Income and Class

Income Group

9,528
19,754

Income
2009
12,229
24,842

39,597
83,989
171,669
244,504

49,183
104,112
212,670
307,886

54,410
115,866
236,173
332,932

455,657

658,427

607,958

2006

Poor
Lower Income
(but not Rich)
Lower Middle
Middle Class
Upper Middle
Upper Income (but
not rich)
Rich

2012

13,707
27,642

http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/97243-middle-class-economic-growth-philippines

Iligtas ang hininga ng kay raming mga tao

At ang dating munting bukid, ngayo'y sementeryo
- Buklod, Tatsulok

https://karlomongaya.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/tatsulok.jpg?w=254&h=300

Income Class

Poor

Low income (but

not poor)

Definition

Range of Monthly Size of Class (i.e.

Family Incomes
Number of
Households
(for a Family Size
of 5 members)
Less than PHP 7,890 4.2 million
per month

Per capita income

less than official
poverty threshold
Per capita incomes Between PHP 7,890 7.1 million
between the poverty to PHP 15,780 per
line and twice the month
poverty line

http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/97243-middle-class-economic-growth-philippines

Pobresito
Dr Vicente B. Paqueo of PIDS -primary concern is
increasing number of households above the poverty
line that have a high risk of falling into poverty.
Near-poor are households at risk of becoming poor or
are on the edge, just above the TPT.
Proposed near-poor threshold (NPT) is 1.28% above
the TPT.
Official TPT P9,686 ($216*), the NPT would be around
P12,400 ($277).
Households above the TPT but below the NPT have a
50% probability of becoming poor again.
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/71326-near-poor-philippines-dswd

Income Class

Lower middle income

Middle class

Upper middle income

Definition

Per capita incomes

between twice the
poverty line and four
times the poverty line
Per capita incomes
between four times the
poverty line and ten
times the poverty line
Per capita incomes
between ten times the
poverty line and fifteen
times the poverty line

Range of Monthly
Size of Class (i.e.
Family Incomes (for a Number of Households
Family Size of 5
members)
Between PHP 15,780 to 5.8 million
PHP 31,560 per month

Between PHP 31,560 to 3.6 million

PHP 78,900 per month

Between PHP78,900 to 470 thousand

PHP 118,350 per month

Upper income (but not

rich)

Per capita incomes

Between PHP 118,350 to 170 thousand
between fifteen times the PHP 157,800
poverty line and twenty
times the poverty line

Rich

Per capita incomes at

least equal to twenty
times the poverty line

At least PHP 157,800

150 thousand

http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/97243-middle-class-economic-growth-philippines

PS202
Complexity and Diversity 1 &2
8 and 15 September 2015

Outline
Notions of class in Philippine Context
Rural-urban classes
Peninsulares/insulares, Filipinos, jologs, burgis

Markers of ethnicity
Adodo as ethnicity
Dialectics of languages and dialects

A feast of differences
Gender issues
Sexuality in continuity and change

How do you live?

http://watwatworld.com/wp-content/uploads/underground-economy.jpg

Notions of class in Philippine Context

In place of the static two-class social system that
has been accepted as the basis for rural social
organization in the Philippines it suggests a model
for change in which a class system based on cash
value is seen as gradually replacing a social order
based on land. The expansion of this cash based
system is reflected in the growing importance of
a middle class in the rural municipalities, a middle
class whose distinctiveness may be defined by
several indicators including education,
occupation, life style, new sex roles, and place of
residence residence.

 The new middle class had emerged from the more enterprising
members of the peasantry. Life had not been easy for them, but
through frugality, "sideline enterprises, and the labor or business
activities of mothers and older children, they managed to save
enough to send their children through high school and possibly
even college and to build improved homes of board and concrete
that contrasted with the traditional nipa houses of the poorer folk.
This group might emulate the elite in dress and social manners, but
with their modest income levels they could not compete for
political and social leverage. These circumstances motivated so me
families to hoard, t o resist social display, and to minimize the
obligations of kinship-in short, to reject traditional Filipino patterns
in favor of economically rational behavior

Carol H. Cespedes and Eugene Gibbs. The New Middle Class in the Philippines: A Case Study in
Culture Change. Asian Survey, Vol. 12, No. 10 (Oct., 1972), pp. 879-886

Markers of ethnicity
Ethnic Group- Social group based on ancestry, culture or
national origin
Ethnicity - Affiliation or identification with an ethnic group
Ethnicity- Subjective

Ethnicity- Objective

Subjective since it is a product of the

human mind and human sentiments

Objective because it must be based on

some objective characteristics and must
be constructed by social forces and power
relations

Ethnicity is the outcome of subjective perceptions based on some objective

characteristics such as physical attributes, presumed ancestry, culture, or national
origin

Philip Yang, Theories of Ethnicity, in Ethnic Studies: Theories and Approaches, 2000, 40-41

Ethnicity and contrasts

More is at stake with lowland
Philippine ethnic identity,
then, than some simple
principle of situational
ethnicity, of the sort long
familiar to students of
Southeast Asian ethnology
whereby (for example)
lowland Filipinos are
Cebuanos or Hiligaynons or
Warays for some purposes,
Visayans for others, or simply
Filipinos for still others.

Thomas Eriksen, Linguistic hegemony and minority resistance, Journal of Peace Research, 1992, 314--315
James F. Eder, Who Are the Cuyonon? Ethnic Identity in the Modern Philippines, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol.
63, No. 3 (Aug., 2004), 630

Markers of ethnicity
2 Questions: 1) Is Ethnicity inherited or constructed; 2) What is the basis of ethnicity?
Primordialist

Constructivist

Instrumentalist

Ascribed or assigned status,

inherited from ancestors

Constructed (created)

Instrument or strategic tool for

gaining resources

Fixed, immutable- Static

Flexible/changeable/ dynamic

People become/remain ethnic

due to significant returns

Ancestry determines ethnicity

Schools of thought
-Emergent (Yancey et al)
-Ethnicization (Sarna)
ascription + adversity
-Resurgent (Alba et al)ethnicity loss due to
intermmarriage, etc
-Symbolic ethnicity (Gans)
feeling
-Social constructionist
(Sollars, Nagel, et al)social/political forces

Not merely a mix of affective

sentiments, but is also a
means of political mobilization

2 Schools of Thought
-Sociobiological (Van den
Berghe- ethnicity extension of
kinship
- Culturalist- language/
culture/religion

Extreme-to gain comparative

advantage
-to serve general and class
interests
Moderate- Ethnicitys salience
affective ties (Daniel Bell)
Rational Choice- ethnic choice
constrained

Philip Yang, Theories of Ethnicity, in Ethnic Studies: Theories and Approaches, 2000, 42-47

A feast of differences
Gender Issues
Sexuality in Continuity and Change

Gender Theories
Set 1

Set 2

Psychoanalytic theory

Karl Marxs Theory

Cognitive development theory

Matriarchy Perflex

Gender Schema theory

Takeover Theory

Biological theory
Sociological theory
Social cognitive theory

@2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & Abandura; Cassandra Stepp-Bolling

Sexuality Theories
Evolutionary
Sociobiology
Evolutionary Psychology
Psychological Theories
Psychoanalytic Th eory
Learning Th eory
Social Exchange Theory
Cognitive Th eory
Sociological Theory
Every society regulates the sexuality of its
members.
Basic institutions of society (such as religion
and the family) aff ect the rules governing
sexuality in that society.
The appropriateness or inappropriateness of a
particular sexual behavior depends on the
culture in which it occurs.
Janet Hyde and John DeLamater, Understanding Human Sexuality, 2014, chap.2

The sexuality matrix

Four intertwining strands of sexuality:

Sexual desire or attraction

Desire

To whom (or in some cases what)

someone is attracted (physically and
emotionally)

Sexual activity or behaviour

Behavior

Identity

What a person does or likes to do

sexually (intercourse, masturbation,
oral sex, sexual fetishes)

Sexual identity

Experience

How someone describes their sense of

self as a sexual being (e.g.
heterosexual, bisexual, lesbian, gay,
homosexual)

Sexual experience

Attributes men find attractive in women

are related to fertility

Observations of others sexualities;

education or training related to
sexuality; experiences that may not
have been consensual
17

Complexity and Diversity-2

Indigenous categories of class
Old Rich, New Rich: Examining class and
prestige in a state of flux
Ancient Pauvre, Nouveau Pauvre: Examining
the stigma of poverty

Indigenous categories of class

Kadangyan,
Mumbaki, Warrior
elites, etc
Cordillera societies
Sultanate/
datuships,
Ulama/Darul Ifta,
political
entrepreneurs, etc
Moro society

Class- "classification of persons into

groups based on shared socioeconomic conditions ... a relational
set of inequalities with economic,
social, political and ideological
dimensions."

large set of people regarded by

themselves or others as sharing
similar status with regard to wealth,
power and prestige

Rosario Bona de Santos, The Ifugao Alim: Chanted Narrated Dramatic Discourse in Ritual, Humanities Diliman (January-june 2013) 10:1, 1-43
http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1060&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e669&brand=ucpress

Old Rich, New Rich- Class and Prestige

Poverty and Pauvre

(Ancient, Nouveau)