CONTENT

PAGE NO.

TITLE
CONTENT

DECLERATION

INTRODUCTION

REPORT OF LEAKING CEILING DUE

TO ROOF PROBLEM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

DURATION PROBLEM
TYPE OF ROOF
ELEMENT OF ROOF
INTRODUCTION OF CEILING
FACTOR OF LEAKING
EFFECT OF LEAKING
PREVENTION PROCEDURE
SUGGESTION OF LEAKING

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

DECLERATION

Assalamualaikum WBT praise be to Allah, the owner of the worlds, the

Merciful, Loving, greetings and Peace be upon the Prophet Muhammad SAW and
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his companions, and sisters who are blessed by Allah SWT I give thanks to the
Almighty for His grace we have succeeded in making assignments given by our
lecturer successfully.

Praise to god because we have successfully completed the tasks given. Like
aware task given a mandatory session for a polytechnic students to the problem
faced in PMU. In addition we are pleased to say that for us to make this work, we
have obtained various problems encountered in PMU.

First of all, we would like to thanks our lecturer Puan Ifaniza Binti Ibrahim for
her guidance, encouragement, advice and thoughtful ideas that have been given.
We would like to thanks the lecturer civil engineering department that has helped us
a lot. Not forgetting to all staff who have provide a lot of guidance to us.

INTRODUCTION

At present, most of the buildings constructed for schools and institutions for
youth community knowledge. After the building was developed many years, many
problems will occur such as leaks, damage and so on. Leakage occurs mostly in the
plumbing, building walls, ceilings and other. While a lot of damage also occurred in
buildings such as cracks in drains, cracks in the walls of buildings and damage in
some small part.

Research was done to find out the problems faced at the Polytechnic Mukah
Sarawak. The problems encountered in Mukah Polytechnic is a leak in the ceiling.
Leaks usually occur on the ceiling when the roof is not repaired and reviewed at
least every month. Leakage no repair can cause even attached the ceiling and cause
the building to be damaged.

One of the causes of leaks are maintenance are not made in accordance with
the agreed timeframe. For each building, maintenance are to be made to strengthen
the building from being damaged and could not be used. One of the measures used
is also changing and the repair of damaged areas in accordance with a
predetermined lifespan.

REPORT OF LEAKING CEILING DUE TO ROOF PROBLEM

REPORT TITLE: LEAKING OF CEILING DUE TO ROOF PROBLEM

3

DURATION OF PROBLEM: 1 MONTH (30 DAYS)

TYPE OF ROOF
1.

Flat Roofs
Flat roofs are one of the oldest and the simplest type of roofs. These roofs are easy
to recognize and are the most common roofs for buildings. They may not however be
very popular among houses these days. Flat roofs have a shallow pitch which is
around 1-2 degrees.
There are many advantages as well as disadvantages of flat roofs. The main
advantage of flat roofs is that the construction of building becomes easier and the
walls do not have to be perpendicular or parallel to each other. The main
disadvantage is that it has no slopes or a tilt because of which water and debris may
accumulate on the top.
They also require a high maintenance. Therefore flat roofs are best suited in areas
which are dry and do not have much rainfall. Many flat roofs although do have a
drainage pipe at the end; it is still not a very preferable roof for houses. It is best
suited for tall buildings and warehouses

2.

Sloping Roofs

Sloping roof is a general term applied to any roof that is either slightly or completely
tilted.
4

These roofs are one of the most common residential roofs. Unlike the flat roofs the
major advantage of sloping roofs is that they do not let the water or debris to
accumulate

3.

Gable Roof

Gable roofs are one of the most famous types of roofs.

A single gable roof is made up of two rectangular roofs and a bit slanting, meeting at
a point to form a single roof.
The line where they meet is the ridge line. Gable roof can also be called the typical
house roof.

4.

SALT BOX

Salt box is a very stylish type of roof which is very interesting to look at. Like the
gable this type of roof is also made of two roofs which meet at a ridge line but in this
roof they meet to form a triangle and the salt box's one side of the roof is bigger
while the other is shorter i.e. it forms a lopsided triangle. This concept of roofs
evolved during the twentieth century.
Saltbox is best suited for houses but some office buildings also have saltbox roofs

5.

GAMBREL ROOF

Gambrel roof is basically a type of gable roof in which one side is steeper than the
other. The gambrel roof has vertical gable ends and the roof hangs over the pretense
of the house.
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This roof is more popularly used as a barn roof. It is a Dutch inspired style of roof.

6.

MANSARD ROOF

Mansard roof may resemble to the gable roof but the two roofs have many
differences. The Mansard roof has four slopes.
These slopes are present on the all the four sides of the house.
The lower slope is vertical and steeper than the upper slope and the upper slope
may not be very visible. This style of roofing comes from the French.

7.

PYRAMID ROOF
Pyramid roofs are highly stylish and modern types of roofs.
These roofs as their name implies are shaped like a pyramid. These roofs are best
suited for huts, houses or small structures such as pool houses.

8.

HIP ROOF

Hip roof resembles the pyramid roof as it too has four slopes elevated and joined
together. But unlike the pyramid roofs, the slopes of hip roofs do not meet at a single

point in fact the top of the roof is flattened in a way that the four corners of the
square are occupied by the slopes. They too are best suited for small structures.

ELEMENT OF ROOF

Gable The triangular end of a pitched roof, or the triangular upper part of the
gable wall.

Hip The edge of a hipped roof that runs from the ridge to the eaves. It is
formed when two sloping surfaces intersect.

Eaves This is the lower edge of the roof surface that overhangs the walls.

Soffit This is the underside of the eaves that is fi xed to the back of the
fascia and the wall. It forms an enclosed element all around the building.

Ridge This is the uppermost line of the roof and is formed at the intersection
of two sloping surfaces.

Valley This is the line formed at the internal intersection of two sloping
surfaces. It runs from the ridge to the eaves.

Verge This is the underside surface of the eaves and the soffit of a gable
roof which overhangs the gable wall.

Wall plates The timber component which sits upon the top of the walls of a
building and to which the foot of the roof rafters are fixed

Fascia board A vertical timber or plastic trim which is fixed to the feet of the
rafters and, along with the soffit, encloses the eaves

Soffit board A timber or plastic trim which is horizontally fixed to the

underside of the rafters and which, along with the fascia encloses the eaves

Barge board A vertical timber or plastic trim which is fixed to the face of the
last common rafter at the end of a gable roof

Common rafter A rafter that runs from the ridge to the wall plate

Jack or cripple rafters These are short rafters that run from the hip rafter to
the wall plate. These short rafters form the lower portion of a valley or hip.

Hip rafter This is the main rafter of hip roof. It is to this rafter that all jack or
cripple rafters are fixed to form the hip.

Gable ladder This is a framework comprising two common rafters and

noggins. The noggins and the rafters form a ladder frame which is built into

the top of the gable wall and extends beyond the gable wall to form the gable
eaves and to which the barge board is fixed.

Purlin This is a strong, large sectioned timber member which, is fixed to the
common rafters midway between the ridge and the wall plate and runs parallel
to the wall and the ridge. On gable roofs, the ends of the purlin are built into
the gable walls. This component gives added strength to the roof structure
and allows heavier roof coverings to be used.

Joist hangers These are metal hangers by which ceiling joists are fixed to
the wall plate, or they may be built into the supporting walls.

Ceiling joists These are timber components which span from wall to wall
and to which the ceiling covering is fixed.

Roof binder These are horizontal timber components which span from wall
to wall and which are fixed to the feet of common and jack rafters.

Roof struts These are angled components which are fixed to the common
rafters and roof ties. The strut is usually fixed at right angles to the common
rafter to offer greater strength.

Roof hangers Hangers are vertical timber components similar in size and
cross section to a common rafter and are fixed to the top of the common rafter
close to the ridge and the ceiling joist or roof binders.

INTRODUCTION OF CEILING

A ceiling an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It
is generally not a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside
of the floor or roof structure above.
Ceilings are classified according to their appearance or construction. A
cathedral ceiling is any tall ceiling area similar to those in a church. A dropped ceiling
is one in which the finished surface is constructed anywhere from a few inches to
several feet below the structure above it. This may be done for aesthetic purposes,
such as achieving a desirable ceiling height; or practical purposes such as providing
a space for HVAC or piping. An inverse of this would be a raised floor. A concave or
barrel shaped ceiling is curved or rounded, usually for visual or acoustical value,
while a coffered ceiling is divided into a grid of recessed square or octagonal panels,
also called a "lacunar ceiling". A cove ceiling uses a curved plaster transition
between wall and ceiling; it is named for cove molding, a molding with a concave
curve.
Ceilings have frequently been decorated with fresco painting, mosaic tiles and
other surface treatments. While hard to execute (at least in place) a decorated
ceiling has the advantage that it is largely protected from damage by fingers and
dust. In the past, however, this was more than compensated for by the damage from
smoke from candles or a fireplace. Many historic buildings have celebrated ceilings.
Perhaps the most famous is the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo.

CEILING LEAKING AT POLITEKNIK MUKAH LIBRARY

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FACTOR OF LEAKING CEILING

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1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Roof design
Construction & installation of roof
No periodic maintenance
Damage to roof sheets
No detail drawings / incomplete, no painting work / lack of decent working

sketches, no details of the method statement / connection settings

6) Quality supervision inferiority roof work
7) There is no planning and serious action to address this phenomenon although
it is commonplace and potential problems encountered
8) Lack of knowledge & experience of objective about problems

EFFECT OF LEAKAGE
1. Leakage on the ceiling causing water retention in the floor that could
2.
3.
4.
5.

endanger passers-by.
Can cause damages to the ceiling when the roof exposed to rain or water.
Leave the effect of moisture on the ceiling
Affect the flow of water flowing over it (rain)
unsightly structures of the buildings (ceiling)

PREVENTION PROCEDURE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

List of location update problem

repair history
Insights on how to repair
Pay attention to detail / detailing
Find the source of the problem - use a trial & error - Troubleshooting / trial &
error

SUGGESTION OF LEAKING CEILING

1) Detailed design drawings with specific roof installation, connection, stream
etc.
2) Lead a quality plan for material selection, installation and installation quality
3) A preliminary study for the identify started to intercept of problems expected
4) Boost widespread awareness that prevention is more beneficial in terms of
effort and cost
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APPENDIX

13

APPENDIX 2

14

CONCLUSION

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