Fanno PDF

CHAPTER 8
Fanno Flow
Adiabatic flow with friction name after Ginno Fanno a Jewish engineer is the second
model described here. The main restriction for this model is that heat transfer is
negligible and can be ignored 1 . This model is applicable to flow processes which
are very fast compared to heat transfer mechanisms, small Eckert number.
This model explains many industrial flow processes which includes emptying
of pressured container through relatively a short tube, exhaust system internal
combustion engine, compressed air systems, etc. As this model raised from need
to explain the steam flow in turbines.
8.1 Introduction
Consider a gas flows through a conduit with a friction (see Figure 8.1). It is
advantages to examine the simplest situation and yet without losing the core
properties of the process. Later, more general case will be examined 2 .
1
Even the friction does not converted into heat

Not ready yet, discussed on the ideal gas model and on the ideal gas model and the entry length
issues.
2
125
which are considerably

slower (see more discussion about dimensionless
number in the chapter
about dimensional analysis
(not included yet.).
126
CHAPTER 8. FANNO FLOW

flow
direction

!

c.v.
No heat transer
Figure 8.1: Control volume of the gas flow in a constant cross section
8.2 Model
The mass (continuity equation) balance can be written as
#%" $'&)(+*,$.-0/21436587)195
: ; &=<>*?<@$'&)A0*BA
(8.1)
The energy conservation (under the assumption of this model as adiabatic flow
and the friction in not transformed into thermal energy) reads
EC D A < $ C9D A A
: ; C < F *?G -I< H $ C AJF B*G 8- A H
(8.2)
(8.3)
Or in a derivative form
CH2L FMLON * GQA P '$ R
(8.4)
8.2. MODEL
127
Again for simplicity, the perfect gas model is assumed3 .
$'& C
: ; &=< C < < $ &)A C A A
(8.5)
It is assumed that the flow can be approximated as one dimensional. The force
acting on the gas is the friction at the wall and the momentum conservation reads
(L

L ( $ # " =L *
It is convenient to define a hydraulic diameter as

Cross Section Area
wetted perimeter
Or in other words
(8.6)
(8.7)
(.$

(8.8)

It is convenient to substitute for of
but it is referred to the same hydraulic
diameter. The infinitesimal area that shear stress is acting on is

(8.9)

L)( $
Introducing the Fanning friction factor as a dimensionless friction factor which

some times referred to as friction coefficient and reads as following:

(8.10)
$ A< &=* A
Utilizing equation (8.2) and substituting equation (8.10) into momentum equation
(8.6) yields

!"

#

#

(8.11)

L N G &=* A P $.( &=* L=*
The equation of state is written again here so that all the relevant equations can be found when
this chapter is printed separately.
128
Dividing equation (8.12) by the cross section area,

L N &=* A $.&=* L=*

G P
L F
and rearranging yields

(8.12)
The second law is the last equation to be utilized to determine only the flow
direction.
3 A.3 <
(8.13)
8.2.1 Dimensionalization of the equations

Before solving the above equation a dimensionless process is applied. Utilizing
the definition of the sound speed to produce the following identities for perfect gas
A $ N * P A $ * AC

##
(8.14)

A $ =& * A
Utilizing the definition of the ideal gas results
(8.15)
Utilizing the identify in equation (8.14) and substituting it into equation (8.12)
and after some rearrangement yields
L F
L N A $ &=* A L=*'$
G
P *

L N A $ A L=*
G P
*
) and L=* *
It is convenient to relate expressions of ( L
Furtherer rearranging equation (8.16) results in

A L=*
*
(8.16)
(8.17)
in term of the Mach

number and substituting into equation (8.17). Derivative of mass conservation
8.2. MODEL
129
(8.2) results

L & F L * A A $,R

& G *
(8.18)
The derivation of the equation of state (8.6) and dividing the results by equation
of state (8.6) results
L $ L)& F L C
& LC
(8.19)
Derivation of the Mach identity equation (8.14) and dividing by equation (8.14)
yields
L A A $ LK * A A L C
(8.20)

C
*
Dividing the energy equation (8.4) by H and utilizing definition Mach number
yields
L C F * AA L N * A $
C N C * G P
P

* A * A
C
L
:; C F C * A L N G P $

A
C
: ; L C F G A L * * A $'R
(8.21)

Equations (8.17), (8.18), (8.19), (8.20), and (8.21) need to be solved. These
equations are separable so one variable is a function of only single variable (the
chosen independent variable). Explicit explanation is provided only two variables,
rest can be done in similar fashion. The dimensionless friction, , is chosen as
independent variable since the change in the dimensionless resistance, , causes
the change in the other variables.
results
Combining equations (8.19) and (8.21) when eliminating
L $ L&
&
A L=* A
G *A

L C C
(8.22)
This equation is obtained

by combining the definition
of Mach number with equation of state and mass conservation. Thus, the original limitations must be applied to the resulting equation.
130
The term can be eliminated utilizing equation (8.18) and substituting into
equation (8.22) and rearrangement yields
A L=* A

(8.23)
G
*A
A * A can be eliminated by using (8.23)
The term L=*
L $ A F A A L

(8.24)
G
variable is obtained by combining
The second equation for Mach number,
C C . Then L)& & and * are eliminated
equation (8.20) and (8.21) by eliminating L

by utilizing equation (8.18) and equation (8.22). and only left is . Then L
can be eliminated by utilizing equation (8.24) and results in
A L A
L

$

(8.25)

FA < A

Rearranging equation (8.25) results in
L A A $ A F A A < A L

(8.26)

L $

After similar mathematical manipulation one can get the relationship for the
velocity to read

(8.27)

L=* $
* G
LC $ L- $
C G -
A L
and the relationship for the temperature is

density is obtained by utilizing equations (8.27) and (8.18) to obtain

L)& $
& G
L D$
BD
A L
A L
The stagnation pressure similarly obtained as

(8.28)
(8.29)
(8.30)
8.3. THE MECHANICS AND WHY THE FLOW IS CHOCK?
L 3 $ H L C C
The second law reads

C4D $ C F
131
(8.31)
G A . Taking
L CD $ L C F

The stagnation temperature expresses as

is remains constant yields
derivative
expression when
of this

and thus when these equations are divided they yields

G A
L C 2C '$ L C9D C9D

K
(8.32)
In the similar fashion the relationship between the stagnation pressure and the
pressure and substitute in the entropy equation results
L 3 $ H L EC CED D

L BD
D
The first law requires that the stagnation temperature remains constant,
Therefore the entropy change
KL 3
KL 3
H$

(8.33)
L CD $.R
L D
D
(8.34)
A L
Utilizing the equation for stagnation pressure the entropy equation yields

(8.35)

H$
8.3 The Mechanics and Why The Flow is Chock?

The trends of the properties can examined though looking in equations (8.24)
through (8.34). For example, from equation (8.24) it can be observed that the

the pressure decreases downstream
critical point is when
. When

are positive. For the same
as can seen from equation (8.24) because and
, the pressure increases downstream. This
reasons, in the supersonic branch,

pressure increase is what makes compressible flow so different than conventional
flow. Thus the discussion will be divided into two cases; one of flow with speed
above speed of sound, and, two flow with speed below of speed of sound.
132
Why the flow is chock?

There explanation is based on the equations developed earlier and there is no known
explanation that is based on the physics. First it has to recognized that the critical

point is when
show change in the trend and singular by itself.
at which

For example,
and mathematically it is a singular point (see

equation (8.24)). Observing from equation
(8.24) that increase or decrease
from

subsonic just below one
to above just above one
requires

a change in a sign pressure direction. However, the pressure has to be a monotonic

function which means that flow cannot crosses over the point of
. This

constrain means that because the flow cannot crossover
the
gas
has to

reach to this speed,
at the last point. This situation called chocked flow.
$ F
The Trends
The trends or whether the variables are increasing or decreasing can be observed
from looking at the equation developed. For example, the pressure can be examined
by looking at equation (8.26). It demonstrates that the Mach number increases
downstream when the flow is subsonic. On the other hand, when the flow is
supersonic, the pressure decreases.
The summary of the properties changes on the sides of the branch
This table is only for a historical reason, is there another way to represent this
information?
Pressure,

Mach number,
Velocity,
Temperature,
Density,
Stagnation Temperature,
&
* C
CED
Subsonic
decrease
increase
increase
decrease
decrease
decrease
Supersonic
increase
decrease
decrease
increase
increase
increase
8.4 The working equations

Integration of equation (8.25) yields

!

L O$

A F GF

A<< A A
F A

(8.36)
8.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS
133
A representative friction factor is defined as
$

!

(8.37)
A< <A A
F A
Utilizing the mean average theorem equation (8.36) yields

(8.38)

It common to replace the with which is adopted in this book.
Equations (8.24), (8.27), (8.28), (8.29), (8.29), and (8.30) can be solved. For
example, the pressure as written in equation 8.23 is represented by , and Mach
number. Now equation 8.24 can eliminate term and describe the pressure on
the Mach number. Dividing equation 8.24 in equation 8.26 yields
A F GF
A
$ G A F F A < A L A

(8.39)
The symbol * denotes the state when the flow is choked and Mach number is

Equation (8.39) can be integrated to yield:
equal to 1. Thus,
when
$
A << A
F A

C $ -A $ A<
C - A F A < A
(8.40)
In the same fashion the variables ratio can be obtained

& $
&

* $ N & <$
* &P
F

A < < A

A

A << A
F A
(8.41)
(8.42)
(8.43)
134
<
#BD
#
D $
D
D
The stagnation pressure decreases can be expressed by

(8.44)
##

Utilizing the pressure ratio in equation (8.40) and substituting into equation (8.44)
yields
D $
D
F A < < A

A

F A < < A

A
A < < A

A
And further rearranging equation (8.45) provides
D $
D

(8.46)
The integration of equation (8.34) yields
3 3 $
-8H
discussion about Reynolds

number and dimensionless
friction
parameter.

A
(8.45)

F < A

A
G F A
(8.47)
The results of these equations are plotted in figure 8.2 The fanno flow is in many
cases shockless and therefore a relationship between two points should be derived.
In most of the times, the star values are imaginary values that represent the value
at choking. The real ratio can be obtained by ratio of two star ratios as an example
CA $
C<

(8.48)

A special interest is the equation for the dimensionless
friction as following

!

!

Hence,
L O$
L

PA$ N

P<

L
(8.49)

(8.50)

*
135
Fanno* Flow
P/P , / and T/T as a function of M

1e+02
4fL
D
P
*
P
*
T0/T0
1e+01
P0/P0
U/U*
1
0.1
0.01
0.1
Fri Sep 24 13:42:37 2004
1
Mach number
10
Figure 8.2: Various parameters in Fanno flow as a function of Mach number
8.4.1 Example
Example 8.1:
Air flows from a reservoir and enters a uniform pipe with a diameter of 0.05 [m]
and length of 10 [m]. The air exits to the atmosphere. The following conditions

temperature
4 . Assume that
prevail at the exit:

and that the flow from the reservoir up
the average friction factor to be
to the pipe inlet is essentially isentropic. Estimate the total temperature and total
pressure in the reservoir under the Fanno flow model.
A$
$,R R R
CA$ G
A$ R
Solution
For isentropic flow to the pipe inlet, temperature and total pressure at the pipe
inlet are the same as the those in the reservoir. Thus, finding the total pressure and
temperature at the pipe inlet is the solution. With the Mach number and temperature
4
This property is given only for academic purposes. There is no Mach meter.
136
6879;:< =

>8?$@)ACB D E

-/."021,3,45
"!$#&% ')(*,+
Figure 8.3: Schematic of example 1
$,R
known at the exit, the total temperature at the entrance can be obtained by knowing

) the following is obtained.
the . For given Mach number (
G&K HJI
R R R R R R R QP
LLG

L "R "L RSM M R

R T

N N / U
R
OO G
RT

So the total temperature at the exit
C WV A $ C C A C A $ T SR R T R G $ G R P YX

To "move" the other side of the tube the is added as

<$

A$
R RR
R RP
R F R R QP T G
[Z

The rest of the parameters can be obtained with the new

by interpolations or utilizing attached program.

either from the table
N

L
"
M
N

R \T P R R U T G R R T R R L" M R P G P U R \TR R
F
G&K HJI
LL
OOU

$,R \T P RR U
Note that the subsonic branch is chosen. the stagnation ratios has to be added

for
F
R bT P
O O M P
R
5
whatInfo = infoStandard ;
variableName = fldV;
k = 1.4;
FLD = 3.21 ;

M
R TSR

_] ] ^
LR L M P
"

] ]aP `` L"L G M


The total pressure
BD < can be found from the combination of the ratios as follows:

D< $
$

A
<

<
G T T R
R P $ G 7

C9D <?$
137

C A C C A C C < C9C D <

$ T R R R T G R P Z T R X $ P

Another academic question:

!"#

-/.012 3
>@?BABC
465879 :; <=
$&%')(+**
,
shock
atmosphere
conditions
d-c nozzle
Figure 8.4: The schematic of Example 2

Example 8.2:
A system compromised from a convergent-divergent nozzle followed by a tube
with length of 2.5 [cm] in diameter and 1.0 [m] long. The system is supplied by a
vessel. The vessel conditions are is at 29.65 [Bar], 400 K. With these conditions
a pipe inlet Mach number is 3.0. A normal shock wave occurs in the tube and the
flow discharges to the atmosphere, determine;
138
(a) the mass flow rate through the system;

(b) the temperature at the pipe exit; and
(c) determine the Mach number that a normal shock wave occurs [
and
Take k = 1.4, R = 287
$.R R R P .

].
Solution
(a) Assuming that the pressure vessel very much larger than the pipe therefore,
the velocity in the vessel can be assumed small enough so it can be neglected.
Thus, the stagnation conditions can be approximated as the condition in the
tank. It further assumed that the flow through the nozzle can be approximated

as isentropic. Hence,
and
C D <@$ R R X
D < $ G U P 7
The mass flow rate through the system is constant and for simplicity reason
point 1 is chosen in which,
# " $.&)( %
The density and speed of sound are unknowns and needed to be computed.
With the isentropic relationship the Mach number at point one is known the
following can be found either from table or program6
T R R R R
R \T
OOPM
The temperature is
] G ] ^ U
T

M
R R U G T

C <@$ CEC D < < EC D < $,R \T P
LR R L G M G G
"
] ]a`` L"L P MG
R R
R R+$ G \R X
With the temperature the speed of sound can be calculated as
-< $

C $
GR
G bR Z G T P # 3 -

It should pay attention that in the program the variable whatInfo = infoStagnation ; and not
whatInfo = infoStandard ;
139
The pressure at point 1 can be calculated as
< $ BD < < D < $,R R G T R Z R bR 7

The density as a function of other properties at point 1 is

&=< $ C < $ G RR

G bR Z
#

The mass flow rate can be evaluated
from equation (8.2)

R R G P A T G T P $,R U
3 -
#%" $

(b) First, a check weather the flow is shockless by comparing the flow resistance
and the maximum possible resistance. From the table or by using the attached
program7 , obtain the flowing
N
O

M
N
L
O
L

T R R R R R P G G U R G L R G G "LG TM U R P R R U R R G R P
F
G K HJI
R R R P R $'R bR
R RGP
and the conditions of the tube are

R \R R P G G U
Since
the flow is chocked and with a shock wave.

The exit pressure determines the location of the shock, if a shock exists, by

comparing possible
to . Two possibilities needed to be checked; one,
the shock at the entrance of the tube, and two, shock at the exit and comparing
the pressure ratios. First, possibility of the shock wave occurs immediately at
are (shock wave table)
the entrance for which the ratio for
140
L"L MM
LL
G U R T \R P R \TTTT R bT G RT
T R R R R

P
After shock wave the flow is subsonic with < $,R
. (fanno flow table)
N
O

G&K HJI
F
M
L
L
N
O

R P G G G L P bLT M R U R R P R R
$,R P are
The stagnation values for

]^
]a`` L
O

F
]
]
L
O

R P R PSM U R b R M P QP \T R R \R L"PSM U U L" MG
F
OO
F
R P
<

<
A $ N A N N < N BD N D
BD
P
< P BD P D P BD P
$ G G P R \R PSU R R bT G RT

$,R G U
G U/P R R TTR is smaller than the case in which
The actual pressure ratio $'
shock occurs at the entrance. Thus, the shock is somewhere downstream. One
C
possible way to find the exit temperature, A is by finding the location
of the
The ratio of exit pressure to the chamber total pressure is

shock. To find the location of the shock ratio of the pressure ratio,
is needed.
With the location of shock, claiming up stream from the exit through shock to
the entrance. For example, calculating the parameters for shock location with
known in the y side. Then either utilizing shock table or the program to
obtained the upstream Mach number.
The procedure of the calculations:

1) Calculated the entrance Mach number assuming the shock occurs at the
exit:
a) set
A
assume the flow in the entire tube is supersonic:
8.5. SUPERSONIC FLOW

b) calculated
141
<
Note this Mach number is the high Value.
A$
2) Calculated the entrance Mach assuming shock at the entrance.
< for subsonic branch
a) set

b) add and calculated
for
c) calculated
<
Note this Mach number is the low Value.
<
3) according your root finding algorithm8 calculated or guess the shock location
.
and then compute as above the new
a)
b)
c)
d)
A$
set

as on the subsonic branch
for the new and compute the new
for the
calculated

Add the leftover of and calculated the
<
4) guess new location for the shock according to your finding root procedure
and according the result repeat previous stage until finding the solution.
F
T R R R R

F
RRRR
G&K HJI &G K HJI

R G G R R P R
<?$ T
F
R

F
R P R
(c) The way that numerical procedure of solving this problem is by finding

and must be calculated (see

that will produce
. In the process
the chapter on the program with its algorithms.).
8.5 Supersonic Flow

In chapter 7 it was shown that the isothermal model cannot describe the adequately
the situation because the thermal entry length is relatively large compared to the
pipe length and the heat transfer is not sufficient to maintain constant temperature.
In the Fanno model there is no heat transfer, and, furthermore, the because the very
limited amount of heat transformed it closer to a adiabatic flow. The only limitation
8
You can use any method you which, but be-careful second order methods like Newton-Rapson
method can be unstable.
To check Secant Method.
142
To insert example on the

change in the flow rate between isothermal flow to
Fanno Flow. Insert also example on percentage of heat
transfer.
on the comparison of
the maximum length of
isothermal model and
Fanno Model.
of the model is uniform of the velocity (assuming parabolic flow for laminar and
different profile for turbulent flow.). The information from the wall to the tube
center9 is slower in reality. However, experiments by many starting with 1938
work by Frossel10 since has shown that the error is not significant. Nevertheless,
the comparison with shows that heat transfer cause changes to the flow and they
needed to be expected. This changes includes the choking point at lower Mach
number.
8.6 Maximum length for the supersonic flow

It has to be noted and recognized that as oppose to subsonic branch the supersonic
branch has a limited length. It also must be recognized that there is a maximum
length for which only supersonic flow can exist11 . These results were obtained
from the mathematical derivations but were verified by numerous experiments 12 .

as follow:
The maximum length of the supersonic can be evaluated when

< A
F

A

F

A
G G F A < A $
F
F

F

G
$ F G F G F
$ ; $ $'R \R G P

The maximum length of the supersonic flow is limited by the above number. From
the above analysis, it can be observed that no matter how high the entrance Mach
number will be the tube length is limited and depends only on specific heat ratio,
as shown in figure 8.5.
9
The word information referred into the shear stress transformed from the wall to centerer of
the tube.
10
See on the web http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/digidoc/report/tm/44/NACA-TM-844.PDF
11
Many in the industry have difficulties to understand this concept. This author seeking nice
explanation of this concept for the nonfluid mechanics engineers. This solicitation is about how
to explain this issue to non-engineers or engineer without proper background.
12
If you have experiments demonstrating this point, please provide to the undersign so they can
be added to this book. Many of the pictures in the literature carry copyright problems.
8.7. WORKING CONDITIONS
143
The maximum length in supersonic flow
4fL
maximum length, max
D
In Fanno Flow
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65
spesific heat, k
Thu Mar 3 16:24:00 2005
Figure 8.5: The maximum length as a function of specific heat,
8.7 Working Conditions

It has to be recognized that there are two regimes that can occurs in Fanno flow
model one of subsonic flow and supersonic flow. Even the flow in the tube starts
as a supersonic parts of the tube can be transformed into the subsonic branch. A
shock wave can occur and some portion of the tube will be in a subsonic flow
pattern.
The discussion has to differentiate between two ways of feeding the tube:
converging nozzle or a converging-diverging nozzle. Three parameters, the dimensionless
, and the pressure ratio, are
friction, , the entrance Mach number,
controlling the flow. Only combination of two these parameters are truly independent.
However, all the three parameters can be varied and there are discussed separately
here.
<
A <
144

!#"
$
(
%'&&&
+,,,-./021
3
) *

7

4'555
6

Figure 8.6: The effects of increase of

on the Fanno line
8.7.1 Variations of the tube length ( 8:< 9; ) effects

In part of this analysis of this effect, it should be assumed that that back pressure
is constant and/or low as possibly needed to maintain a choked flow. First, the
treatment of the two branches are separated.
Subsonic branch
For converging nozzle feeding, increasing the tube length results in increasing
). Once the Mach number
the exit Mach number (normally denoted herein as

reaches maximum (
), no further increase of the exit Mach number can
be achieved. In this process, the mass flow rate decrease. It worth noting that
entrance Mach number is reduced (as some might explain it to reduce the flow rate).
The entrance temperature increase as can be seem from Figure 8.7. The velocity
therefor must decrease because the less of the enthalpy
(stagnation temperature)
= and when Pressure is remains

is used. The density decrease because
mass flow rate must decrease.
almost constant the the density decreases. Thus, the
These results applicable the converging nozzle.
& $
145
constant pressure
lines

1
2
1
1
2
2
Fanno lines

Figure 8.7: The development properties in of converging nozzle
In the case of the convergingdiverging feeding nozzle, increase of the dimensionless

friction, , results in a similar flow pattern as in the converging nozzle. Once
the flow becomes choked a different flow pattern emerged.
Supersonic Branch
There are several transitional points that change the pattern on the flow. The point
is the choking point (for the supersonic branch) in which the exit Mach number
reaches to one. The point is the maximum possible flow of supersonic flow not
depend on nozzle. The next point, referred here as the critical point, , is the point
in which no supersonic flow is possible in the tube i.e. the shock reaches to the
nozzle. There is another point, , in which no supersonic flow is possible in the
entire nozzletube system. Between these transitional points the effect parameters
such and mass flow rate, entrance and exit Mach number are discussed.
At the starting point the flow is choked in the nozzle, (to achieve supersonic
flow). The following ranges that has to be discussed which include (see figure 8.8):
146

R;
;
;
;

)+*
a
,./

all supersonic
flow

!#"%$'&#(
mixed supersonic
with subsonic
flow with a shock
between
the nozzle
is still
choked
0+1

Figure 8.8: The Mach numbers at entrance and exit of tube and mass flow rate for
Fanno Flow as a function of the
The 0- range, the mass flow rate is constant because the flow is choked at the
is constant because it is a function of the
nozzle. The entrance Mach number,
decreases (remember this flow is
nuzzle design only. The exit Mach number,

. At end of the range
on the supersonic branch) and starts (
) as
,

. In the range of the flow is all supersonic.

In the next range The flow is double choked and make the adjustment for
the flow rate at different choking points by changing the shock location. The mass
flow rate continue to be constant. The entrance Mach continues to be constant and
exit Mach number is constant.
The total maximum available for supersonic flow 2 , , is only
theoretical length in which the supersonic flow can occur if nozzle will be provided
<
A$
$ R
A$ <

147
with a larger Mach number (a change the nozzle area ratio which also reduces the
mass flow rate.). In the range , is more practical point.
In semi supersonic flow (in which no supersonic is available in the
tube but only the nozzle) the flow is still double chocked and the mass flow rate
is still one. However, the entrance
is constant. Notice that exit Mach number,

Mach number,
, reduces with the increase of .
It worth noticing that in the the mass flow rate nozzle entrance velocity,
and the exit velocity remains constant!13
In the last range the end is really the pressure limitation or the break
of the model and the isothermal model is more appropriate to describe the flow. In
)14 .
this range, the flow rate decreases since (
the above discussion the figures 8.8 exhibits the developed of
To
summarize
,
mass flow rate as a function of . Somewhat different then the subsonic
branch the the mass flow rate is constant even the flow in the tube is completely
subsonic. This situation is because the double choked condition in the nozzle.
is a continuous monotonic function that decreases with .
The exit Mach
is a non continuous function with a jump at point when
The entrance Mach
shock occurs at the entrance moves into the nozzle.
as a function of . The figure was calculated by
Figure 8.9 exhibits the
and subtracting
!

utilizing the data from figure ?? by obtaining the
for
.
the given and finding the corresponding
In the figure 8.10
.
The figure 8.10 exhibits the entrance Mach number as a function of the
Obviously there can be two extreme possibilities for the subsonic exit branch.
Subsonic velocity occurs for supersonic entrance velocity, one, when the shock
wave occurs at the tube exit and, two, at the tube entrance . In the figure 8.10
and
two extremes are shown. For
shown
only for

with only shock at the exit only. Obviously, and as can be observed, the larger
creates larger differences between exit Mach number for the different shock
must occurs even for shock at the entrance.
location. The larger larger
For a given , below the maximum critical length, the entrance supersonic
entrance has three different regimes which depends on the back pressure. One,
<
#" <
< A
$'R
<
<
<
$,R G
$,R
<
13
On personal note, this situation is rather strange to explain. On one hand, the resistance
increases and on the other hand, the exit Mach number remains constant and equal to one. Is
anyone have explanation for this strange behavior suitable for nonengineers or engineers without
background in fluid mechanics.
14
but this effect is less significant.
Note that increases with decreases of

Should the mathematical

derivations be inserted to
demonstrate it?
148
Fanno Flow
M1 as a function of M2
1
4fL = 0.1
D
= 1.0
= 10.0
= 100.0
0.9
0.8
Entrace Mach number
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.9
Exit Mach number

Tue Oct 19 09:56:15 2004
Figure 8.9:
< as a function A for different

shockless flow, shock at the entrance, and shock at the exit. The below the
maximum critical length is mathematically

F GF

For cases above the maximum critical length no supersonic flow cannot be over
whole tube and at some point a shock will occur and the flow becomes subsonic
flow15 .
15
See more on the discussion about changing the length of the tube.
149
Fanno Flow
M1 as a function of M2 for the subsonic brench
5
4fL = 0.1
D
= 0.2
= 0.4
= 0.1 shock
= 0.4
4.5
4
3.5
M1
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
M2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Tue Jan 4 11:26:19 2005
Figure 8.10:
< as a function A for different
8.7.2 The Pressure Ratio,

for supersonic entrance velocity
, effects
In this section the

studied parameter is the variation of the back pressure and thus,
the pressure ratio
variations. For very low pressure ratio the flow can be assumed

as incompressible while exit Mach number are smaller than . As the pressure
ratio increases (smaller back pressure, ), the exit and entrance Mach numbers
increase. According to Fanno model the value of is constant (friction factor,

, is independent of the parameters such as, Mach number, Reynolds number etc)
thus the flow remains on the same Fanno line. For case where the supply come
from a reservoir with a constant pressure, the entrance pressure decreases as well
because the increase in the entrance Mach number (velocity).
R \T
150
Again a differentiation of the feeding is important to point out. If the feeding

nozzle is converging than the flow will be only subsonic. If the nozzle is convergingdiverging
than in some part supersonic flow is possible. At first the converging nozzle is
presented and later the converging-diverging nozzle is explained.

a shock in
the nozzle
fully subsoinic
flow

critical Point a
criticalPoint b
critical Point c
critical Point d
Figure 8.11: The pressure distribution as a function of

for a short

Converging nozzle
Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
decreasing the pressure ratio or in actuality the back pressure, results in increase of
the entrance and the exit velocity until a maximum is reached for the exit velocity.
The maximum velocity is when exit Mach number equals one. The Much number,
as it was shown in the chapter ??, can increase only if the area increase. In our model
the tube area is postulated as a constant therefore the velocity cannot increase any
151
further. However, the flow to be continuous the pressure must decrease and for that
the velocity must increase. Something must break since the conflicting demands
and it result in a jump in the flow. This jump and it is referred to as a choked
flow. Any additional reduction in the back pressure will not change the situation
in the tube. The only change will be at tube surroundings which are irrelevant to
this discussion.
If the feeding nozzle is a diverging-converging then it is has to be differentiated
between two cases; One case is where the is short or equal to the critical
!
that associate with entrance
length. The critical length is the maximum
Mach number.

`a
H'IKJML HONHQPSR-L TL PUIWVYXZ[@\B_]^ b

a shock in
the nozzle

fully subsoinic
flow

12
!"#%$'&)(*+-,
0./ 3
46587:9
critical Point a
criticalPoint b

;)<=>@?BDAC EG F
critical Point c

Figure 8.12: The pressure distribution as a function of

for a long

152
Short

Figure 8.12 shows different of pressure profiles for different back pressures. before
the flow reach critical point a (in the figure) the flow is subsonic. Up to this stage the
nozzle feeds the tube increases the mass flow rate (with decreasing back pressure).
Between point a and point b the shock is in the nozzle. In this range and further
reduction of the pressure the mass flow rate is constant no matter how low the
back pressure is reduced. Once the back pressure is less the point b the supersonic
and is not 1.
reaches to the tube. Note however that exit Mach number,

A back pressure that is at the critical point c results in a shock wave that is at the
exit. When the back pressure is below point c, the tube is clean of any shock 16 .
The back pressure below point c some a adjustment as to occurs with exceptions
of point d.
Long

!

In the case of
reduction of the back pressure results in the same
process as explain in the short up to to point c. However, point c in this case is

!

different from point c at the case of short tube
. In this point the exit
Mach number is equal to 1 and the flow is double shock. Further reduction of the
back pressure at this stage will not move the shock wave downstream the nozzle.

The point c or location of the shock wave is a function entrance Mach number,
and the extra . The is no analytical solution for the location of this point c.
The procedure is (will be) presented in later stage.
<
8.7.3 Entrance Mach number,
, effects
In this discussion, the effect of changing the throat area on the nozzle efficiency are
neglected. In reality these effects have significance and needed to be accounted for
in some instances. This dissection deals only when the flow reaches the supersonic
branch reached otherwise the flow is subsonic
with regular effects.. It is assumed

that in this discussion that the pressure ratio
is large enough to create a choked
flow and is small enough to allow it to happen.
is a function of the ratio of the nozzles throat
The entrance Mach number,
area to the nozzle exit area and its efficiency. This effect is the third parameter
<
16
It is common misconception that the back pressure has to be at point d.
153
Mach number in Fanno Flow

4fL
D
2
1.8
1.6
shock at
Mach Number
1.4
75%
50%
5%
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
4fL
0.2
0.25
Tue Jan 4 12:11:20 2005
$.R \T
Figure 8.13: The effects of pressure variations on Mach number profile as a function
for Fanno Flow
of when the total resistance
discussed here. Practically, the nozzle area ratio change by changing the throat
area.
As was shown before, there are two different maximums for ; first is the total

maximum of the supper sonic which deponent only the specific heat, , and
. This analysis
second the maximum depends on the entrance Mach number,
!

deals with the case where is shorter than total
.
!

Obviously, in this situation, the critical point is where is equal to
as
result to entrance Mach number.
The process of decreasing the diverging-converging nozzles throat, increases
the entrance17 Mach number. If the tube contains no supersonic flow then reducing
<
17
The word referred to the tube and not to the nozzle. The reference to the tube because it is the
154
P2/P1 Fanno Flow

4fL
D
4.8
4.4
4
3.6
5%
50 %
75 %
P2/P1
3.2
2.8
2.4
2
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
4fL
0.2
0.25
Fri Nov 12 04:07:34 2004
R \T
Figure 8.14: Fanno Flow Mach number as a function of

why? make a question,

is increase can increase
the possibility to supersonic flow?

when the total

the nozzle throat area wouldnt increase the entrance Mach number.
This part is for the case where some part of the tube under supersonic regime
and there is shock as transition to subsonic branch. Decreasing the nozzle throat
area moves the shock location downstream. The payment for increase in the
supersonic length is by reducing the mass flow. Further, decrease of of the throat
area results in flashing the shock out the tube. By doing so, the throat area decreases.
The mass flow rate is proportional linear to throat area and therefore the mass flow
rate reduces. The process of decreases the throat area also results in increasing the
focus of the study.

155
&(')*#+.,- 1/2 0

!#"%$
35476
8

99
99 :<;>=?:@;A<=
shock
Figure 8.15: schematic of a long tube in supersonic branch

pressure drop of the nozzle (larger resistance in the nozzle18 )19 .

!

In the case of large tube

the exit Mach number increases with
the decrease of the throat area. Once the exit Mach number reaches one no further
increases is possible. However, the location of the shock wave approaches to the

theoretical location if entrance Mach,
.
<?$
The maximum location of the shock The main point in this discussion however,
to find the furtherest shock location downstream. Figure 8.16 shows the possible
as function of retreat of the location of the shock wave from the maximum

location. When the entrance Mach number is infinity,
, if the shock

location is at the Maximum length, than shock at
results
in

and
possible
The proposed procedure is based on figure 8.16.
B
<$
$
i) Calculated the extra and subtract the actual extra

the left side (at the max length).

assuming shock at
ii) Calculated the extra and subtract the actual extra

the right side (at the entrance).

assuming shock at
iii) According to the positive or negative utilizes your root finding procedure.
18
Strange? frictionless nozzle has a larger resistance when the throat area decreases
It is one of the strange phenomenon that in one way increasing the resistance (changing the
throat area) decreases the flow rate while in a different way (increasing the
) does not affect
the flow rate.
19
#C GDFE
Admittedly, this author

have and can explain it
mathematically.
The
author did found any
physical
explanation
developed one. Perhaps
it is challenge to public
as an open question of
how to explain it. This
similar to surface tension
phenomenon that can be
explained only heavy
mathematics.
156

.0/+132
405+687
')(+*-,

!!
!!

!!

! "$#&%
Figure 8.16: The extra tube length as a function of the shock location,
supersonic branch

From numerical point of view, the Mach number equal infinity when left side
assume result in infinity length of possible extra (the whole flow in the tube
is subsonic). To overcame this numerical problem it is suggested to start the
calculation from distance from the right hand side.
Let denote
B $

Note that

is smaller than

; ;

:9

(8.51)
. The requirement that has to satisfied
is that denote
as difference between the maximum possible of length

in which the flow supersonic
achieved and the actual length in which the flow is
supersonic see figure 8.15. The retreating length is expressed as subsonic but

; 4$

:9

As the figure ?? shows the entrance Mach number,

maximum length is excessed.
(8.52)
<
is reduces after the
157

Figure 8.17: The maximum entrance Mach number,

of supersonic branch
Example 8.3:

Calculate the shock location for entrance Mach number

assume that
.
< to the tube as a function

<$ R
and for
$'R

Solution

!

The solution is obtained by iterative process. The maximum
for

is 0.821508116. Hence, exceed the the maximum length for this entrance

Mach number. The maximum for
is
thus the extra tube,

, At the left side is when the shock occurs at

(flow chocked and no any additional ). Hence, the value of left

side is
the shock is at the entrance at which the
. The right side
is when

extra is calculated for
and
is
$ R URGR
<$ R
B $R R U R G R $R T R
$'R U R G R
R T R
F
R R R R
With
<
F
R bT G
OO
T

LL
P
P PSUP
L"L"MM
R R RR RR

2
G K HJI
R bT G G G
G L L / U
U "L M M
L"
N N G
G bT P R T

OOU

158
B G G R T R $ G bT R G

The extra

is
Now the solution is somewhere

between the negative of left side to the positive of the right side.20
The solution of the above utilizing results in the following table
F
R R R R
F
G K HJI &G K HJI

R P R R bT G T
RRR

F
R U RT
8.8 The Approximation of the Fanno flow by Isothermal

Flow
The isothermal flow model has equation that theoreticians are easier to use compared
to Fanno flow model.
One must noticed that the maximum temperature at the entrance is
. When
the Mach number decreases the temperature approaches the stagnation temperature
). Hence, if one allow certain deviation of temperature, say about 1%)
(
that

flow can be assumed to be isothermal. This tolerance requires that

which requires that enough for
. This
even for large

requirement provide that somewhere (depend) in the vicinity of
the flow
can be assumed isothermal. Hence the mass flow rate is a function of because
changes. Looking that the table or figure ?? or the results from computer
program attached to this book shows that reduction of the mass flow is very rapid.
As it can be seen for the figure 8.18 the dominating parameter is . The results
are very similar for isothermal flow. The only difference is in small dimensionless
friction, .
CD <
C ; C9D
CD C 2CED $
$ G PU
$
< R P
<
to insert a question or example about this issue in

end
8.9 More Examples

Example 8.4:
To demonstrate the utility of the figure 8.18 consider the flowing example. Find

,
,

and pressure ratio
the mass flow rate for

. The stagnation conditions at the entrance are

and air.
A <
$ R R \T R P R bR
T 7
20
$ R RP
$ #
$ R RG #
TRRX
What if the right side is also negative? The flow is choked and shock must occur in the nozzle
before entering the tube. or in very long tube the whole flow will be subsonic.
8.9. MORE EXAMPLES
159
M1 Fanno flow
with comperison to Isothermal Flow
0.4
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
P2 / P1
M1
0.3
0.2
= 0.1 iso
= 0.8 iso
= 0.1
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.8
0.1
10
20
30
40
Wed Mar 9 11:38:27 2005
50
4fL
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 8.18: The entrance Mach number as a function of dimensionless resistance

and comparison with Isothermal Flow
Solution
First calculate the dimensionless resistance, .

A <@$'R
R RP $ R
R R G
< R T etc.

From Figure 8.18 for

or accurately utilizing the program as in the following table.
F
R GG GG R
F
RRRR

R RG R G RG U R
R T P R U/P
R R R R

G&K HJI
G&K HJI
R R R R R RG R RU R R
R R R R R P PSU
R R R R R R G
R RRRR R

G&K HJI
RG R U

RU PSG U U
R
Only for the pressure ratio of 0.1 the flow is choked.
L
R L U T
R bTP R R R R
R R R R R
R bR R R R R
160
OO M U
R U G
R
R
R R T
R GG GG R
R RG
R T P
R R
C

M
R G P
]P ] ^
R
R TP T P R G U

R TU

G
R RT
R G
LR L RM R

R R G R
R RPP U
R

] ]aP `` LL M
T T
UP G T
P R TT
G P

CED
Therefore,
and for the same the pressure. Hence, the mass rate is a
function of the Mach number. The Mach number is indeed function of the pressure
ratio but and therefore mass flow rate is function pressure ratio only through Mach
number.
The mass flow rate is
#" $ (

C $ TRRRRR
R R G A R G

R N

R

GR TRR
3 -P

and for the rest
# " N $,R \T P R R RR GG TG $'R /U R

R
# " N $,R P P R R R G T T $,R T
P

R

R
# " N $,R bR P R R R G T $'R \T R

N 3 - P
N 3 - P
N 3 - P

8.9. MORE EXAMPLES
161
The table for Fanno Flow

Table 8.15: Fanno Flow Standard basic Table
G&K HJI
F
R RT R R R R RRP
R R P R R R G R \T G
R R U R R R R R R
R R R R R ST RUTU
R R R R R RU G
R RR R R R R U
R R R R R RUTU G U
R G R R R R P
R G RP R R R TTT
R R R R RP G RT
R bT RP R R R QP G TP
R bT R R R TG P
R QRP R R R \TPSRURU
R P R R R U
R PRP R R R R G P
R U R R R R R R G
R U/RP R R R R G QRRP
R R R R R \TG
R RP R R R R RG R G
R R R R R G G R
R bR RP R R R R R U
R bR R R R R RT QTP T
R RP R R R R R G
R R R R R R RT R
G RR RR RR RR \RT R P R R
T R R R R P G G U
R R R
U TT R U
R
P R R R R U TR R
U R R R R G RR
R R R
R UP G R R
R R R R R R

L
T U P L U
G \TR
G RT
R G P RSR
P U U

U
T R T

G U

R
P
R T
P QP#P

\T P U
T U

T R G G

G U P R
G \TR UP
G TR
T
U
T
U
RST
P
T

\TR R
G
R ST

"L M
bL"T RM R P
P
R
P

UUP

GR P
G U U
U /U T
P bR G R
G U T P
G R G
G RT P
R R
P
R

R

bT T R
G #P

RSR G
PSU
T

R
U G
R

RTSR G
G
R R

R RSR

T R T R
G G \R G P
R G U G R

P G G
R R

T R

G
R
P G
R
T R
P R G U
T U G

T R R G

G U R R
G \T R
G R U T
\R RR
G
R
P P

T
/U G U

UU/P
\T
G
RTR
G

R

R T

GR
G
U
R
R R G
R

R R R R R
R R R R R
R R R R R
G P U
U G
R G R R G G G RSRP R P T
R R U TG R /RU R
R TT T G RP R G
R R RU P TP R R R PSU
R R T U R T R G R TG P R
R R U U R F R G R G R
R R T R R F R R T R

NN G U
R RT R
R R P TR U
R R U/P
R R UU R
R R P
R RR P R
R R R
R G R G G
R G RG
R G P G
R \T
R \T R
R T TSG TU
R P RQT P G
R P T P U
R U R R
R U T R
R RT
R T
R G RP
R \R
R \R /RTU
R P R
R R
R R R
U
TT
U

G
G G TT RU
G G P
G \TTT
G \T P
OO
SR

RSR
R P
R
U
RP PG
R
RSR
T
UGR
P TST
T P
R UG P
R
RUR
R TSRP
R RG
RT
RURURUSRU R
GRP
GRP
GRRRR
/U
T
R U P
R R R
162

G RR
GP
TR
TP
R
/P
PR
PSP
UR
UP
R
Table 8.15: Fanno Flow Standard basic Table (continue)
RRR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
G&K HJI
R RU
R R G RSUTP
R \R
R \R P RPSGP
R \R U
R \R R G R
R \R RP
R \R G
R \R G R RSR
R \R G R TSP TG
R \R G R USU
R \R G R
R \R R R
LLG
"L M
R R G T RP TP \L"T M F
R R TU R P F
R R R R U F
R R RTG R F
R R R G G P F
R R R RP R F
R R R G T \RU F
R R R R P F
R R R R G F
R R R RRU R \TU F
R R R R P R R TP F
R R R R P F
R R R R R R \R F
N
N
R GG R G R USU GG \T
R R RTS T G \T R
R R R G T
R R R RSR R
R PP R R TSR GG QTP
R P R R RSR G /U
R R RR R
R UP R RR US UP GG / U
R U R RR P G
R U R RR P G
R U R RR T G R
R U R RR U G R
R R RR R

OOU U
R R P
R R TP
R R RP G
R R R UU
R R R T
R R R R R
R R RSTG U
R R R G
R R R R
R R R URU
R R R
R R R G GG
R R R

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CHAPTER 8

Even the friction does not converted into heat

which are considerably

CHAPTER 8. FANNO FLOW

CH2L FMLON * GQA P '$ R

Again for simplicity, the perfect gas model is assumed3 .

It is convenient to define a hydraulic diameter as

Introducing the Fanning friction factor as a dimensionless friction factor which

L N G &=* A P $.( &=* L=*

CHAPTER 8. FANNO FLOW

Dividing equation (8.12) by the cross section area,

L N &=* A $.&=* L=*

and rearranging yields

8.2.1 Dimensionalization of the equations

Utilizing the definition of the ideal gas results

Furtherer rearranging equation (8.16) results in

in term of the Mach

L & F   L  * A A $,R

This equation is obtained

CHAPTER 8. FANNO FLOW

and the relationship for the temperature is

density is obtained by utilizing equations (8.27) and (8.18) to obtain

The stagnation pressure similarly obtained as

8.3. THE MECHANICS AND WHY THE FLOW IS CHOCK?

The second law reads

L C 2C '$ L C9D C9D

8.3 The Mechanics and Why The Flow is Chock?

CHAPTER 8. FANNO FLOW

Why the flow is chock?

8.4 The working equations

8.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS

A representative friction factor is defined as

Utilizing the mean average theorem equation (8.36) yields

In the same fashion the variables ratio can be obtained

A < < A

CHAPTER 8. FANNO FLOW

The stagnation pressure decreases can be expressed by

F A < < A

F A < < A

A < < A

And further rearranging equation (8.45) provides

The integration of equation (8.34) yields

discussion about Reynolds

8.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS

P/P , / and T/T as a function of M

Figure 8.2: Various parameters in Fanno flow as a function of Mach number

CHAPTER 8. FANNO FLOW

L "R "L RSM M  R 

So the total temperature at the exit

To "move" the other side of the tube the   is added as

The rest of the parameters can be obtained with the new

either from the table

8.4. THE WORKING EQUATIONS

BD < can be found from the combination of the ratios as follows:

Another academic question:

46587 9 :; <=

Figure 8.4: The schematic of Example 2

CHAPTER 8. FANNO FLOW

(a) the mass flow rate through the system;

Take k = 1.4, R = 287

C <@$ CEC D < < EC D < $,R \T P 

With the temperature the speed of sound can be calculated as

L & F L * A A $,R

L C 2C '$ L C9D C9D

A < < A

F A < < A

F A < < A

A < < A

L "R "L RSM M R

To "move" the other side of the tube the is added as

465879 :; <=

C <@$ CEC D < < EC D < $,R \T P

< $ BD < < D < $,R R G T R Z R bR 7

assume the flow in the entire tube is supersonic:

G&K HJI &G K HJI

8.7.1 Variations of the tube length ( 8:< 9; ) effects

H'IKJML HONHQPSR-L TL PUIWVYXZ[@\B_]^ b

i) Calculated the extra and subtract the actual extra

ii) Calculated the extra and subtract the actual extra