DS 10 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Extractive and Inclusive Institutions: Political, social, and judicial

institutions, including governments, legislatures, militaries,
universities, and legal codes. Inclusive institutions promote
universal participation, and provide incentives and create
opportunities for advancement, both economically and politically.
Extractive institutions instead attempt to exploit and manipulate
its subjects. They are characterized by narrow control of political
power and a central state that cannot provide basic public goods.
Millennium Development Goals: A set of 8 goals set by the UN in 2000
to be reached by 2015, with key aims including reduction of
poverty, promotion of gender equality, and universal primary
education. There has been some progress, but it is uneven
geographically, and has not accomplished all the desired goals.
Vulnerability: Describes people who do not have the social, medical, or
political infrastructure to protect themselves from shocks,
including political instability, natural disasters, droughts, etc.
They may easily fall back into poverty they are thus vulnerable
to these shocks.
Territorial Fragmentation: When a state falls apart and breaks into
different geopolitical units. A result of weak or nonexistent
central government. Examples include Somalia and Syria.
Third World: Term originating form the Cold War, which featured the
First World (US and Western Europe vs Soviet Bloc) and Third
World (Everyone else). Generally refers to developing or
underdeveloped states, peripheral to the global world order. 4
axes of the third world: structural poverty, ex-colonial states,
non-industrial, and holding a peripheral status in world politics.
HDI: The UN Human Development Index. An index of a variety of
measures compiled by the UN to provide a snapshot of the
quality of life and state of human development in a country.
Combines Life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
HPI: The UN Human Poverty Index. Indicates standard of living,
attempts to measure deprivation in human life, including
longevity, knowledge, and living standards.
Multidimensional poverty: A more concentrated look at poverty and the
living standards of the poor. Often, poverty is hard to measure
with the HDI numbers. Instead, the MDP uses the dimensions of
health, education, and living standards, but uses poverty-specific
indicators, including child mortality, nutrition, school attendance,
access to basic utilities, and assets.
Chronic Poverty: Condition where person is impoverished for an
extended period of time. Many possible reasons, often a product
of societal exclusion, lack of opportunity.
Mass poverty

Relational view of poverty: How poor are you compared to those

around you? Focus on economic inequality.
Development as Capabilities
Mass commodities: A basic good used by a large proportion of people.
Include clothes, shoes, food etc. Production of mass commodities
drove industrialization, and the basic resources required to make
these mass commodities drove imperialism.
Neoliberalism: A school of thought focusing on economic liberalism.
Emphasis on free market, free trade, globalization, deregulation,
and privatization.
Poverty Line/Poverty Gap: An arbitrarily set value, if you make less
than $1.25 you are classified as impoverished. Used as a means
of measurement. Can vary by region, state, or organization.
Poverty gap measures intensity of poverty average distance
from poverty line.
State Socialism:
GNP/GDP: Both are measures of products and services produced, and
therefore measure economic activity and growth. GNP classifies
based on location of ownership of the production, whereas GDP
classifies simply based on location of production. For example, an
apple owned factory in China under contribute to Chinese GDP
but American GNP
GNP (PPP) and GNI: PPP standardizes for differences in real purchasing
power of various currencies. A dollar goes buys more in Uganda
than in New York, and so PPP attempts to correct for this
discrepancy. GNI measures income/production by
passport/citizenship.
Gender Development Index: a UN metric of gender equality. Focuses on
well being with respect to gender. Is not a stand-alone measure
of gender gaps, but instead works with the HDI.
Cognitive Map
Representation
Orientalism: depiction of Eastern cultures by Western artists and
thinkers. Reflects a patronizing attitude toward the East from the
West. Edward Said believes that the West paints these societies
as static and undeveloped, and makes the West rational, flexible,
and superior in comparison. Outsider interpretation of Eastern
traditions, based in imperialist attitudes, often justifying
imperialism/colonialism as a means of modernization and
improvement.
Non Aligned Movement: A union of nations that wished to remain
independent in light of the cold war. Not formally members of
any major power bloc. Most were recently independent states.
Less relevant now that the cold war is over.
Partition/Scramble for Africa: A series of conferences and treaties
during the classical age of empire that involved European powers

dividing up and colonizing the African Continent. Started with the

Berlin conference of 1884. Was partially motivated by
independence of new world colonies, need for resources and new
markets to sell to, and by Imperial competition.
First and Classical Ages of Empire: First age involved informal empire
and exploration for gold and god. Establishment of trade posts in
Africa and India/Asia. Less direct control. Performed by Iberian
states. Classical age was marked by formal annexation and
colonization, with direct exploitation and forced commerce.
Marked by partitions of overseas territory, and direct rule.
Informal Empire: Exertion of sphere of influence over a region without
direct or formal colonization, instead extending commercial,
strategic, and military interests by means of existing political and
social structures. Include use of trading posts and feitorias.
Forms and Norms of Colonialism: Models include peasant/trade
colonies, mine/concessional colonies, settler/capitalist
economies. Forms include direct rule, with a centralized
authoritarian state controlled by the colonial authority, indirect
rule, which established rule with traditional authority, and
absolute rule, which was Leopolds Congo.
Mercantile capitalism: Early forms of pre-industrial capitalism, involving
merchant trade and primitive monetary systems. Part of the
motivation for colonialism, to expand markets and access to
production inputs.
Maquiladora:
Export Processing Zone
Special Economic Zones
Sovereignty
Nation as imagined community
Nation, Nationalism, Nation State
Gender Development Index
Socialism
Liberalization
State Owned Enterprises
Indirect and Direct Rule
West as a historical construct
Native/Customary Authorities
Anti-Colonial nationalism
Terms of Trade
Elitism and authoritarianism (of colonial state)
Global South
Triangular Trade
International Division of Labor
Modern World System
IMF/World Bank
Cold War

Structural Adjustment
Hot and Cold Wars
Proxy Wars
Settler, Mine and Peasant Colonialisms
Washington Consensus
Direct Foreign Investment
Portfolio Investment
Bank loans
High modernism
Capital flows
Transnational Corporation
Legacies of Colonialism
Nationalization
Structural violence
The Coming Anarchy
Clash of civilizations
Global governance
Globalization as discourse
The World is Flat
International capital flows
Official development assistance
Privatization/liberalization/deregulation
Developmental State
Forced labor
Labor mobilization
Squatters
Containment
Offshoring/Outsourcing
Global Value Chains
Failed states
BRICs and NICs
Global underclass
Administered trade
Chartered companies
Life expectancy
Failed secular national development
Four Key Spatio-Temporal Dimensions of Globalization
Extensity
Intensity
Velocity
Impact of Interconnections
Four Key Organizational Dimensions of
Globalization
Infrastructure
Institutionalization of networks and Power
Global stratification

Dominant modes of interaction

Thick Globalization/Thin Globalization:
Diffuse Globalization:
Discourse
Discursive Formation
Discursive Strategies
Discursive Practices
Multi-polar World
The Development Project
Late Victorian Holocaust
Colonization vs Colony
Imperialism
Labor regimes
Civilizing Mission
Bottom Billion
Corruption index
Development as Freedom
South-South Trade
Export oriented industrialization
Import Substituting industrialization
Repertoires of Empire
Militarised enclave
Mathusianism
Development as Freedom (Sen)
The Great Divergence
Fortified entrepots
New International Economic Order
Neo-colonialism
Fiscal incentives for SEZs
Capabilities (Sen)
Afro-Asian Alliance
Vulnerability
Fanon on post-colonial state
Cold War as empire
Nation building
Adichie on telling one story
Impact of geography on development (Sachs)