Modulo 1 Fundamentos Del Data Center-V3 PDF

FUNDAMENTOS DEL
DATA CENTER
2014
Fundamentos del Data Center
Diseo de Data Center

/INICTEL-UNI. 1 ed. Lima: INICTEL-UNI, 2014
343 p.
FUNDAMENTOS DEL DATA CENTER
Primera edicin
Elaborado por:
Bravo Asencios, Yuri Willam
Castaeda Snchez, Jorge
Galud Falcn, Julio Javier
Perez Astuhuaman, Brando Williams
Sakata Huayaney, Jorge Luis
INICTEL-UNI, 2014
Hecho en Per
Av. San Luis 1771

San Borja - Lima 41 - PERU
Telf.: 626-1400 (7256)
www.inictel-uni.edu.pe
____________________________________________________________________
Derechos reservados. No est permitida la reproduccin total o parcial de la obra por
cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografa, el tratamiento
informtico y electrnico sin la autorizacin de INICTEL-UNI.
Nunca consideres el estudio como una obligacin, sino como una oportunidad
para penetrar en el bello y maravilloso mundo del saber"
Einstein
INDICE DE CONTENIDO
1. Introduccin al Diseo de Data Center _________________________ 5
2. Data Center________________________________________________ 6
3. Estndares _______________________________________________ 22
4. Tipos de Data Center _______________________________________ 31
5. Proceso de Diseo y Construccin ___________________________ 41
6. Riesgos Confiabilidad y Clasificacin Tier _____________________ 51
7. Consideraciones de ubicacin _______________________________ 79
8. Layout y Diseo de una Sala de Cmputo _____________________ 96
9. Sub sistemas de un Data Center ____________________________ 120
10.
Arquitectura de TI en DC I ________________________________ 158
11. Desafos del Gerente TI en el Data Center, Arquitecturas de

Almacenamiento y Servidores _________________________________ 159
12.
Desafos de TI __________________________________________ 162
13.
Arquitectura de Redes ___________________________________ 169
14.
Arquitectura de Servidores y Almacenamiento _______________ 215
15.
Sistemas de Potencia en DC I _____________________________ 252
16.
Sistemas de Potencia, Planificacin ________________________ 253
17.
Requisitos, Topologa, Sistemas de respaldo ________________ 276
18. Fundamentos del Sistema de Distribucin de Energa: Suministro,

Subestacin, ATS, UPS y Bateras. _____________________________ 304
19. Fundamentos del Sistema de Distribucin de Energa: PDU, Sala de
Cmputo, Equipos Mecnicos, Sistemas de Puesta a Tierra. ________ 325
1. Introduccin al Diseo de Data Center
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Captulo 1
Introduccin al Diseo de
Data Center
Captulo 2
Data Center
2. Data Center
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Un DATA CENTER es un edificio o parte de un edificio cuya funcin principal
es la de albergar una sala de servidores y sus reas de apoyo.
La figura 1 muestra la disposicin de las diferentes funciones asociadas con un
data center. La construccin de un data center requiere la integracin total de
todas las operaciones asociadas en la solucin final. A diferencia de otros
espacios de telecomunicaciones, los espacios del data center generalmente
contienen la mayor concentracin de equipamiento de alta tecnologa y los
servicios de apoyo que requiere estructuras de soporte de misin crtica en
todos los mbitos relacionados con el data center.
Estas estructuras de apoyo incluyen:
Mecnica.
Electricidad
Sanitario.
Telecomunicaciones.
Seguridad.
Gestin
Mantenimiento
Es importante reconocer todas las operaciones y disciplinas relacionadas con

el diseo de un espacio del data center comunicndose entre ellas sus
necesidades desde las etapas iniciales del desarrollo del proyecto y en todas
las fases de desarrollo e implementacin de un proyecto. El diseo final se
basa en un consenso viable de esos requisitos.
En este captulo se resumen las principales reas que requieren consideracin
en el diseo de centros de datos y ayudar al diseador asegurar que la
mayora de los parmetros relevantes de ingeniera han sido considerados e
identificados.
Se han emitido nuevos estndares para los centros de datos para ayudar al
diseador. Uno de estos estndares es ANSI/BICSI-002: Data Center Design
Standard and recommended Practices.
ANSI/BICSI- 002, proporciona recomendaciones que se complementa con
otros estndares de la industria desarrollados por TIA, CENELEC e ISO / IEC e
intenta evitar la duplicacin de contenidos ya tratados en otras normas y
directrices, proporciona referencias a otras normas y directrices en los que son
aplicables a los centros de datos. Esta norma de diseo se refiere
principalmente a los requisitos de instalacin y directrices relacionadas con la
aplicacin de diseo de centros de datos. La norma tambin incluye otros
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requisitos de instalacin y directrices para los centros de datos donde sea el
caso.
Normas y directrices que se aplican incluyen , pero no se limitan a, los
documentos de BICSI , Comit Europeo de Normalizacin Electrotcnica (
CENELEC ), el Instituto Nacional Americano de Estndares (ANSI), la
Asociacin de la Industria de Telecomunicaciones (TIA), la Organizacin
Internacional de Normalizacin (ISO) , Internacional Comisin Electrotcnica
Internacional (IEC), la Asociacin Nacional de Fabricantes Elctricos (NEMA),
la Asociacin Nacional de Proteccin contra Incendios (NFPA), la Sociedad
Americana de Ingenieros de Calefaccin, Refrigeracin y Aire acondicionado
Engineers, Inc. ( ASHRAE) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc. (IEEE ), T1E1 ( Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions [
ATIS ] ) , Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), la Sociedad Americana para
Pruebas y Materiales (ASTM ) , el Programa de Servicios de Desarrollo
Rural ( RDUP ) , Ley de Estadounidenses con Discapacidades (ADA),
Administracin de Seguridad y Salud (OSHA), Telcordia (Bellcore), y el Instituto
Europeo de Normas de Telecomunicaciones (ETSI)
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La siguiente lista identifica los elementos clave a tener en cuenta al desarrollar
un diseo para un DATA CENTER:
Ubicacin fsica y problemas de arquitectura

Dimensionamiento y capacidad de sala
Los sistemas elctricos
Vinculacin y conexin a tierra (puesta a tierra) de infraestructura
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La deteccin de fuego y humo, alarma y supresin

Calefaccin, ventilacin y aire acondicionado (HVAC)
Impacto ambiental, la eficiencia energtica y huella de carbono
Cableado de Telecomunicaciones
Canalizacin
Racks y gabinetes Equipos
Pautas de cableado de telecomunicaciones, la contencin de cable, los
Racks del equipo y gabinetes
Equipos de tecnologa de la informacin
Gestin de proyectos
Operacin y costos de propiedad
Estrategia de TI actual y futura
Aplicaciones y equipo soportado
Estrategia de las tecnologas de la informacin
El diseo del sistema de cableado para centros de datos
Jerarqua Cableado estructurado para centros de datos
Redundancia y por niveles
La seguridad del DATA CENTER
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Captulo 3
Estndares
3. Estndares
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4. Tipos de Data Center
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Captulo 4
Tipos de Data Center
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5. Proceso de Diseo y Construccin
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Captulo 5
Proceso de Diseo y
Construccin
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6. Riesgos Confiabilidad y Clasificacin Tier
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Captulo 6
Riesgos Confiabilidad y
Clasificacin Tier
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NIVELES TIER
TIER I: Data Center de Infraestructura Bsica

TIER II: Data Center de Infraestructura con componentes de capacidad
redundantes
TIER III: Data Center de Infraestructura con capacidad de mantenimiento
concurrente
TIER IV: Data Center de Infraestructura con capacidad tolerante a fallas
TIER I: Data Center de Infraestructura Bsica
El Objetivo del Tier I es soportar los requerimientos bsicos ambientales y de

energa en funcin a los Equipos de TI.
La infraestructura Tier I provee un ambiente mejorado en comparacin a un
ambiente de oficinas e incluye un ambiente dedicado para los Equipos de TI;
un Sistema de Energa Ininterrumpida (UPS) para filtrar los picos de energa
elctrica, cortes momentneos y bajadas en la tensin elctrica; equipos de
refrigeracin dedicados y funcionando aun despus de horas de oficina; y un
grupo electrgeno para proteger las operaciones de los equipos de TI de cortes
de energa prolongados.
Hay un alto riesgo de cada debido a eventos planificados y no planificados.
La infraestructura del Data Center podra estar fuera de servicio por razones de
mantenimiento programadas. Situaciones de urgencia pueden motivar paradas
ms frecuentes y errores de operacin o fallas en los componentes de su
infraestructura causarn la detencin del Data Center.
Se prevn 6 fallas en un periodo de 5 aos.
En total los cortes del sistema se estiman en 28.8 horas al ao.
La tasa de disponibilidad mxima del Data Center es 99.67% del tiempo.
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TIER II: Data Center de Infraestructura con componentes de capacidad
redundantes
El Objetivo del Tier II es proveer un nivel de confiabilidad mayor a Tier I, para

reducir el riesgo de cada debido a la falla de componentes.
Incluye capacidades de energa y refrigeracin redundantes para proveer un
amplio margen de seguridad contra interrupcin de los procesos de TI debido a
fallas en la infraestructura del sitio. Los componentes redundantes son
normalmente mdulos UPS, unidades de enfriamiento, equipos de disipacin
trmica, bombas, chillers y plantas de emergencia.
En el Tier II hay un riesgo moderado de cadas debido a los eventos
planificados y no planificados.
El mantenimiento en la lnea de distribucin elctrica o en otros componentes
de la infraestructura puede causar una interrupcin del procesamiento. Se
podran presentar 3 cortes de servicio de 12 horas cada uno en un periodo de 2
aos, por mantenimientos programados.
Se prev 1 falla en un periodo de 1 ao.
En total las cadas del sistema se estiman en 22 horas al ao.
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TIER III: Data Center de Infraestructura con capacidad de mantenimiento
concurrente
El Objetivo del Tier III es proveer confiabilidad adicional y capacidad de

mantenimiento para reducir los riesgos de cada debido a desastres naturales,
desastres por causas humanas, mantenimiento preventivos (planeados) y
correctivo.
Mantenimiento Concurrente significa que todos y cada uno de los componentes
de capacidad y distribucin necesarios para apoyar el ambiente donde se
encuentran los Equipos de TI pueden ser objeto de mantenimiento en forma
planificada sin que esto afecte la operacin de los Equipos de TI.
El efecto en la topologa de la infraestructura del sitio es que una va de
distribucin redundante de energa y enfriamiento es adicionada a los
componentes crticos redundantes del Tier II.
En este tier, actividades no planeadas como errores de operacin o fallas
espontneas en la infraestructura pueden todava causar una interrupcin del
Data Center.
Se prev 1 falla en un periodo de 2.5 aos.
En total las cadas del sistema se estiman en 1.6 horas al ao.
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TIER IV: Data Center de Infraestructura con capacidad tolerante a fallas
El Objetivo del Tier IV es eliminar la interrupcin del servicio ya que provee

capacidad para realizar cualquier actividad planeada sin interrupciones en las
cargas crticas, pero adems la funcionalidad tolerante a fallas le permite a la
infraestructura continuar operando aun ante un evento crtico no planeado.
La infraestructura de un Data Center Tier IV se construye sobre un Tier III,
adicionando el concepto de Tolerante a Fallas a la Topologa de infraestructura
del sitio. Similar a la aplicacin de conceptos sobre Mantenimiento
Concurrente, Tolerante a Fallas se extiende a todos y cada uno de los sistemas
o componentes que apoyan las operaciones de los Equipos de TI.
Los sistemas suelen ser automatizados para reducir las posibilidades de error
humano y cuentan con personal 24x7. Se requiere de personal con
entrenamiento riguroso para atender cualquier contingencia.
Se prev 1 falla en un periodo de 5 aos.
En total las cadas del sistema se estiman en 0.8 horas al ao.
La tasa de disponibilidad mxima del data center es 99.99% del tiempo.
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7. Consideraciones de ubicacin
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Captulo 7
Consideraciones de
ubicacin
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Seleccin del Sitio
La seleccin de un sitio del Data Center es un proceso complejo que

implica un gran nmero de variables. En muchos casos, es prudente utilizar
un consultor de seleccin del sitio que tiene la experiencia, los contactos y
herramientas de evaluacin necesarias para llevar a cabo un complejo
proceso de seleccin del sitio. Una buena prctica es trabajar a travs de
un proceso interno que establece los criterios de seleccin ms
importantes, y que asigna ponderaciones o grados de importancia a los
criterios. Los resultados de este proceso se pueden utilizar como una base
para las conversaciones con los posibles consultores. Los siguientes son
los principales criterios que deben ser considerados en el proceso de
seleccin del sitio:
Consideraciones de recursos humanos - se relacionan con el perfil

de la mano de obra en el rea del sitio. Es un criterio muy
importante es si los Data Center ser totalmente atendido por
personal propio, y baja en importancia (ponderacin), como el
nmero de personas que ser atendido en el centro de datos
disminuye. Se convierte en un no factoriales si tiene planes para
ejecutar un "Lights Out" centro de datos. Factores tales como las
habilidades disponibles en el mercado local , el trabajo que
prevalece tarifas y distancias de trayecto son algunas de las
consideraciones importantes.
Conectividad de red - es importante asegurar que los tiempos de
respuesta son suficientes para todas las reas de la empresa que
necesitan tener acceso a los sistemas del centro de datos. Hoy en
da , la conectividad de alta velocidad est disponible en la mayora
de las reas en la mayora de los pases , sin embargo , usted debe
verificar la disponibilidad para garantizar no hay sorpresas . Esto es
especialmente importante ya que las empresas se convierten en un
alcance mundial y ya que sus centros de datos deben ser
compatibles con muchos continentes . Factores tales como la
distancia a la fibra del tronco lneas , la disponibilidad de mltiples
operadores , confiabilidad de la red y las opciones para fibra oscura
son algunos de las consideraciones importantes que deben
examinarse .
Utilidades - es una consideracin crtica , sobre todo en una poca
de aumento de las tasas y de la demanda de energa. Algunas
reas del mundo pueden no tener la capacidad suficiente para
abastecer las necesidades de una de datos grande centro . Otros
recursos, como el agua y el gas natural , tambin pueden ser
importantes . Factores tales como las tarifas de electricidad y
capacidad, la fiabilidad de la fuente de alimentacin , el acceso a las
redes de energa dual y tarifas elctricas proyectadas son ejemplos
de consideraciones importantes que deben ser examinados.
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Las preocupaciones ambientales - es relativamente un nuevo

conjunto de criterios para la seleccin del sitio y se centra sobre el
medio ambiente , debido al nuevo nfasis en las emisiones de
gases de efecto invernadero y otros preocupaciones ambientales .
Factores tales como la aplicacin para el uso de tecnologas de
enfriamiento libre , situado donde son posibles y locales el uso de
soluciones de energa renovable (elica, solar, etc ) uso las
empresas de servicios ' de la energa renovable , son ejemplos de
las consideraciones importantes a tener en
Centro de datos y personal de seguridad / seguridad / acceso - es
otro criterio muy importante, ya que aborda la seguridad del sitio del
centro de datos , y la seguridad y accesibilidad para el personal
residente. Los desastres naturales no slo puede afectar a la
seguridad del personal , sino que tambin tendrn un impacto en
gran medida la capacidad del centro de datos para continuar
operando en la cara de un desastre natural local. Posible prdida de
accesibilidad al centro de datos podra ser causada por un solo
puente o camino est cerrado , el cual significa problemas para las
operaciones del centro de datos.
acceso de servicio pblico - es un criterio que a menudo se pasa por
alto. Se trata de la medida, el sitio diana es capaz de ser reparado (
rpidamente) por los primeros respondedores , tales como
incendios, polica y servicios de ambulancia . Esto podra ser un
problema si el sitio es muy remota o rural , donde lo normal los
servicios pblicos son escasos y no son fcilmente accesibles .
Servicios a empresas - se refiere a aquellos servicios necesarios
para apoyar las operaciones del centro de datos, como el acceso a
los proveedores de TI , equipos de instalacin y mantenimiento de
proveedores , servicios de telecomunicaciones , y otros servicios
logsticos , tales como camiones o los servicios de entrega .
Calidad de factores de la vida - son aquellas en el rea del sitio que
se relacionan con los empleados de la dotacin de personal de los
datos centro . Si el centro de datos tendr un complemento
importante de tcnica, profesional y personal directivo , entonces es
prudente considerar los factores de calidad de vida. Esto es
particularmente relevante si otras operaciones sern colocated en el
centro de datos, como las operaciones de red , pruebas y personal
de desarrollo , help desk, o uno o ms departamentos de la
organizacin de TI . Esta rea disminuye en importancia
(ponderacin ), como el nmero de personas que se encuentra en el
centro de datos disminuye. Se convierte en un no factoriales si tiene
planes para ejecutar un centro de datos de apagar las luces .
Factores tales como la vivienda asequible , la propiedad y el estado
y las tasas de impuesto sobre la renta locales , recreativas y
equipamientos culturales y la calidad de las escuelas locales son
ejemplos de consideraciones importantes para ser examinado .
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Incentivos - son importantes porque muchas regiones ofrecen

incentivos econmicos para atraer a un "alto operacin final " , como
un centro de datos, a sus comunidades. Esto es particularmente
cierto si un recuento significativo estar residiendo en el centro de
datos. Los incentivos podran incluir el impuesto deducciones ,
crditos de energa , crditos de inversin y subvenciones.
Asegrese de que las tasas de impuestos especiales no se ser a
corto plazo y desaparecen despus de haber invertido en la zona.
Como parte de la bsqueda del sitio , IT los gerentes deben ponerse
en contacto con la agencia de desarrollo econmico local en el rea
de destino para determinan lo que se pueden aplicar los incentivos.
Una cuestin accesoria se refiere a la facilidad de manejo de las
autoridades locales en relacin con la zonificacin , permisos, etc
municipios en ciertas partes del mundo son extremadamente
burocrtico , por lo que este debe ser considerado en la categora
de los incentivos.
las condiciones del mercado de bienes races - varan mucho de
una zona a otra , por lo tanto , es importante establecer el perfil de
los mercados para las regiones seleccionadas en consideracin.
parmetros de construccin y adquisicin - implicarn una serie de
parmetros que incluyen el tipo del edificio ( industrial, en el grado,
de gran altura se prefiere ) , las tasas de alquiler , trminos ,
opciones y otros consideraciones en la especificacin de la
construccin, y de un contrato de arrendamiento o contrato de
compra punto de vista .
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8. Layout y Diseo de una Sala de Cmputo
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Captulo 8
Layout y Diseo de una Sala

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Capacidad de las instalaciones en general
Lo primero que hay que hacer es identificar las necesidades del cliente y
determinar los recursos y elementos que se van a necesitar. Una vez que
se ha realizado este anlisis preliminar se podr iniciar el diseo del Data
Center. La capacidad de un Data Center se basa en el tamao del espacio
de la sala de cmputo (computer room), este espacio est disponible para
equipos de TI y equipos de telecomunicaciones; y la capacidad de los
sistemas de energa y enfriamiento por unidad de rea de la sala de
cmputo o por unidad de gabinete (rack). Los Data Center de alta densidad
tienen una mayor capacidad de potencia y enfriamiento por unidad de rea
de la sala de cmputo.
Los nuevos diseos de Data Center deberan centrarse en hacer un uso
ms eficiente del espacio, la energa y refrigeracin entregados. En este
sentido, diseos Multi zona proporcionan una mayor flexibilidad, y pueden
reducir los costos de operacin hasta un 20% debido en general a la
reduccin de los requisitos mecnicos / elctricos. La seleccin del nivel de
confiabilidad (Clase / Tier) ser el principal inductor del costo, as como
tambin la redundancia mecnica / elctrica contribuyen en alzar 40% los
costos globales de la construccin.
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Planificacin de las instalaciones en general:
Para la planificacin de las instalaciones en general se debe considerar:
Disear para instalar una carga determinada (N) en un rea definida,

considerando los nuevos equipos o crecimientos proyectados que han
sido validados.
Para el diseo de la capacidad y el rea necesaria considerar los
requerimientos de las plataformas tecnolgicas de servidores y
almacenamiento actuales y futuros.
Determinar los porcentajes de carga de las diferentes plataformas:
mainframe, mid-range, small-form / blade servers, communications
networks, and storage.
Identificar las tasas de crecimiento potencial no slo de las plataformas
tecnolgicas sino tambin dentro de las unidades de negocio, y sus
efectos sobre las capacidades y espacios.
Las consolidaciones y expansiones, producto de iniciativas como
virtualizacin, consolidacin de servicios.
Evaluar los requisitos de redundancia, incrementos de energa,
seguridad y tecnologa verde.
Considerar los procesos operativos, la sostenibilidad, las regulaciones y
la misin de la empresa, as como analizar los cambios posibles en
estos aspectos
Considerar los costos asociados a las diferentes alternativas disponibles
y analizar el costo beneficio al corto y largo plazo (Capex y Opex).
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Recomendaciones
Utilice la unidad de rack como base para calcular las necesidades de

energa y espacio.
Diseo para la densidad vertical, garantizando una ptima capacidad de
cmputo por kilowatt.
Diseo de mltiples zonas de potencia para aumentar la flexibilidad y
reducir los costos de inversin iniciales.
Tener una visin integral de la localizacin y seleccin del sitio. Considere
la posibilidad de infraestructura de servicios pblicos, el trabajo y los
mercados de bienes races, y los incentivos pblicos.
Opte por una sola planta, edificios de tipo industrial, con excepcin de las
consideraciones de diseo especial (por ejemplo, segundo piso plenum de
refrigeracin por aire natural).
Evaluar el nivel de redundancia (nivel Tier) y su costo contra el costo del
tiempo de inactividad, teniendo en cuenta los diseos de varios niveles.
Mantener / establecer una estrecha comunicacin y coordinacin entre los
responsables de las Instalaciones (facilities) y los responsables de TI del
Data Center.
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Densidad Versus Capacidad
La densidad de potencia y la capacidad son dos de las consideraciones ms
importantes en la planificacin de Data Center. El plan para el Data Center
debe considerar como regla ser escalable dentro de las zonas y aumentar la
capacidad de forma modular. Estas zonas deben estar diseadas para soportar
diferentes tipos de carga de trabajo en diferentes densidades de potencias y
enfriamiento. En este punto la idea es no sobredimensionar en forma excesiva
la capacidad del Data Center.
Evaluar las ventajas y desventajas entre el espacio y la potencia disponible
para el Da 1 de la operacin y los costos totales de la nueva instalacin. Un
Data Center en su sala de cmputo, podra requerir un espacio promedio de 3
m2 por cada rack, esto considerando todos los espacios libres por operacin y
mantenimiento, los espacios requeridos en toda la instalacin dependen de la
redundancia y el nivel de confiabilidad.
En la figura se muestra un ejemplo de configuracin de diferentes densidades
para salas de cmputo. Las diferentes zonas incluirn diferentes instalaciones y
por ende diferentes costos asociados. En este caso la configuracin ha sido
disponer de tres salas, pero tambin es posible crear multizonas en una misma
sala.
Por otro lado, existe nuevos Data Centers que estn sobredimensionados para
la capacidad elctrica actual debido a preocupaciones por el cumplimiento de
las demandas crecientes de energa y enfriamiento de equipos de TI modernos.
Esto lleva a altos costos iniciales de inversin as como altos costos
comparativos de operacin debido a la baja eficiencia con que opera las
instalaciones debido al poco factor de carga o uso. Los diseadores de Data
Center deben asegurarse de considerar la capacidad y espacio suficiente en
las plantas centrales y la distribucin principal, esto considera los espacios para
equipos adicionales debido a crecimiento, como por ejemplo planta de
emergencia (grupos electrgenos), planta de agua helada (chiller), planta de
energa (transformadores), as como los tableros de distribucin, tuberas,
canalizaciones, la distribucin intermedia y compatibilizacin de espacialidades.
En la figura se muestra un ejemplo de distribucin de equipos (layout) dentro
de la sala de cmputo usando dibujo tridimensional, la complejidad en la
elaboracin es justificada considerando la necesidad de compatibilizar
especialidades. En este caso se muestra un sistema con cerramiento para
aislar el pasillo frio / caliente.
Una vez que la decisin ha sido tomada en el tamao de un Data Center, el
anlisis ms crtico debe tomar lugar: Cunta potencia necesita en la sala de
cmputo? Los Data Center que se han diseado hace ms de siete aos en
promedio han usado densidades de diseo de 400 - 600 W/m2, mientras que
las nuevas construcciones en la fase de diseo estn aumentando ese
requisito de potencia un poco, debido principalmente a las necesidades de
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equipos / gabinetes de alta densidad. Es comn ver a los diseos de 1500 2000 W/m2.
Considere esto: gabinetes actuales de alta densidad pueden exigir fcilmente
10, 15 o incluso 25 kW por rack (350 W/m2 , 500 W/m2 y 850 W/m2), sin
embargo , el diseo de este objetivo supone que todos los las cargas de trabajo
son similares. La mayora de los gabinetes no se acercan a los mximos
tericos, y se recomienda que las estimaciones de planificacin de alta
densidad de 10 a 12 kW por rack son razonables, pero slo por un subconjunto
de su espacio. Se debe tener en cuenta que esta recomendacin es actual y en
unos aos estos nmeros van a variar definitivamente.
El flujo de aire es el factor ms importante para determinar la eficiencia de
enfriamiento, y por lo tanto la capacidad de refrigeracin y la carga elctrica
necesaria. Duplicar la velocidad de un ventilador causa un aumento de ocho
veces en el consumo de energa, por lo que los diseos de flujo de aire deben
reducir al mnimo la velocidad y la complejidad del flujo. Recorridos de aire
cortos que evitan la mezcla de aire frio y caliente son las mejores prcticas de
diseo, y la ventaja crece a medida que aumenta la densidad de potencia por
rack. El uso de cerramiento de pasillos puede resultar en mejoras sustanciales
en la eficiencia energtica.
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Disponibilidad versus Costos
Los cambios en los requerimientos y avances tecnolgicos han producido
cambios en los diseos, en la actualidad se recomienda utilizar zonas de
diferentes densidades para reducir los costos de construccin, instalaciones y
los costos de electricidad. Los resultados promedios medidos en USA sobre
Data Center construidos con el enfoque de zonas de diferente densidad reflejan
que la infraestructura de las instalaciones de alta densidad comprenden del
10% al 15% del total, mientras que los requisitos de media densidad han
representado cerca del 20%, y el resto, aproximadamente 70% estn
trabajando en baja densidad.
Por ejemplo, para el mercado en USA con costos aproximados, un Data Center
de 800 metros cuadrados, diseado tradicionalmente, con redundancia 2N,
para soportar 8 kW por rack costara US$ 20 millones de dlares. Suponiendo
que el 10% de la superficie fue diseado para alta densidad (15 kW/rack), 20%
era de mediana densidad (8 kW/rack) y el resto fue normal o baja densidad (5
kW/rack), el costo general de la construccin se reducira a US$ 18 millones de
dlares. Con una carga al 75%, los costos anuales de electricidad en el diseo
tradicional seran US$ 1,35 millones de dlares, frente a US$ 1,10 millones
mediante el enfoque zonal. El ahorro es la diferencia en el pago de la
electricidad de US$ 250,000 al ao, la cual representa la reduccin de los
costos de operacin.
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Se presenta un ejemplo, una configuracin de 200 racks requiere de 555 m2 y
una potencia total de 942 kW para cargas de TI y 833 kW para cargas de
enfriamiento. Una regla rpida es que debajo de 6 kW/rack, se considera que
se requiere 0.6 W para enfriamiento por cada 1.0 W de carga de TI. En el rango
de 6-10 kW/rack se considera una relacin 1.0 a 1.0 de carga de enfriamiento
por carga de TI. Sobre los 10 kW/rack, se considera que se requiere 1.5 W de
enfriamiento por cada 1.0 W de carga de TI.
Para determinar la capacidad total del grupo electrgeno, se tiene que tener en
cuenta las prdidas de conversin (CA a CC) en todo el sistema. Dependiendo
del diseo, esto podra estar entre 8% y 14%. En el ejemplo anterior,
suponiendo una prdida de conversin del 11%, el total de potencia en kW
requerida sera de 1.950 kW, o una capacidad de 2.438 kilovoltios-amperios
(kVA), suponiendo un factor de potencia de 0.8. Otra alternativa sera
considerar mltiples generadores ms pequeos, en lugar de uno o dos muy
grandes. Generalmente sistemas ms pequeos suelen tener plazos de
entrega ms cortos, y dependiendo de las condiciones del mercado, pueden
representar un menor gasto por kW entregado.
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9. Sub sistemas de un Data Center
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Captulo 9
Sub sistemas de un Data

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Ubicacin Fsica y Aspectos de Arquitectura

Existe ya la infraestructura del centro de datos o se requiere una
remodelacin?
El data center esta nicamente ocupado por un solo inquilino o se trata de
una instalacin compartida?
Hay sismos o por ejemplo, tormentas tropicales, tornados, nieve severa,
condiciones de hielo?
Hay algn problema conocido de estabilidad del piso en esta rea (por
ejemplo, obras antiguas minas, vertederos, o sumideros)?
Las cargas asociadas a los equipos de TI y su infraestructura de apoyo es ms
all de las consideraciones normales de oficina en general o de la
construccin. Estabilidad del piso debe abarcar tambin a las vas de acceso al
sitio del data center, almacenes de combustible, la ubicacin del generador, y
plataformas elevadoras de plantas pesadas.
Existen problemas de inundaciones conocidas? Es esta zona una llanura de
inundacin? Es debajo del nivel del mar, lago, y el nivel del ro?
Hay algn problema de seguridad o centros penitenciarios conocidos en esta
rea?
Existe disponibilidad de servicios de electricidad, gas, agua, alcantarillado y
servicios de telecomunicaciones?
Existe proximidad a las principales carreteras, vas frreas, aeropuertos,
aceite o productos qumicos de almacenamiento, obras industriales, militares o
instalaciones nucleares?
Hay un fcil acceso al sitio por el camino con estacionamiento y carga de las
instalaciones disponibles?
Hay elevadores (ascensores) / montacargas (montacargas) disponibles si el
data center no est en la planta baja? Son los elevadores de carga lo
suficientemente grande para el tamao de las cargas (por ejemplo, fuentes de
alimentacin ininterrumpida (UPS)?
Existen fuentes externas excesivas de ruido o de vibraciones que afectarn el
sitio del data center?
El data center puede ser una causa de ruido o perturbacin a las propiedades
colindantes?
Hay alguna posibilidad de problemas de compatibilidad electromagntica
(EMC) (por ejemplo, las antenas de telefona mvil, ascensor, motores en el
otro lado de una pared, la proximidad a los transmisores de radar) ?
Hay acceso a un sitio externo adecuado para los intercambiadores de calor
del aire acondicionado?
Es el edificio o sala susceptible a los rayos?
La capacidad de carga del piso es adecuada?
La altura de las baldosas del piso tcnico es suficiente para los gabinetes, las
canalizaciones, entrada y extraccin de aire?
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La altura de los espacios requiere un conocimiento previo de la altura del rack,
la altura del gabinete, el mtodo de colocacin de los cables, la refrigeracin y
la solucin de circulacin de aire caliente.
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Tamao y Capacidad de Espacios
Cules son las dimensiones fsicas de los centros de datos y sus espacios.
Qu porcentaje de este espacio es para su uso inicial?
La capacidad de carga del piso es adecuada?
Se emplear un piso tcnico o cmara de techo?
Dnde estn las puertas y cules son sus tamaos?
El acceso peatonal es independiente de acceso a los equipos?
Es mantenida la seguridad de manera integral?
Hay iluminacin adecuada o necesita ser diseado y construido?
Existen equipos que no est relacionados con el apoyo de la sala de
informtica (por ejemplo, tuberas, conductos) pasan atraviesan o entrar en la
sala?
Cul es la especificacin para los acabados bsicos?
Se ha instalado el alumbrado de emergencia adecuada?
Tiene sealizacin de salida que cumple con todos los cdigos y reglamentos
locales?
Se encontrar dentro del DATA CENTER el sistema de UPS y sus bateras o
ser ubicado en otro lugar?
Existe un suministro de agua potable y red de drenaje disponibles?
Se han considerado las rutas de circulacin para el personal y las entregas de
equipos dentro de las salas de informtica?
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Sistema Elctrico
Se ha calculado la demanda de potencia de suministro inicial proyectado?
Se ha calculado el crecimiento de mxima demanda de potencia de
suministro?
Existe la fuente de alimentacin mnima y mxima disponible para ser
entregados al centro de datos?
Existe una solucin de monitorizacin de la utilizacin de la energa
disponible?
El monitoreo es manual o automatizado?
Se supervisa la energa disponible por separado de la carga informtica? (es
decir, incluyendo servidores, almacenamiento y equipos de red en el DATA
CENTER) y la instalacin de DATA CENTER (es decir , incluyendo el sistema
de refrigeracin, equipos de infraestructura de todos los dems equipos en el
DATA CENTER (por ejemplo , monitores , iluminacin, UPS , unidades de
distribucin de energa (PDU) ) )
La solucin de monitoreo proporciona detalles de uso en la alimentacin de
entrada, el generador, UPS, PDU, gabinete, tomacorriente, y la salida de
potencia del equipo?
Cul es el voltaje, y se dispone de una o tres fases?
Se requiere un sistema de UPS y, en caso afirmativo, cual es el tiempo de
carga?
Existe una provisin por un generador de emergencia y un interruptor de
transferencia de energa?
Existe el apagado de emergencia (EPO)?
Estn los conductores instalados de manera area o bajo piso?
1.
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Conexin a tierra de Infraestructura
Existe una toma de tierra de grado de telecomunicaciones sin ruido

suministrada al data center?
Cul es la conexin a tierra y la estrategia de la unin?
138

La sala de servidores cuenta con una de malla de radio frecuencia?
Estn los gabinetes, Racks y equipo en la sala de servidores unidos por
separado a la red bonding?
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Deteccin de incendios y humo, alarma y supresin
Cul es el mtodo de deteccin?

Cul es el mtodo de contencin?
Cul es el procedimiento de seguridad?
Cul es el mtodo de supresin?
Un incendio o humo en una parte del DATA CENTER afectar o interrumpir
las otras partes?
Ser necesario integrar en un sistema de control de incendios existente?
Existe una EPO y se conect a la alarma contra incendios?
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Calefaccin, Ventilacin y Aire Acondicionado (HVAC)
Se han calculado las necesidades de aire acondicionado, tanto para la puesta
en marcha y el crecimiento esperado?
Cul es el mtodo para el enfriamiento del espacio y el equipo?
Se ha identificado un espacio externo adecuado para los intercambiadores de
calor?
Se va a emplear la distribucin de equipos bajo la configuracin de pasillo
caliente / pasillo fro para orientar el flujo de aire de los equipos que se
instalarn?
Los gabinetes son enfriados con agua helada?
El diseo del HVAC minimiza el consumo de energa?
Se ha considerado la instalacin de blanking panels dentro de los gabinetes y
racks para minimizar la mezcla de aire caliente y fro?
Se ha considerado el uso de pases con los cepillos, ojales, u otros mtodos
para minimizar la prdida de presin de aire de los recortes de baldosas de
piso elevado?
Se colocarn baldosas perforadas en la ubicacin correcta para usar el aire
fro de manera eficiente? Considere el uso de la modelamiento computacional
(CFD) para optimizar el diseo de HVAC.
Se emplear un cerramiento de pasillos calientes, la contencin de aire fro, u
otro sistema para separar el aire caliente y fro para mejorar la eficiencia del
enfriamiento?
Se ha identificado una ruta para la interconexin entre las unidades del aire
acondicionado de la sala de servidores (CRAC) y las unidades de intercambio
de aire externas?
Existe una fuente de agua helada y drenaje para el DATA CENTER?
Existe un sistema de automatizacin del edificio existente ( BAS) que necesita
ser integrado en este proyecto?
Se han considerado monitoreo de temperatura y humedad a nivel de
gabinete?
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Impacto Ambiental, Eficiencia Energtica y huella de Carbn
Proporcionar una solucin de monitoreo para la utilizacin de la energa que
proporciona el detalle de consumo hasta la regleta o tomacorrientes
individuales del equipo.
Considerar una solucin de monitorizacin de las condiciones climticas en el
DATA CENTER que proporcionen los detalles de las temperaturas y la
humedad a nivel de gabinete.
La eficiencia HVAC ofrece la mayor oportunidad para mejorar la eficiencia
energtica.
Asegrese de que la solucin de climatizacin puede reducirse a la carga ms
baja sin afectar a la eficacia de la refrigeracin.
Los sistemas de contencin de cable o tendido de los cables dentro de la sala
de servidores y dentro de gabinetes / Racks interfieren con el flujo de aire? Si
es as tenga en cuenta los cambios para no perjudicar el flujo de aire
adecuado.
Seleccione el equipo que utiliza la energa de manera ms eficiente.
Crear un monitoreo de utilizacin de la energa y presentacin de informes en
colaboracin con el equipo de gestin operativa del DATA CENTER.
Los sistemas de HVAC deben dimensionarse adecuadamente para evitar el
sobredimensionamiento, lo que resulta en el uso ineficiente de la energa.
Proporcionar informacin precisa sobre los requisitos de energa y refrigeracin
para los equipos de TI y los equipos de telecomunicaciones que se ubicar en
la sala de servidores.
La iluminacin en el DATA CENTER slo debe estar encendida cuando el se
realizan trabajos en el DATA CENTER. Adems, la iluminacin puede ser
zonificada y automatizada travs de la utilizacin de infrarrojos pasivos
detectores de movimiento (PIR) para evitar la necesidad de iluminar todo el
DATA CENTER cuando se est realizando trabajos.
Evite las ventanas y los tragaluces en las salas de servidores, ya que crean el
potencial riesgo de seguridad, proporcionan una iluminacin til mnima, y
crean una carga de calor, lo que resulta en una mayor prdida que ahorro de
energa.
Consulte las normas de diseo de centros de datos de telecomunicaciones
aplicables (por ejemplo, ANSI/TIA-942Estndar de infraestructura de
Telecomunicaciones para centros de datos, ISO / IEC FCD 24764-2 - Cableado
genricos para los centros de datos, y ASHRAE Directrices de centros de datos
para reducir al mnimo los costos de energa.
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Cableado Estructurado
Qu nivel de redundancia de cableado se requiere?
Qu tipo de cableado se requiere? Se recomienda Cable de par trenzado- 100
ohmios Categora 6/clase E o superior.
Tenga en cuenta que CENELEC EN 50173-5, Parte 5 indica: Para Centros de
datos se especifica mnimo categora 6/clase E para todo el cableado excepto
el acceso de red (el cableado de la interfaz de red o entrada de la sala externa)
ISO / IEC FCD 24764 especifica un mnimo de categora 6A/clase EA para
todos cableado excepto el acceso de red.
Cable de cobre no apantallado o blindado?
Cable Multimodo de fibra ptica? (se recomienda la fibra ptica multimodo
50/125 m 850 nm lser optimizado). ISO / IEC FCD 24764 especifica un
rendimiento de la fibra ptica multimodo mnimo de OM3 (es decir, 50/125 m
850 nanmetros optimizada para lser).
Para soporte a 40G y 100G Ethernet sobre OM3 (es decir, fibra ptica
multimodo 50/125 m 850 nm lser optimizada) requerir 10 y 20 fibras pticas
por circuito
Cable de fibra ptica monomodo?
Cable coaxial y conectores 75 ohmios (tipo 734 - y 735)?
Se ha especificado el rendimiento?
NOTA: En algunas jurisdicciones, el cable plenum es el requisito mnimo para
el cableado de telecomunicaciones en virtud de los pisos para salas de
servidores. En algunas regiones, no existen normas aplicables. Los cables
deben ser seleccionados de acuerdo a los requerimientos de la jurisdiccin
local, pero siempre se debe elegir como especificaciones de baja inflamabilidad
(por ejemplo, UL 910 plenum) o, por lo menos una cortina de bajo humo y cero
halgeno.
Hay algn requisito para la gestin inteligente de la infraestructura (IIM) como
patch panels inteligentes?
Dnde est el punto de demarcacin con cables de comunicaciones
externas?
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Canalizacin
Los cables estn canalizados sobre los racks, bajo piso, o ambos?
Qu tipo de vas de contencin de cable de telecomunicaciones se utilizarn
(por ejemplo, ganchos en J, bandejas tipo canasta, escaleras de rack,
conducto, bandeja de metal slido)?
Se estn siguiendo las directrices para la separacin de los cables de datos y
de alimentacin? Ver norma aplicable (por ejemplo, ANSI/TIA-942, CENELEC
EN 50173-5 o ISO / IEC 14763-3:2006
Qu capacidad se requiere?
La capacidad de los sistemas de contencin de cable debe ser adecuado para
manejar los requisitos de cableado cuando el DATA CENTER est totalmente
construido y ocupado. Preste especial atencin a la capacidad de contencin
de cable en los distribuidores (por ejemplo, el rea de distribucin principal
[MDA] y el rea de distribucin horizontal [HDA, en los principales pasillos
perpendiculares a las filas de los servidores, y la interseccin de las bandejas
de cables.
La gestin de cables verticales entre los patch panel debe dimensionarse con
precisin considerando la capacidad mxima.
Se recomienda que se cree una maqueta antes de iniciar la instalacin para
demostrar la capacidad alcanzable.
NOTA: Todo el diseo y la construccin con respecto a la profundidad mxima
de los cables en los sistemas de contencin deben cumplir o superar los
cdigos, normas, reglamentos, resoluciones AHJ y directrices de los
fabricantes.
Existe una poltica contra incendios en la instalacin de pases de de cables y
de servicios?
Existe una estrategia para la separacin de los cables de alimentacin y
cables de datos?
Las vas de contencin de telecomunicaciones no deben bloquear el flujo de
aire. Generalmente, el cableado elevado sobre el rack tiene la menor
interferencia con el flujo de aire, si el aire frio es entregado por un sistema de
piso elevado. Si el cableado est en el plenum, la contencin del cable no debe
estar ubicada en los pasillos fros, donde pueden bloquear el flujo de aire a las
baldosas perforadas.
Cuando se utilice la contencin encima de los gabinetes mediante una
chimenea y una cmara de techo de aire caliente o canalizacin, el rea sobre
los gabinetes para el cableado de datos se ver gravemente restringida.
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Los sistemas de contencin de cables separados pueden ser necesarios para
el cableado de instalacin permanente y el cableado temporal (por ejemplo,
cables de conexin, cables del equipo, patch cords). Adems, los sistemas de
contencin separados pueden ser obligados para separar los cables de
conexin de fibra ptica y de los cables del equipo de otros tipos de cables.
Respete la aplicacin de los cdigos, normas, reglamentos, resoluciones AHJ y
directrices de los fabricantes en cuanto a la idoneidad de los sistemas de
contencin para los lugares en los que se colocan y el tipo de cableado que se
encuentra en el sistema de contencin. Por ejemplo, algunos tipos de sistemas
de contencin no pueden ser adecuados para uso en sistemas de piso de
acceso o en los espacios de techo.
La ubicacin de la contencin del cable debe ser coordinada con la ubicacin
de otros sistemas del DATA CENTER. Por ejemplo, bandejas de cables
elevados debern ser coordinados con la ubicacin de las luces y los
aspersores contra incendios.
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Racks y Gabinetes
Qu tipo y tamao se utilizar?

Se utilizan racks (sin paredes o puertas) o gabinetes (con paredes o puertas)?
Las puertas sern slidas, con ventilacin o ventilacin asistida? Asegrese
de que los gabinetes proporcionen una ventilacin adecuada para el equipo
cerrado. Gabinetes sin refrigeracin asistida por ventilador deben tener puertas
con al menos 63 por ciento de apertura.
Los gabinetes y racks tienen suficiente capacidad de carga y la capacidad
fsica para soportar el equipo previsto y cableado asociado?
Los gabinetes y racks tiene organizadores de cable horizontal y vertical
adecuados para todo el cableado que se espera? La capacidad prevista de la
gestin de los cables debe ser 40 por ciento en rea de seccin transversal de
los cables. El Tendido de cableado en el gabinete no debe bloquear el flujo de
aire dentro y fuera del equipo y debe proporcionar un acceso adecuado para
reparar el equipo, incluyendo el reemplazo de los componentes
intercambiables en caliente (por ejemplo, tarjetas, bandejas de ventiladores).
Los Blanking panel deben ser instalados en los espacios vacos de racks /
gabinetes para apoyar la estrategia de pasillo caliente y fra.
La altura del techo puede obstaculizar la estrategia de enfriamiento.
La altura del techo y la presencia de luces de techo, rociadores, bandejas de
cables elctricos, conductos, vigas y otras estructuras pueden limitar la
seleccin de racks y gabinetes, as como las vas de cableado planificadas.
Los gabinetes y racks proporcionan conexin a tierra adecuada (puesta a
tierra) para el equipo, el cableado y la estructura de los gabinetes / racks?
Qu color?
Se ha decidido la disposicin de racks y gabinetes en la sala de informtica
de equipos?
Los pasillos entre gabinetes / racks deben ser lo suficientemente amplios para
permitir la instalacin y servicio tcnico del equipo y el cableado.
La iluminacin debe estar ubicada sobre los pasillos en lugar de sobre los
gabinetes y racks. Los niveles de iluminacin deben cumplir con los requisitos
de la norma aplicable (por ejemplo, ANSI/TIA-942 o ISO / IEC 14763-2 ).
Cmo entran / salen los cables de los racks y gabinetes de equipo?
Estn los cables manejados vertical y / o horizontal, frontal y / o hacia atrs?
Es autnomo el gabinete para la refrigeracin?
154

Est el armario con llave y seguro?
El gabinete proporciona el apoyo o la integracin con la solucin de monitoreo
ambiental en el data center?
El gabinete soporta ventilacin lateral para el equipo?
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10.
Arquitectura de TI en DC I
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Captulo 10
Arquitectura de TI en DC I
11. Desafos del Gerente TI en el Data Center, Arquitecturas

de Almacenamiento y Servidores
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Captulo 11
Desafos del Gerente TI en el Data Center,

Arquitecturas de Almacenamiento y
Servidores
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12.
Desafos de TI
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Captulo 12
Desafos de TI
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13.
Arquitectura de Redes
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Captulo 13
Arquitectura de Redes
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14.
Arquitectura de Servidores y Almacenamiento
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Captulo 14
Arquitectura de Servidores y
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15.
Sistemas de Potencia en DC I
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Captulo 15
Sistemas de Potencia en DC I
16.
Sistemas de Potencia, Planificacin
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Sistemas de Potencia,
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17.
Requisitos, Topologa, Sistemas de respaldo
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Requisitos, Topologa,
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18. Fundamentos del Sistema de Distribucin de Energa:

Suministro, Subestacin, ATS, UPS y Bateras.
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Captulo 17
Fundamentos del Sistema de Distribucin de

Energa: Suministro, Subestacin, ATS, UPS y
Bateras.

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PDU, Sala de Cmputo, Equipos Mecnicos, Sistemas de

Puesta a Tierra.
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Captulo 18
Fundamentos del Sistema de Distribucin de

Energa: PDU, Sala de Cmputo, Equipos
Sistemas
de Puesta
a Tierra. de Energa:
19. Mecnicos,
Fundamentos
del Sistema
de Distribucin
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FUNDAMENTOS DEL

Fundamentos del Data Center

Diseo de Data Center

Av. San Luis 1771

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Arquitectura de TI en DC I ________________________________ 158

11. Desafos del Gerente TI en el Data Center, Arquitecturas de

Desafos de TI __________________________________________ 162

Arquitectura de Redes ___________________________________ 169

Arquitectura de Servidores y Almacenamiento _______________ 215

Sistemas de Potencia en DC I _____________________________ 252

Sistemas de Potencia, Planificacin ________________________ 253

Requisitos, Topologa, Sistemas de respaldo ________________ 276

18. Fundamentos del Sistema de Distribucin de Energa: Suministro,

Fundamentos del Data Center

1. Introduccin al Diseo de Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Es importante reconocer todas las operaciones y disciplinas relacionadas con

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Ubicacin fsica y problemas de arquitectura

Fundamentos del Data Center

La deteccin de fuego y humo, alarma y supresin

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

4. Tipos de Data Center

Tipos de Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

5. Proceso de Diseo y Construccin

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center

Fundamentos del Data Center