Professional Documents
Culture Documents
using the
ACI 318-08 Building Code
Robert J. Frosch, Ph.D., P.E.
Professor of Civil Engineering
Purdue University
Flow of Provisions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Braced or Not-Braced?
Evaluate story stiffness
Kbracing 12Kcolumns
Story
Stiffness
Column - Kcolumn
Moment
magnification
10.10.3
10.10.4
10.10.5
material nonlinearity
member curvature and lateral drift
duration of loads
shrinkage and creep
interaction with the supporting foundation
10.10.4.1 Recommended I
Compression Members:
Columns
0.70Ig
Walls Uncracked
0.70Ig
Cracked
0.35Ig
Flexural Members:
Beams
0.35Ig
Flat plates/slabs
0.25Ig
1
- Reduce I if sustained lateral loads present
1 + ds
Alternate I
Compression members:
Ast M u
Pu
I = 0.80 + 25
0.5 I g
1
Ag Pu h
P0
0.35 I g I 0.875 I g
Flexural members:
bw
0.25 I g I 0.5 I g
MB
=0
MT
MT + MB = 0
MT + MB = P
Amplification
of end moments
No amplification
of end moments
Nonsway
MB
P
Sway
Nonsway or Sway?
Nonsway
Mend, 2nd-order 1.05Mend,1st-order
Kbracing 12Kcolumns
Pu o
Q = V l 0.05
us c
P
MT
MB
P
=0
Sway procedure
M 1 = M 1ns + s M 1s
MTs
+
MBns
1
s =
1
1 Q
MTns
M 2 = M 2 ns + s M 2 s
Option 1
Option 2
1
s =
1
Pu
1
0.75Pc
MBs
P
Elastic
second order
Pu
Mu,top
P
Mu,bottom
Pu
Moment
Magnification
Nodes at ends
M c = ns M 2
Pu
Cm
ns =
1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
Pc =
2 EI
( klu )
Mu,top
Pu
Mu,bottom
Mu,top
Mc
Mu,bottom
Moment Amplification
Pu
M1
M1
Mc=M1+P
Pu
M1
M1
1
Mc =
M1
Pu
1
Pc
Equivalent Moment - Cm
Pu
M2
M2
Pu
M1
M1
Meq
Mc
Pu
Meq
Pu
M eq = Cm M 2
M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
M2
Meq
Mc
Meq
Pc =
2 EI
( kl u )
Flexural Stiffness
Account for:
axial load, cracking, reinforcement, sustained load
0.2E I
(
EI =
c g
+ Es I se )
1 + dns
EI =
0.40 Ec I g
1 + dns
Alternate Stiffness
Ast
EI = 0.80 + 25
Ag
0.35 Ec I g
1 + dns
Mu
Pu Ec I g
0.5
1
P0 1 + dns
Pu h
0.875 Ec I g
EI
1 + dns
Minimum Eccentricity
M 2,min = Pu ( 0.6in. + 0.03h )
Cm = 1.0 or
= 0.6 + 0.4
Pu
M1
M2
M2,min
Pu
Mc
M2,min
P
M=0
Pc =
2 EI
( kl )
Pe =
k=1.0
M=0
Flexible Beams
k=0.5
M
Rigid Beams
2 EI
l
Pe
> Pe
>0
k = 1.0
Column loses stiffness as Pe approached
To achieve k < 1.0
Beams must resist moment for P
Beams not designed for P moment
Too slender?
M2nd order
1.4M1st order
- 2nd-order effects not dominate response
- Eliminate need for stability analysis
Cross-sectional dimensions
Within 10% shown on design drawings
Design Example
Pu = 200 kips
Mu = 86 ft-kips
f y = 60,000 psi
l u = 16 ft
Psus = 60 kips
12
Mu = 72 ft-kips
Pu = 200 kips
2.5
A
15
2.5
Minimum Eccentricity
A
12
A
15
in.
1.0 *16 ft *12
klu
ft
=
0.3*15 in.
r
= 42.7
M1
34 12
M2
72 ft-kip
= 34 12
86 ft-kip
= 24.0
Column Properties
A
12
1
3
I g = (12 in.)(15 in.) = 3375 in.4
12
2.5
dns
A
15
2.5
EI =
0.4 Ec I g
1 + dns
) = 3.58 x10
kip in.2
EI
2
Pc =
( klu )
= 958 kips
Amplified Moment
Mu = 86 ft-kips
M1
72 ft-kip
= 0.6 + 0.4
= 0.93
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
M2
86 ft-kip
Cm
0.93
=
= 1.29
ns =
Pu
200 kips
1
1
0.75*958 kips
0.75 Pc
Pu =
200 kips
M c = ns M 2
= 1.29 *86 ft-kip = 111 ft-kip
Design Column for Pu = 200 kips
Mu = 111 ft*kips
Mu = 72 ft-kips
M2
nd
order
1.4M 1
st
order
Future Directions
Improved EI expressions
Improved dns definition
Increased slenderness limits
Improved EI Expressions
Reduce Conservatism
Provide Simplicity
Axial Load
1.6
1.4
1.2
EI
E c Ig
1
0.8
Pu
1 0.6
P0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Eccentricity Ratio
1.6
1.4
EI
Ec Ig
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Uncracked
Fully
Cracked
Transition Zone
0
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Frequency
Design
50%
40%
0.4E c Ig
30%
20%
10%
>2.0
1.8
Mc,Eq./Mc,Anal.
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0%
Design
Frequency
60%
Ast
0
.
80
+
25
Ag
40%
30%
Mu
Pu
0.5 EcIg
1
Po
Puh
20%
10%
0%
>2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Mc,Eq./Mc,Anal.
Pu,sus
Pu
dns
1.4D
=
= 1.0
1.4D
1
1 + dns
1
= = 0.5
2
EI = 0.20 Ec I g
Future dns
Account for creep
Consider axial stress level
dns =
Pu,sus
Po
Pu,sus
0.85f c' A g
Slenderness Limits
1.4 Maximum Eliminated for P
1.4 Increased for P
Summary
Higher strength concrete
Higher strength reinforcement
Improved estimates of
Short term stiffness EI
Long term stiffness - dns
Questions?
Sway Frame
M1
2P
M2
M1 + M 2 = (P + 2P)