
Multiple Tap
70 - 250
150
[-]
Communal Water
Point / Village Well
Communal
Standpipe
Water Consumption
Yard Connection
House Connection
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Consumption Characteristics
Monthly fluctuations:
average monthly water consumption in % of the
annual mean
140
Northern Germany
130
Southern Germany
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
Time [d]
Average monthly water consumption in northern and southern Germany

10
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Weekly fluctuations:
average weekly water consumption in % of the

annual mean
air-temperature in C
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
water consumption
80
air temperature
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2. Jun
9. Jun 16. Jun 23. Jun 30. Jun 7. Jul
14. Jul 21. Jul 28. Jul 4. Aug 11. Aug 18. Aug 25. Aug
date
Example for weekly water consumption in summer season (Germany)

11
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Average daily water consumption [L/C*d]
Daily fluctuations:
400
Wasserverbrauch
Water consumption in
of Stuttgart
Stuttgart
in 1995
1995
300
200
Whitsun
Easter
Sundays
Monday
100
Sunday
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
Time [d]
Example for daily water consumption in Stuttgart in 1995

12
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Hourly fluctuations:
hourly consumption in % of daily consumption
16
Qhmax
rural village
small town
14
big town
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
hour of the day
Typical hourly fluctuations of water consumption for different types of

communities
13
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Forecasting Water Demand: Water Demand Calculation

Definition:
Forecast of the water consumption expected

in an exactly defined area of supply within a
certain design period.
Task of
Engineer:
Forecasting the development of the different

consumer groups and their consumption
behavior on the base of an exact analysis of
actual situation.
Goal:
To determine the most correct design peak

flows for all parts of a water supply system
14
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
1. Priority:
2. Priority:
3. Priority:
Increase in uncertainty/inaccuracy
Advance:
Detailed analysis of existing area of supply

Measuring current state and analysing
development in the past
Forecasting Development
Detailed analysis of the most similar area of
supply
Measuring current state and analysing
development in the past
Forecasting Development
Check transferability
Use of average values from statistics
(Germany: DVGW W 410)
15
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART

In Germany consumption characteristics of households and
small businesses are taken into account as follows:
(acc. to DVGW W 410 Definitions and statistical values)
qdm:
average specific daily demand

= yearly demand / 365 days
qdmax: maximum specific daily demand = qdm * fd
[L/Inh.*d]
[L/Inh.*d]
fd :
maximum daily peak factor
[-]
fh :
maximum hourly peak factor
[-]
qhmax: maximum hourly specific demand = fh * qdm / 24
[L/Inh.*h]
16
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Demand Calculation
Demand Values and Peak Factors

(DVGW 410)
Small Areas up to 1000 Inhabitants

(Housing Areas = Domestic Demand)
Maximum hourly specific demand is relevant
log qhmax = 0.1099 * (log Inh.) - 0.9729 * (log Inh.) 0.1624
Einwohnerbezogener
specific demand
Maximum hourlySpitzenbedarf
in L/(E*s)in L/Inh.*s]
1,000
0,100
0,010
0,001
1
10
100
EinwohnerInh.
E
Inhabitants
1000
17
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Demand Calculation
Small Areas up to 1000 Inhabitants

qhmax as f(number of inhabitants)
Inhabitants
Inh.
* number of inhabitants = Qhmax
Housing Units
HU
Peak Demand
qhmax
Qhmax
Qhmax
L/(Inh.*s)
L/s
m/h
0.688
0.688
2.48
0.3587
0.717
2.58
0.1958
0.783
2.82
10
0.0943
0.943
3.40
20
10
0.0573
1.145
4.12
100
50
0.0214
2.145
7.72
200
100
0.0152
3.033
10.92
400
200
0.0112
4.490
16.16
1000
500
0.0081
8.091
29.13
18
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Demand Calculation
Areas > 1000 Inhabitants

(Housing Areas = Domestic Demand)
Calculation of Qdmax and Qhmax using Peak Factors
Qhmax = fh * Qhm = fh * Qa/(365*24)
6,00
Qdmax = fd * Qdm
5,00
and: fd = 3.9 * Inh.-0.0752

Inhabitants
fh
fd
pitz enfaktor
SPeak
factor
With: fh = 18.1 * Inh.-0.1682
fh S tundens pitzenfaktor
Maximum
hourly peak factor fh
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,000
5.66
2.32
10,000
3.84
1.95
100,000
2.61
1.64
1,000,000
1.77
1.38
1,00
0,00
1000
Maximum
peak factor fd
f d T ag es daily
s pitzenfaktor
10000
Inhabitants
E inwohner Inh.
E
The bigger the Area, the smaller the Peak Factors

100000
Why ????
1000000
19
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Demand Calculation
Public and Small Businesses Demand (W 410)

Consumer Group
Hospitals
Unit
Patient and
Employee
Bed
Specific Demand
Value (Average)
Specific Demand
Values (Range)
0.34 m/(PE*d)
0.12 0.83
0.50 m/(B*d)
Pupil/Student and
Teacher
Administration
Employee
0.025 m/(E*d)
0.013 0.111
Guest
0.29 m/(G*d)
0.10 1.40
Room
0.39 m/(R*d)
0.07 1.4
Agriculture/Farms
Groviehgleichwert
Commercial Areas
Area
Working Place
fh
1.3
3.2
1.7
7.5
1.8
5.6
1.4
4.4
1.5
7.6
1.8
5.6
0.13 1.2
Schools
Hotels
fd
0.006 m/(PT*d)
0.052 m/(GVGW*d)
2 m/(ha *d)
1.5 4.0
0.05 m/WP*d)
0.025 0.125
20
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Design periods:
Pumps, Motors, mechanical equipment,
additional areas of distribution networks:
5 - 10 a
Wells, buildings, Water treatment facilities,

Water storage tanks:
10 - 15 a
Water Towers, Long distance Pipe-lines,

Distribution networks in settled areas:
15 - 30 a
Dams, storage reservoirs:
30 - 40 a
21
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Forecasting development of consumer groups

1. approximation: Pn = P0(1+p/100)n
with : nnumber of years
pgrowth rate in %
But:
No development without limit!!
Solution: Use of best fitting Forecast-function as a result

of development in the past and limitations of planning area
22
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Forecast functions:
declining growth
Population
arithmetic
exponetiell
logistic
Time [years]
23
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART

declining growth
Arithmetic Growth:
P(t) = P0 + K * t
Increase of population is const.

with K = dP/dt
Exponential Growth:
P(t) = P0 * e K*dt
Growth Rate is constant

with dP/dt = K*P
Population
arithmetic
exponetiell
logistic
Time [years]
Logistic Growth:
The curve modelling population growth has a S-Shape
P(t) = Psat/(1 + e a + b*dt)
where Psat is the saturation population in the area; a and b are constants.
a, b and Psat may be determined from at least 3 censuses.
Declining Growth:
Growth is a function of population deficit
P(t) = P0 + (Psat P0)(1 e K * dt) with dP/dt = K*(Psat P(t))
24
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Forecasting behaviour of consumer groups
50000
40000
30000
3
Input
20000
Used quantity
Utilisation factor [-]
Used quantity and Input [10 m /a]
Trend: decreasing specific consumptions in all consumer

groups, especially in industry !!
Utilisation factor
10000
0
1979
1983
1987
1991
Development of water input and used water quantity in the industries of the old federal
states of the Federal Republic of Germany
25
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART
Homework
3 Questions at the end of each chapter:

1) What are the reasons for the fact: the bigger the area,
the smaller the peak factors?
2) What is your personal qdm in [L/Inh. *d]?
3) Pumps are dimensionend for a design period of 10 years

whereas Water Towers or Long-Distance-Pipelines are
dimensionend for a design period of 30 years. Why?
26
UNIVERSITY OF
STUTTGART

Water Consumption and Water Demand Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Water Consumption and Water Demand Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Water Demand, Supply and

Consumption and Demand

The slides of this file or presentation contain images which are

Consumption and Demand

5 Elements of Centralized Water Supply Systems:

Consumption and Demand

In a provided area actually delivered

Estimation of the water quantities to be delivered in an area of supply at the end of

Forecast of the water consumption expected

Consumption and Demand

Example: Forecast and Reality.

Water consumption in households and

Consumption and Demand

2) For hygienic reasons:

400 1,700 [l/C*d]

Consumption and Demand

Households, Gardens, Small Business

Inhabitants and livestock in farms,

Administration, Schools, Hospitals,

Own needs of Water

Rinsing of pipes, Filter-Backwashing,

Consumption and Demand

Influences on Water Consumption

Consumption and Demand

Example for Influence on Water Consumption:

Distance 500 1,000 m

Consumption and Demand

Average monthly water consumption in northern and southern Germany

Consumption and Demand

average weekly water consumption in % of the

9. Jun 16. Jun 23. Jun 30. Jun 7. Jul

Example for weekly water consumption in summer season (Germany)

Consumption and Demand

Average daily water consumption [L/C*d]

Example for daily water consumption in Stuttgart in 1995

Consumption and Demand

hour of the day

Typical hourly fluctuations of water consumption for different types of

Forecasting Water Demand: Water Demand Calculation

Forecast of the water consumption expected

Forecasting the development of the different

To determine the most correct design peak

Consumption and Demand

Forecasting Water Demand: Water Demand Calculation

Detailed analysis of existing area of supply

Forecasting Water Demand: Water Demand Calculation

average specific daily demand

qdmax: maximum specific daily demand = qdm * fd

maximum daily peak factor

maximum hourly peak factor

qhmax: maximum hourly specific demand = fh * qdm / 24

Consumption and Demand

Demand Values and Peak Factors

Small Areas up to 1000 Inhabitants

Consumption and Demand

Small Areas up to 1000 Inhabitants

* number of inhabitants = Qhmax

Consumption and Demand

Areas > 1000 Inhabitants

and: fd = 3.9 * Inh.-0.0752

With: fh = 18.1 * Inh.-0.1682

The bigger the Area, the smaller the Peak Factors

Public and Small Businesses Demand (W 410)

Consumption and Demand