N NH, TON NH V SONG NH TRONG CC BI TON V

PHNG TRNH HM
TRN NGC THNG
GV THPT CHUYN VNH PHC
I. M U
Ton hc khng phi l mt quyn sch ch gi gn gia nhng t ba
m ngi ta ch cn kin nhn c ht ni dung, ton hc cng khng phi l
mt vng m qu m ngi ta ch cn c thi gian khai thc; ton hc cng
khng phi l mt cnh ng s b bc mu v nhng v thu hoch; ton hc
cng khng phi l lc a hay i dng m ta c th v chng li c. Ton
hc khng c nhng gii hn nh khng gian m trong n cm thy qu
cht chi cho nhng kht vng ca n; kh nng ca ton hc l v hn nh
bu tri y cc v sao; ta khng th gii hn ton hc trong nhng quy tc hay
nh ngha v n cng ging nh cuc sng lun lun tin ha.
Sylvester
Vic quan trng l khng ngng suy ngh. Tnh t m c l do ring ca
n. Con ngi s b lo s khi suy ngm v cc b n ca v tn, i sng, v cu
trc tuyt vi ca thc t. Nu ngi ta mi ngy ch thu hiu mt cht v
nhng b n ny, th cng . Hy ng bao gi mt i s t m thing ling
Abert Einstein
C th ni ton hc l khoa hc ca mi khoa hc, ton hc l cng c ca
cc mn hc khc, ton hc c vai tr rt quan trng trong i sng thc tin. Do
cc lnh vc ca ton hc c quan tm c bit. Ton hc bao gm nhiu lnh
vc khc nhau v n u c vai tr v tm nh hng khc nhau trong ton hc.
Mt trong nhng lnh vc rt quan trng trong ton hc l lnh vc lin quan
n hm s, c th ni hm s xut hin v ng vai tr quan trng trong cc lnh
vc ca ton hc nh: gii tch, hnh hc, xc sut, phng php tnh, ton ng
dng...Trong cc lnh vc lin quan n hm s th cc khi nim v n nh, ton
nh v song nh ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Chnh v vy m cc bi ton v
hm s lin quan n song nh thng xut hin trong hu ht cc thi olimpiad
ca cc nc, khu vc v quc t. Cc bi tp loi ny thng rt a dng v
phng php gii, v mc kh, tnh mi m. V vy phn chia thnh cc
dng ton c th l rt kh khn. Tuy nhin trong bi vit ny ti c gng a ra
mt s bi tp vi mt s phng php gii tng ng. Do trnh v thi gian c
hn bi vit khng th trnh khi nhng sai st v mt ni dung v hnh thc trnh

by, ti rt mong mun nhn c cc kin ng gp t cc thy c gio v cc

em hc sinh.
Phng trnh quan trng hn chnh tr, v chnh tr cho hin i cn
phng trnh cho vnh cu
Abert Einstein

Vnh Yn, thng 07-2011

Trn Ngc Thng

II. NI DUNG
A. PHN L THUYT
1. nh x
1.1. nh ngha. Mt nh x f t tp X n tp Y l mt quy tc t tng ng mi
phn t x ca X vi mt (v ch mt) phn t ca Y. Phn t ny c gi l nh
ca x qua nh x f v c k hiu l f(x).
(i) Tp X c gi l tp xc nh ca f. Tp hp Y c gi l tp gi tr ca f.
(ii) nh x f t X n Y c k hiu l
f : X Y
x a y f x

(iii) Khi X v Y l cc tp s thc, nh x f c gi l mt hm s xc nh trn X

(iv) Cho a X , y Y . Nu f a y th ta ni y l nh ca a v a l nghch nh ca y
qua nh x f.
(v) Tp hp Y y Y x X , y f x gi l tp nh ca f. Ni cch khc, tp nh
f X l tp hp tt c cc phn t ca Y m c nghch nh.

2. n nh, ton nh, song nh

2.1. nh ngha. nh x f : X Y c gi l n nh nu vi a X , b X m
a b th f a f b , tc l hai phn t phn bit s c hai nh phn bit.
2

T nh ngha ta suy ra nh x f l n nh khi v ch khi vi a X , b X m

f a f b , ta phi c a b .
2.2. nh ngha. nh x f : X Y c gi l ton nh nu vi mi phn t y Y
u tn ti mt phn t x X sao cho y f x . Nh vy f l ton nh nu v ch
nu Y f X .
2.3. nh ngha. nh x f : X Y c gi l song nh nu n va l n nh
va l ton nh. Nh vy nh x f : X Y l song nh nu v ch nu vi mi
y Y , tn ti v duy nht mt phn t x X y f x .
3. nh x ngc ca mt song nh
3.1. nh ngha. nh x ngc ca f, c k hiu bi f 1 , l nh x t Y n X
gn cho mi phn t y Y phn t duy nht x X sao cho y f x . Nh vy
f 1 x y f x y

3.2. Ch . Nu f khng phi l song nh th ta khng th nh ngha c nh x

ngc ca f. Do ch ni n nh x ngc khi f l song nh.
4. nh x hp
4.1. nh ngha. Nu g : A B v f : B C v g A B th nh x hp
f og : A C c xc nh bi

K hiu

f og a f g a .

p n p o p o... o p
1 42 43 .
n

5. Mt s k hiu
: Tp cc s t nhin
* : Tp cc s nguyn dng
: Tp cc s hu t
: Tp cc s hu t dng
: Tp cc s nguyn
: Tp cc s nguyn dng
: Tp cc s thc
: Tp cc s thc dng.
3

B. PHN BI TP MINH HA
BI T11/409 (THTT, THNG 07-2011). Tm tt c cc hm s f : , lin
tc trn v tha mn iu kin
f xy f x y f xy x f y , x, y .
(1)
LI GII
Thay y 1 vo (1) ta c:
f x f x 1 f 2 x f 1 , x
(2)
f x f x 1 f 2 x f 1

f x f x 1 f 2 x f 1 f x 1 f x 2 f 2 x 2
f 2 x 2 f 2 x f x 2 f x , x .

Do ta thu c:
x
x
x
x

2 f ... f
2 f k , k 1
k
2
2
2
2

x
x
f x 2 f x lim f k 2 f
f 2 f 0 . T suy ra:
k
k

2
2
f x 2 f x f 2 f 0 , x
f x 2 f x f

(3)

Vi n l s nguyn dng v ng thc (3) ta thu c:

f x 2n f x 2n 2 f 2 f 0

f x 2n 2 f x 2n 4 f 2 f 0

..............

f x 2 f x f 2 f 0

Cng tng v cc ng thc trn ta c:

Tng t ta c:

f x 2n n f 2 f 0 f x , n 1, x

(4)

f x 2n 1 n f 2 f 0 f x 1 , n 1, x

(5)

Thay y 2n vo (1) v kt hp vi ng thc (4) ta c:

f

2n 1 x f 2n f 2nx f x 2n f 2n 1 x f 2nx f x 2n f 2n
f 2n 1 x f 2nx n f 2 f 0 f x 1 n f 2 f 0 f 1
f 2n 1 x f 2nx f x f 0

Tng t ta c ng thc:

f 2nx f

2n 1 x f x 1 f 1

T cc ng thc (6) v (7) ta c:

f 2nx f

2n 1 x f x 1 f 1
4

(6)
(7)

2n 1 x f 2n 2 x f x f 0
..............

f 2 x f x f x 1 f 1

Cng tng v cc ng thc trn ta c:

f 2nx f x n f x 1 f 1 n 1 f x f 0

f 2nx n f x f x 1 f 1 n 1 f 0 . Kt hp vi ng thc (2) ta c:

f 2nx nf 2 x n 1 f 0 , x f nx nf x n 1 f 0 , x

(8)

Trong (8) thay n 2, x 1 ta c:

f 2 2 f 1 f 0 2 f 1 f 0 f 2 f 0 f 0 f 1 f 1 2 f 0 f 1

t a f 1 f 0 ; b f 0 . Khi vi mi s nguyn dng n v t ng thc (8)

ta c:
f n nf 1 n 1 f 0 an b
1

f n. nf
n

1

f n. nf
n

1

n 1 f 0 f
n

1

n 1 f 0
n

1
1
a b
n
n
1
1
f a b
n
n

Vi mi s hu t r lun biu din di dng r

m
, trong m * , n nn
n

theo ng thc (8) v cc ng trn ta c:

1
m

1
f r f m. mf n 1 f 0 a b ar b f r ar b
(9)
n
n

n
Vi mi x , tn ti dy s hu t xn hi t n x nn t ng thc (9) v tnh
lin tc ca f suy ra f x ax b . Th li thy tha mn.

Bi 1 (IMO 1988). Tm tt c cc hm f : * * tha mn ng thc:

f f m f n m n ,
vi mi m, n * .
Li gii. Thay m n vo ng thc trn ta c f 2 f n 2n (1), v t ng thc
ny ta c: nu f n1 f n2 f f n1 f f n2 2n1 2n2 n1 n2 hay suy ra f
l n nh.
Ta c 2n n 1 n 1 n n f f n 1 f n 1 f f n f n , v do f l n
nh nn f n 1 f n 1 2 f n , n 2 (2).
T ng thc (2) ta c:
f n f n 1 f n 1 f n 2 ... f 2 f 1 a ,
suy ra
5

f n f 1 n 1 a an b ; trong b f 1 a .

Thay f n an b vo phng trnh ban u ta c a 1, b 0 .

*
Vy f n n, n .
Nhn xt. Bng cch lm tng t bi trn ta gii c cc bi tp sau:
Bi 2 (Canada 2008). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn ng thc:
f 2 f x f y 2x y ,
Vi mi x, y .
Bi 3 (M rng Canada 2008). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn ng
thc:
f 2 f x f y 2x y ,
Vi mi x, y .
Bi 4 (Balkan MO 2009). K hiu * l tp hp cc s nguyn dng. Tm tt c
cc hm f : * * tha mn ng thc:
f f 2 m 2 f 2 n m 2 2n 2 ,
Vi mi m, n *.
Li gii. Nu m1 , m2 * sao cho
f m1 f m2 f f 2 m1 2 f 2 n f f 2 m2 2 f 2 n m12 2n 2 m22 2n 2 , suy
ra m1 m2 hay f l n nh.
D thy vi mi n * , n 3 ta c:
2
2
2
2
n 2 2 n 1 n 2 2 n 1 .
T ng thc kt hp vi phng trnh cho ta c:
f f 2 n 2 2 f 2 n 1 f f 2 n 2 2 f 2 n 1 ,
do f l n nh nn ta c:
f 2 n 2 2 f 2 n 1 f 2 n 2 2 f 2 n 1
(1)
T ng thc (1) ta c:
f 2 n 2 2 f 2 n 1 f 2 n f 2 n 1 2 f 2 n f 2 n 1 ...
f 2 3 2 f 2 2 f 2 1 a.

 f 2 n f 2 n 1 f 2 n 1 f 2 n 2 a
f 2 n 1 f 2 n 2 f 2 n 2 f 2 n 3 a
....

n f n 1 f 2 2 f 2 1 a n 2
f 2 n 1 f 2 n 2 f 2 2 f 2 1 a n 3

....
f

2 f 1
2

f 2 2 f 2 1

Cng tng v ca cc ng thc trn ta c:

f 2 n f 2 1 n 1 f 2 2 f 2 1
2
T ng thc (2) ta suy ra f n c dng:

a n 1 n 2
2

f 2 n bn 2 cn d .
Mt khc phng trnh ban u cho m n ta c:
f 3 f 2 n 3n 2

(2)
(3)
(4)

T (3) v (4) ta thu c b 1, c d 0 . Vy f n n , vi mi n * .

Nhn xt. Bng cch lm tng t ta gii c bi ton sau:
Bi 5 (HSG Lp 10 Vnh Phc 2011). K hiu ch tp hp cc s t nhin. Gi
s f : l hm s tha mn cc iu kin f 1 0 v

f m 2 2n 2 f m 2 f n ,
2

vi mi m, n . Tnh cc gi tr ca f 2 v f 2011 .

Bi 6 (Indonesia TST 2010). Xc nh tt c cc s thc a sao cho c mt hm s

f : tha mn:
x f y af y f x ,

vi mi x, y .
Li gii.
D thy nu a 0 khng tha mn. Do a 0 , thay y 0 vo ng thc trn ta
c:
f f x

x f 0
a

(1)

T ng thc (1) suy ra f l mt ton nh nn tn ti x sao cho f x 0 . Khi

t phng trnh ban u ta c:
x f y af y x a 1 f y , vi mi y
(2)
T ng thc (2) th s xy ra a 1 hoc f y const .
7

+) Nu f y const th khng tha mn phng trnh ban u.

+) Nu a 1 th ly f x x , vi mi x tha mn bi ton. Vy a 1 .
Bi 7 (MEMO 2009). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn ng thc:
f xf y f f x f y yf x f x f y ,
Vi mi x, y .
Li gii
+) Nu f x 0 vi mi x , th vo phng trnh cho ta thy tha mn.
+) Nu tn ti a sao cho f a 0 . Khi vi y1 , y2 sao cho f y1 f y2 ,
t phng trnh trn thay x bi a v y ln lt bi y1 , y2 ta c:
f af y1 f f a f y1 y1 f a f a f y1 (1)
v
f af y2 f f a f y2 y2 f a f a f y2 (2).
T (1) v (2) ta c y1 f a y2 f a y1 y2 . Vy f l mt n nh.
Thay x 0, y 1 vo phng trnh ta c: f 0 f f 0 f 1 f 0 f f 1 ,
s dng f l n nh ta c f 0 0 .
Mt khc thay y 0 v phng trnh v s dng f 0 0 ta c:
f xf 0 f f x f 0 0. f x f x f 0

f f x f x f x x,

Vy f x 0, x hoc f x x, x .

Bi 8 (T11/407 THTT thng 5 - 2011). Tm tt c cc hm s f xc nh trn tp

, ly gi tr trong v tha mn phng trnh
f x y f y f f x 2y ,
vi mi s thc x, y .
Li gii.
+) Cho y 0 ta c f f x f x f 0
(1)
+) Ta chng minh f l n nh. Tht vy nu y1 , y2 sao cho f y1 f y2
(2).
T (1) v (2) ta c f f y1 f f y2 f y1 f 0 f y2 f 0
(3).
Cho x f 0 f ( y ) thay vo phng trnh cho ta c

f f 0 f y y f y f f f 0 f y 2 y

f y f 0 f f f 0 f y 2 y

(4)

T (4) ln thay y bi y1 , y2 ta c

f y f 0 f f f 0 f y 2 y

f y1 f 0 f f f 0 f y1 2 y1
2

T hai ng thc ny kt hp vi (2) v (3) ta c y1 y2 . Vy f l mt n nh.

Do t (1) ta c f x x f 0 th li thy tha mn.
Bi 9 (IRAN TST 2011). Tm tt c cc song nh f : sao cho:
f x f x 2 f y f 2x f 2 y ,
Vi mi x, y .(42)
Li gii.
Do f l mt ton nh nn vi mi x tn ti t sao cho f t

x f x
x.
2

Khi thay vo phng trnh ban u ta c:

f 2 x f 2 x f 2t f 2t 0

(1)

Thay x y 2t vo phng trnh hm ban u v kt hp vi (1) ta c:

f 2t f 2t 2 f 2t 2 f 4t f 4t 0

T (1), (2) v do f l n nh nn ta c:
f 4t f 2t 4t 2t t 0

Vy f x x , vi mi x .

(2)

x f x
x 0 f x x .
2

Bi 10. Xt tt c cc hm n nh f : tha mn iu kin:

f x f x 2x ,
vi mi x . Chng minh rng hm s f x x l mt song nh.(19)
Li gii.
t g x f x x f x g x x . Khi t phng trnh ban u ta c:
g x f x x f x 2 x g g x g x 2x .
Do ta c
g g x g x 2 x, x

(1)
+) Ta chng minh g l n nh. Tht vy vi x1 , x2 sao cho g x1 g x2 suy ra
g g x1 g x1 g g x2 g x2 x1 x2 hay g l n nh.
+) Ta chng minh g l ton nh. Tht vy vi mi x ta c:
f x 2.

f x
f x
f x
f
f
f l mt n nh ta thu c:

2
v kt hp vi
2
2

f x
f x

f x
f
g
. ng thc ny chng t g l mt ton nh.
2
2
2

Do g l mt song nh hay f x x l mt song nh.

x

Bi 11. Xt tt c cc hm f , g , h : sao cho f l n nh v h l song nh

tha mn iu kin f g x h x , vi mi x .
Chng minh rng g x l mt hm song nh.
Li gii.
+) Ta chng minh g x l n nh. Tht vy vi x1 , x2 sao cho g x1 g x2 suy
ra f g x1 f g x2 h x1 h x2 x1 x2 (do h l mt song nh). T suy ra
g l mt n nh.
+) Ta chng minh g x l ton nh. Tht vy vi mi x v do h l mt song
nh nn tn ti y sao cho
f x h y f g y x g y (do f l n nh). T suy ra g l mt ton
nh.
Vy g x l mt hm song nh.
Bi 12. Xt tt c cc hm f : U 0 tha mn ng thi hai iu kin sau:

(i) f x y f x f y , vi mi x, y U 0

(ii) S phn t ca tp hp x f x 0, x U 0 l hu hn.

Chng minh rng f l mt hm n nh.(25)
Li gii.
Bng phng php quy np ta d dng ch ra c
f nx nf x , n * , x U 0
(1)
Thay x y 0 vo phng trnh ban u ta c f 0 0 f 0 f 0 f 0 0 .
Gi s x1 , x2 U 0 sao cho f x1 f x2 . Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi
s x1 x2 . Khi theo iu kin (i) ta c:
f x1 x2 f x2 f x1 f x1 x2 0
(2)
*
T (1) v (2) ta thu c: f n x1 x2 nf x1 x2 0 , vi mi n . T kt
hp vi iu kin (ii) ta suy ra x1 x2 . Vy f l mt hm n nh.

Bi 13 (Shortlist IMO 2002). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu kin:

f f x y 2x f f y x ,
vi mi x, y . .

10

Li gii.
+) Ta chng minh f l ton nh. Tht vy, thay y f x vo phng trnh ban
u ta c:
f 0 2 x f f f x x f f f x x f 0 2x ,
suy ra f l ton nh.
+) Do f l ton nh nn tn ti a sao cho f a 0.
+) Thay x a vo phng trnh ban u ta c:
f y 2a f f y a f f y a a f y a
(1)
+) Do f l ton nh nn vi mi x tn ti y sao cho x a f y . Do t
ng thc (1) ta thu c: x f x a f x x a, x . Th li ta thy tha
mn iu kin. Vy f x x a.
Bi 14. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:

f f x 2 f y f x y f y ,

vi mi x, y . (17)
Li gii.
Vi y1 , y2 sao cho f y1 f y2 f f x 2 f y1 f f x 2 f y2 suy ra
f x y1 f y1 f x y2 f y2 y1 y2 . Do f l mt song nh.
Thay y f x vo phng trnh ban u ta c:

f f x 2 f f x f f x

f x 2 f f x f x

f f x f x , x

Thay x f y vo phng trnh ban u ta c:

f f f y 2 f y f f y y f y

f f y f y y f y y , y

Suy ra f l mt ton nh.

Do vi mi x th tn ti t sao cho x f t . T ng thc (1) ta c:
f f t f t f x x, x . Vy f x x, x .
Bi 14. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:
(i) f f x y x f y , vi mi x, y
(ii) Vi mi x tn ti y sao cho f y x. (27)
Li gii.
11

(1)

Vi x1 , x2 sao cho f x1 f x2 nn t iu kin (i) ta c:

f f x1 y f f x2 y x1 f y x2 f y x1 x2 suy ra f l n nh.
Thay x y 0 vo phng trnh iu kin (i) ta c:
f f 0 f 0 f 0 0.

(1)

Thay y 0 vo phng trnh iu kin (i) v kt hp vi (1) ta c:

f f x x f 0 f f x x

Thay x bi f x trong phng trnh iu kin (i) v kt hp vi (2) ta c:

f f f x y f x f y f x y f x f y

(2)
(3)

Vi mi x 0 , tn ti y 0 sao cho x f y f f x y f x . T suy ra vi

mi x 0 th f x 0 .
Ta chng minh f l hm ng bin. Tht vy vi x1 , x2 , x1 x2 v kt hp vi
(3) ta c: f x1 f x1 x2 x2 f x1 x2 f x2 f x2 suy ra f l mt hm s
ng bin.
Do hm s f ng bin v ng thc (2) ta thu c: f x x, x .
Vy f x x, x .
Bi 14 (France 1995). Cho hm s f : * * l mt song nh. Chng minh rng
tn ti ba s nguyn dng a, b, c sao cho a b c v f a f c 2 f b .
Ta s chng minh bi ton tng qut hn bi ton trn.
Bi 15. Cho hm s f : * * l mt song nh. Chng minh rng tn ti bn s
nguyn dng a, b, c, d sao cho a b c d v f a f d f b f c .
Li gii.
Do f l mt song nh t * n * nn tn ti n sao cho f (1) f (n) .
M n * : f (1) f (n) l tp con khc rng ca * nn tn ti phn t nh nht
ca M, k hiu l b, b 1 v f (b) f (1) . Gi c l phn t nh nht ca tp M \ b ,
k hiu l c, 1 b c v f (c) f (1) . T f l song nh nn tn ti d * sao cho
f ( d ) f (b) f (c ) f (1) .
T ng thc trn suy ra f (d ) f (b), f (d ) f (c) d c b 1 . Do tn ti
a, b, c, d * sao cho a 1 b c d v f (a ) f (d ) f (b) f (c ) .

12

Bi 16 (THTT Thng 1/2011). Vi mi n * , k hiu an l s tt c cc song nh

f : 1, 2,3,..., n 1, 2,3,..., n tha mn iu kin vi mi k 1, 2,3,..., n th
f f k k .
1) Chng minh rng an l s chn vi mi n 2 .
2) Chng minh rng vi n 10 v nM3 th an an 9 M3 .
Chng minh. Ta c an bng tng ca s cc song nh tha mn f n n v s cc
song nh tha mn f n n . Ch rng vi f n n th f n 1, 2,3,..., n 1 nn
f n c n 1 cch chn. Do ta c ng thc sau:
an an 1 n 1 an 2 , n 2 , vi ch a0 a1 1 .
1) Bng quy np ta chng minh c ngay an l s chn vi mi n 2 .
2) T ng thc trn ta chng minh d dng ng thc:
an 2n 2 an 3 n n 3 an 4 , n 4

an an 3 2n 3 an 3 n n 3 an 4

an an 3 0 mod 3 nu n 0 mod 3 .

T ta suy ra:

an an 9 an an 3 an 3 an 6 an 6 an 9 0 mod 3 , n 10 .

Bi 16. Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu kin:

f x y f xy f f x y xy ,
vi mi s thc x, y .
(1)
Li gii.
Trc ht ta chng minh f l mt hm n nh. Tht vy, xt hai s a,b bt k.
Chn s sao cho s 2 4a; s 2 4b . Khi phng trnh
t 2 st a 0 c hai nghim pbit l t1 , t2
t 2 st b 0 c hai nghim pbit l t3 , t4
Trong (1) ln lt thay (x,y) bng (t1 , t2 );(t3 , t4 ) ta c:
f s f a f f s a

f s f b f f s b

T nu f (a) f (b) th a = b suy ra f n nh.

Thay y = 0 trong (1) ta c f x f 0 f f x f ( x ) x f (0) .
Vy f x x a , trong a l mt hng s.
C. PHN BI TP NGH

13

Bi 17. Tm tt c cc hm f : * * tha mn cc iu kin sau:

(i) f l ton nh;
(ii) m l c ca n khi v ch khi f m l c ca f n .
Bi 18. Tm tt c cc hm f : * * tha mn iu kin:
f m f n n f m 1 ,
*
vi mi m, n .
Bi 19 (CH Sc 2006). Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f f x y x f y 2006 ,
vi mi x, y .
Bi 20 (Rumani 1988). Cho f : * * l mt ton nh v g : * * l mt n
nh sao cho vi mi s nguyn dng n ta c f n g n . Chng minh rng
f g.

Bi 21 (IMO Shortlist 1995). Chng minh rng tn ti mt v ch mt hm s

f : * * sao cho vi mi s nguyn dng m, n ta c:
f m f n n f m 95 .
19

Tnh tng

f k .
k 1

Bi 22. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:

f x f x 2 y x f f x 2 f y ,

vi mi x, y . (9)
Bi 23 (Olimpiad o Balan 1997). Chng minh rng khng tn ti hm s
f : sao cho vi mi s nguyn x, y ta c f x f y f x y .
Bi 24. Xt tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f x f x y x f x 2 f y ,
vi mi x, y . Chng minh rng f l mt song nh. (8)
Bi 25. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f f x f y x f y f x y ,
vi mi x, y . (13)

Bi 26. Tm tt c cc hm f : U 0 U 0 tha mn iu kin:

f f x f y 2x f x y ,

vi mi x, y . (14)
Bi 27. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:

f x f x 2 f y x f x y f y ,

vi mi x, y . (15)
Bi 28 (Olimpic 30-04-2009). Cho hm s f : * * tha mn iu kin:
14

2009
m n
chia ht cho f m f n , vi mi m, n * . Chng minh rng
f 1 , f 2 , f 3 ,... lp thnh mt cp s cng vi cng sai dng.

Bi 29. C tn ti hay khng mt song nh tha mn iu kin:

f 1 f 2 ... f n Mn ,
vi mi s nguyn dng n .
Bi 30. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f x f x 2 y x f x 2 f y ,
vi mi x, y . Chng minh rng f 0 0. (11)
Bi 31. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f x f x 2 y x f y 2 f y ,
vi mi x, y . (10)
Bi 32. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f 2x 2 f y x f x y f y ,
vi mi x, y . (16)
Bi 33. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f x f x 2 f y 2x y f y ,
vi mi x, y . (20)
Bi 34. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f 2x 2 f y x f x 2 y ,
vi mi x, y . (22)

Bi 35. Tm tt c cc hm s f : U 0 tha mn iu kin:

x f x
y f x y ,
2

vi mi x, y U 0 (23).

Bi 36. Tm tt c cc hm s f : U 0 U 0 tha mn iu kin:

x f x
y f x y ,
2

vi mi x, y U 0 (24).
Bi 37. Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu kin:

f f f x f y z x f y f f z ,

vi mi x, y, z . (29)
Bi 38 (Morocco 2011). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu kin:
x 2 f y f y 2 f x f x yf x ,
vi mi x, y .

15

Bi 39. Tm tt c cc hm s f : U 0 U 0 tha mn iu kin:

f x f x 2 f y 2 f x y f y ,

vi mi x, y U 0 . (44)
Bi 40 (Shortlist IMO 2007). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu
kin:
f x f y f x y f y ,
vi mi x, y .
Bi 41 (Macedonia NMO 2008). Tm tt c cc hm n nh f : * * tha

n f n
, vi mi n * .
2
Bi 42 (Macedonia NMO 2007). Cho n l mt s t nhin chia ht cho 4. Xc
nh s song nh f : 1, 2,..., n 1, 2,..., n sao cho:

mn iu kin: f f n

f j f 1 j n 1 ,

vi mi j 1, 2,..., n.
Bi 43. Tm tt c cc hm s f : * * tha mn iu kin:
f f n 2n ,
vi mi s nguyn dng n .
Bi 44. Cho X l mt tp hu hn, cho cc song nh f , g : X X tha mn iu
kin vi mi x X ta c: f f x g g x hoc f g x g f x hoc c hai

u ng. Chng minh rng vi mi x X , ta c f f f x g g g x nu

f f g x g g g x .

Bi 45 (APMO 1989). Cho hm s f tng thc s , nhn gi tr thc trn tp cc

s thc. Gi s tn ti hm ngc f 1 . Tm tt c cc hm s f nh th sao cho
f x f 1 x 2 x , vi mi s thc x .
Bi 46. Cho cc hm s f , g : . Chng minh rng hm s f og khng l mt
ton nh.
Bi 47. Cho ton nh f : . Chng minh rng tn ti hai hm ton nh
g , h : sao cho f gh. .
Bi 48. Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu kin:
2
f xf x f y f x y ,
vi mi x, y .
Bi 49. Cho m n l hai s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng s cc ton nh
f : 1, 2,..., m 1, 2,..., n bng

n 1

1
k 0

Cnk n k .
m

16

Bi 50 (Shortlist 1996). Cho U l mt tp hp hu hn v cho f , g l cc ton

nh t U vo U . t
S U : f f g g , T U : f g g f ,
v gi s U S UT . Chng minh rng vi U , f S khi v ch khi g S .
Bi 51 (Shortlist 2009). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu kin:
f xf x y f yf x x 2 , vi mi s thc x v y .

17