Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TOPIC: CONCRETE
History
8th century BC
-Romans discovered concrete
Pozzolana- from Pozzouli (town in southern
Italy)
1. lime
Sources:
a. limestone
b. marble
c. marl
d. seashells
1824
-Joseph Aspidin patented Portland cement
after English Portland limestone
1850s
-reinforced concrete was developed
-Thaddeus Hyatt made and tested
reinforced concrete beams
2. iron
3. silica
4. alumina
Sources of 2-4:
a. clay
b. shale
1867
-Joseph Monier patented concrete flower
pots
1920s
-Eugene Freyssinet established scientific
design of pre-stressed concrete
Concrete
Aggregates
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Types of Cement
Composition of Concrete:
Cement
- fine gray
powder
Composition of Cement
Water
Fine
Aggregates
-sand
Coarse
Aggregates
- gravel or
crushed stone
A. Type 1
- most widely used
- 28 days
- normal
- used for most practices f construction
B. Type 2
- combines type 4 and 5
- moderate resistance to sulfate attack
C. Type 3
- cures before 28 days
- ideal for cold weather
- high early strength (used in precast
elements and where high early strength is
required)
D. Type 4
- low heat of hydration used in massive
structures such as dams, where heat is
emitted may raise temperature
E. Type 5
- used when concrete will be in contact
with water that has high concentration of
sulfates.
Note:
Cement particle size affects performance.
The finer the particle, the shorter the curing
process is.
Aggregate Sizing
Aggregates should be no larger than of
clear spacing between bars or 1/3 the depth of a
slab.
Fine aggregates (sand)
- passes through No. 4 sieve (1/4 in
center)
Coarse aggregates
-
Thick walls: 1.5
Dam: up to 6
Properties of Concrete
1. Fresh (plastic state) concrete properties
2. Hardened concrete properties
1. Durability
- test: cast test
cylinders
2. Strength
Compressiv
Flatness, su
High degree
Watertightn
Concret
e Class
AA
A
B
C
D
Ratio of
Concrete
Components
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
: 3
2: 4
2 : 5
3: 6
3 : 7
Strength in
PSI (after 28
days)
4000300020001000<500
3500 PSI
2500 PSI
1000 PSI
500 PSI
Concrete Consolidation
- process of compacting concrete to avoid
voids and air pockets
- uses vibrator
Finishing
1. Strikeoff/ screeding
- level concrete surface (uses wood)
2. Floating
- hand float or bull float
3. Trowelling
1. Service Pipe
-street water main supply to the building
2. Water Meter
3. Horizontal Supply Main
-water meter to fixtures
4. Riser
-anything vertical
5. Fixture branch
-fixture supply and water distributing tank
6. Control valves
7. Storage tanks
Definitions
1. Air gap
2. Backflow
3. Battery of fixtures
-series of fixtures
4. Fixture branch
-distance between fixture and horizontal
main pipe
5. Flood level
-water begins to overflow over top or rim of
the fixture
6. Roughing-in
Floor drain
Lavatory/washbasin
Bath tub
Kitchen sink
Laundry tub
Shower bath
(
?
) sink
Urinal
Water Closet
Bathroom Group
(WC, Lav, tub, shower,
floor drain)
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
5
6
8
Probable demand
- probable amount of water discharged at
any given time
*Fewer fixtures=higher percentage of
probability of simultaneous load
50
25-50
10-25
Pipe Diameter
(mm)
Gallons of Water
13
20
25
32
38
50
20
38
80
110
170
223