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\begin{document}
\title{Homework 3}
\author{Ethan Kendall\\
RADI 5824: Production and Absorption of Ionizing Radiation}
\maketitle

\begin{problem}{1}
\text{ }\\
It is given that the half-life, $T_{1/2}$, for Co-60 that $T_{1/2} = 5.26
\; years$. Converting this into days gives us $T_{1/2} = 1920 \;days$.
The relationship between half-life and the decay constant, $\lambda$ is
$\lambda = \frac{ln(2)}{T_{1/2}}$. Plugging in the value for our halflife gives us $\lambda = \frac{ln(2)}{1920 \; days} = 0.000361 \;
days^{-1}$. \\
The formula for activity is $A = A_{0} e^{- \lambda t}$. Plugging in
the values above gives us an activity of $A = 4000 Ci \cdot e^{\frac{ln(2)}{5.26 years} \cdot 3 years} = 2694 \; Ci$.
\end{problem}

\begin{problem}{2}
\text{ }\\
A 3 mCi sample of I-131 has a half-life of 8.05 days. A 2 mCi sample of
P-32 has a half-life of 14.3 days. To find out when these two samples
have equal Activities we need to look at their decay equations. The
decay equation for I-131 is $A_{I} = A_{0I}e^{-\lambda_{I} t}$, and
the decay equation for P-32 is $A_{P} = A_{0P}e^{-\lambda_{P} t}$.
We are looking for the point Where $A_{I} = A_{P}$, so we are looking
for where $A_{0I}e^{-\lambda_{I} t} = A_{0P}e^{-\lambda_{P} t}$.
Solving for t, we find \\
$t = -\frac{ln\frac{A_{I}}{A_{P}}}{\lambda_{P}-\lambda_{I}} =
-\frac{ln\frac{A_{I}}{A_{P}}}{\frac{ln(2)}
{(T_{1/2})_{P}}-\frac{ln(2)}{(T_{1/2})_{I}}} = -\frac{ln\frac{3 mCi}
{2 mCi}}{\frac{ln(2)}{14.3 days}-\frac{ln(2)}{8.05 days}} = 10.77 \;
days$.
\end{problem}

\begin{problem}{3}
\text{ }\\
Our sample has a mean life, $\tau$, of 10 hours and an activity of 10
mCI. The decay constant of a sample is equal to the inverse of the
mean life, so our decay constant is .1 hours$^{-1}$. The probability of
a nuclide decaying between $5 < t < 15$. This is equal to the
probability of survival to t = 5 multiplied by the probability of decay
from $5 < t < 15$. The probability the nuclide lasts five hours is the
probability that it will decay sometime from 5 hours to infinity, so $P(t
> 5)$. \\

$P(t > 5) = \int_{5}^{\infty} \lambda e^{-\lambda t} \; dt =

limit_{a \to \infty} \int_{5}^{a} \lambda e^{-\lambda t} \; dt =
limit_{a \to \infty} - e^{-\lambda t} \vert{5}{a} = (0 - -e^{-5
hours\lambda}) = e^{-5 hours \cdot \lambda} = e^{\frac{5 hours}
{\tau}} = e^{\frac{5 hours}{10 hours}} = 0.6065.$ \\
Then we need to find the probability that the nuclide will decay from $5
hours < t < 15 hours$. \\
$P(5 < t < 15) = \int_{5}^{15} \lambda e^{-\lambda t} \; dt =
\int_{5}^{15} \lambda e^{-\lambda t} \; dt = - e^{-\lambda t}
\vert{5}{15} = (e^{- 15 hours \cdot \lambda} - -e^{-5
hours\lambda}) = (e^{- 15 hours \cdot \lambda} + e^{-5 hours
\cdot \lambda}) = e^{\frac{-15 hours}{\tau}} + e^{\frac{-5 hours}
{\tau}} = e^{\frac{-15 hours}{10 hours}} + e^{\frac{-5 hours}{10
hours}} = 0.8296.$ \\
The probability of a nuclide decaying between 5 and 15 hours after our
sample measurement is $P(t > 5) \cdot P(5 < t < 15) = 0.6065 \cdot
0.8296 = .5032$.
\end{problem}

\begin{problem}{4}
\text{ }\\
We are irradiating a sample of Au-197 with a thermal neutron flux,
$\phi$, of $10^{18} \frac{neutrons}{s \; m^2}$ with an interaction
cross-section of 99 barn, which is $99 \cdot 10^{-28} m^{-2}$. The
decay constant of the product, Au-198, is 2.7 days. Au-197 does not
decay, so has a decay constant of 0. The change in the number of
particles in the sample, N, is $\Delta N = \phi N \sigma \cdot \Delta t \lambda N \cdot \Delta t$. \\

a)
We are looking for the time which the target atoms have been 0.1\%
destroyed. Plugging our values into the above equation for the change
in the number of particles gives us $.1 N = 10^{18} \frac{neutrons}{s
\; m^2} \cdot N \cdot (99 \cdot 10^{-28} m^{-2}) \cdot \Delta t - 0
\cdot N \cdot \Delta t = N \cdot 9.9\cdot 10^{-9} \frac{neutrons}
{s} \Delta t$. Solving for $\Delta t$ gives us $\Delta t = 1.01 \cdot
10^7 \; s$. \\
b)
The saturation activity, $A_{\infty}$, of Au-198 is $A_{\infty} = \phi
N \sigma = 10^{18} \frac{neutrons}{s \; m^2} \cdot N \cdot (99 \cdot
10^{-28} m^{-2}) = 99 \cdot 10^{-10} m^{-2}$. The activity at
time t is given by $ A_{t} = A_{\infty} (1 - e^{- \lambda \cdot t})$.
Looking for the time the activity is 95\% of the saturation activity gives
$.95 \cdot A_{\infty} = A_{\infty} (1 - e^{- \frac{ln(2)}{2.7 days}
\cdot t})$. Solving this equation for t gives shows $t = \frac{ln(20)}
{\frac{ln(2)}{2.7 days}} = 11.7 \; days$.

\end{problem}

\begin{problem}{5}
\text{ }\\
\end{problem}

\end{document}