T Test 120919022935 Phpapp02

FF2613
Inferential Statistics, T Test,

ANOVA & Proportionate Test
Assoc. Prof . Dr Azmi Mohd Tamil
Dept of Community Health
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
drtamil@gmail.com 2012
FF2613
Inferential Statistics
Basic Hypothesis Testing
Inferential Statistic
4 When
we conduct a study, we want to

make an inference from the data
collected. For example;
drug A is better than drug B in treating
disease D"
Drug A Better Than Drug B?

4 Drug
A has a higher rate of cure than

drug B. (Cured/Not Cured)
4 If for controlling BP, the mean of BP
drop for drug A is larger than drug B.
(continuous data mm Hg)
Null Hypothesis
4 Null
Hyphotesis;
no difference of effectiveness between

drug A and drug B in treating disease D"
Null Hypothesis
4 H0
is assumed TRUE unless data indicate

otherwise:
The experiment is trying to reject the null
hypothesis
Can reject, but cannot prove, a hypothesis
e.g. all swans are white
One black swan suffices to reject
H0 Not all swans are white
No number of white swans can prove the hypothesis
since the next swan could still be black.
Can reindeer fly?

4
4
4
4
4
You believe reindeer can fly

Null hypothesis: reindeer cannot fly
Experimental design: to throw reindeer off the
roof
Implementation: they all go splat on the ground
Evaluation: null hypothesis not rejected
This does not prove reindeer cannot fly: what you have
shown is that
from this roof, on this day, under these weather conditions,
these particular reindeer either could not, or chose not to,
fly
It is possible, in principle, to reject the null

hypothesis
By exhibiting a flying reindeer!
Significance
4 Inferential
statistics determine whether a significant

difference of effectiveness exist between drug A
and drug B.
4 If there is a significant difference (p<0.05), then the
null hypothesis would be rejected.
4 Otherwise, if no significant difference (p>0.05), then
the null hypothesis would not be rejected.
4 The usual level of significance utilised to reject or
not reject the null hypothesis are either 0.05 or 0.01.
In the above example, it was set at 0.05.
Confidence interval
4 Confidence
interval = 1 - level of
significance.
4 If the level of significance is 0.05, then
the confidence interval is 95%.
4CI
= 1 0.05 = 0.95 = 95%

4If CI = 99%, then level of
significance is 0.01.
What is level of
significance? Chance?
Reject H0
Reject H0
.025
.025
-1.96
1.96
-2.0639
0 2.0639
Fishers Use of p-Values

4
4
R.A. Fisher referred to the probability to declare

significance as p-value.
It is a common practice to judge a result significant, if
it is of such magnitude that it would be produced by
chance not more frequently than once in 20 trials.
1/20=0.05. If p-value less than 0.05, then the
probability of the effect detected were due to chance
is less than 5%.
We would be 95% confident that the effect detected is
due to real effect, not due to chance.
Error
4 Although
we have determined the level

of significance and confidence interval,
there is still a chance of error.
4 There are 2 types;
Type I Error
Type II Error
Error
REALITY
Treatments are
not different
Treatments are
different
Conclude
treatments are
not different
Correct Decision
Type II error
error
(Cell a)
(Cell b)
Conclude
treatments are
different
Type I error
error
Correct Decision
DECISION
(Cell c)
(Cell d)
drtamil@gmail.com
2012
Error
Test of
Significance
Null Hypothesis
Not Rejected
Null Hypothesis
Rejected
Correct Null Hypothesis

(Ho not rejected)
Incorrect Null
Hypothesis
(Ho rejected)
Correct Conclusion
Type II Error
Type I Error
Correct Conclusion
Type I Error
Type I Error rejecting the null hypothesis
although the null hypothesis is correct
e.g.
when we compare the mean/proportion of
the 2 groups, the difference is small but the
difference is found to be significant.
Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.
It may occur due to inappropriate choice of
alpha (level of significance).
Type II Error
Type II Error not rejecting the null
hypothesis although the null hypothesis is
wrong
e.g. when we compare the mean/proportion
of the 2 groups, the difference is big but the
difference is not significant. Therefore the
null hypothesis is not rejected.
It may occur when the sample size is

too small.
Example of Type II Error

Data of a clinical trial on 30 patients on comparison of pain control between
two modes of treatment.
Type of treatment * Pain (2 hrs post-op) Crosstabulation
Type of treatment
Pethidine
Cocktail
Total
Count
% within Type
of treatment
Count
% within Type
of treatment
Count
% within Type
of treatment
Pain (2 hrs post-op)

No pain
In pain
8
7
Total
15
53.3%
46.7%
100.0%
11
15
26.7%
73.3%
100.0%
12
18
30
40.0%
60.0%
100.0%
Chi-square =2.222, p=0.136

p = 0.136. p bigger than 0.05. No significant difference and the null hypothesis was not
rejected.
There was a large difference between the rates but were not
significant. Type II Error?
Not significant since power of

the study is less than 80%.
Power is only
32%!
Check for the errors

4 You
can check for type II errors of your

own data analysis by checking for the
power of the respective analysis
4 This can easily be done by utilising
software such as Power & Sample Size
(PS2) from the website of the Vanderbilt
University
Determining the
appropriate statistical test
Data Analysis
4 Descriptive
summarising data
4 Test of Association
4 Multivariate controlling for confounders
Test of Association
4 To
study the relationship between one

or more risk variable(s) (independent)
with outcome variable (dependent)
4 For example; does ethnicity affects the
suicidal/para-suicidal tendencies of
psychiatric patients.
Problem Flow Chart

Independent Variables
Ethnicity
Marital Status
Suicidal Tendencies
Dependent Variable
Multivariat
4 Studies
the association between

multiple causative factors/variables
(independent variables) with the
outcome (dependent).
4 For example; risk factors such as
parental care, practise of religion,
education level of parents & disciplinary
problems of their child (outcome).
Hypothesis Testing
4 Distinguish
parametric & non-parametric
procedures
4 Test two or more populations using
parametric & non-parametric procedures
Means
Medians
Variances
Hypothesis Testing
Procedures
Parametric Test
Procedures
4 Involve
population parameters
Example: Population mean

4 Require
interval scale or ratio scale
Whole numbers or fractions

Example: Height in inches: 72, 60.5, 54.7
4 Have
stringent assumptions
Example: Normal distribution

4 Examples:
Z test, t test
Nonparametric Test
Procedures
4 Statistic
does not depend on population

distribution
4 Data may be nominally or ordinally
scaled
Example: Male-female
4 May
involve population parameters such

as median
4 Example: Wilcoxon rank sum test
Parametric Analysis
Quantitative
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Qualitative
Polinomial
Quantitative
Quantitative continous
Quantitative
Normally distributed data
Student's t Test
Quantitative
Normally distributed data
ANOVA
Repeated measurement of the Paired t Test

same individual & item (e.g.
Hb level before & after
treatment). Normally
distributed data
Quantitative - Normally distributed data
Pearson Correlation
continous
& Linear
Regresssion
Quantitative
non-parametric tests
Variable 1
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Variable 2
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Quantitative Data not normally distributed Wilcoxon Rank Sum

Test or U MannWhitney Test
Quantitative Data not normally distributed Kruskal-Wallis One
Way ANOVA Test
Quantitative Repeated measurement of the Wilcoxon Rank Sign
same individual & item
Test
Quantitative - Data not normally distributed Spearman/Kendall
Rank Correlation
continous
Qualitative
Polinomial
Quantitative
Quantitative continous
Criteria
Type of Test
Sample size < 20 or (< 40 but Fisher Test
with at least one expected
value < 5)
Statistical Tests - Qualitative
Variable 1
Qualitative
Variable 2
Qualitative
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Quantitative
Qualitative
Dichotomus
Qualitative
Quantitative
Criteria
Sample size > 20 dan no
expected value < 5
Sample size > 30
Type of Test
Chi Square Test (X2)
Proportionate Test
Sample size > 40 but with at X2 Test with Yates

least one expected value < 5 Correction
Normally
distributed
Student's
Sample size
< 20 or data
(< 40 but Fisher
Testt Test
with at least one expected
value < 5)
Data not normally distributed Wilcoxon Rank Sum
Data Analysis
4Using
SPSS;
http://161.142.92.104/spss/
4Using Excel;
http://161.142.92.104/excel/
FF2613
T Test, ANOVA &

Proportionate Test
Assoc. Prof . Dr Azmi Mohd Tamil
Dept of Community Health
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
T -
Test
Independent T-Test
Students T-Test
Paired T-Test
ANOVA
d rta m il@ g m a il.c o m
2012
Students T-test
William Sealy Gosset @
Student, 1908. The Probable
Error of Mean. Biometrika.
Students T-Test
4 To
compare the means of two independent

groups. For example; comparing the mean
Hb between cases and controls. 2 variables
are involved here, one quantitative (i.e. Hb)
and the other a dichotomous qualitative
variable (i.e. case/control).
t=
Examples: Students ttest

4 Comparing
the level of blood cholestrol

(mg/dL) between the hypertensive and
normotensive.
4 Comparing the HAMD score of two
groups of psychiatric patients treated
with two different types of drugs (i.e.
Fluoxetine & Sertraline
Example
Group Statistics
DHAMAWK6
DRUG
F
S
N
35
32
Mean
4.2571
3.8125
Std. Deviation
3.12808
4.39529
Independent Samples Test
t
DHAMAWK6
Equal variances
assumed
.48
t-test for Equality of Means

Sig.
Mean
(2-tailed)
Difference
df
65
.633
.4446
Assumptions of T test
4 Observations
are normally distributed in

each population. (Explore)
4 The population variances are equal.
( L
t)
The 2 groups are independent of each

other. (Design of study)
Manual Calculation
4 Sample
t=
size > 30
X1 X 2
2
1
2
2
s
s
+
n1 n2
4 Small
sample size,
equal variance
X1 X 2
t=
1 1
s0
+
n1 n2
2
2
(
n
1)
s
+
(
n
1)
s
1
2
2
s02 = 1
(n1 1) + (n2 1)
Example compare
cholesterol level
4 Hypertensive
:
214.92
39.22
4 Normal
Mean :
Mean : 182.19
s.d. :
s.d. :
37.26
n : 64
n : 36
Comparing the cholesterol level between
hypertensive and normal patients.
The difference is (214.92 182.19) = 32.73 mg%.
H0 : There is no difference of cholesterol level
between hypertensive and normal patients.
n > 30, (64+36=100), therefore use the first formula.
Calculation
t=
X1 X 2
2
1
2
2
s
s
+
n1 n2
4t
= (214.92- 182.19)________
((39.222/64)+(37.262/36))0.5
4 t = 4.137
4 df = n1+n2-2 = 64+36-2 = 98
4 Refer to t table; with t = 4.137, p < 0.001
If df>100, can refer Table A1.

We dont have 4.137 so we
use 3.99 instead. If t = 3.99,
then p=0.00003x2=0.00006
Therefore if t=4.137,
p<0.00006.
Or can refer to Table A3.

We dont have df=98,
so we use df=60 instead.
t = 4.137 > 3.46 (p=0.001)
Therefore if t=4.137, p<0.001.
Conclusion
Therefore p < 0.05, null hypothesis rejected.
There is a significant difference of
cholesterol level between hypertensive and
normal patients.
Hypertensive patients have a significantly
higher cholesterol level compared to
normotensive patients.
Exercise (try it)

Comparing the mini test 1 (2012) results between
UKM and ACMS students.
The difference is 11.255
H0 : There is no difference of marks between UKM
and ACMS students.
n > 30, therefore use the first formula.
Exercise (answer)
4 Null
hypothesis rejected
4 There is a difference of marks between
UKM and ACMS students. UKM marks
higher than AUCMS
T-Test In SPSS
4
For this exercise, we will

be using the data from
the CD, under Chapter
7, sga-bab7.sav
This data came from a
case-control study on
factors affecting SGA in
Kelantan.
Open the data & select >Analyse
>Compare Means
>Ind-Samp T
Test
T-Test in SPSS
4
We want to see whether

there is any association
between the mothers weight
and SGA. So select the risk
factor (weight2) into Test
Variable & the outcome
(SGA) into Grouping
Variable.
Now click on the Define
Groups button. Enter
0 (Control) for Group 1 and
1 (Case) for Group 2.
Click the Continue button &

then click the OK button.
T-Test Results
Group Statistics
Weight at first ANC
SGA
Normal
SGA
4 Compare
N
108
109
Mean
58.666
51.037
Std. Deviation
11.2302
9.3574
Std. Error
Mean
1.0806
.8963
the mean+sd of both groups.
Normal 58.7+11.2 kg
SGA
51.0+ 9.4 kg
4 Apparently
there is a difference of
weight between the two groups.
Results & Homogeneity of

Variances
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
F
Weight at first ANC Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
4
4
1.862
Sig.
.174
t-test for Equality of Means
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
5.439
215
.000
7.629
1.4028
4.8641
10.3940
5.434
207.543
.000
7.629
1.4039
4.8612
10.3969
Look at the p value of Levenes Test. If p is not

significant then equal variances is assumed (use top
row).
If it is significant then equal variances is not assumed
(use bottom row).
So the t value here is 5.439 and p < 0.0005. The
difference is significant. Therefore there is an
association between the mothers weight and SGA.
How to present the

result?
Group
Normal
SGA
Mean
test
T test
t = 5.439
<0.0005
108 58.7+11.2 kg
109
51.0+ 9.4
Paired t-test
Repeated measurement on the
same individual
Paired T-Test
4 Repeated
measurement on the same
individual
4
t=
Formula
d 0
t=
sd
n
sd =
2
i
d)
(
n 1
df = n p 1
Examples of paired t-test

4 Comparing
the HAMD score between

week 0 and week 6 of treatment with
Sertraline for a group of psychiatric
patients.
4 Comparing the haemoglobin level
amongst anaemic pregnant women after
6 weeks of treatment with haematinics.
Example
Paired Samples Statistics
Pair
1
DHAMAWK0
DHAMAWK6
Mean
13.9688
3.8125
N
32
32
Std. Deviation
6.48315
4.39529
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
Std.
Mean
Deviation
Pair
1
DHAMAWK0 DHAMAWK6
10.1563
6.75903
df
Sig.
(2-tailed)
8.500
31
.000
l c
l a
t i o
The measurement of the systolic and diastolic

blood pressures was done two consecutive
times with an interval of 10 minutes. You want
to
d e te r m
in e
h e th e r
th e r e
a s
a n y
difference between those two measurements.

4 H0:There is no difference of the systolic blood
pressure during the first (time 0) and second
measurement (time 10 minutes).
Calculation
4 Calculate
the difference between first &

second measurement and square it.
Total up the difference and the square.
Calculation
4
d = 112
d2 = 1842
4 Mean d = 112/36 = 3.11
4 sd = ((1842-1122/36)/35)0.5
sd = 6.53
4 t = 3.11/(6.53/6)
t = 2.858
4 df = np 1 = 36 1 = 35.
4 Refer to t table;
n = 36
t=
d 0
sd
n
sd =
2
d
i
( d )
n 1
df = n p 1
Refer to Table A3.

We dont have df=35,
so we use df=30 instead.
t = 2.858, larger than 2.75
(p=0.01) but smaller than 3.03
(p=0.005).
3.03>t>2.75
Therefore if t=2.858,
0.005<p<0.01.
Conclusion
with t = 2.858, 0.005<p<0.01
Therefore p < 0.01.
Therefore p < 0.05, null hypothesis
rejected.
Conclusion: There is a significant
difference of the systolic blood pressure
between the first and second
measurement. The mean average of first
reading is significantly higher compared
to the second reading.
Paired T-Test In SPSS

4

7, sgapair.sav
controlled trial on
haematinic effect on Hb.
>Compare Means
>Paired-Samples T
Test
Paired T-Test In SPSS

4

between the prescription
on haematinic to
anaemic pregnant
mothers and Hb.
We are comparing the
Hb before & after
treatment. So pair the
two measurements (Hb2
& Hb3) together.
Click the OK button.
Paired T-Test Results

Paired Samples Statistics
Pair
1
HB2
HB3
Mean
10.247
10.594
N
70
70
Std. Deviation
.3566
.9706
Std. Error
Mean
.0426
.1160
4 This
shows the mean & standard

deviation of the two groups.
Paired T-Test Results

Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
Pair 1
HB2 - HB3
Mean
-.347
Std. Deviation
.9623
Std. Error
Mean
.1150
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
-.577
-.118
t
-3.018
df
69
Sig. (2-tailed)
.004
4 This
shows the mean difference of Hb

before & after treatment is only 0.347
g%.
4 Yet the t=3.018 & p=0.004 show the
difference is statistically significant.
How to present the

result?
Group
Before
treatment
(HB2) vs
After
treatment
(HB3)
70
Mean D
(Diff.)
Test
0.35 + 0.96
Paired Ttest
t = 3.018
0.004
ANOVA
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance
4 Extension
of independent-samples t test
4 Compares
the means of groups of

independent observations
Dont be fooled by the name. ANOVA does
not compare variances.
4 Can
compare more than two groups

One-Way ANOVA
F-Test
4 Tests
the equality of 2 or more population means

4 Variables
One nominal scaled independent variable
2 or more treatment levels or classifications
(i.e. Race; Malay, Chinese, Indian & Others)
One interval or ratio scaled dependent variable

(i.e. weight, height, age)
4 Used
to analyse completely randomized

experimental designs
Examples
4 Comparing
the blood cholesterol levels

between the bus drivers, bus conductors
and taxi drivers.
4 Comparing the mean systolic pressure
between Malays, Chinese, Indian &
Others.
One-Way ANOVA
F-Test Assumptions
4 Randomness
& independence of errors
Independent random samples are drawn

4 Normality
Populations are normally distributed

4 Homogeneity
of variance
Populations have equal variances
Example
Descriptives
Birth weight
N
Housewife
Office work
Field work
Total
151
23
44
218
Mean
2.7801
2.7643
2.8430
2.7911
Std. Deviation
.52623
.60319
.55001
.53754
Minimum
1.90
1.60
1.90
1.60
Maximum
4.72
3.96
3.79
4.72
ANOVA
Birth weight
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Sum of
Squares
.153
62.550
62.703
df
2
215
217
Mean Square
.077
.291
F
.263
Sig.
.769
Manual Calculation
ANOVA
Manual Calculation
4 Not
expected to be calculated manually

by medical students.
Example:
Time To Complete
Analysis
45 samples were
analysed using 3 different
blood analyser (Mach1,
Mach2 & Mach3).
15 samples were placed
into each analyser.
Time in seconds was
measured for each
sample analysis.
Example:
Time To Complete
Analysis
The overall mean of the
entire sample was 22.71
seconds.
This is called the grand
mean, and is often
denoted by X .
If H0 were true then wed
expect the group means
to be close to the grand
mean.
Example:
Time To Complete
Analysis
The ANOVA test is
based on the combined
distances from X .
If the combined
distances are large, that
indicates we should
reject H0.
The Anova Statistic

To combine the differences from the grand mean we
Square the differences
Multiply by the numbers of observations in the groups
Sum over the groups
SSB = 15 X Mach1 X + 15 X Mach 2 X + 15 X Mach3 X

where the X * are the group means.
SSB = Sum of Squares Between groups
The Anova Statistic

To combine the differences from the grand mean we
Square the differences
Multiply by the numbers of observations in the groups
Sum over the groups

where the X * are the group means.
SSB = Sum of Squares Between groups

Note: This looks a bit like a variance.
Sum of Squares Between
4 Grand
Mean = 22.71
4 Mean Mach1 = 24.93; (24.93-22.71)2=4.9284
4 Mean Mach2 = 22.61; (22.61-22.71)2=0.01
4 Mean Mach3 = 20.59; (20.59-22.71)2=4.4944
4 SSB = (15*4.9284)+(15*0.01)+(15*4.4944)
4 SSB = 141.492
How big is big?
4 For
4 Is
the Time to Complete, SSB = 141.492
that big enough to reject H0?
4 As
with the t test, we compare the statistic to

the variability of the individual observations.
4 In
ANOVA the variability is estimated by the

Mean Square Error, or MSE
MSE
Mean Square Error
The Mean Square Error

is a measure of the
variability after the
group effects have
been taken into
account.
MSE =
1
N K
(x
ij
X j)
where xij is the ith

observation in the jth
group.
MSE
Mean Square Error

is a measure of the
group effects have
been taken into
account.
MSE =
1
N K
(x
ij
X j)
where xij is the ith

observation in the jth
group.
MSE
Mean Square Error

is a measure of the
group effects have
been taken into
account.
MSE =
1
N K
(x
ij
X j)
1
2
(xij X j )
MSE =
N K j i
Mach1 (x-mean)^2 Mach2 (x-mean)^2
23.73
1.4400
21.5
1.2321
23.74
1.4161
21.6
1.0201
23.75
1.3924
21.7
0.8281
24.00
0.8649
21.7
0.8281
24.10
0.6889
21.8
0.6561
24.20
0.5329
21.9
0.5041
25.00
0.0049
22.75
0.0196
25.10
0.0289
22.75
0.0196
25.20
0.0729
22.75
0.0196
25.30
0.1369
23.3
0.4761
25.40
0.2209
23.4
0.6241
25.50
0.3249
23.4
0.6241
26.30
1.8769
23.5
0.7921
26.31
1.9044
23.5
0.7921
26.32
1.9321
23.6
0.9801
SUM
12.8380
9.4160
Mach3
19.74
19.75
19.76
19.9
20
20.1
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.5
20.6
20.7
22.1
22.2
22.3
(x-mean)^2
0.7225
0.7056
0.6889
0.4761
0.3481
0.2401
0.0841
0.0361
0.0081
0.0081
0.0001
0.0121
2.2801
2.5921
2.9241
11.1262
1
2
(xij X j )
MSE =
N K j i
4 Note
that the variation of the means

(141.492) seems quite large (more likely
to be significant???) compared to the
variance of observations within groups
(12.8380+9.4160+11.1262=33.3802).
4 MSE = 33.3802/(45-3) = 0.7948
Notes on MSE
4 If
there are only two groups, the MSE is equal

to the pooled estimate of variance used in the
equal-variance t test.
4 ANOVA assumes that all the group variances
are equal.
4 Other options should be considered if group
variances differ by a factor of 2 or more.
4 (12.8380
~ 9.4160 ~ 11.1262)
ANOVA F Test
4 The
ANOVA F test is based on the F statistic
SSB (K 1)
F=
MSE
where K is the number of groups.
4 Under
H0 the F statistic has an F distribution,

with K-1 and N-K degrees of freedom (N is the
total number of observations)
Time to Analyse:
F test p-value
To get a p-value we
compare our F statistic
to an F(2, 42)
distribution.
Time to Analyse:
F test p-value
To get a p-value we
to an F(2, 42)
distribution.
In our example
141.492 2
F=
= 89.015
33.3802 42
We cannot draw the line
since the F value is so
large, therefore the p
value is so small!!!!!!
Refer to F Dist. Table (=0.01).

We dont have df=2;42,
so we use df=2;40 instead.
F = 89.015, larger than 5.18
(p=0.01)
Therefore if F=89.015, p<0.01.
Why use df=2;42?

We have 3 groups
so K-1 = 2
We have 45
samples therefore
N-K = 42.
Time to Analyse:
F test p-value
To get a p-value we
to an F(2, 42)
distribution.
In our example
141.492 2
F=
= 89.015
33.3802 42
The p-value is really
P(F (2,42) > 89.015) = 0.00000000000008
ANOVA Table
Results are often displayed using an ANOVA Table
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
141.492
40.746
Within Groups 33.380
42
.795
Total
44
Between
Groups
174.872
Sig.
89.015 .0000000
ANOVA Table
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
141.492
40.746
42
.795
Total
44
Between
Groups
174.872
Sig.
89.015 .0000000
Pop Quiz!: Where are the following quantities presented in this table?
Sum of Squares
Between (SSB)
Mean Square
Error (MSE)
F Statistic
p value
ANOVA Table
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
141.492
40.746
42
.795
Total
44
Between
Groups
174.872
Sum of Squares
Between (SSB)
Mean Square
Error (MSE)
Sig.
89.015 .0000000
F Statistic
p value
ANOVA Table
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
141.492
40.746
42
.795
Total
44
Between
Groups
174.872
Sum of Squares
Between (SSB)
Mean Square
Error (MSE)
Sig.
89.015 .0000000
F Statistic
p value
ANOVA Table
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
141.492
40.746
42
.795
Total
44
Between
Groups
174.872
Sum of Squares
Between (SSB)
Mean Square
Error (MSE)
Sig.
89.015 .0000000
F Statistic
p value
ANOVA Table
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
141.492
40.746
42
.795
Total
44
Between
Groups
174.872
Sum of Squares
Between (SSB)
Mean Square
Error (MSE)
Sig.
89.015 .0000000
F Statistic
p value
ANOVA In SPSS
4

7, sga-bab7.sav
case-control study on
factors affecting SGA in
Kelantan.
>Compare Means
>One-Way
ANOVA
ANOVA in SPSS
4
4
4
4

between the babies weight
and mothers type of work.
So select the risk factor
(typework) into Factor & the
outcome (birthwgt) into
Dependent.
Now click on the Post Hoc
button. Select Bonferonni.
Click the Continue button &
then click the OK button.
Then click on the Options
button.
ANOVA in SPSS
4 Select
Descriptive,
Homegeneity of
variance test and
Means plot.
4 Click Continue and
then OK.
ANOVA Results
Descriptives
Birth weight
N
Housewife
Office work
Field work
Total
151
23
44
218
Mean
2.7801
2.7643
2.8430
2.7911
Std. Deviation
.52623
.60319
.55001
.53754
Std. Error
.04282
.12577
.08292
.03641
95% Confidence Interval for

Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
2.6955
2.8647
2.5035
3.0252
2.6757
3.0102
2.7193
2.8629
Minimum
1.90
1.60
1.90
1.60
Maximum
4.72
3.96
3.79
4.72
4 Compare
the mean+sd of all groups.

4 Apparently there are not much
difference of babies weight between the
groups.
Results & Homogeneity of

Variances
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Birth weight
Levene
Statistic
.757
df1
2
df2
215
Sig.
.470
4 Look
at the p value of Levenes Test. If p

is not significant then equal variances is
assumed.
ANOVA Results
ANOVA
Birth weight
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Sum of
Squares
.153
62.550
62.703
df
2
215
217
Mean Square
.077
.291
F
.263
Sig.
.769
4 So
the F value here is 0.263 and p =0.769.

The difference is not significant. Therefore
there is no association between the
babies weight and mothers type of work.
How to present the

result?
Type of Work
Mean+sd
Office
2.76 + 0.60
Housewife
2.78 + 0.53
Farmer
2.84 + 0.55
Test
ANOVA
F = 0.263
0.769
Proportionate Test
Proportionate Test
4 Qualitative
data utilises rates, i.e. rate of

anaemia among males & females
4 To compare such rates, statistical tests
such as Z-Test and Chi-square can be
used.
Formula
z=
p1 p2
where p1 is the rate for

event 1 = a1/n1
p2 is the rate for event 2
= a2/n2
a1 and a2 are frequencies
of event 1 and 2
1 1
p0 q0 +
n1 n2
p1n1 + p2 n2
p0 =
n1 + n2
q0 = 1 p0
We refer to the normal

distribution table to
decide whether to reject
or not the null
hypothesis.
http://stattrek.com/hypothesistest/proportion.aspx
4 The
sampling method is simple random

sampling.
4 Each sample point can result in just two
possible outcomes. We call one of these
outcomes a success and the other, a failure.
4 The sample includes at least 10 successes
and 10 failures.
4 The population size is at least 10 times as
big as the sample size.
Example
4 Comparison
of worm infestation rate

between male and female medical
students in Year 2.
4 Rate for males ; p1= 29/96 = 0.302
4 Rate for females;p2 =24/104 = 0.231
4 H0: There is no difference of worm
infestation rate between male and
female medical students in Year 2
Cont.
p1
p0
p2
q0
Cont.
4 p0
= (29/96*96)+(24/104*104) = 0.265
96+104
4 q0
= 1 0.265 = 0.735
Cont.
4z
0.302 - 0.231
= 1.1367
((0.735*0.265) (1/96 + 1/104))0.5
4 From
the normal distribution table (A1), z value

is significant at p=0.05 if it is above 1.96. Since
the value is less than 1.96, then there is no
difference of rate for worm infestatation
between the male and female students.
Refer to Table A1.

We dont have 1.1367 so we
use 1.14 instead. If z = 1.14,
then p=0.1271x2=0.2542
Therefore if z=1.14,
p=0.2542. H0 not rejected
Exercise (try it)
4 Comparison
of failure rate between

ACMS and UKM medical students in
Year 2 for minitest 1 (MS2 2012).
4 Rate for UKM ; p1= 42/196 = 0.214
4 Rate for ACMS;p2 = 35/70 = 0.5
Answer
4 P1
= 0.214, p2 = 0.5, p0 = 0.289, q0 = 0.711

4 N1 = 196, n2 = 70, Z = 20.470.5 = 4.52
4 p < 0.00006

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FF2613

Inferential Statistics, T Test,

we conduct a study, we want to

Drug A Better Than Drug B?

A has a higher rate of cure than

no difference of effectiveness between

is assumed TRUE unless data indicate

Can reindeer fly?

You believe reindeer can fly

It is possible, in principle, to reject the null

statistics determine whether a significant

= 1 0.05 = 0.95 = 95%

Fishers Use of p-Values

R.A. Fisher referred to the probability to declare

we have determined the level

Correct Null Hypothesis

It may occur when the sample size is

Example of Type II Error

Pain (2 hrs post-op)

Chi-square =2.222, p=0.136

Not significant since power of

Check for the errors

can check for type II errors of your

study the relationship between one

Problem Flow Chart

the association between

parametric & non-parametric

Example: Population mean

interval scale or ratio scale

Whole numbers or fractions

Example: Normal distribution

does not depend on population

involve population parameters such

Normally distributed data

Normally distributed data

Repeated measurement of the Paired t Test

Quantitative Data not normally distributed Wilcoxon Rank Sum

Statistical Tests - Qualitative

Sample size > 40 but with at X2 Test with Yates

T Test, ANOVA &

d rta m il@ g m a il.c o m

compare the means of two independent

Examples: Students ttest

the level of blood cholestrol

Independent Samples Test

t-test for Equality of Means

are normally distributed in

The 2 groups are independent of each

If df>100, can refer Table A1.

Or can refer to Table A3.

Exercise (try it)

For this exercise, we will

We want to see whether

Click the Continue button &

Weight at first ANC

the mean+sd of both groups.

Results & Homogeneity of

t-test for Equality of Means

Look at the p value of Levenes Test. If p is not

How to present the

measurement on the same

Examples of paired t-test

the HAMD score between