TOPIC 1 : REAL FLUID FLOW

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To apply Hagen Poisseuille equation on laminar flows
in bounded system
2. To apply Darcy Weisbach equation on laminar and
turbulent flows in bounded system
3. To determine the flow friction factor, f using Moody chart
4. To determine head losses in pipe flow due to friction,
separation (sudden contraction & expansion) and pipe
fittings

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CHAPTER 1
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
1.1 Laminar Flow through Circular Pipes
1.2 Turbulent Flow in Bounded Conditions
1.3 Determining Friction Factor, f
using Moody Chart
1.4 Different forms of the Darcy Equation
1.5 Pipe Problems
1.6 Separation losses in pipe flow
1.7 Equivalent Length
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LECTURE 1.1
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
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Laminar flow through Circular Pipes

under Steady and Uniform conditions

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INTRODUCTION

Deals with analysis of pipe flow running under

STEADY and UNIFORM condition.
Pipes are analysed for both laminar and turbulent
flow.
Head loss due to friction - results from shear stresses
derived by both laminar and turbulent flow.
Head loss also results in flow separation.
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UNIFORM FLOW
Fluid flow in which all the conditions at any one point are constant with respect
to space

STEADY FLOW
Fluid flow in which all the conditions at any one point are constant with respect
to time
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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes under

Steady and Uniform Conditions
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Can be analysed theoretically by applying

momentum equation to the element of flow within the
pipe
The relationship between the shear stress and
velocity gradient is utilised to obtain the velocity
distribution within the cross section

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No slip condition used for a given fluid where the

velocity of the fluid in contact with solid boundary =
velocity of the solid boundary
Stationary pipe case the velocity will equal to
zero = the velocity of the fluid at the location where
it is in contact also equals to zero

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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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p+p

Annulus of radius r with elemental

thickness, r
Annulus part of the fluid flowing in
the pipe with radius R
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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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p+p

Velocity distribution in pipe due to laminar flow

Fluid density,
Momentum equation applied to the annular element
and summing the forces and equating them to the
rate of change of momentum
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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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Force in the direction of motion due to :

Pressure,

p
Shear stress,
Weight of element, W

Force in opposite direction due to :

p

+P
+
p+p

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PRESSURE
Force due to the static pressure, p (in the direction of
flow) = pressure multiplied by the cross sectional
area of the annulus.
p= F/A
F =p. A
EQN 1

Similarly force due to p + p, (in the opposite

direction)
= (p+ (p/x). x) 2 r r

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EQN 2

Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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SHEAR FORCE
Shear force acting along the inner surface
of the annulus
Shear Force = A
EQN 3

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Similarly the shear force acting on the

outer surface (in the opposite direction)
Shear Force = (+ ) A

= ( + (/r). r) . 2rx

EQN 4

*Ignoring higher order terms

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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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WEIGHT
Weight of the element is equal to the
Weight = density x volume x g
where g is the gravitational acceleration
W= mg = g

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W sin
Where W = .2r. r x. g
sin = - (z/x)
W sin = -2r rx. g (z/x)

EQN 5

p+p

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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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MOMENTUM EQUATION
Applying momentum equation, sum of the forces in
the direction of flow, must be equal to zero since there
is no acceleration of steady flow
Sum up all the forces, F = 0
(EQN 1) - (EQN 2) + (EQN 3) (EQN 4) + (EQN 5) = 0

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Substituting W = .2r. r x. g and sin = - (z/x) and

cancelling out terms, will yield,

P 1
z
r g

0
x r r
x
P 1
z
r g

0
x r r
x
1

r gz P 0
r r
x
Piezometric Pressure
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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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PIEZOMETRIC PRESSURE

It is independent of r, thus expression can be integrated

with respect to r
Integrating the equation,

where C is the constant of integration

Substituting values at the centreline where r = 0, C = 0

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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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SHEAR STRESS & VELOCITY GRADIENT RELATIONSHIP

Circular pipes distances are measured from the centre (r),

modify the expression

EQN 6
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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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Substitute equation 6 into

Result in the following

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Hence velocity gradient, du

Velocity obtained by integrating the

expression

Where D is the constant of integration

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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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Applying the boundary condition at the pipe wall,

where r = R, velocity, u = 0 due to no slip condition

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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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Substituting
into
results in the velocity distribution across the cross
section in circular pipe of radius R
Where,
u = velocity at a specific point in any cross section
R = internal radius of the pipe
r = distance of the point measured from the centre of
the pipe x- section
= dynamic viscosity
p = pressure
= density of the fluid flowing
g = gravitational acceleration
z = elevation
dx = incremental distance along the pipe
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MAXIMUM VELOCITY

Previous equation describes the variation of the

velocity across the pipe cross section
Velocity variation is parabolic in nature
The maximum velocity occur in the centre of the pipe
where r = 0
Hence, maximum velocity

Velocity profile in a circular pipe for laminar flow

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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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FLOW RATE

Flow rate can be determined by integrating the

incremental flow, Q through
Annulus of radius, r
Thickness r across the flow from r = 0 or r = R

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Q=v. A

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Flow Rate in a Circular Pipes for

Laminar Flow

EQN 7

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Average velocity for Laminar Flow in

Circular Pipes
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Average velocity, v can be computed by

v = Q/A
where A = cross sectional area
A = R2 or d2/4, d = diameter of pipe
Therefore, substitute
Q = Av in the equation 7
where A = R2

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Average velocity for Laminar Flow in

Circular Pipes
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Relationship between Average

velocity and Maximum velocity for
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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Comparing

&
yields,

Average velocity in the pipe is equal to half of the

maximum velocity (occurs in the centre)
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Finding Pressure drop for Laminar

Flow in Circular Pipes

Substituting

with
(the pressure drop per length of the pipe)

into equation 7. Thus,

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Hagen Poisseuille equation for

Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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Rearranging the equation to obtain p,

Thus,

also known as the Hagen Poisseuille equation

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Head Loss due to friction for

Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
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Head loss due to friction,

Substitute the head loss due to friction in the Hagen

Poisseuille equation

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EXAMPLE 1.1

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Solution for example 1.1

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Solution for example 1.1

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Solution for example 1.1

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EXAMPLE 1.2

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Solution for example 1.2

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Solution for example 1.2

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Solution for example 1.2

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Solution for example 1.2

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Solution for example 1.2

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L= dx = incremental distance along the pipe

p = p
z if not given, assume 0
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Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

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EXAMPLE 1.3

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Solution for example 1.3

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EXAMPLE 1.4

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Solution for example 1.4

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Solution for example 1.4

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Solution for example 1.4

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