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Respiracin Celular,
Fermentacin y Metabolismo
Secundario
Por Marla Mndez y Dallas E.
Alston
Presenta dos videos:
Respiracin y ATP sintasa
video
Respiracin celular
Proceso de clulas vivas para obtener
energa a partir de molculas
orgnicas
El objetivo principal producir:
ATP, NADH y FADH2
13
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
14
piruvato
ATP, NADH, FADH2
glucosa
acetil Coenzima A
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
15
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
17 d.
Respiracin celular
La respiracin aerbica utiliza oxgeno
O2 consumido y CO2 liberado
Se enfoca en glucosa, pero otras
molculas orgnicas tambin son
utilizadas.
18
0%
b.
19
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
20
Metabolismo de Glucosa
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Gluclisis
Glucosa
se rompe
en 2
piruvatos
Produce
2 ATP y 2
NADH
Rompimiento
de Piruvato
2
piruvatos
se
rompen.
Se forman
2 acetilCoA y 2
NADH y
se liberan
2 CO2
2 acetil-CoA
con
oxaloacetato
Se forman 2
ATP, 6
NADH, 2
FADH2 y se
liberan 4
CO2
Fosforilacin
Oxidativa
Oxidacin
de NADH
y FADH2
Consume
O2 y se
forman
30-34 ATP
por
quimiosm
osis
.
21
0%
0%
30
Pr
-3
od
4
uc
AT
ci
P
n
de
ox
g
en
o
0%
AT
P
0%
pi
ru
va
to
s,
Do
ca
sp
da
iru
un
va
o
to
co
s,
n.
ca
.
da
un
o
co
n.
.
0%
Do
s
22
Metabolismo de glucosa
Gluclisis
Primera etapa de la respiracin aerobia
y la fermentacin.
Glucosa u otra molcula de azcar se
descompone en dos piruvatos para dar
un rendimiento neto de 2 ATP
23
0%
30
a3
4;
0%
2;
0%
2
0%
4;
a3
4;
0%
8;
30 a 34; 4
8; 8
4; 2
2; 2
30 a 34; 2
30
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
24
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
25
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
26
Metabolismo de Glucosa
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Gluclisis
Glucosa se
rompe en 2
piruvatos.
Produce 2 ATP
y 2 NADH
Rompimiento
de Piruvato
2 piruvatos se
rompen.
Se forman 2
acetil-CoA y 2
NADH y se
liberan 2 CO2
Fosforilacin
Oxidativa
Oxidacin de
NADH y FADH2
Consume O2 y
se forman 3034 ATP por
quimiosmosis.
27
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
28
Paso 1- Gluclisis
Gluclisis puede ocurrir con o sin oxgeno
Los pasos de la gluclisis son casi idnticas en
todas las especies vivientes
3 fases
1. Inversin de energa
2. Transformacin
3. Liberacin de energa
29
Fases de Gluclisis
1. Inversin de energa
2 ATP hidrolizados para crear fructosa1,6 bifosfato
30
Fases de Gluclisis
2. Transformacin
Molcula de 6
carbonos
descompuesta en dos
molculas de 3
carbonos
(gliceraldehdo-3fosfato)
31
Fases de Gluclisis
3. Liberacin de
energa
Dos molculas de
gliceraldehdo-3fosfato son
modificados en dos
molculas de
piruvato,
produciendo 2 NADH
y 4 ATP
El rendimiento neto
son 2 ATP
32
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
33
Metabolismo de Glucosa
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O
Gluclisis
Glucosa se
rompe en 2
piruvatos.
Produce 2 ATP
y 2 NADH
Rompimiento
de Piruvato
2 piruvatos se
rompen.
Se forman 2
acetil-CoA y 2
NADH y se
liberan 2 CO2
Fosforilacin
Oxidativa
Oxidacin de
NADH y FADH2
Consume O2 y
se forman 3034 ATP por
quimiosmosis.
34
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
35
a. Falso
b. Cierto
0%
a.
0%
36
b.
0%
a.
0%
0%
b.
c.
0%
d.
0%
e.
37
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
38
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
39
0%
8%
83%
0%
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
8%
8%
8%
83%
First Slide
Second Slide
41
CO2; desperdicio
O2; desperdicio
N2; beneficio
H2; desperdicio
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
42d.
0%
a.
0%
0%
b.
c.
0%
d.
0%
e. 6
43
44
Mitocondria
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C O
Piruvato
C O
Outer
CH3
membrane
channel
O
H+/pyruvate
C O
symporter
H+
C O
CH3
+ CoA SH
NAD+
Pyruvate
dehydrogenase
S CoA
C O + CO2 + NADH
CH3
Acetyl CoA
45
6; 3
2; 4
1; 2
3; 6
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
46
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
47
Metabolismo de Glucosa
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O
Gluclisis
Glucosa se
rompe en 2
piruvatos.
Produce 2 ATP
y 2 NADH
Rompimiento
de Piruvato
2 piruvatos se
rompen.
Se forman 2
acetil-CoA y 2
NADH y se
liberan 2 CO2
Fosforilacin
Oxidativa
Oxidacin de
NADH y FADH2
Consume O2 y
se forman 3034 ATP por
quimiosmosis.
48
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
49
0%
a.
0%
0%
b.
c.
0%
d.
0%
e. 6
51
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
2 NADH
2 NADH
6 NADH
Citric
acid
cycle
2 pyruvate
2 CO2
2 CO2
Breakdown of
pyruvate
+2 ATP
2 FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation
NADH
CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Citrate
+3034 ATP
NADH
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
CO2
3
C C C C C
4
1
C C C C
C C C C
Oxaloacetate
H2C C S CoA
Acetyl CoA
(Ciclo de Krebs)
8
C C C C
NADH
C C C C
GTP
C C C C
ATP
FADH2
52
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CoASH
S
CoA
CH
+ H2O
Acetyl CoA
C C
Citrate
synthetase
1
53
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
COO
CH2
HO
COO
C
CH
COO
Citrate
C C C C C C
CoASH
2A
S
CoA
CH
H2O
Acetyl CoA
Citrate
synthetase
C C
1
54
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
COO
COO
CH2
CH2
HC
HO
COO
CH2
2B
Citrate
C C C C C C
CoASH
CoA
CH
COO
COO
-Ketoglutarate
C C C C C
NAD+
CH2
CoASH
CH2
NADH
NAD+
Isocitrate
dehydrogenase
Aconitase
2A
CO2
+
O
COO
NADH
Isocitrate
C C C C C C
COO
CH
COO
CH2
HO
CH2
COO
-Ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
CO2
CoA
Succinyl-CoA
C C C C
5
GDP + Pi
+ H2O
Citrate
synthetase
Acetyl CoA
C C
ATP
CoASH
Succinyl-CoA
synthetase
GTP
ADP
1
Oxaloacetate
C C C C
COO
O
C
CH2
Succinate
dehydrogenase
Malate
dehydrogenase
6
Fumarase
COO
8
NADH
NAD+
7
FADH2
Malate
Fumarate
C C C C
C C C C
COO
COO
HO
Debido que
CH
CH2
COO
H2O
FAD
ATP neto
CH2
CH2
COO
COO
CH
HC
COO
55
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
56
Metabolismo de Glucosa
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O
Gluclisis
Glucosa se
rompe en 2
piruvatos.
Produce 2 ATP
y 2 NADH
Rompimiento
de Piruvato
2 piruvatos se
rompen.
Se forman 2
acetil-CoA y 2
NADH y se
liberan 2 CO2
Fosforilacin
Oxidativa
Oxidacin de
NADH y FADH2
Consume O2 y
se forman 3034 ATP por
quimiosmosis.
57
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
58
59
CO2; la reductasa
H2O; la oxiductasa
piruvato; la acetilasa
glucosa; glucosidasa
ATP; la ATP sintasa
0%
a.
0%
0%
b.
c.
0%
d.
0%
e. 6
61
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
62
d.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
63
d.
fuerza neutrn-motriz
fuerza rbito-mquina
fuerza electrn-aparato
fuerza protn-motriz
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
64
ATP sintasa
La enzima aprovecha la energa libre como el flujo de
H+ a travs de regin integral de la membrana
Conversin de energa- gradiente electroqumico H+
o fuerza protn motriz se convierte en energa
qumica de enlace en el ATP
Vea: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw ;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y1dO4nNaKY
66
ATP sintasa
Racker y Stoeckenius confirmaron que el ATP utiliza
un gradiente electroqumico de H+
Mquina rotativa (turbina molecular) que produce
ATP a medida que gira
67
Fig. 7.9
Bacteriorrodopsina
(bomba H+ impulsada por la luz)
El experimento
Racker y
Stoeckenius
que muestra
que un
gradiente de H+
electroqumico
impulsa la
sntesis de ATP
a travs de la
ATP sintasa.
Fig. 7.9a
ATP sintasa
Vesculo
Bacteriorrodopsina
(bomba H+ impulsada
por la luz)
Una muestra se
mantuvo en la
oscuridad. No se hizo
ATP.
Una muestra se
expone a la luz. ATP
fue hecho.
71
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
72
Fotosntesis
Gluclisis
Quimiosmosis
Ciclo de Krebs (ciclo de
cido ctrico)
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
73
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
74
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
La estructura de la
subunidad y la funcin
de la ATP sintasa, una
mquina rotativa (ver
el video de abajo)
76
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Experimental level
Conceptual level
Add purified
complex.
3 3 complex
Slide
ATP
Control:
Linker proteins
Fluorescent
actin
filament
ATP
Fluorescence
microscope
+ ATP: counterclockwise
rotation
ATP
Rotation
No ATP added
No rotation observed.
ATP added
Rotation was observed as shown below. This is a time-lapse view of the rotation in action.
79
80
81
82
Resultados
Rotacin
ATP
No rotacin observada
No ATP aadido
ATP aadido
Rotacin observada
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
84 d.
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
85c.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
86
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
KEY
H+ movement
e movement
Matrix
Intermembrane
space
NADH dehydrogenase
NADH
H+
H+
H+
NAD+ + H+
Succinate
reductase
Electron
transport
chain
H+
II
FADH2
FAD + 2
Ubiquinone
H+
H+
H- Cytochrome b-c1
III
H+
H+
Cytochrome c
c
H+
H+
2 H+ + O2
IV
Cytochrome oxidase
H+
H+
H2O
H+
Matrix
H+
ATP synthase
H+
ADP + Pi
H+
ATP
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
synthesis
H+
Intermembrane
space
87
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Mitocondria
KEY
H+ movement
e movement
Matrix
Intermembrane
space
NADH dehydrogenase
NADH
H+
H+
H+
NAD+ + H+
Succinate
reductase
Electron
transport
chain
H+
II
FADH2
FAD + 2
Ubiquinone
H+
H+
H- Cytochrome b-c1
III
H+
H+
Cytochrome c
c
H+
H+
2 H+ + O2
IV
Cytochrome oxidase
H+
H+
H2O
H+
Matrix
H+
ATP synthase
H+
ADP + Pi
H+
ATP
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
synthesis
H+
Intermembrane
space
88
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
KEY
H+ movement
e movement
Matrix
Intermembrane
space
NADH dehydrogenase
NADH
H+
H+
H+
NAD+ + H+
Succinate
reductase
Electron
transport
chain
H+
II
FADH2
FAD + 2
Ubiquinone
H+
H+
H- Cytochrome b-c1
III
H+
H+
Cytochrome c
c
H+
H+
2 H+ + O2
IV
Cytochrome oxidase
H+
H+
H2O
H+
Matrix
H+
ATP synthase
H+
ADP + Pi
H+
ATP
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
synthesis
H+
Intermembrane
space
89
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
KEY
H+ movement
e movement
Matrix
Intermembrane
space
NADH dehydrogenase
NADH
H+
H+
H+
NAD+ + H+
Succinate
reductase
Electron
transport
chain
H+
II
FADH2
FAD + 2
Ubiquinone
H+
H+
H- Cytochrome b-c1
III
H+
H+
Cytochrome c
c
H+
H+
2 H+ + O2
IV
Cytochrome oxidase
H+
H+
H2O
H+
Matrix
H+
ATP synthase
H+
ADP + Pi
H+
ATP
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
synthesis
H+
Intermembrane
space
90
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
KEY
H+ movement
e movement
Matrix
Intermembrane
space
NADH dehydrogenase
NADH
H+
H+
H+
NAD+ + H+
Succinate
reductase
Electron
transport
chain
H+
II
FADH2
FAD + 2
Ubiquinone
H+
H+
H- Cytochrome b-c1
III
H+
H+
Cytochrome c
c
H+
H+
2 H+ + O2
IV
Cytochrome oxidase
H+
H+
H2O
H+
Matrix
H+
ATP synthase
H+
ADP + Pi
H+
ATP
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
synthesis
H+
Intermembrane
space
91
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Glycolysis:
Glucose
C C C C C C
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Cytosol
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2 NADH
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Breakdown of
pyruvate:
2 pyruvate
2 C C C
2CO2 + 2acetyl
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citric acid
cycle:
2 acetyl
4 Oxidative
2 C C
2 C C
2 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
2 acetyl
4 CO2
2 CO2
+2 ATP
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
phosphorylation:
The oxidation of NADH
and FADH2 via the
electron transport
chain provides energy
to make more ATP
via the ATP synthase.
O2 is consumed.
+3034 ATP
Via chemiosmosis
92
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c. 93
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
94
2; 2; 30 a 34
4; 4; 30 a 36
1; 1; 40 a 45
3; 3; 30 a 34
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
96d.
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.97
98
La relacin entre
la energa libre y
el movimiento
de electrones a
lo largo de la
cadena de
transporte de
electrones
Fig. 7.8
NADH
deshidrogenasa
Citocromo b-c1
Ubiquinona
Citocromo c
Citocromo
oxidasa
Como los
electrones saltar
de un sitio a otro
a lo largo de la
cadena de
transporte de
electrones,
liberan energa.
Fig. 7.8
NADH
deshidrogenasa
Citocromo b-c1
Ubiquinona
Citocromo c
Citocromo
oxidasa
Parte de esta
energa se
aprovecha para
bombear iones
de hidrgeno a
travs de la
membrana
mitocondrial
interna.
Fig. 7.8
NADH
deshidrogenasa
Citocromo b-c1
Ubiquinona
Citocromo c
Citocromo
oxidasa
La energa total
liberada por un
solo electrn es
de
aproximadamente
-25 kcal / mol.
Fig. 7.8
NADH
deshidrogenasa
Citocromo b-c1
Ubiquinona
Citocromo c
Citocromo
oxidasa
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
103d.
105
106
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Proteins
Amino
acids
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Fats
Glycerol Fatty
acids
Glycolysis:
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
107
108
METABOLISMO ANAERBICO
109
Metabolismo Anaerbico
Para ambientes que carecen de oxgeno o
durante dficit de oxgeno (por ejemplo,
cuando nos ejercitamos)
Dos estrategias:
Respiracin Anaerbica
Fermentacin
Produce ATP solo a travs de la fosforilacin a nivel de
sustrato
110
Respiracin Anaerbica
El uso de sustancias distintas a O2 como aceptor final
de electrones en la cadena de transporte de
electrones
E. coli utiliza nitrato (NO3-) en condiciones
anaerbicas
Produce enzima nitrato reductasa.
Produce ATP a travs de quimiosmosis an en
condiciones anaerbicas.
111
Fermentacin
Rompimiento de molculas orgnicas para
obtener energa sin oxidacin neta.
Fermentacin lctica
Fermentacin alcohlica
Fermentacin
Lctica
Alcohlica
Piruvato se reduce
formando lactato.
Piruvato se decarboxila y
produce acetaldehido.
Este se reduce para
producir el alcohol etlico
(etanol).
113
Fermentacin
Lctica
Reaccin Global:
Glucosa + 2P + 2ADP 2 A.
lctico + 2ATP
Alcohlica
Reaccin Global:
Glucosa + 2P + 2ADP 2 A.
Etlico + 2CO2 + 2ATP
114
Fermentacin
Lctica
Organismos:
Alcohlica
Organismos:
2.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Produccin de pan,
cerveza y ron.
S. ellypsoideus - Vino
S. apiculatus - Cidra
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Pan
115
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
116
mucho ATP
mucho NADPH
cido lctico
etanol
glucosa
0%
a.
0%
0%
b.
c.
0%
d.
0%
e. 6
117
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2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 ATP
2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 ATP
C O
C O
C O
C O
Glucose
Glycolysis
Glucose
CH3
Glycolysis
CH3
2 pyruvate
2 pyruvate
O
2 NAD+ + 2 H+
2 NAD+ + 2 H+
2 NADH
C O
H
C OH
CH3
H
2 H1
2 NADH
2 CO2
C OH
C O
CH3
2 H+
CH3
2 acetaldehyde
118
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
6
d.
119
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
120
0%
a.
0%
b.
0%
c.
0%
d.
121
13%
8%
fosforilacin oxidativa
de la gluclisis
40%
25%
0%
17%
47%
First Slide
Second Slide