Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF INDIA
ABHA CHHABRA
INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION
GCP WORKSHOP
REGIONAL CARBON BUDGETS: FROM METHODOLOGIES TO QUANTIFICATION
BEIJING, CHINA
NOVEMBER 17, 2004
OUTLINE
Introduction
National Circumstances
Preliminary Assessments
Agroecosystem C Cycle
Forest Ecosystem C cycle
Estimation of Net Primary Productivity and Burnt Area detection
Anthropogenic C Emissions
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Carbon (C) Cycle is central to the Earth System
National-level C budgets are needed under UNFCCC
--to assess national contributions to sources and sinks of CO2
--evaluate the processes that control CO2 accumulation in atmosphere
Vegetation
~ 500
Soils and Detritus ~ 2, 000
~ 2, 500
Air/ Sea
Exchange ~ 90
Runoff ~ 0.8
Sedimentation ~ 0.2
(IPCC, 2000)
NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
-- 7th largest country covering ~329 Mha (2.4%) of worlds total land area
-- Supports 16.4% of worlds human population
-- Largest livestock population with only 0.5% of the worlds grazing area
--Agricultural landuse is major land utilization followed by forest area
Parameters
India
World
329
1035
196
166
50
67.55
14930
6300
1320
1362
255
4081.5
India's
%
Rank
Share
2.4
Seventh
16.4
Second
14.8
First
12.2
Second
19.6
First
2.3
Fifteenth
--For 1980
Hingane (1991)
Total phytomass pool*: 3.02 PgC (*estimate refer to 284.9 Mha of land surface only)
NPP
: 1.24 PgC/yr
--For 1985
Using RS-based LU/LC inventories and regional /global C densities & fluxes
AGROECOSYSTEM C CYCLE
Significant role as ~half of the total land area is arable
Used book-keeping approach and secondary data on crop production, human and
livestock census and trade (export/import) statistics for India
Significant linear relationship of crop NPP with irrigated fraction (R2 = 0.92)
Improved Crop biomass partitioning into EP, AGR and BGR pools
Human and livestock biomass C pools increased by 83% & 64%, respectively
between 1951-1981/82
Dadhwal et al. (1994, 1996)
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
ATMOSPHERE
O
U
T
S
I
D
E
INSIDE INDIA
AGRO
ECOSYSTEM
CROPS
12.4/ 34.4
89.8/243.9
40.3/129
BGR
AGR
ECB
58.1
150.9
IMP
4.71/7.05
EXP
I
N
D
I
A
TgC^
142.5/406.9
LS
.006
.009
18.18
47.40
26.3/80.1
Burnt FYM
Mulch
0.65
2.05
2
2.7/6.9
23.2/76.1
2.44
5.99
1. FEED &
FODDER,
GRAZING
S
T
O
R
ATMOSPHERE
2. FUEL
FUELWOOD
3. STORAGE
POOL WOOD
PRODUCTS
F
U
E
L
BIOME.
CULT.
HUMANS
SOIL POOL
8.3*
20.9 1
10.9
38.7
Other
Ecosystems
4. HUMAN
CONSUP.
FISH CATCH
5
-EC
^TgC = 1012gC
5. SOIL
NPP (t/ha)
R2 = 0.92
2
15
20
25
30
35
40
IGPR (India)
160
140
120
100
1901 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
Year
Bihar
U.P
Haryana
W.B
Punjab
INDIA
Irrigation Intensity %
180
AGROECOSYSTEM INPUTS
Cropping Intensity %
200
160
120
80
40
0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 1995
Year
Bihar
Haryana
Punjab
U.P
W.B
INDIA
Haryana
W.B
Punjab
INDIA
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL
INTENSIFICATION ON AGROECOSYSTEM CROP NPP
-1
20
16
12
8
4
0
1901
1951
1961 1971
Year
Bihar
Punjab
West Bengal
20
20
Crop biomass and NPP estimated using crop area, production, moisture
fraction, and harvest index (Dadhwal et al., 1995)
16
12
8
4
0
0
40
80
120
160
-1
200
1981
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Dadhwal
and
Chhabra
(2002)
16
12
8
4
0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
1991
Sensors (Optical,
Radars) on board
satellite platforms
ATMOSPHERE
EARTH STATION
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
FOREST COVER
67.55 Mha or
20.5% of GA
SFR, 2001
Forest Cover Assessment by
Forest Survey of India
Data Used
Methodology
PD =
GS DEN CC RC EF
Data Used
--RS-based forest area by major forest types (FSI, 1987)
--Indian forest studies
location, forest type, soil type, depth of profile, Organic C %,
soil texture (sand & clay %), soil bulk density (if reported)
Methodology
Soil Bulk Density =
100
(/ 0) + (100-/m)
: % by weight of organic matter
0: average bulk density of organic matter (0.224 g/ cm3)
m : mineral bulk density (g/ cm3)
[Adams, 1973]
[Rawls, 1983]
Estimated Soil OC densities added for top 50 cm, and top 1m soil
Database classified into 16 major forest types [Champion & Seth, 1968]
grouped into 7 major forest types.
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
Area
(Mha)
Soil C density
(tC/ha)
N
Soil OC pool
(PgC)*
Mean (+ S.E)
Mean (+ S.E)
Top 50 cm N
Top 1 m
Mean (+ S.E)
Top 50 cm
Top 1 m
T-Ever.
7.77
36
90.7(+7.7)
29
139 (15)
0.7(+0.1)
1.0(+ 0.1)
Mon.Temp.
6.43
25 73.4(+10.4)
32
162 (19)
0.5(+0.1)
1.0(+0.1)
T-M. Dec.
23.7
34
73.2(+ 5)
58
112 (8)
1.7(+0.1)
2.6(0.2)
T.D. Dec.
20.0
35 37.5(+ 3.4)
17
69.9 (10)
0.7(0.1)
1.4(0.2)
0.40
15
0.04(+0.0)
T-D. Ever.
0.14
0.01(+0.01)
0.01(+0.0)
ST-Mont.
5.8
0.4(+0.0)
0.6(+0.1)
4.13 (+0.4)
6.81 (+0.7)
Total
64.20 175
92.1(+9.4)
136
*Tropical Evergreen, Montane Temperate, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dr Deciduous, Littoral and Swamp,
Tropical Dry Evergreen, Subtropical Montane
GCP WORKSHOP NOVEMBER 15-18, 2004
N= number of observations
Data Used
--RS-based forest area by major forest types [FSI, 1987]
--Indian forest studies (location, forest type, total and leaf litterfall)
Methodology
--Database classified into 16 forest types [Champion and Seth, 1968]
--Grouped into 7 major forest types
--Litterfall C flux = Mean litterfall x forest area x 0.45
Results
Mean Litterfall : 5.7 (T), 3.9 (L) t/ha/yr (MTF)8.9 (T),6.4 (L) t/ha/yr (TMDF)
NF (35)
25 (74)
50 (147)
75 (44)
100 (53)
>100 (33)
10
8
160
120
80
Litterfall (t/ha/yr)
40
Soil OC (t/ha)
ST Mont.
Tr. D. Everg
Mont. Temp.
Litt. &
Swamp
Tr. D. Decid
Tr. M. Decid
Tr. Everg
FOREST TYPE
Spatial Distribution of
Forest Phytomass C Density
Chhabra et al., 2002
t/ha
200
Phytomass C density
(1988)
PER HA
PER HA
T
M
O
LAND
AREA
CLEARED
VEG. RESPONSE
S
P
BIOMASS
LEFT/HA
LIVE
DEAD
H
SOIL RESPONSE
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-101880
1900
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
Central
Northeast
1920
Northwest
South
East
India
50
30
10
-101880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
North west
South
2000
110
80
50
20
-10
Year
Central
North east
140
Net C flux (MtC)
110
1880
East
India
1900
Run 1
1920
1940
Run 2Year
1960
Run 3
1980
Run 4
70
60
50
SAC 2004
40
30
Net Primary Productivity Image over Indian subcontinent (June 1998May 1999)
20
10
Month
East
NorthEast
Central
Peninsula
Islands
WestRegion1
M ay, 99
A pril, 99
M arch, 99
Feb, 99
Jan, 99
D ec, 98
Nov, 98
O ct, 98
Sept, 98
A ug, 98
July, 98
0
June, 98
80
NorthWest
WestRegion2
60
50
40
30
20
10
May, 01
60
May, 99
April, 99
March, 99
Feb, 99
Jan, 99
Dec, 98
Nov, 98
0.0
Oct, 98
0.1
0.0
Sept, 98
0.2
Aug, 98
0.2
July, 98
0.4
Punjab NPP
Punjab NDVI
Month
Forest (1998-99)
Crop (1998-99)
M ay
0.6
20
A p r il
0.3
M arc h
0.4
0.8
NDVI
0.5
1.0
Central India
40
F eb
0.6
16.00
1:1 line
J an
1.4
June, 98
NPP
D ec
0.7
1.2
NPP (tC/ha)
4.00
8.00
12.00
Ground-based crop NPP (tC/ha/yr)
N ov
0.8
1.6
INDIA NPP
INDIA NDVI
0.00
O ct
1.8
Month
0.00
WestRegion2
LAND
LAND COVER
COVER RELATED
RELATED VARIATIONS
VARIATIONS
NW NPP
NW NDVI
4.00
NorthWest
WestRegion1
NE NPP
NE NDVI
8.00
Sept
April, 01
Feb, 01
Jan, 01
Dec, 01
Islands
R= 0.58
Aug
Month
12.00
J u ly
Peninsula
16.00
J une
Central
NorthEast
March, 01
East
Nov, 01
Oct, 01
Sept, 01
Aug, 00
July, 00
Year 2000-01
70
VALIDATION
VALIDATION AT
AT DISTRICT-LEVEL
DISTRICT-LEVEL
N e t P rim a ry
p ro d u c t io n ( T g C )
80
June, 00
INTER-ANNUAL
INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY
VARIABILITY
Forest (2000-01)
Crop (2000-01)
January-March
April-June
July-September
October-December
Fire in more than 1 season
800
20
Month
200
D ec
N ov
O ct
Sept
Aug
J uly
J une
M ay
April
M arc h
0
F eb
Month
Nov
Dec
Oct
Aug
Sept
July
June
Forest
Cropland
400
40
Jan
600
60
May
INDIA
J an
Month
B u rn t A rea (000 h a)
Nov
Dec
Oct
Aug
Sept
July
June
May
April
March
Feb
SPOT-4 VGT
April
SAC 2004
200
80
Feb
400
100
March
Western Region
Jan
600
WESTERN REGION
ANTHROPOGENIC C EMISSIONS
India is a party to UNFCCC as a non-annex I country
Recent estimate
Using Revised 1996 IPCC guidelines, national GHG inventory was
estimated for year 1994 [NATCOM, 2004]
Aggregate emissions
793 Tg CO2, 18.1 Tg CH4, 0.17 Tg N2O or total 1228 Tg (CO2 equivalent)
Sectoral Contributions
Energy sector (61%), Agriculture sector (28%), Industrial sector (8%),
Waste disposal (2%), LU/LUCF (1%)
Coal combustion dominant source (~64%) among energy emissions
1000
100
10
LIGNITE
NATURAL GAS
CEM ENT
1
0.1
PETROLEUM
0.01
0.001
0.0001
18601880 19001920 19401960 1980
YEAR
TgC
COAL
Land utilization statistics (govt. records) in India reflect only legal status, no
categories having bearing on C stocks
Forestry & LU change emissions: 0.40 TgC for 1990 (ALGAS, 1999)
1:50000 scale
entire country
Digital database
Input to MRD for
development
RISAT
C-band SAR; 3-50 m
Multi-Pol; Multi mode
CARTOSAT-2
PAN 1.0 m, 11km
OCEANSAT-II
SCAT, OCM
MEGHA-TROPIQUES
SAPHIR, SCARAB &
MADRAS
METSAT-1
VHRR 2 Km(vis);
8 Km(IR & WV)
IRS-P5(Cartosat-1)
PAN-2.5M, 30 km, F/A
CURRENT &
FUTURE ......
IRS-P6(Resourcesat-1)
LISS III - 23M ; 140 Km; 4Xs
LISS IV - 5.8M ; 3Xs
Multi-Spectral high resolution data
useful for resource monitoring
AWiFS - 60M; 740 Km
Regional landcover mapping and
monitoring, Vegetation Index
INSAT-3A
VHRR 2 Km(vis);
8 Km(IR & WV)
CCD 1 Km
INSAT-3D
19 Ch. Sounder
6 Ch. Imager
A T M O S P H E R E
142.5/407 Tg C
NPP
(1950-51/1989-90)
Net C flux
(deforestation
&
degradation)
0.05 Pg C/yr
AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Energy &
industry
flux
173
Tg C/yr
600
500
300
2
Biomass
NPP
200
100
0
1950
Leaf Litterfall
flux
400
1960
1970
1980
Year
153+13 Tg C/yr
Litter pool
390-410 TgC
209 + 18 TgC/yr
Soil
1990
0
2000
Cumulative C emission
(1901-1990) :3.5 PgC
Crop biomass
production (MtC)
CONCLUSION
Major estimates for India:
Total phytomass (3.8-4.3 PgC), Soil Organic Carbon (6.8 PgC)
litterfall C flux (209 + 18 TgC/yr)
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Chhabra, A., Dadhwal, V.K. (2004). Assessment of major pools and fluxes of carbon
in Indian forests. Climatic Change, 64: 341-360.
Chhabra, A., Palria, S., Dadhwal, V.K. (2003). Soil organic carbon pool in Indian
forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 173(1-3): 187-199.
Chhabra, A., Palria, S. and Dadhwal, V.K. (2002). Spatial distribution of phytomass
carbon pool in Indian forests. Global Change Biology, 8(12): 1230-1239
Chhabra, A., Palria, S. and Dadhwal, V.K. (2002). Growing stock based forest
biomass estimate for Indian forests. Biomass and Bioenergy, 22(3): 187-194.
Dadhwal, V.K. and Chhabra, A. (2002). Landuse/ landcover change in IndoGangetic plains: cropping pattern and agroecosystem carbon cycle. In: Abrol,
Y.P., Sangwan, S., and Tiwari, M.K. (eds.), Landuse Change Historical
Perspectives: Focus on Indo-Gangetic Plains, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., pp.
249-276.
Coming
Coming Together is a Beginning
Keeping Together is Progress
Working Together is Success
Success
- Anonymous
abha@sac.isro.org