PROBLEM 6.

1
KNOWN: Variation of hx with x for laminar flow over a flat plate.
FIND: Ratio of average coefficient, h x , to local coefficient, hx, at x.
SCHEMATIC:

ANALYSIS: The average value of hx between 0 and x is

1 x
C x
h x dx = x -1/2dx
x 0
x 0
C 1/2
= 2x = 2Cx -1/2
x
= 2h x .

hx =
hx
hx
Hence,

hx
= 2.
hx

<

COMMENTS: Both the local and average coefficients decrease with increasing distance x
from the leading edge, as shown in the sketch below.

PROBLEM 6.10
KNOWN: Form of the velocity and temperature profiles for flow over a surface.
FIND: Expressions for the friction and convection coefficients.
SCHEMATIC:

ANALYSIS: The shear stress at the wall is

s =

u
= A + 2By 3Cy 2
= A .

y=0
y y=0

Hence, the friction coefficient has the form,

Cf =
Cf =

s
2 /2
u

2A
2
u

2A
2
u

<

The convection coefficient is

2

k f ( T/ y )y=0 k f E + 2Fy 3Gy y=0

h=
=
Ts T
D T

h=

k f E
.
D T

<

COMMENTS: It is a simple matter to obtain the important surface parameters from

knowledge of the corresponding boundary layer profiles. However, it is rarely a simple matter
to determine the form of the profile.

PROBLEM 6.12
KNOWN: Boundary layer temperature distribution.
FIND: Surface heat flux.
SCHEMATIC:

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (Ts = 300K): k = 0.0263 W/mK.

ANALYSIS: Applying Fouriers law at y = 0, the heat flux is
u y
T
u

= k ( T Ts ) Pr exp Pr
y y=0
y=0

u
= k ( T Ts ) Pr

= 0.0263 W/m K (100K ) 0.7 5000 1/m.

qs = k
qs
qs

qs = 9205 W/m 2 .
COMMENTS: (1) Negative flux implies convection heat transfer to the surface.
(2) Note use of k at Ts to evaluate qs from Fouriers law.

<

PROBLEM 6.14
KNOWN: Air speed and temperature in a wind tunnel.
8

FIND: (a) Minimum plate length to achieve a Reynolds number of 10 , (b) Distance from
leading edge at which transition would occur.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Isothermal conditions, Ts = T.

-6 2

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (25C = 298K): = 15.71 10 m /s.

ANALYSIS: (a) The Reynolds number is
Re x =

ux ux
.
=

To achieve a Reynolds number of 1 10 , the minimum plate length is then

6 2
8
Re x 110 15.71 10 m / s
Lmin =
=
u
50 m/s

)
<

Lmin = 31.4 m.
5

(b) For a transition Reynolds number of 5 10

xc =

Re x,c
u

5 105 15.71 10-6 m 2 / s

x c = 0.157 m.

50 m/s

<

COMMENTS: Note that

x c Re x,c
=
L
ReL
This expression may be used to quickly establish the location of transition from knowledge of
Re x,c and Re L .

PROBLEM 6.15
KNOWN: Transition Reynolds number. Velocity and temperature of atmospheric air, water,
engine oil and mercury flow over a flat plate.
FIND: Distance from leading edge at which transition occurs for each fluid.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: Transition Reynolds number is Re x,c = 5 105.

PROPERTIES: For the fluids at T = 300K;
Fluid

Table

v(m /s)

A-4

15.89 10

Water

A-6

0.858 10

Engine Oil

A-5

550 10

Mercury

A-5

0.113 10

-6

Air (1 atm)

-6

-6
-6

ANALYSIS: The point of transition is

x c = Re x,c

5 105

.
=
u 1 m/s

Substituting appropriate viscosities, find

Fluid
Air
Water
Oil
Mercury

xc(m)
7.95
0.43
275
0.06

<

COMMENTS: Due to the effect which viscous forces have on attenuating the instabilities
which bring about transition, the distance required to achieve transition increases with
increasing .

PROBLEM 6.34
KNOWN: Air, water, engine oil or mercury at 300K in laminar, parallel flow over a flat plate.
FIND: Sketch of velocity and thermal boundary layer thickness.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Laminar flow.
PROPERTIES: For the fluids at 300K:

Fluid

Table

Air
Water
Engine Oil
Mercury

A.4
A.6
A.5
A.5

Pr
0.71
5.83
6400
0.025

ANALYSIS: For laminar, boundary layer flow over a flat plate.

~ Pr n

where n > 0. Hence, the boundary layers appear as shown below.

Air:

Water:

Engine Oil:

Mercury:

COMMENTS: Although Pr strongly influences relative boundary layer development in laminar

flow, its influence is weak for turbulent flow.

PROBLEM 6.41
KNOWN: Air flow conditions and drag force associated with a heater of prescribed surface
temperature and area.
FIND: Required heater power.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Reynolds analogy is applicable, (3)

Bottom surface is adiabatic.
3

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (Tf = 350K, 1atm): = 0.995 kg/m , cp = 1009 J/kgK, Pr =
0.700.
ANALYSIS: The average shear stress and friction coefficient are
F
0.25 N
s = D =
= 1 N/m 2
2
A 0.25 m
s
1 N/m 2
Cf =
=
= 8.93 103.
2
2
3
u / 2 0.995 kg/m (15m/s ) / 2
From the Reynolds analogy,
St =

h
C
= f Pr 2 / 3 .
2
u cp

Solving for h and substituting numerical values, find

h = 0.995 kg/m3 (15m/s ) 1009 J/kg K 8.93 10-3 / 2

h = 85 W/m 2 K.

) (0.7 )2 / 3

Hence, the heat rate is

q = h A ( Ts T ) = 85W/m 2 K 0.25m 2
q = 2.66 kW.

) (140 15) C
$

<

COMMENTS: Due to bottom heat losses, which have been assumed negligible, the actual
power requirement would exceed 2.66 kW.

PROBLEM 7.84
KNOWN: Surface temperature and geometry of a tube bank. Velocity and temperature of air in
cross flow.
FIND: (a) Total heat transfer, (b) Air flow pressure drop.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Negligible radiation, (3) Uniform surface
temperature.
-6

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Atmospheric air (T = 298 K): = 15.8 10

m /s, k = 0.0263

W/mK, Pr = 0.707, cp = 1007 J/kgK, = 1.17 kg/m ; (Ts = 373 K): Pr = 0.695.
ANALYSIS: (a) The total heat transfer rate is
( Ts Ti ) ( Ts To ) = hN DL T .
q = hN DL
lm
ln [ ( Ts Ti ) / ( Ts To ) ]
With Vmax =

15 m/s ( 0.01 m )
ST
15 mm
V=
5 m/s = 15 m/s, Re D,max =
= 9494. Tables 7.7
ST D
5 mm
15.8 10 -6 m 2 / s

and 7.8 give C = 0.27, m = 0.63 and C2 0.99. Hence, from the Zhukauskas correlation
Nu D = 0.99 0.27 ( 9494 )

0.63

( 0.707 )0.36 ( 0.707/0.695)1 / 4 = 75.9

2

h = Nu D k/D = 75.9 0.0263 W/m K/0.01 m = 200 W/m K

0.01 m 196 200 W/m 2 K

= 75o C exp
1.17 kg/m3 5 m/s 14 0.015 m 1007 J/kg K
VN TS Tc p

Ts To =( Ts Ti ) exp

DNh

Ts To = 27.7o C.
Hence

q = 200 W/m 2 K 196 ( 0.01 m ) 1 m

75oC 27.7 oC
= 58.5 kW.
ln ( 75/27.7 )

<

(b) With ReD,max = 9494, (P T - 1)/(P L - 1) = 1, Fig. 7.13 yields f 0.32 and = 1. Hence,
1.17 kg/m3 (15 m/s) 2
2
0.32
p = N Vmax / 2 f = 14 1

p = 590 N/m 2 = 5.9 103 bar.

COMMENTS: The heat transfer rate would have been substantially overestimated (93.3 kW) if the
inlet temperature difference (Ts - Ti) had been used in lieu of the log-mean temperature difference.

PROBLEM 8.43
KNOWN: Surface temperature and diameter of a tube. Velocity and temperature of air in cross
flow. Velocity and temperature of air in fully developed internal flow.
FIND: Convection heat flux associated with the external and internal flows.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform cylinder surface temperature, (3) Fully
developed internal flow.
-6

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (298K): = 15.71 10

m /s, k = 0.0261 W/mK, Pr = 0.71.

ANALYSIS: For the external and internal flows,

Re D =

VD u mD 30 m/s 0.05 m
=
=
= 9.55 10 4.
-6
2

15.7110 m / s

From the Zhukauskas relation for the external flow, with C = 0.26 and m = 0.6,

1/4
n
NuD = C Re m
= 0.26 9.55 104
D Pr ( Pr/Prs )

0.6

( 0.71)0.37 (1)1 / 4 = 223.

Hence, the convection coefficient and heat flux are

h=

k
0.0261 W/m K
Nu D =
223 = 116.4 W/m2 K
D
0.05 m
o

q = h ( Ts T ) = 116.4W/m 2 K (100 25 ) C = 8.73 103 W/m 2 .

<

Using the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60, for the internal flow, which is turbulent,

0.4 = 0.023 9.55 104

NuD = 0.023 Re 4/5
D Pr

h=

4/5

( 0.71)0.4 = 193

k
0.0261 W/m K
Nu D =
193 = 101 W/m 2 K
D
0.05 m

and the heat flux is

o

q = h ( Ts Tm ) = 101 W/m 2 K (100 25 ) C = 7.58 103 W/m 2 .

<

COMMENTS: Convection effects associated with the two flow conditions are comparable.

PROBLEM 8.59
KNOWN: Thick-walled pipe of thermal conductivity 60 W/mK passing hot water with ReD = 20,000,
a mean temperature of 80C, and cooled externally by air in cross-flow at 20 m/s and 25C.
FIND: Heat transfer rate per unit pipe length, q .
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Internal flow is turbulent and fully developed.
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (Tm = 80C = 353K): k = 0.670 W/mK, Pr = 2.20; Table A-4,
-6

Air (T = 25C 300K, 1 atm): = 15.89 10

m /s, k = 0.0263 W/mK, Pr = 0.707.

ANALYSIS: The heat rate per unit length, considering thermal resistances to internal flow, wall
conduction (Eq. 3.28) and external flow, with A = DL, is
1
q = 1/h i Di + (1 / 2 k ) ln ( Do / Di ) +1 / h o Do ( Tm T ) .
Internal Flow: Using the Dittus-Boelter correlation with n = 1/3 for turbulent, fully developed flow,
where ReD = 20,000
i

h i = ( k/Di ) Nu D = ( k/Di ) 0.023Re 4/5 Pr1/3

h i = ( 0.670 W/m K/0.020 m ) 0.023 ( 20,000 )

4/5

2.201/3 = 2765 W/m 2 K.

External Flow: Using the Zhukauskas correlation for cross-flow over a circular cylinder with Pr/Prs
1, find first

Re D =

VDo 20 m/s 0.025 m

=
= 31,466

15.89 10-6m 2 / s

and from Table 7.4, C = 0.26 and m = 0.6, where n = 0.37,

h D
NuD = o = CRem
Pr n ( Pr/Prs )1/4
D
k

h o = ( 0.0263 W/m K/0.025 m ) 0.26 ( 31,466 )

0.6

Hence, the heat rate is

( 0.707 )0.37 = 120 W/m2 K.

q= 1/2765 W/m 2 K 0.020 m + (1 / 2 60 W/m K ) ln ( 25/20 )

+ 1/120 W/m 2 K 0.025 m

q = 5.756 10 3 + 5.919 104 + 1.061 10 1

q = 489 W/m.

(80 25 )o C

W/m K (80 25 )o C

<

COMMENTS: Note that the external flow represents the major thermal resistance to heat transfer.