Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GUIDELINES FOR
SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT
General Works
Guidelines for Layout of SHP Plants
Lead Organization:
Sponsor:
CONTENTS
S.No.
TITLE
Page No.
1.1. Introduction
1.9.4. Desilter
10
10
1.9.9. Penstock
10
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
16
3.8. References
16
17
CIVIL WORKS
Preamble
This part provides guidance on layout, hydraulic and structural design of civil
works and on the maintenance of civil structures and related hydro mechanical
equipment.
1
1.1
Introduction
The objective of this phase of study is to produce estimates of preliminary costs
and benefits of a scheme and to assess its economic viability. Often the work of
this phase is done with incomplete site data. If the findings of this phase show that
a scheme appears technically and economically feasible then more detailed prefeasibility and feasibility studies can be commissioned. The initial findings can be
useful in designing the scope of investigations needed to reliably evaluate the
scheme.
This section provides guidelines on the conceptual design of small hydro plants.
1.2
Climate
Condition of main road to the area, weight and width limitations on bridges.
Developable head
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
1.3
Types of schemes
The most common development schemes for Indian small hydro projects are of
the following types:
Run-of-river
Canal falls
Toe of dam
1.4
Run-of-River Schemes
A typical run-of-river project would comprise:
Desilter
Penstock
1.5
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
years after the original canal project had been completed and were subject to the
following constraints:
That the new plant should not jeopardize the safety of the existing
structures.
A typical plant layout includes a bypass (power) canal, compact intake-power
house and tailrace canal rejoining the irrigation canal below the existing fall
structure. All efforts should be made to minimize costs while maintaining
efficient operation.
Innovative solutions include:
Use of vertical axis semi-Kaplan units in a siphon elbow (used for heads
up to 4.0 m and unit capacities up to 500 kW). This approach provides
above water access to turbine runners, thus eliminating the need for very
costly intake and draft tube gates.
Use of speed increasers to permit use of small low cost high speed
generators.
At other sites, more conventional bulb or Kaplan turbines layouts were selected.
As hydraulic losses have disproportionately high impacts on the economics of low
head developments, careful attention to hydraulic design is required to minimize
head losses at the canal entry, trashracks and flow restitution in the tailrace canal.
All canal fall projects must include provision for flow bypassing so that irrigation
flows can be maintained during periods when the plant may be out of service.
A typical example of this type of development is the Sirkhinda Mini Hydel.
Figure 2.1.3 shows the main features of this project.
1.6
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
Plant abandonment.
Plant renovation
Plant upgrading
A renovation project should start with a thorough condition assessment of the
plant including hydrology, civil structures, electrical and mechanical equipment.
Assessment of civil structures should include a re-evaluation of structural
stability, flood hydrology and spillway flow capacity. Deficiencies in civil works
should be identified and requirements for refurbishment defined. Condition
assessment of equipment should be done by qualified electrical and mechanical
engineers using approved testing methods to evaluate condition and performance.
Based on the findings of these condition assessments lists of items requiring
repair or replacement should be prepared and opportunities for upgrading
identified. It is customary to assign standard service lives to structures and
components mainly for the convenience of economic and financial analysis. In
reality some plant components can continue to perform satisfactorily well beyond
their conventional service life where site conditions are favourable and
maintenance work has been regularly performed. Therefore it might not be
necessary to replace some components simply because they have exceeded their
conventional service lives. Other items, notably electrical instrumentation and
switchgear, which could still be in good operating condition, may be considered
technologically obsolete because spare parts are no longer manufactured.
Replacement of these items with modern components should be assessed as part
of a renovation project.
With the above data in hand the scope of renovation should be evaluated by
comparative studies of selected development concepts (options). Such conceptual
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
Plant Abandonment
Abandonment might be the preferred choice where site conditions have
changed excessively over the life of a project or where renovation costs
are found to be excessive. For example, change in site conditions could
result from excessive flow diversion from upstream. Occasionally, a plant
may be abandoned in favour of a major redevelopment of the site as part
of a much larger project.
Plant Renovation
The objective of plant renovation is to restore the plant to its original
condition. This improves plant reliability and extends service life. Civil
works are minimal in this option and are limited to necessary repairs to
restore structural integrity and function. Although the basic objectives of
this option would be achieved with replacement of turbines and generators
(if required) of the original designs; it may be worthwhile to consider new
runner designs for improved efficiency. If generator rewinds also required,
then new designs with improved insulation material and more copper
should also be considered. Options for modernization of switch gear,
protection and control should also be assessed.
Typical benefits from this option are:
- Recovered efficiency
5% - 5%
- Efficiency improvement turbine
3% - 5%
- Efficiency improvement generator 0.5% - 1%
- Increased capacity
6% - 15%
8.5%- 12% in energy.
8.5% - 15% in capacity.
Plant upgrading
Plant upgrading usually implies substantial increases in plant output.
Upgrading could involve additional units in an extended power house or
development of a new powerhouse on the opposite bank or replacement of
existing units with larger units. These approaches all assume substantial
increases in power plant flows that would require additional civil works
above the necessary repairs as noted in the proceeding sub section. Unless
the original design included provisions for these expansions, execution of
the required civil works can become quite complicated as these works may
interfere with existing structures and / or ongoing plant operations
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
Data Collection
Map studies
Field Visit
Conceptual design
Economic evaluation
Data Collection
All available maps and documents including: site or regional hydrology
data, previous planning studies, market surveys, aerial photos, geology
reports should be collected and reviewed.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
Conceptual Design
In this activity preliminary designs and cost estimates are prepared for
each alternative and benefits evaluated. The relative merits of each
alternative are then be assessed by economic analysis to determine the best
alternative. Careful attention should be paid to the cost components with
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
vary from one alternative to the other. Less attention is needed for
determining the cost of common components, such as: access roads; since
their values will not affect the outcomes of comparisons between
alternatives.
In this section preliminary design parameters are suggested to facilitate
layout and sizing of project components. These preliminary parameters
should later the refined in component optimization studies in detailed
feasibility study or design phases, but such changes should be relatively
minor and unlikely to change the choice of optimal alternative.
Preliminary design is based on data developed in the above steps and
hydrology studies performed in accordance with Section 1.4 of the
Standards.
1.9
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
Feeder Canal
Feeder canals transport sediment laden water from the intake to the
desilter. They should be designed to carry 1.20Qp which provides 0.20 Qp
flushing flow for desilter operation (assuming continuous flushing type).
Preliminary canal dimensional design should be based on V = 1.5 m/s to
ensure no sediment deposition (based on coarse sand, d = 2.0 mm). For
flows up to 2.0 m3/s canals in masonry would be preferred, while for
larger flow reinforced concrete should be considered.
1.9.4 Desilter
A continuous flushing hopper design with four hoppers is recommended,
Preliminary design of the settling tank (parallel wall section) can be
derived from the following formulae. For a design flow of Q (flushing
flow plus plant flow):
- Depth D = 1.30 Q (m)
- Specific Volume (Vs) = 50.7 Q (m3 per m3/s of flow).
- Tank Volume (VT) = Vs.Q
(m3)
VT
Length (L) =
(m)
4D
L
(m)
- Width (W) =
4
This design is based on excluding silt of 0.2 mm and larger. Four hoppers
with depths of W/2 are also required below the rectangular tank bottom for
flushing. Where practical a distribution weir is preferred at the entry to the
tank, otherwise a transition section expanding at 6:1 will be required. At
the outlet end a converging transition is also required, a straight sided
section converging at 2:1 is satisfactory.
1.9.5
Power Canal
Penstock
Check head /length (H/L) ratio of the proposed penstock layout, if H/L > 5
a surge tank or turbine bypass valve may be required. Exceptions to these
requirements are:
- Mini hydro plants with load controller.
- High head plants with Pelton turbines
If H/L > 5, then calculate maximum length of penstock:
Te
Lmax = 3.14 Hn.
(m)
V
Where:
Hn= net head on turbine (m)
Te = effective governor closure time, max = 6.0 secs
V = flow velocity in penstock (m/s)
[for penstocks with varying diameters Aequiv = L/Ai/Li and V = Q/ Aequiv].
If L< Lmax, no surge tank is required.
The economic diameter of a penstock can be estimated as below:
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
10
Q2
D = 3.55
2 gH
or
4 Q
.
D=
3 .0
0.25
Sarkarias equation
If
t max t min
Wt = 24.5 tmin.D.L
tonnes
t
t +t
+ 24.5 min max .D.L.1 min
2
t max
tonnes
(m)
(m)
(m3)
(Rs/m3)
(Rupees)
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
11
Surge tanks are required to protect long penstocks from excessive water
hammer pressure rise, to control excessive generator runaway speeds and
to contribute to system speed regulation. Alternatives to surge tanks
providing some of the benefits of surge tanks, include:
- addition of extra machine inertia (typically by adding a flywheel
to a horizontal axis unit or extra mass to a vertical axis generator).
- installing turbine bypass valves.
- pressure relief devices.
As surge tanks are expensive all options should be evaluated. Section 2.2.6
of this Standard provides guidelines for this task.
A preliminary design methodology for surge tanks is outlined below. It is
conservative.
1.6 AL
1.9.10.1
Cross-section area of surge tank (As) =
(m2)
2 gcH 0
- Where : A = cross section area of upstream pipe
(m2)
L = length of pipe, surge tank to reservoir (m)
c = head loss factor as hL= c.V2
(m-1.s2)
H0= steady state head on turbine
(m)
1.9.10.2
Highest up-surge:
In order to dimension the surge tanks it is also necessary to know the
maximum and minimum water levels that can be expected. An
approximate method is shown below that is based on Parmakians
method for balanced design (Parmakian 1960). This method provides
equations relating the following parameters from which the maximum
and minimum surge levels can be calculated:
Q0
As
g
L
A
SA
SB
H0
Hs
Hf
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
12
Hf
Qo
Vo2
2g
As g
L/ A
S A = 1.05 bo0.89 .H f
Max. W.L. = Ho - Hf + SA
2
S B = 0.88 b00.91 .S f
3.2
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
13
3.3
during periods when the canal would be out of service for annual
maintenance. Attention must also be paid to hydraulic design to minimize
head losses. Acceleration of flow velocity through the entry is acceptable
if economically justified and compatible with flow conditions at the power
plant intake. Deceleration of flow velocity should be avoided. Layout
concepts should be based on successful designs of similar plants. Central
Board for Irrigation and Power (CBIP, 2003) gives an inventory of Indian
hydropower plants with salient data and drawings.
Layout of Dam Toe Schemes.
As for plants at canal falls, practical consideration of site characteristics,
foundations, access and the like will probably determine the optimal
arrangement. Occasionally original designs will include provision for
addition of a power plant. Layout concepts should be based on successful
designs of similar projects. Design of cofferdams and other protective
works must be done with equal care as these works form an integral part
of a successful project. Examples of successful designs can be found in
CBIP (2003).
3.4
3.5
3.6
RET Screen
RET Screen is a computer model developed by the Government of
Canada, Department of Natural Resources and available freely over the
internet at www.retscreen.net. The model is available in several languages,
including Hindi. The purpose of the model is to compute costs and
benefits, including greenhouse gas analysis, for small scale run-of-river
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
14
Cost Analysis
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
15
3.8
References
Indian Standards Cited
IS 12800 (Part 3)
Guidelines for Selection of Hydraulic Turbine,
Preliminary Dimensioning and Layout of Surface Hydroelectric Power
Houses.
Other References
Waterhammer Analysis
J. Parmakian,
Dover Publishers (1963)
Hydroelectric Power Stations in Operation in India, CBIP (2003)
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
16
3.9
FIGURE: 1.4.1
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
17
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
18
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
19
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
20
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants /Feb 2008
21