Cow Keeping in India

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PltCCESSlNG-ONE
Lpl-F19G
U.B.C.
LIBRARY
THE LIBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Gift of
R.
MacMiUan
^J-^
mi
I
;
I
COW-KEEPING
IN INDIA.
A
Simple and Practical Book on their Care
and Treatment,
the
their various Breeds,
Means of rendering them
and
Profitable.
BY
ISA
TWEED,
AUTHOR OF "'poultry-keeping IN
INDIA.
WITH FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS.
SECOND EDITION.
CALCUTTA AND SIMLA
THACKER, SPINK &

London
W.
THACKER &
CO.,
1900.
[All Rig/its Reicr-ved.]
CO.
Creed
Lane, E.C.
PREFACE.
When
commenced keeping cows
often wished for a
simple and practical book on cattle and their care and
treatment in India, and
same wish expressed by

book
have frequently heard the
others.
If
had had such a
would have been saved a great deal
worry and
needless
loss.
There are
Europe
of
many books on
but though these
cattle
and their care in
books are a great help to
people in Europe, they are of no practical use to us in
The climate and
India.
soil
of
India are different from
those of England and other European countries, and the

cattle here
need different treatment.
Some books have
been published on Indian cattle, but the best of these
is
from being complete.
far
I
have for the past eighteen years kept
and
for
many
years
medical treatment.
books
have
myself
cows
undertaken
have also carefully read
could procure on cattle of
English and Indian.
my own
their
all
all descriptions,
the
both
PREFACE.
vi
The knowledge
service to others, so
what
may
it
my
herein give
be of some
experience for
be worth.
The method
for
may
have thus acquired
treatment that
herein recommend,
cows in health and sickness,
is
what
adopted
successfully
adhere
of
many
for
years.
homoeopathy, and in most cases
to
method
effectual
treatment
of
but
generally
the only
it is
many
in
have found the native remedies very
have most
cases I
efficacious.
do
not liesitate to prescribe the most effective remedy, be
homoeopathic or native medicine, or anything
As
on
have
cattle, their diseases
liave
tried
as
and treatment
much
as
possible
But
appearance of plagiarism.
two persons writing
it
and
Amongst the
life
were:
1st,
if
in the
wished
do
equal
it
for
me; 2nd,
fidelity.
As with
the
thing,
when
commenced
succeed in anything,
to
trust another person
must attend
otlier
same
same words.
must do the work myself and not

to
notes
impossible for any
is
things I learned
first
my
avoid even
to
subject like this, to avoid often saying the

it
in
one subject, and especially a
on
and sometimes saying
else.
have carefully read many books
said,
it
to
every detail with
matters in
life so
with the
keeping of cows, personal care and supervision, and the

strictest attention
success.
loss
The
least
to
details, are
absolutely essential to
negligence or delay will cause
and disappointment.
If
person
has
much
not
'
the
vn
PREFACE.
pets and live stock,
inclination or time to look after his
he should not attempt to keep any.
The busiest people need regular recreation from
Without
regular work.
it, it
impossible to maintain
is
The greatest minds
good health or mental equilibrium.
have experienced
rale
of
health.
this,
and
it
their
hazardous to ignore this
is
Some persons choose gardening
or
carpentry as a recreation, others, again, riding or some
game
But keeping cows
of sport.
a very healthful
is
and, at the same time, profitable pastime

I
have often thought,
if
more European and well-to-do
native families in India were to keep cows there would
be less disease, and less annoyance about procuring pure

milk, butter, and ghee, and there would also be a great
improvement
not take
it
much
careful study
I
how
am
to
time or money,
But
properly.
Keeping cows does
in the breed of cattle.
this
knowledge
is
to
do
not acquired without
and some experience.
convinced that very few persons

properly care for cattle
them when
how
one knows
if
sick.
when
Most people
cattle entirely to their
servants,
in
India
in
know
health, or treat
trust the care of their
and believe every word
the stupid and dishonest gowallah says.
have seen
niany splendid cows utterly spoiled, and a number die
from sheer neglect or mismanagement.

There are a number of good Veterinary Surgeons and
gentlemen practising medicine
in
every town, and
it
PREFACK.
viii
would be more economical in the end to consult the best

of
them than
to trust the stupid native servants.
TWEED.
ISA
1890.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
-^
It
is
gratifying to
know
this
book has been well received
by the public, and has been a help

persons.
to a large
In this the second edition
such corrections and additions

experience to be necessary.
tinue to do
its
number
have made only
as I find after fuither

trust this
book will con-
good work.
ISA TWEED.
1899.
of
CONTENTS.
......
BOOK
HAI'.
Preface
I.
I. Advantages of Keeping Cows:

Pure milk
Cheapness
...
Calf; Other produce
ing cows a pleasure and saving

II.
BiiKEDS
OF Cattle
Hansl or Hissar
Surati
ing
III,
Buying Cows:
Sind
Buying
.35
Points in a Good Cow:

Outward appearance
Temper
;
of milk
number
of calves a
A
V.
Keep-
Nagouri
Nellore
Guzerati or
Mysore Bengali DarjeelOther breeds The breed to get
;
Quantity of milk required ; Servants' tricks

a cow with a calf Buying a cow in calf
IV.
Goorgaira
English
PAGE
slinker
-Food
Blind nipples
Calves
cow
Colour
Scarred cows
lias
Quality
Age
The
....
had
good milker
40
Proper care and treatment
Food Kinds of grain

Quantity of food ; Effects of the different kinds of
food; Preparation of food Cost of food; Green food
;
Doob; Straw; Hay; Filthy food; Salt; Drink
46
VI. House and Utensils:

The cow-house Space
;
Keeping the
.....
;
Drains
Utensils
Cistern
yard Other houses
;
Mode
floor
of tying
clean
;
The
.o9
CONTENTS.
PAGK
CHAP.
VII.
Attendants
The
servants' disposition
servants
VIII.
IX.
Caste of the
.68
and Exercise
Washing; Grooming; Exercise; Protection
Breeding
The
Utensils
ing separate
Bullocks
.73
Indian bulls
Age
English bulls
Serving
Over-serving
buffaloes
Jail dairies
79
Points in a good bullock
Grooming and cleaning
r.
Care and attention

House and grooming Fat Keep;
Bullocks and
Food
71
Points in a good bull
Food
own cows
It is cheaper to breed one's
art of breeding
Bulls:
Necessity for a bull
XI.
Fidelity
"Washing, Grooming,
Breeding
X.
Water
Rearing
85
XII. DiiY Cows:

Selling dry cows
Food
Keeping dry cows
Over-feeding
Exercise
Care
The reason why
soon after birth
Cleanliness
calves are still-born or die
Cows when Calving
XIII. Management of
Advantage
Pregnancy
.....
;
Signs of the time Labour approaching Progress

Drink
Assistance needed Treatment alter birth
Milking
womb
of
Falling
and food ; Illness
;
XIV.
93
Calves, tiikir Value, Management, and House:

Shelter
House
Value
Food and care Tying
Careful treatment
Older calves
Ticks and lice
Kindness Wliy so many calves die off
;
XV. Points
Good
XVI.
87
in
a Good Calf
bull-calf
.100
CJood cow-calf
Castrating Calves
Castrating when young
107
time; Great care
Mode
Effect
Evils of late castration
Proper
.108
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAP.
XVII.
XI
Bull:
Taking the
Early months of pregVery important matter

cow
comes into season
When
a
Signs
nancy
Symptoms The time a cow remains in season
A good bull
Barren cows
Troublesome cows
Putting the cow to the bull The sex of the calf
;
XVIII.
Barken Cows:
Remedy
Age of Cattle:
Age Name at different
;
XX.
Ill
Causes of sterility
XIX.
Price of Cattle:
Prices of cows
ages
Native names
121
Prices of bulls
.119
Prices of calves
Prices of bullocks
.127
XXI. Milk :
Quantity of milk Quality of milk Lactometer
Duration of milk Papeeta Art of milking Process of milking
Milking utensils When the calf
dies
Every drop of milk must be extracted
Forcing supplies
;
XXII. Cream
.130
.......
Watered
milk
Skimmed milk
milk
Cream
Keeping milk good

milk
Susceptibility of
Boiling
139
XXIII. Buttek:
Boiled and unboiled milk
cess of
churn
butter-making
Cleanliness
sour cream
XXI v.
Ghee
Pro-
Clarifying ghee
Cheese, and Tyer:
Making curd
XXVI. Lice,
.144
Making ghee
XXV. Curd,
Collecting cream
Native churn
Atmospheric
Preserving butter
Sweet or
;
.151
Cream cheese
Tyer
.153
Ticks, Flies, etc.
.155
XXVII. The Seasons of the Year :

Cold weather
Hot weather
Rains.
.157
CONTENTS.
xii
XXVIII. Cattle-dung
.160
Cattle-dung; Profit; Manure pit
XXIX.
Grass-lands
Providing fodder Amount of land needed Fertility

of land
The best time to manui'e Preparation of
;
land
Draining
Doob
Lueern grass
Weights and measures
XXX.
Dairy-farming
India one
countries for dairy- farming
Dry cows
Breeding
Important matters
Buffaloes
BOOK
I.
The
class of cattle
for the dairy

;
Some
best
Capital
Bulls
difficulties
169
II.
Diseases of Cattle, Goats, and Sheep: Preliminary Rules for the Care of Animals aviien
.181
Well oh Sick
.
II.
the
of
E.xperience
position of the dairy-farm
needed
.102
Certain things necessary
The
Green food
Some Common
Cough
Comi'i,aints
Weak
3. Inflammation of the
6.
Drinking her own milk
Loss of
8.
Broken horns
7. Leech in the nose
cud 9. Wounds and bruises 10. Enlarged papillrc
13. Hide12. Wasting in calves
II. Lampas
bound 14. Cold or catarrh 15. Sprains 16. DisI.
eyes
2.
Mange
4.
eyes
5.
location
lar teeth
III.
17. Sore feet; 18. Costiveness
The navel
20.
ill
21.
19. Irregu-
Sore teats
188
after-})ains the
Dangerous but not Contagious Diseases:
protracted
after-birth flooding
1.
Calving
3.
Paralysis
Swollen
Hoven
6.
udder
;
down of the
5.
Rheumatism
Slipping
2.
womb
labour
7.
4.
Grain-sick
Fardel-
8.
bound 9. Choking; 10. Red-water; 11. Indigestion

and diarrhoea 12. Epilep.sy 13. Apoplexy 14. Inflammation of the brain 15. Colic
16. Warbles
17.
Hydrophobia; 18. Hydatids; 19. Inflammation of the bowels; 20. Hernia; 21. Jaundice;
;
22.
Poisoning
23. Abscess
....
201
CONTENTS.
xiu
PAGE
CHAP.
IV.
Contagious and Fatal Diseases :

Kinderpest; 2. Foot-and-mouth disease; 3. Malig1.
nant sore-tlii'oat 4. Bronchitis from cold 5. Bronchitis
from worms
6. Scars
7. Anthrax
8. Dysentery
9.
Blain
10. Slinking; 11. Gonorrhoea;
12. Cow-pox;
14. Worms in the in13. Milk or puerperal fever
testines
15. Pluero-pneumonia
;
Recipes
....
.......
......
List of Medicines
236
280
286
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Haxsi Cow
Hansi Heifeu
Frontisjnece
Hansi Bullock
Haxsi Bull
Naoouri Cow
Nellore Bull
Xellore Hkifeu
GUZERAT Cow
GOORGAIRA Cow
Mysoric Bullock
Cross Hansi Country
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Bengali Cow
Daiijeelino
Cow
Shorthorn Dairy
25
27
29
Jei;sey
31
Suffolk Cow
Ayrshirk Cow
32
32
Half English Cow

Cross Devon and Xelloi
^ôDEL Indian Dauiy
33
34
56, 57
Plan of Cow-house
58
Model English Dairy
60
Plan of Cow-housk
61
Cow-shi<:d
TkF/I'H
67
at DlFFERKNT A<;E
Age shown by Rings fou D ON

Milk Tube
.
122,
he H(
IN
23, 125
125
138
COW-KEEPING IN INDIA.
CHAPTEE
I.
THE ADVANTAGES OF KEEPING COWS.
Some
persons
necessity,
and
Whatever
the
made
others
may
object
matter
as
some
pleasure,
for
business.
of
cow-keeping
be,
from
can
be
profitable.
Pure Milk.
one's
cows
keep
The
own cows
is,
first
advantage derived from keeping
you get pure
very essential to health
some
milk, but they eat butter
Pure milk
milk.
and ghee.
If
impure the butter and ghee made from

impure.
If
do not
persons
people do not think of their
it
is
drink
the milk be
must
own
also be
health,
and
are willing to poison themselves by drinking impure milk
and eating
least
infected
butter
have some thought
and
friends, wlio
and
die.
I
may
for
and ghee, they should
at
the health of their families
not be quite so anxious to suffer
COW-KEEPING IN INDIA
Too much
having pure milk
an
article
but
it
is
impossible to procure such
from the go wallahs or low caste natives.
people only
If
put upon the necessity for
stress cannot be
knew what milk obtained from most
am sure they would

Many gowallahs are not
never
go wallahs contained, I
tlie
more drink such
stuff.
of
at all
scrupulous about the quality of water they put into the

milk.
have seen them dip their
dirty clothes into
stagnant filthy pools and wring the water out into the
milk they are carrying to their customers
have also
Many
seen them wash their hands in the milk.
of
them
adulterate their milk with chalk and water, finely-sifted

flour
and water, yellow sugar, hafasha and water, and
innumerable
mind could
ingenious
enterprising spirits
milk with
wâter,
Some add water
suggest.
among them
and
the
have
gowallah's
known some
dilute Swiss tinned-
to
adulterate
buffalo's
to
only
that
things
other
milk
their
milk
bring
to
with
it
to
it.
the
consistency of cow's milk, and mix this with the latter.

Buffalo's milk being very thick, a lot of
added to
plantain
These
injurious
it
to
make
it
water has to be
Mashed
as thin as cow's milk.
largely used for mixing with butter.
is
admixtures
to
exceedingly
the
cannot
health
difficult
for
these dangers, especially
of
prove
the
consumer.
Europeans
when
together with the gowallahs.
extremely
but
to
guard
It
is
against
their servants are leagued
ADVANTAGES OF KEEPING COWS.

Cheapness.
cows
The
second advantage gained by keeping
The
cheapness.
is,
daily
cost
of
and
feeding
keeping a cow should not exceed three-fourths the price
milk she gives.
of the
be one anna per
day, and the price of milk
food and keep should not cost
annas per day.
is
places.
For instance,
milk
is
one
only six
seers
seer,
her
more than four and a
half
In some places fodder and grain are
very dear, but milk
spend from
rupee
also proportionately dear in these

in
for
Calcutta
six
seers
a day in Calcutta,
six to eight
it
the
so
price
if
cow
gives
much
not too
is
good
of
to
annas a day on her food and keep.
large cow, properly fed
and giving from nine
milk, should never cost
seers of
milk per
If she gives six seers of
to
twelve
more than eight annas
a day for her food and keep even in Calcutta.

It
always more profitable to keep a cow giving a
is
large quantity of milk, than one that gives only a small
A good
quantity.
seers
large
cow
will give
day, and the cost of her
from ten
The surplus milk can be
butter and ghee for
home
of
sale.
the value
sold, or
use or for sale.
and ghee will always find a ready
twelve
keep and food will
not exceed from a fourth to a third

her milk.
to
made
of
into
Milk, butter,
Thus there need
not be the least waste.

Calf.
calf.
If
months
Besides the profit from the milk, there
is
the
the calf be of a good breed, at eight or ten
of age it will sell for
from ten
to
twenty rupees.
Other Produce.
make
natives
Then,
again, there
a great deal
of
is
from
profit
The
the dung.
this
article.
The dung should be gathered every day, and preserved

for either fuel or
or rolls,
made
It should be
manure.
and dried and sold
into cakes
as fuel, or else, a pit should
be dug and the dung and urine thrown into

day.
dung
it
every
Cow-dung and urine make splendid manure.
The
one cow should fetch from eight annas to one
of
rupee a month.
There
the
is
money even
cow when she
If the
cow be
the hide, horns, and bones of
in
dies.
left
the care and mercy of native
to
servants, she will soon
become a troublesome and ex-
pensive thing, whereas the wicked servants will reap the
from her.
profit
Keephig Cows
my own
cows
is
a Pleasure and a Saving.
By having
have good milk and butter, and for
less
than I would have to pay for inferior milk and butter
bought from the go wallah.
The wife
in
of a military officer
India, writes:
which
sold,
"A
has lived
of every
calf bovn, enables
me
much
well managed, so
increase
years
much
capital
on your capital, and
mother's feed and keep
is
cow bought and
to assert that
properly looked after are an economy.

is, if
many
twenty years' experience, during
have kept a record
and every
who
cows
cow purchased
a calf born
the
cost
of
is
so
the
more than balanced by the
ADVANTAGES OF KEEPING COWS.

milk and butter she supplies.
hills
and
cows, and
for
milk
in the plains,
my
and
and
have kept cows in the
have also been without
account books show that I have paid more

butter
when
expended in the food and keep
bought
of
my
than
them,
cows when
had
them, and that in the latter case there was always plenty
of
dairy produce and to spare, whereas
when
had
to
purchase, milk and butter had to be obtained sparingly
and expended carefully.
This
is
a great consideration in
a large family, where, for the sake of the young people,
milk and butter should be generously given out."

in India.
Cows
'
'/ '^
- -7^ fA>^-"
'*%
CHAPTEE
IL
To
sev&al dislmct breeds of cattle in IndisL

the dairy and farm,
r
_r
will
^^sople are
baj OOW8
ci
best
of the ntmort
it is
breeds of cattle be
miHrinqr
pennj-wise and pound-foolish, and
no breed wfaatever and of Terv
inferior
milking qualities, radier than pay a deeoit îce for a

ilMoiig^bred
An
and good cow.
*^'^r^:r
bought for a few rupe^, but sLt ".

milk,
and her food
milk
is
worth.
This
dnjthing.
profitable to
c.î
]^~p wi_
Besides, her
is
a great
amount
inferior
cmes that will in
Four
quantitj.
of
milk, than
inferior
:.;:
I:
lo&=
the
:_
:?
it
is
possible to give
the
.-.
'an her
always more
will gire the
to keep iLire or four
a^;reg
will.
that
m;
two good ones can be given better care

than
or no
Tittle
se^ i^r hardlT
oc
cows will cost
keep than (me or two good ones
calf will
keep a good large
required
cow can be
three or four inferior
''^v/':-
1'.
10
ones
and without proper care and treatment no cow
will give
I will
much
milk.
now endeavour
to describe the principal breeds
of cattle in India.
ffansi or Hissar.
Hissar and Hansi are neighbouring
cattle found in these districts is

to
broad, necks short,
humps
quarters square
their heads are
and hind
backward, and
thin
long
they are of great substance and have long bodies,
and
massive
rather short legs
The bullocks are
apart to support the carcase.
and
very large
strong,
draw great weights and
and
heavy ploughs, but are not so
They
other breeds.
but sometimes
fast as
bullocks of some
are generally of a nice white colour,
red, black,
brown
or
piebald ones are
These cattle are exceedingly handsome.
found.
In
of.
high, hips broad,
inclined
deep wide chests, and

fairly
thought a great deal
they carry their heads erect, and have
horns
long curved
;
of
64 inches high;
They stand from 56
tails
The breed
the North-West Provinces.
districts in
their
sixteen
seers
own
of
districts
to
milk in twenty-four hours, but when
removed from the
somewhat
cows give from ten
the
fine
decreases.
pasturage of Hissar their milk
The milk
is
of
the best quality,
generally of a creamy white colour.
In their own
Ks.
districts these
cows
80 each, and the bullocks from
In Calcutta they will
sell for
Ks.
sell
from
60
to Ks.
lis.
150
40
to
each.
double the above prices.
m^
11
^^
:%:
12
Nagourie.
of
The Nagourie
cattle are said to be natives
they were largely bred at Delhi, but

all
In former days
Nagpore, in the Central Provinces.
now they
are seen
over the North- West and Central Provinces.
The cows are very
and give from ten
gentle,
teen seers of milk a day, but the milk
men
much
not very
rich.
well-known trotting breed
JSTagourie cattle are of the
the bullocks are
is
to six-
and used by native gentle-
prized,
Nearly half a century ago they
for their carriages.
were extensively used in the large
cities
by rich native
gentlemen, and in those days were carefully bred for the

purpose, but
now
they are not so well preserved, and good
cattle are scarce.
These cattle are very
measure 64 inches
in
and narrow
tall
tlieir
their hind quarters are

thin,
humps
narrow
some
of
them
They have long curved
height.
horns, long and narrow heads, and a round
between their horns
bump stands
out
are high and narrow
their tails are long
and
with a thick and long bunch of black silky hair on
the end.
Their hoofs and pasterns are long, and this
They are not very
enables them to trot so well.
lacking the great substance of the Hissar breed.
pace of these bullocks

trotting horse, but
burdens
on
their carriages are
tlie
back
The
nearly equal to that of a good
they are
two wheels, and pole

falling
is
fleshy,
tilted
not
much
up
to
of the bullocks.
able
to
draw heavy
like light ekkas, with
prevent any weight
13
COW-KEEPING IX INDIA.
14
are of a bluish white colour, and are the most
They
delicate cattle in India.
Good cows
Es.
100
the pure
breed
from Es. 60
sell
to
and good trotting bullocks from Es. 200
each,
400
to Es.
of
each.
Like the Hansi,
not very
tliey are
but milk
prolific,
for a long time.

Nellore.
Nellore
Madras Presidency.
in the
is
This
breed has long been celebrated for the milking qualities
and
cows,
the
of
endurance of
the
strength
great
the
bullocks, on account
and
spirit
of
which they
of
fetch large prices.
good specimen
breed
Nellore
the
of
a huge
is
animal standing from 60 to 64 inches in height, with a

noble look, and very gentle and slow in
by
It is readily recognised
horns are hardly ever
point
the animal has a
forehead and muzzle broad;

its
carries its
and
eyes, hoof,
head
erect,
to
six-
countenance and large,
dull
prominent, and heavy-looking eyes;
lopping;
from three
outward, tapering to a blunt
and are inclined
its
The
form and horns.

than
longer
inches,
;
its
movements.
its
its
tail
its
face
short and
is
and
ears are large

tuft
are
black;
and has a short stout neck
it
rising
over the withers into a huge hump, which frequently

inclines to one side
chest
and
is
fairly
its
back
is
short and straight
deep and wide, and
solid-looking, with
its
its
carcase compact
heavy dewlap;
its
legs are
w
Pi
\; l''::i'
15
'
16
clean and massive, straight and fairly apart to support

the body
skin
its
and covered with
fine
is
The prevailing colour
hair.
The
cattle of
creatures, but
grow
tall
white.
breed generally are heavy-looking
this
there
is
and leggy.
them) thirty maiinds
is
short
soft
a tendency in
some
of
them
to
The
draw
(a
pair
of
bullocks
and are excellent
in a cart,
for the
plough.
The
to Es.
of
for
The cows give from ten
350.
The milk
milk a day.
from Es. 100
to Es.
Guzerati or Surati
is
300
very rich
150
to fourteen
sec7\s
This breed of cattle
sometimes
height, form,
milkers.
is
good cows
sell
each.
called Kuttywari.
Guzerat and Surat are in the
somewhat
Bombay
Presidency.
similar to the Hissar in
and substance, and the cows are very good
They have smaller horns and
the Hansi, and most of those

large
lis.
price of a pair of bullocks ranges from
larger ears than
have seen have not such
humps.
The bullocks are

in the plough,
sell for
large, strong,
and heavy, and do well
and draw heavy burdens.
from Es. 60
to Es.
200
These cattle
each.
Goorgaira, in the Mooltan district, produces another
good breed
of
cattle.
The cows have
all
good
the
qualities of the Hissar, but are not so large or so deli-
cate as they are.
They
are middle-sized
broad and well-knit, and of a dark colour.
and handsome,
Some
of
the
18
They are hardy and healthy,
best have black points.
and beautiful milkers.
cow gives from
Their horns are not very long.

eight to ten seers of milk a day,
and fetches from Es. 30

Sind.
like
60
have seen some very
in her
fine
own
district.
cows from
this
In size and form they are very
part of the country.
much
to Es.
Those
the Goorgaira.
pretty fawn with white points.
have seen were a
Some
of
the
above
them are very
good milkers.
Mysore
Bullocks.
Besides
mentioned
principal breeds of milk and draught cattle, the
Mahal breed
of
Amrit
Mysore are very excellent bullocks
but
the cows are no good as milkers, they rarely give more
than two
seers of
milk a day.
These bullocks are noted
for
their great strength
and
powers
of endurance.
They rarely exceed 60 inches
in
height,
and generally are only about 48 inches; but
in
proportion to their size they are remarkably deep and
wide in the chest, long and broad in the back, round in

the barrel, well ribbed up, and strong in the shoulders
and limbs.
They are
faster than
active
the
and
troops
fiery,
;
horns from two to three
and some
of
them walk
they generally have

feet
in
straight
length, tapering
and
sharp-pointed, inclining forward, and slightly approaching each other at the top
their countenance
their eyes are large, black,
and
is
sprightly
prominent, expressive
lu
20
and
full of fire
faces
they have long and moderately narrow
and hoofs are black
their muzzles
humps and
small dewlaps.
The cows are generally white, but the

some are dark
bulls are grey
coloured.
good bullock will fetch from Es. 100 to Es. 150
in its
own
Bewjcdi
district.
Cattle.
In
Bengal there
The best specimen
of cattle.
cow
they carry
and well -formed
their heads erect on a moderately-sized
neck; they have fair-sized
of the district
and a
is
is
no special breed
a cross-bred between a
bull
one of
of
the above-
mentioned breeds.
few years ago, some Hissar bulls were brought to
Burdwan
in order
improve the
to
and Iknkipore, some Europeans
cattle.
of
great interest in the improvement
ported some
many
died,
fine
Hansi and
of the ryots appreciated
no
efforts
were made
the districts took

of
English
this,
Also at Soori
cattle,
and im-
bulls.
But not
and when the bulls
import new ones.
to
In different parts of the country some rich Zemindars
have imported a few Hansi or half-bred bulls and
them
all
loose as Ih-ahmini bulls.
over
services
the
;
any pains
place,
and
the
let
The animals roam about

ryots
are
allowed their
but even in such cases, very few persons take

to
improve their
result of these crosses,
are found in the
cattle.
some
Burdwan,
of
Nevertheless, as the
the best cattle in Bengal
Soori,
and r)ankipore
districts.
o
?q
21
22
The Government should take up

import good Hissar bulls into
Every
village or
group
keep a
encouraged
improve
to
and
bull,
their
prizes for the best specimens,
The
should
villagers
the districts of liengal.
villages should be induced to
of
purchase and
all
be
the
cattle,
people should be
by
and having
made
to
towards the purchase and keep of the

will take a greater interest in
some care
of the
The
of him.
headman
matter, and
this
them
offering
cattle shows.
pay
something
bull,
then they
the animal, and will take
bull should be put in the care
the village, and he should be respon-
of
sible to the magistrate for its
proper treatment.
plan were adopted throughout Bengal, in
five
would be a very marked improvement in the
If this
years there
cattle.
In Calcutta, there are very few thoroughbred
bulls,
but a number of half-bred ones are kept for breeding

purposes.
The best bullocks

are the cross-bred
for
the plough and cart in Ikngal
between
the half-bred country cows
and thoroughbred Hansi or Nellore
bulls
that
is,
of
the second crossing.

Cattle deteriorate very
the liands of
the
large cattle are too
and need much more care than the ordinary
Bengali villager
the
in
The thoroughbred
ryots of Bengal.
delicate,
much
cross-breds
is
able or inclined to give them.
are
people prefer them.
very strong
and
But
hardy, and the
2o
24
Cross-breds are found
all
Some
North-West Provinces.
milkers, and are
sell for
over India, especially in the

of
them
more hardy than the pure
from half
excellent
are
They
breed.
cows
to three-fourths of the price of
of
pure blood.
23ucca seers of
to
cow
half-bred Bengali
lis.
60.
will give
milk a day, and will
from four
to
six
from Es. 20
sell for
stand about 48
half-bred bullock will
150 per
inches high, and will sell for from Es. 80 to Es.

pair.
The ordinary Bengali

measuring from 32
from Es. 6
much
in
to
to Es.
cattle are very small
42 inches
sell for
The bullocks cannot do
12 each.
of a seer to
Darjceling Cows.
seen at Darjeeling
digenous breed, or
two
There
;
am
is
if it
seers of
much
wild cattle.
and
like
not able to say
They are
have
long
an
if it is
large,
hair
Some
;
of the cattle look
others
again
about the
and
size
horns
look like
of Englisli
some
have
They
moderately large humps, others again have none.

are generally black, or red, or piebald
are exceedingly handsome.
and the cows give about

doubt
if
in-
a cross between the cows of
ones
Englisli
milk a day.
a breed of cattle I have
is
the district and English bulls.
cows,
and
the cart or at the plough, and the cow^s give
from a quarter
very
in height,
and weak,
some
of
The bullocks are very

six seers of
them
strong,
milk a day.
these cattle wôuld live in the plains.
^^^
^->:^5^.?N
25
26
Enfjlish
much
suffer
decreases
from
not
not
are
Cattle
the
many
to
lieat,
and
the
are able to give
Indian cows.
it,
and can
milk
greatly
them the care and
person has a large
If
house and a few biggahs of land with
tank on
They
India.
Nevertheless, some people prefer
attention they need.
them
success in
afford
many
trees
cool
and a
an attendant for each cow,
then he may- keep them successfully.
They do not
suffer so
much
have done well on the plains
for a
then suddenly sickened and died

the
Some cows
in the hills.
year or two, and
others have died in
first year.
They must be fed on the same kind
of food they
been accustomed to in their native land.
change in food may prove injurious.

cake
should
never
have
plenty
of
be
green
given
to
food.
Any sudden
Mustard-seed
them.
oil-
They should
always
have
look
upon
English cows in India as a very troublesome and costly

luxury.
The cross-bred
cannot stand the
found
over
all
cows
heat.
do
better,
but
the
Cross-bred English
India, especially in
bullocks
cows are
Madras, parts
of
Bombay, and the North -West Provinces and the Punjab.

English cows should be
Guzerati,
and
Nellore
crossed
bulls
by Hissar,
and
Hissar,
Nagourie,
Nagourie,
Guzerati, and Nellore cows should be crossed by short-
horn
bulls.
have always found crosses between the
O
'A
27
28
above
mentioned
than
better
bulls
from
obtained
those
and
India
of
English
English
cows
and
bulls
Indian cows.
The Durham shorthorn cows are the
best,
and the
dairy purposes.
The
Ayrshire and Jersey cows are also very excellent.
The
Suffolk cows the next
best
for
Devon and Jersey produce the

Other Breeds.
much
The
best cream and butter.
Bhagalpoori cattle are not thought
The bullocks generally are too long-legged
of.
and weedy, and the cows do not give more than

milk a day.
seers of
The Gainee
is
a very pretty miniature breed of cattle
They are
they are kept as fancy pets.

work, and the cows give very
difference
as there
between a
is
between a toy
Breed
to get.
for the use of his
They are
There
is
as
much
Gainee and a Hansi
terrier
and a
bull,
mastiff.
a person wishes to keep cows
If
own
two, or three (or as
cows
full-sized
too small for
milk.
little
not larger than a large-sized goat.
llie
five
family, he should purchase one,
many
as he requires) thoroughbred
of the Hissar, Nellore, (Uizerati or Goorgaira breed
or else, good cross-breds of the second crossing between
No
the cows of the country and bulls of pure blood.
cow giving
year
is
less
worth
Some cows
will
than 1500 pucca

the
trouble
give from
from the time they calve
and
2000
to
seers
of
expense
to
3000
milk in the
of
keeping.
seers of
milk
the time they run dry.
r,i:^:Wifl|li!!ij|j|lHlft''i|i'^^^
29
30
have been told
of a
Hansi that milked
and gave more than 4000

If
seers of
for twelve
milk
in that time.
person wishes to keep a dairy-farm, he must
keep cows that give the largest quantity

will
have
months,
to pick
them from
all breeds.
of milk,
and
31
Flo.
^îSl'
16. UFFOLK Cow
^^^ggs
aJ
Fui.
17. Ayiishihk Cow.

32
34
CHAPTER
III.
BUYING COWS.
Quantity of Milk required.
person should
first
consider
buying cows,
how much milk he
will
know
exactly
how many
milk gives ten
seers of
milk a day,
Then he
require daily.
Before
will
cows he needs to buy.
cow
If a
in
full
she will average seven seers per day for nine months,
and
will
months.
remain dry
four or
for
and sometimes six
five,
good cow, with proper
care,
every fifteen or sixteen months.
calf
Calculate accord-
and see how many cows you need
ingly,
should give a
to
keep you
regularly supplied with the required quantity of milk.

If
wanted
for the
use of the family, and
no cow
if
has yet been purchased, I would advise the adoption of

the following plan.
in full
milk
five
To begin with, buy only one cow
months
third one another five

full
months
buy another one, and a

later.
By doing
this, a
supply of milk will be secured regularly throughout
the year for years.

lier
later
time of milking,
When
tlie
the
first
cow
is lialf
through
second one will come in

35
by
36
the time the
come
and by the time the second one stops and the
in,
third one
again
one stops milking the third one will
first
half through her time, the
is
and when the third one stops and the
half through, the second will
But
all
calve
again,
care
and
proper
presuppovses
this
otherwise
three cows
may
and
calve
first
so
is
on.
management,
stop milking together.
a very large supply of milk be wanted, and a large
If
number
to
first will
of
cows
lias to
be kept, and
keep them when they run dry,
it is
not practicable
cows
tlieu
in full
milk
should be bought, and before they run quite dry they

should be sold and replaced by others that have newly
object
may
This plan
calved.
is
to
make
suit
some dairymen, whose only
much money
as
in as short a time as
possible, but is not the wisest or best plan for the family
to pursue.
the
first
For the family, as well as good dairy -farmers,
plan
Good cows
is
the cheapest and safest.
are not easily procured, and
lias
one, he ought
him
besides,
it
to
keep
her.
She
when a person
will
amply repay
not only a great pity, but a decided
is
loss to the country,
and very wrong
to sell
good cows to
butchers.
If
anyone has really good cows
to sell,
in calf
they ought to advertise them.
that they wish
Many European
and native gentlemen would be only too glad

them, and would
usually give.
to
buy
pay better prices than the butchers
BUYING COWS.
Servants
Tricks.
Now, the
purchasing the cow
have a hand
the sirdar bearer
next thing to do before
not to allow your servants to
is,
the
in
37
All
purchasing.
down
from
servants,
the mehter, will conspire to
to
prevent their master from profiting by the possession
The khansama would much rather that milk
of cows.
and butter be bought, as he not only takes a percentage
dustoorl
milkman
on
for his
must have
cow
to
all
his
his
bills,
but also levies a fee upon the
The bearer
khansamaship's patronage.
commission from the
and the man who
master,
largest commission
man who
is
sells
give
will
sure to get the preference
the
and
though the cow be an inferior or diseased one, he

pronounce
buy
it,
it
and
perfectly good,
will prevent
brought to his master.

be sold and
The cook
and persuade
master to
his
Thus, the oftener cows have to
prefers to
the greater
his gain.
is
buy the butter and ghee
the use of the kitchen, and put
down
account when he has only used four.
disagreeable
in
rule, all table servants
careful house-
more ways than one

and cooks
their masters keeping cow^s,
the matter they will do all

failures.
hand
If
in
and
if
set
for
six chittacks in his
keeper will measure the milk and butter, and thus

herself
will
other and better cows being
new ones bought,
also
the
so,
make
as a
themselves against
they have a hand in
they can to
make
the bearer or any other servant
the cows
is
allowed
the purchase of the cows or in their feed and
38
make them
keep, he will be sure to
at least an expensive
luxury.
On account
to get
In
any
of servants' tricks
give
to
is
almost impossible
of food in India in its original purity.
article
order
it
dustoori
the
are
sellers
obliged
to
adulterate the things, otherwise where would be their
gain
One reason why gowallahs water
otherwise adulterate
it
is,
they have to
lieavy commissions they have
to
pay.
their milk,
make up
a
If
and
for the
milkman
is
honest and will not adulterate his milk, and refuses to
pay
dustoori,
rejected,
he soon finds his milk
and he
easily spoil
so
loses
be
customer.
it
tlie
my
blame the masters
servants to take dustoori from any
consequently
person,
milkman
the continuance of this evil practice.
for
never allow
foi-
servants are allowed to
meddle with him and the milk.
The servants can
impossible for any
is
honest so long as
and mistresses
condemned and
milk and blame the milkman
tlie
giving bad milk, that

to
liis
is
am
not
much
troubled
by
them.
Native gentlemen
suffer
very
much from
the
dis-
honesty of their servants, dependants, and even relatives.

Before a
man
can
sell
anything to a Eaja or Baboo, he
has to bribe the servants and hangers-on, from the sonin-law
down
tlie seller
the
to
the piak or syce.
has to increase the price of
Baboo
has
to
pay
his
order to du this
In
liis
dislionest
goods; thus
relatives
ami
BUYING COWS.
servants
39
privilege of buying even a
for the
cow
or a
donkey.
keeping
In
combined with
be
profit to the purse.
Buying a Coiv with a
Calf.
should
purchased, she
be
family must
comfort to the
cows,
cow that has calved
If
brought
be
to
the buyer's
house immediately after calving, and kept under proper

treatment
management
cow.
the
until
cow
at
is
calf
such a
not in
three
is
weeks
time will permanently spoil a
milk until the twenty-first
full
day after calving, and during this period she
many
Bad
old.
is
liable to
ailments.
Buying a Coio in
Calf.
a dry
If
cow be purchased,
she should be bought at least a fortnight before her time

for calving, so that she
and attendant.
the
If
purchaser knows, or
if
might get used
to her
new house
cow be one that the intending

she be recommended by a trust-
worthy person who really knows something about cows,

then
it
is
well to
buy her before she has calved, other-
wise the risk of being cheated
There are
many advantages
Chapter XII.), but one has

If
cattle,
if
is
great.
in
buying dry cows (see
to be careful.
the intending purchaser
he ought to get the help
be
of
not a good judge of
someone who
he has to pay him for his services.
is,
even
CHAPTEE
TV.
POINTS IN A GOOD
Outward Aj/pearance.
has a large body
broad
her coat
A good cow
her head
and
soft
is
COW
is
is
loose-limbed and
small and her forehead
silky,
and her
thin and
tail
with a rich and glossy (often wavy) bunch
flexible,
of
hair at the end; her horns point backward, not forward,
though occasionally a good cow with horns pointing
ward
met with
is
she has short legs, wide hips, and a
deep, broad chest, and
wide apart, as
if
to
long barrelled
is
her hams are
nature had intended her to have a large
udder when in milk.

visible,
for-
In a heifer the ndlk-vein
but when a cow
be a good milker,
is
it
about to calve,
will
if
she
is
is
not
going
be very apparent, and will
have the appearance of a cord stretching along the lower

part of her stomach
and
her teats will be well developed
large.
The limbs
tlesh
of a
good cow are loose and
on them rather hangs downwards.
cow
is
into
fat.
large,
and the
fat,
sleek
probably a gross feeder, and what she cats runs

40
41
POINTS IN A GOOD COW.

Neatly built
tendency to
fat
heifers,
with nicely rounded limbs and a
rumps (not hams), usually do not prove
to
be good cows.
Teminr.
A good cow
ments, and
is
slow and lazy in her move-
motherly.
looks
Brisk,
frisky
cows
are
seldom good milkers, and very often are vicious and
troublesome at milking time.
of
is
temperament, and only becomes excited when
dull, quiet
her calf
good milker
is
frightened or touched by a stranger.
Some
are so good-tempered that they will allow even strangers

to
touch them and their calves, without getting in the
least excited.
cow with her
first calf is
more excitable
than an older one.

Colour.
Black, dark brown, and red cows are generally
healthy and
cows,
lied
sweetest,
strong.
greyish white
cow
of
is
The milk
generally, have
a very
this colour at
common
some seasons
and at others a dark grey.

to
of
cow
red
good
is
the
digestions.
colour in India
will be
This colour
is
quite white,
not confined
any special breed, but as a rule such cows are not good
milkers.
When
cow
probably prove a very good one.
will
the grey takes the form of piebald the
white denotes richness of blood, and
if
at the
creamy
same time
the inside of the ears and the hoofs be a bright yellow,

the milk will be very rich
of butter
and
if
and produce a large quantity
the hair be also
fine,
the cow^ will, iu
probability, prove a laige milker as well as a rich one.
all
42
The milk
white cow, with
of a pearly or bluish
little
or
no yellow in her skin, will be poor and bluish.

Quality of Milk.
"Every cow
quality and colour.
and colour
When
selecting a cow, the quality
milk must be
(as well as the quantity) of her
taken into consideration.
If the
cow
in milk, take a
is
her milk in a clear wineglass and examine
little of
If
gives milk of a different
the milk be of
a bluish hue
it
There
poor.
is
it.
is
generally a good deal of serum in the milk of cows that

are very large milkers, and such milk does not produce
much cream
young
or butter, but
is
it
The yellower the milk
children.
therefore a cow^ giving yellow milk
one giving
bluisli
yellow milk
make up
is
in
quality
the
better
more valuable than
Many cows
milk.
that
give
rich
what they lack
in
large quantity of milk
Cows giving a very
quantity.
exceedingly good for
are exceedingly delicate, as all their strength runs into

milk, and sometimes they leave off calving earlier than
they should.
milk a day
Cows
Blind
is
cow that gives from eight
a first-rate one for
Ni;pples.
Some cows
of the best
milking breeds
Blind nipples show a tendency to
gathering in the udder, which

renders a cow quite
nipples should be avoided.

of the
practical purposes."
in India.
have this blemish.
often
all
to ten seers of
same length and
is
very troublesome, and
useless.
Cows with
blind
The four nipples should be
at equal distances apart.
POINTS IN A GOOD COW.

Scarred Cows.
about the
Because
43
cow happens
to be scarred
no reason that she
face, neck, or shoulders, it is
and brand their cows
must be
rejected.
some
the simplest ailments, and these scars
of
the results
of
Natives
fire
severe treatment
may
some such
of
she
is
Age.
suffering
from any
When buying
one, although an older
a cow
cow
it is
best to select a young
milked
for six or eight years, while
fail to
always
sell
well after she has
an old cow
may
calve or suddenly stop her milk, and thus
Again, an
worthless.
in
difficulties
exempt.
old
cow
is
A cow
and
calving,
" It costs
subject
about to have her second calf
more
will give her full

to
soon
become
to
calving from which the younger
one to choose, as she has got over the

first
more and richer
will give
will
to see
disease.
milk.
young cow
be
disease.
But a cow should always be thoroughly examined

if
for
is
many
one
is
a good
difficulties of
her
supply of milk.
make milk from
cows than
old
it
does from young ones having the same milk-producing

capacity.
The period
of
profitable
terminate at the same age with
all
milking
cows
does
alike.
not
Some
hold out longer than others, but as a rule the best efforts
do not reach beyond the eighth year
The quantity
cow
is
of
of
the cow's age.
milk given generally keeps up until a
ten years old,
and sometimes considerably longer
but after a cow has reached her eighth year, her milk
is
produced at a greater cost of
it
feed,
and
after that age
44
more
costs
her flesh depreciates in
her, while
to fatten
American Farmer.
quality."
Number
Cow has
of Cahes a
had.
depends so much on the number
The value
"
of
of a
cow
calves she has had,
that no reliance can be placed on the statement of sellers
on this point, and the buyer must trust
to
his
own
judgment.
''
The
become
best
way
of
judging
is
by the
more prominent, the
The hips
figure.
lower, the skinny
belly
parts of the body lengthen and hang, and
becomes more raggy after each

her
first calf
shows her condition but
one decidedly
difficult to
calf.
so
with
little
determine about how
the
cow carrying
but an old
little,
experience
many
udder
it
is
not
times a cow has
calved.
" It is impossible to
how
tell
some have been known
produce as
to
and some have not given more than

average number
to
more
calves."
Good Milker.
it
If the
cow brought
will be easy to judge
whether she
is
supposed
or
for sale be in milk,
Even
a good milker or not.
When
the
may have two
a <{oud
if
by the breadth
shows a good milker, and a

milker.
is
is
Cows in India.
have her milked in your presence.

dry,
as twenty,
Eight
cow
after the eighth calf a
will calve
many
five.
be of no market value, although she
three
cow
often a
thin, poor
milker
is
she be nearly
of the
stream
broad stream
stream a scanty
milked, the milk will
POINTS IN A GOOD COW,

with a steady rush
rattle against the vessel
45
:
anyone who
has seen cows milked will easily recognise this particular
sound
when
the supply
is
scanty the milk passages are
crude and small, and the milk cannot flow freely.
A
liut a
good milker will give
Stinker.
If a
very liable to do
when
her milk at one drawing,
poor milker will need to have the calf mouth her
two or three times before
all
in calf.
If a
it
all
the milk can be extracted.
cow has once slipped her

again,
and
it
is
Slinking very often
calf,
she
is
not safe to buy her

is
hereditary.
cow has calved much before her
full
time
it
is
liable to affect the quantity of her milk.

If the calf
has died after
its
milk
birth, the mother's
will rapidly decrease.

Calves.
the calf
When
is
purchasing a cow be particular that
as well-bred as its mother.
will aft'ect the mother's
value.
The
calf's
supply of milk as well as
(See Chapter XTY.)
breed
its
own
CHAPTER
V.
FOOD.
Proper Care ctnd Treatment of Milking Cows.

delicate
creatures,
and
milk
supply of
their
Cows
are
greatly
depends upon the management and care they receive.

Naturally this supply
only sufficient to feed the
is
but under proper care and management
As
amount.
this
neglected, returns
properly cared
the
cow
a
to
for, will
wild
will greatly diminish
and sometimes
exercise unremitting vigilance

their
bullocks
when
not
altogetlier
of milk.
very easy to spoil a cow, and
It is
cattle
if
soon deteriorate, and the milk of
up the unnaturally large supply
they
so cattle,
state,
when
plant,
Proper care and treatment are essential to keep
stop.
keep
largely exceeds
cultivated
highly
its
it
calf,
in
cows
in
full
it
milk,
will
be impossible to
and
their
must know something about

health
owners do not
In addition
working order.
both in
if
and
sickness,
the
bulls
to
vigilance,
treatment
when
in
and
of
milk or
dry.
Food.
The cow's food
is
one of the things that needs

46
47
FOOD.
most
the
fastidious feeders,
and every cow
The feeding
kind of food.
Cows
attention.
careful
will not
free
cow
will
not eat her food.
have chanced
to get
refuse the whole of
dung
piece of
little
it
into
the food the
per-
it
the whole of
Bad food
cow
will
happens that a
the straw or hhoosa,
will get into
The water that the food
be perfectly clean.
same
anything offen-
If
sometimes
or in the oilcake, and
wasted.
eat the
from any disagreeable smell, or
and
sive
and
must be kept
utensils
fectly clean
else the
clean
are
the food will be
mixed with must
is
or water will seriously affect
the milk.
Some
always
should
food
immediately before she

on an empty stomach
bran
of
the
is
is
tries
the
in
to
the
cow-
milked, as the rush of milk
her strength.
sprinkled over the
feeding-trough
given
be
food
morning
If half a seer
that
remains in
it
all
is
that
is
necessary.
After the cow has been milked in the morning she

should be
must
be
let
out to graze until eight o'clock, then she
brought
in
and given
her regular
morning
meal.
It is not wise to
keep the cow
through the day and night.
If
tied
she
is
up
in her stall all
not allowed
suffi-
cient exercise she will not keep in good health.
cow should be sent out
when
it
rains
to graze
heavily) for
The
at all seasons (except
two or three hours
in
the
48
morning.
At
and kept
tied
like
be
to
eight o'clock she should be given her food
up
the
for
rest
of
day
the
cows
alone quiet, with their food to eat at
left
She must be well supplied with good drinking
pleasure.
water.
She should have
Sometimes
it
her
if
food
at
best to give the food in
is
Some cows
meals instead of two.

deal of food
evening
much be given
six
o'clock.
three or four
waste a great
will
at one time, as
tlie
food
begins to smell sour in a few hours.
Kegularity in feeding must be strictly observed.
The Kinds of Grain that are Good for

or tcoorid, barley,
less
but has not
Rice
injurious.
much nutriment.
is
Khassari should never be given to

is
all
good
corn
for sick
cattle,
bran
is
better.
cattle, goats or sheep.
very indigestible and stunts the growth.
Gram
of grain
other grains are
very heating and dries up the milk, and
duces paralysis.
Kullie
Indian corn fattens, but
Indian
does not increase milk.
It
and wheat, are the only kinds
that should be given to milk-cow's
more or
Coics.
is
also
It often pro-
should be given to only weak
cows, and then not more than half a seer a day.
Quantity of Food.
into
The
two or more meals
in
following should be divided
twenty-four hours, and
is suffi-
cient for a milk-cow of ordinary size giving eight seers

of milk,
but in the case of a large cow or a large milker
the quantity should be proportionately increased.
Small
49
FOOJ).
cows giving four or
seers
live
of
milk will not need so
much.
....
.......
....
Knllie {woorid), l)arley, or wheat
Bran
{bhoosl),
wheat, peas, kullie or rhiirhur bran
Oilcake (khully)
2 seers
1 seer
Cotton -seed {hunaula), or gram
2 seer
Chaff {hhoosa), wheat, barley, kullie or nms soor chatf
Green grass, chopped
.....
fine
3 seers
12 seers
Salt
Sulphur
chittack
5 chittack
20 seers, 1^ chittack
Total
If
seer
cow does not thrive on the above-mentioned
the
quantity of food, give in addition from two to eight
seers
of chaff or straw.
AYhen cotton-seed
gram should be
is
given.
not procurable, half a seer of
When
procured, give extra chaff.
chaff {hhoosa)
paddy-straw and an extra
stock, give
Green grass
and June
If
green grass cannot be
very essential
is
very
it is
to
seer of
cow
(hhoosi).
diflicult to get an}\
May
In the place of
;
give as
much
will eat.
The water
liae-Jianji or
which
in
rice
has been wâshed, and the
mar, are very good for cows.
The quality
economy
bran
health, but during
grass give extra chaff, liay, or paddy-straw

as the
not in
is
of
to feed
the food must be the best;
it
is
no
cows upon damaged grain and bran, or
rotten oilcake and straw.

Kjfcds of the Different Kinds of Food.
Of
the three
50
kinds of grain mentioned above as being the only ones

that should be given to cows, kullie {icoorid)
for milk-cows, as it
But
it is
best to
parts, as kullie
calves, bulls,
If
and wheat
and some cows
Gram
the winter.
is
in equal
suffer a great
the best for
and bullocks.
cow
the
kullie, barley,
cooling,
deal from cold in
the best
produces milk as well as strengthens.
mix
is
is
is
the quantity of
not
strong
and
grain should
is
out of
be increased.
condition,
Grain
is
nourishing.
If the cow's digestion is not good, the grain
should be
decreased and the wheat-bran increased.

If
she
is
a small eater, the chaff and straw should be
lessened, otherwise she will lose
much
her food.
of
to the milk
Green grass gives colour and richness
and
butter.
Grain increases the quantity and improves the quality

of milk,
and strengthens the cow.
Cotton-seed produces
ricli
butter, but
a secT a day should never be given

is
very heating and
diflicult
to
to digest,
more
tlian half
any cow, as
it
and often causes
inflammation of the udder.

Oilcake helps to produce milk and butter.
Bran helps digestion and produces milk.

Salt
and sulphur are
purifiers,
and keep the bowels
in proper condition, acting as preventives against

diseases.
many
FOOD.
There
barley,
nourishment
no
is
paddy-straw
in
and kullie hhoosa are much
better.
The
All oilcakes are not good for milk-cows.

are those
made from
or ulsec, the
till
the cocoanut.
Other kinds
and
injurious
therefore
teesi (linseed),
The
cows.
from the mustard- or rye-seed
best
and
oilcake are very heating,
of
to
wheat,
made
oilcake
good for bullocks and
is
bulls.
The
smell,
and
till
and
khuUy
is
of a
This
dry.
it
has an oily
chocolate colour, and
if
old
sweet in
is
certainly the best
is
rather difficult to procure

the other kinds,
Next
other.
is
at
it
and
quantities
it
costs
the
is
used by the natives
but
teesi
more
is
tlian
in point of excellence
given
be
fresli
become accustomed
they
until
if
hard
cows, but
cows generally do not
should
it
mustard oilcake
and young
and
till
the cocoanut oilcake

first,
even
for
is
should be used in preference to any
the
to
flavour
most
is
like
it
and
in
small
to
it.
The
common, and generally
not suitable for milk-cows
calves.
All these oilcakes form good nourishing food, and arc
invaluable for the formation of the various tissues that

enter
into
the
formation
of
the
animal structure, to
enrich the blood and promote secretion of milk.

care should be taken
no worms
in
bad and gels
it.
The
full of
that the oilcake

till
wormy.
is
fresh
Great
and has
oilcake, especially, soon goes
52
PreiMTcdion of Food.
ground and well
boiled,
and then boiled
or else
twelve hours after
with
to
Four or
cool.
every
it
be
seer of grain,
should be allowed to soak
it
Kullie
should be ground fine and
When
soaked for twelve hours.

to disagree
added
to
has been well ground.
it
never be boiled
should
l)e
always
should
grain
and allowed
water should
five seers of
for
The
kullie
boiled
is
seems
it
cattle.
The bran should be
dry.
The cotton-seed should be thoroughly broken, and

soaked until
it
gets quite soft.
The oilcake should be broken up

and soaked
The
for four hours, or else
chaff, grass, hay, or
into small pieces,
pounded up
finely.
straw should be chopped
fine
into pieces one inch in length.
The
salt
the grain
and sulphur should be ground and added
when
to
cool.
The whole should be
well
mixed up with a
quantity of water or vmc-lanji to
make
it
sufficient
sloppy.
Great care must be taken that the grain
is
not given
whole and uncooked or unsoaked, and that the food
is
not given dry.

JV.JJ.
-Cows giving
grow very
will
cases
the
])Ut the
When
fat.
decrease,
milk should never be allowed to

the food goes into fat the milk
and the cow become barren.
grain
should
be stopped
cow must always be kept
in
in
part
In
or
such
whole.
good condition.
Cod
parts
of Food.
of
The
FOOD.
5Q
cost of
food varies in different
country, and
the
more than from
year, but the food should never cost
half
to
value
the
three-fourths
the
different seasons of
at
of
milk
the
the
cow
gives.
Green Food.
food
if
besides,
Cows
they are, they will not keep in good health
in the
the milk will not be good.
The common
cattle
should never be deprived of green
villagers
any special
tied
food they are allowed

grazing, with
The poor animals are
food.
morning and
is
never think of giving their
up
let loose
the evening, and all the
in
what they manage
to pick
up
in
the addition of perhaps a handful of dry
paddy-straw at night.
Dooh
the
is
best
grass
barley, kullie, peas, Indian
and tender
their green
of fruit trees, are
for
Young wheat,
cattle.
corn stalks, and paddy, in
and green tender leaves
state,
excellent for cattle.
The long juicy
grows among the Indian corn, wheat, and
grass
that
other
crops
makes splendid
cattle
fodder.
Carrots
chopped up, and sugar-cane and beetroot and, occasionally,

cabbages, are very wholesome and good food.
Three and a half
hiijgahs or
one acre of land
is
what
one cow needs to keep her supplied with green food
throughout the year.

^travj.
Especial
care
should
selection of the straw given
to
be
exercised
the cow.
in
the
Wheat and
54
barley straw are certainly the best that can be given to

cattle.
Wheat and
sold
hhoosa
as
Frequently
barley straw
See that
chaff.
and thorns, or be musty and
Paddy
Bengal
straw
has
the
is
it
it
very
chief
in
make
the
swamps
cow
nourishment, but in
little
article
food for cattle.
of
or low lands.
it
is
most
straw
of
be
and
colour,
and
nice
will
fine,
not of paddy
the finer quality of
of
paddy grown on high lands

will
is
In
Often such straw will
The straw
sick.
dung, leaves,
rotten.
selecting paddy-straw, be careful that
grown
clean and sweet.
is
be found full of mud,
it will
up and
are broken
Such
suitable.
clean
light
yellow
sweet and clean, but will
smell
be
slightly saltish in taste.
Hay.
Cattle
Good, sweet,
soft
Filthy
Food.
on
dreadful
fed
particularly
that
not
are
hay may be given
some parts
In
"
from
artillery
hay.
of
in small quantities.
India
of
liorse-dung
filth,
fond
particularly
and
and
cattle
stable
cavalry
are
litter,
stables,
horse marts and other well-fed studs, wliere the animals

receive
also.
look,
are
much
grain
not only
The natives say

and
made
starvation.
no way
in
to
eat
And
all
it
it
all tliis
but on
affects the flavour.
this
creamy
The poor cows
abomination by cruelty and
has to be prepared and
stuff of their
night-soil
gives the milk a rich
able before they will touch
up
this,
it,
own
made
palat-
but they soon learn to

accord."
Cows
pick-
in India.
00
FOOD.
Some cows
is
from the
die
effects of
bad feeding, and
it
a wonder that more people do not die from drinking
the milk of cows fed on filthy food.
Well-fed and properly cared -for cows

anything
and
filthy,
without
exercise
can
the
be
sent
fear
least
out
and
graze
to
their
of
not eat
will
up
picking
anything harmful to themselves or to their milk.

Salt.
cow does not get
If a
sufficient salt
and a
little
sulphur in her food, she will pick up dry bones or lick

earth.
Drink.
attended
The
cow's
drinking
water
must
Pure water and a good supply
to.
of it is as
absolutely necessary as good and sufficient food.

are very thirsty creatures,
and
if
be
also
Cows
they do not get pure
water they will drink whatever comes in their way

"
In these days a great deal
said about village milk
is
from badly fed cows producing typhoid fever

asserted
milk
dirty water
that
but
if
is
often
it is
also
mixed with bazaar
more attention were paid
to the
water cows
drink I think the doctors would be nearer the mark.
We
all
know
to
what
ponds, and water
cows
to
drink,
filthy food."
and
filthy uses
natives put jheels and
from such places must be unfit

will affect
the milk just as
much
Coivs in India.
Hut what when such water
is
added
to the
milk
for
as
aiÔ
OJ
O ^ A
2 poo
TTrarnr
&0
3 >
;r
(M
rt
Q "2
C<1
fciO
'-'
Passage, 84 x*3ft.
Yard
for
cows
Yard for cows

newly calved,
36 X 15 ft.
about to calve,
48 X 15 ft.
H^no^
OAL
o
o
JJ06 X OS I
'saA{uo 3ju( ioj pju;^
uidisrj
'Jr X Ooi
^J
'n^'no-u
or,
SMOD Xjp pUB S3A|ED
ûipooj
3JT?| JOJ
p3qS
drain.
Yard
for
cows
Calving
about to calve,
80 X 16 ft.
Yard
for
house,
16
young
16
16ft,
Calves' house,
16 X Uft.
calves,
80
-(
ft.
Cistern
Feeding trough.
H--
Yard
for the
milk cows,
80 X
40ft.
P
5'
I
o
crp
SOUTH-
NORTH
o
c
r>
Pasfuigc 22 K
X o
*Iinq loj
paÂ
;{
:3
Open 415x12 ft.

Fig. 21.
Gate.
CHAPTER VL
HOUSE AND UTENSILS.
The
coiv-honse is a very
important consideration.
must be properly housed
Cattle
and sheltered from
at nights,
'he midday sun, and from rain and storms.
In the cold weather their house must be free from

In
draughts.
the
rains
In the hot weather
dry.
and at
cool,
seasons
all
must
it
be
kept
perfectly
must be kept open and
it
must be thoroughly
it
venti-
lated.
It
is
not at
difficult to build a suitable
all
cattle in India.
p^cca house
is
preferable to a kutcha
one, but a very nice one can be built of

or
mud
\\q
and thatched
pillars
roof, at a
the house hutcha or imcca, the floor
and
Mud
cement.
become very
Floors
offensive.
dangerous, as cattle
seriously injured.
soon
floors
slip
The
put
down
a lot of broken
l)eat
down
well
wear
made
wooden posts
very small
must be
into
cost.
of brick
holes
and
of planks are very
them, and are sometimes
on
best
house for
way
to
make
bricks (khoa)
then over this put

59
the tloor
and
lime,
is
to
and
first-class bricks
on
GO
This flooring will last
edge, well pointed with cement.

for years.
The
two
level
of
the floor should be a foot and a half to
feet liigher than the surrounding ground.
There are of course many ways

house.
If
only one or two cows are kept, a room or
Model English
Fic
making a cow-
of
Daiiiy.
22.
A, storerooms; H, food preitaring room; C, milk room; D,
(}, stalls for calves
F, feeding passages
E, reservoir
water cistern
H, stalls for calving and newly calved cows I, stalls for milk-cows
;
K. stalls for drv cows and bull
two
in
the
outhouses
may
L, <lraius.
be appropriated for them,
or a stall or two in the stables
lie
many cows
accommodation, but
if
cow-house must be
built.
given up for their
be kept, a regular
AVhatever the number
of
HOUSE AND UTENSILS.

the cows, particular attention
61
must be paid
to the floor
and ventilation.
I
here give a plan of the kind of house I like best
for cattle.
This
is
Fig 21.
a very simple construction, and can be
as small or as large as
three
compartments or
calve
in,
one for
the
necessary.
houses
calves
It
is
made
divided into
one for the cows
when away from
to
their
62
The feeding trough
the trougli.
and cement running the whole length
made
be
to
of the
18
inside of the trough should be from
of
brick
room.
The
21 inches
to
wide, and 12 to 15 inches deep, but the bottom should
12
be raised at least
making
tioor,
The Hoor
north
of
that
it
in
from
inches
24
from
all
the
27 inches
to
tlie
high.-
the house should slope off from south to

is,
from the head
of
cow
the
The slope should not exceed
quarters.
of
level
sufficient to carry off all
'd
her hind
to
inches
just
Eight against the
the urine.
north wal] there should be a drain to receive and carry

off
wide, and
inches
deep,
inches
drain
should be
made
north, there
feet
be
should
deep to receive
the drain of the
cow
reservoir
all
tlie
or
and
bricks
of
Outside the cow-house, 8 feet from
cement.
and 2
This
droppings.
the
all
feet
it
the
to
by 4
feet
urine and water, and
house should connect with this
reservoir.
The
roof on the south should
made
of either brick,
each
pilkir
mud,
it
should
should
be
mud,
be
or wood.
If
made
24 inches by 15
of bricks,
inches,
if
of
36 inches by 18 inches, and the
opening or doorway between

less
be supported by pillars
oacli
])illar
sliould
not be
than G feet wide.
The calving
same
or calves' rooms or liouses should be the
as the cows' house, only, for the calves the feeding
trou'di
should be not more
tliau
a foot wide,
and G
to
HOUSE AND UTENSILS.

9
inches deep inside
60
the whole of the trough should
not he more than 15 inches high.

Ventilation in this house will be perfect, and
not be at
and dry at
all
keep the
to
difficult
all
floor
will
it
perfectly clean
During the warm weather, the
seasons.
doors and windows should be kept entirely open during

the day and at night
the cold wêather and in rain-
in
should be kept closed day
storms, the north windows
and night, but the doors should be open during the day,
The top part
and closed at night.
of
the doors should
have ventilators large enough to admit
of sufficient ven-
tilation
when
the doors are closed.
The doors and windows can be made

the latter
is
preferable.
Purdahs
of
of
mats or wood
good stout canvas
or tarpaulin also answer well.
The height
from
than
be
feet high.
(S
sides
feet
house or room should not be
of the
floor
to
ceiling
less
the doorways should
the house be thatched or tiled, the
If
should be at least 8
feet,
and the centre 12
feet
high.
SjMCc.
Cattle should never be crowded up together.
Ample room should

but also to
sit
and
be given them to not only stand,
lie
down
comfortably.
Xo cow
will
keep in good health unless she has 40 feet of standing
ground
it
10
feet
by 4
will be well to allow
10 feet by G
feet.
feet.
If
the cows be large ones,
them each GO
feet of
ground
For a single cow a room at
least
64
10
by
feet
room
feet
her sufficient
necessary, giving
is
to comfortably turn round.
Keeping the iloor Clean and dry
must not only
It
necessity.
an indispensable
is
swept
be
every
clean
morning and evening, but must be thoroughly scrubbed

and washed every morning, and swept every time
The droppings must not be allowed
soiled.
on the
is
remain
The
the drain any length of time.
or in
tioor
to
it
house must be kept clean and sweet and perfectly dry.
and
riienyle
water
sprinkled on
the
floor, or
cattle
or
down some
from
slipping
on
on in the cold
lie
attention must be given
weather and
rains.
to the calves'
house and the calving house.

to
tlie
The cows
floor.
should be allowed some dry straw to
The best time
be
straw, will prevent
the ]jucca
Especial
should
Throwing sand on
every day.
the floor
putting
powder
carbolic
wash the house
when
is
the cows
are let out into the yard in the morning.
Drains.
The
connected with
(jr
else
spoken
with
of.
drain
the
the
'lliis
of
public
reservoir
reservoir
the
cow
house
must
be
underground street sewer,

l)ehind
tlie
liouse,
already
must be emptied and washed
every day, and the contents either buried deep undertrround, or else
removed
far
from the cow-house.
dung should be gathered and kept
in a bin at the
removed
in the morning.
of the
cow-shed until
UtcmiU,
If
it is
The
back
only one or two cows he kept, zinc oi
HOUSE AND UTENSILS.
65
galvanised tubs (not iron) can be used for them.
do
not recommend wooden or earthen tubs, as they never
can be kept clean, whereas the zinc or galvanised ones
can be thoroughly scrubbed and washed every morning
and evening.
these tubs cannot be got, then earthen
If
gumlahs (nads) should be put down as the natives do
them
but great care
smelling
is
needed
and
offensively,
to
prevent them from
they should
be
frequently
changed for new ones.

If
trough
number
of cattle
the best to have.
is
It will take a
labour.
be kept, the pucca cemented

It will be a great saving in
man
nearly half a day to clean a
dozen tubs, whereas the trough for the same number of
cows can be properly cleaned in half an hour.

cattle eat with
more comfort out
of a raised
Besides,
trough than
they do out of tubs.
When
in the
milk-cows and dry cows and bullocks are kept
same room, the trough should be divided into two
or three divisions, for the

If possible,
to all.
in separate
same food
will
not be given
dry cows and bullocks should be kept
rooms or houses from milk-cows.
The tubs and trough must be thorouglily scrubbed and

washed every morning and evening.
Cistern.
There
cow-house.
The
best position for
side of the shed on
cow-house).
5
should always be a cistern in every

it
is
immediately out-
the south in the yard (see sketch of
This cistern
should always be kept
filled
66
It should be properly cleaned
with pure drinking-water.
and
When
every mornhig.
refilled
the cows are let out
into the yard, they can have a good refreshing drink.
Cattle should be watered at least twice a day.
Mode of Tying.
If
only one or two cows be kept, they
may
should be tied to separate pegs far apart, that they

not reach each other
the trough, they
one another.
but when a number are feeding at
must be
The
best
so tied that they will not reach
mode
them
of tying
is
this
trough
to these posts tie
Each rope
posts,
is
good stout pieces of rope.
6 feet long,
and
one on either side
is tied
round the cow's neck, and
by the two ends to
to the centre of this rope
another rope about 4 feet long
attached, which goes
is
so secures her that she
reach her neighbour to the right or
left,
but at
time she has ample freedom to stand erect and to
down with
of
put
thick iron rods as posts 4 feet apart all along the
down
two
comfort.
The ropes should be
cannot
tlie
same
sit
or lie
tied to the top
the posts on a level with the top of the trough.
better plan would be to have iron rings round the posts,
and
the ropes to the rings.
tie
animal
slide
to sit or rise
up
or
down
This would enable the
with greater ease, as the ring will
the post as necessary.
Bullocks and large calves should be tied in the same
manner
as the cows, but bulls
must be
with very strong ropes or chains, as they
damage
if
they happen to break loose.
tied far apart

will
do much
HOUSE AND UTENSILS.

The Yard.
attached to
Every
in
it,
cow-house should have a yard
which milk-cows can be
and
exercise are very necessary,
ground
40
Each animal should have

feet
given the better.
by 10 feet
Dry cows,
loose for
will be very beneficial to
The yard should be
the animal's health.
let
This freedom and
a couple of hours in the morning.
cow-house.
67
in front of the
at least
400
feet of
in the yard, but the
bullocks,
more
and calves should be
sent out to graze or kept loose in the yard during the day.
Other Houses.
The
servants' houses
and the storehouse
should be detached from the cow-house, at least 50 feet
from
it,
or else on
tlie
west of the house in the same
There should also be a
line.
little
room
for
keeping the
milk utensils and receiving and measuring the milk.

possible, the bull's
main
Fig.
building,
20 and
If
house should be detached from the
and should have a separate yard
(as in
21).
good study of the ground plan of the cow-sheds
herein
given,
will
clearly
show the reader what
necessary in such an establishment.
Fig.
24. Cow-shed.
is
CHAPTEK
VII.
ATTENDANTS.
In order to keep cows with any degree of success,

necessary
to
have
proper
servants.
great
it is
nmny
people buy cows, and engage gowallalis, and leave the
poor animals to the tender mercies of these men, and are

exceedingly surprised
that
tlie
when they
cows are spoiled, or
in
find
the
a few montlis
calves
liave
died.
Others, again, put the cows in the care of the hearer or
khansama, and cannot understand wliy
tlie
animals give
so little milk, or wliy tlieir food costs so
much.
conclude that keeping cows
and that Indian
is
a failure,
cows do not give mucli milk, and
tlie
calves never live.
People must always remember that there

a wrong
way
of
doing a
wrong way about

desires to derive
cows, he
it,
tiling,
and
if
must attend
to
them
under his immediate supervision.
is
a riglit and
a person goes the
he must expect
any pleasure and
So they
failure.
If
one
profit
from keeping
himself,
having them
If
the servants or any
other person be entrusted with their sole management,

the enterprise will end in failure and disappointment.
68
ATTENDANTS.
While one personally looks
need
servants
do
to
the
69
after the animals, he will
work and carry out
his
instructions.
If
of
only one cow be kept, the syce's wife or the wife
some other servant can well look
But
paid one or two rupees a month.
cows be kept,
will
it
than six cows, but

if
be necessary
it
is
him
best for
more be given him they
will
cowherd has a great deal

of
to
is
number
of
have
to
to
if
servants
more
care of
have only four
not be properly cared
The Servant's Disposition of Mind.
temper
if
One man cannot take
specially for them.
she
after her,
The temper
for.
of the
do with the health and
the animals under his care.
He must
not
only be clean and active, but must also have a love, or

at least a liking, for the cows,
to
them.
he
If
and be kind and gentle
harsh and rough, and drives them
is
about, they will become excited and cross, will not eat
their food properly,
and wiW give trouble at milking.
Cattle get thin and sickly under harsh treatment.
bad-tempered servant should never be kept under any

consideration.
Servants' Fidelity.
faithful,
Then
again, the
and not only an eye-server.
among Indian
servants would
be a
cowherd must be
True, such a
man
but
the
prodigy,
servants must be taught to be faithful to the animals
under their care
happen
to be
otherwise,
when
away from home,
oi-
tlie
master and mistress
sick for a
day or two,
70
the cattle will suffer.
It
need never be expected that
the servants will give the animals the same care and
attention as the master or mistress will give, but they
can be
made
understand what
to
expected of them,
is
and that they must do tliework properly

It takes a
serve.
this
if
they want to
long time, sometimes months, to get
idea properly
instilled
into
minds.
their
If
the
servants see that the master and mistress are careful and
watchful,
will
it
make them more
attentive.
Native servants imagine they know^ more about cattle

In some cases,
than their masters do.
more ignorant than
of cattle are
The prejudice and ignorance

They
overcome.
custom
of
country
tlie
The Cade of
to
do anything
their
did not do.
The
law with them.
is
the Ser cants.
do not like the gowallahs.
They are generally very troublesome, and
Among
employ them.
men
the
starve
most cruel
them
right to the
if
allowed
cow and
any interference with

caste man, even a
The Ahecr
is
cattle.
He
to.
all
very seldom
He
will
is
of all
neglect and
imagines he has a divine
that belongs to her, and resents
his
ways and
Mohammedan,
a good
Hindoos, the gowallah

to
owners
their stupid servants.
and great-grandfathers
grandfathers
true,
the natives are hard to
of
unwilling
are
it is
man
to
will
doings.
Any
do for a cowherd.
have as a cowman.
makes a good servant when properly
other
trained.
He
CHAPTEE
VIII.
WASHING, GROOMING, AND EXERCISE.
Washing.
When
in
Cattle
should
should
they
health
kept
be
be
perfectly
regularly
clean.
washed,
bathed once or twice a week in the hot weather, once a
week
in
or once a fortnight in the rains,
the cold
season.
bright
and once a month
sunny day
should
be
The animals must be thoroughly
selected for washing.
Great care must be
dried and let loose after the bath.
taken to prevent them from taking a
chill.
Milk-cows
Calves under six months old
are very liable to chills.
should not be bathed.

Groo7niny.
day.
Cattle should be properly
The same kind
of
groomed every
brush as used for the horse
Proper and regular groom-
should be used for the cow.
ing will keep cattle in good condition, and wall prevent

their having lice
and
brushed and the
ticks, etc.,
or
Little
ticks.
picked
calves ought to be
every second day
off
so.
Exercise.
Cows need
have enougli
of
it,
regular exercise working bullocks

;
Imt milch-cows and calves should be

71
72
out to graze and exercise for a few hours every day.
let
It is a great
mistake to keep them tied up
all
the time.
Close confinement causes disease.
Dry
cows, heifers, and large calves should be let out
to graze the
whole day.
Bulls need lots of exercise too
they should be tied with a long stout rope
in
in the yard, or
if
40
feet long
there be an enclosed yard, let loose
it.
Protection.
sun and heavy
Cattle need protection from the

rains.
midday
no large trees on the
If there are
grounds, under the shade of which the cattle can stand,
then they should be taken
into
the
hottest hours of the day, and wlieii
when
the winds are cold and damp.
it
shed during the

rains heavily, or
CHAPTER
IX.
BREEDING.
Breeding
one's
own cows
When
ing success in the dairy.
are not at all sure of her blood

large
method
the surest
is
cow
bought you
is
she herself
and rich milker, and may milk
of attain-
may
be a
for a long time,
but you are not sure of her producing the same qualities
Her parents may not have been
in her progeny.
good milking
cow,
lier
strain,
calves
may
and though she herself

not be half so good.
happens that inferior

daughters, but this
general rule
is,
produce
mothers
does
not
occur
And
a good
sometimes
very superior
The
very often.
An
that like produces like.
should never be bred from.
It
is
of a
inferior
cow
personally would not
breed from a cow whose mother and father as well as
grandparents were
not
superior
as
as
herself.
often cows as well as other animals throw back

is,
the
young ones do not take
after the
Very
that
mother and
father, but after the grandparents.
lireeding one's
buying them.
If
own
cow^s
is
very often cheaper than
one has extensive grass-lands, he will

16
74
find it
more economical
pay in
will not
cities,
own
brought
again, in breeding
Tlien
eat.
cattle one avoids contagion.
into
it
wliere one has to pay heavily for
every morsel the cows

one's
But
breed than to bny.
to
dairy through
cows
Breed ones own
Covjs.
Disease
often
is
have
that
been
purchased.
Cheaper
It is
to
The
calf has to
be kept ten months, or as long as the cow gives milk.

If properly cared
when she
the bull
and yield her

one
lias to
will take
two years and three months
is
when she
first calf
keep the animal
for
So
three years old.
is
old,
two years and two months
mother stops milking and before she has her
after her
first
and managed, the heifer
for
Tlie cost
calf.
of
her keep and
food
these
for
twenty-six months will not exceed from Es. 50 to Es. 70.

This
is
exactly half
tlie heifer,
she will
tlie
value of a really good cow.
If
wlien she calves, gives ten seers of milk a day,
sell
for at least Es.
120
just double
what she
has cost for food and keep.
The art of hêeding
is
governed by a few
are simple and easy to understand
be faithfully observed
if
any degree
rules,
which
and these rules must

is
to be
tliat
"like
of success
gained.
The
first
produces
and most important
like,"
peculiarities
of
by which
is
meant
of these
tliat
is,
animals of certain
form, colour, disposition, habit, health,
and quality, wlien bred together, reproduce
their
own
75
BREEDING.
characteristics in their progeny.
Tliis
rule has been so
uniformly and constantly proved by practice, and

reasonable and natural, that
by practice every day
his
of
There
life.
is
so
as a safe
it
proved
more
or less
see
the lower animals as well as in
of family likeness in
The
may be taken
Every person may
guide in rearing cows.
persons.
it
is
calf of
Hansi cow and Hansi bull
always a Hansi, and the same
is
is
true of all other breeds.
Parents of rich milking strains produce calves that will

be good milkers, and bear a close resemblance to themselves in all valuable points.
Generally cow-calves take after their fathers, and in

breeding great care
The
is
needed in the selection of the
bull should always be superior to the cow,
be of a good milking strain.
Never use an
and must
Both the bull and cow should

(See Chapter X.)
be the best specimen of their breed.

1st.
bull.
inferior bull.
2nd. Never breed from an inferior cow.

3rd.
To improve the breed, the cow must be crossed
by a bull that
is
superior to her.
If
the bull be inferior
to the cow, the calf will be inferior to the
mother
but
if
the bull be superior to the cow, the calf will be superior

to the mother.
4th.
Never breed
iu
that
is,
never breed
from a
father and daughter, or from a mother and son, neither
from brothers and
sisters.
If
close
from, the progeny will deteriorate.
relations be bred
76
5th.
To breed
management
An
food and careful
successfully, proper
are necessary.
experienced dairyman and
breeder writes
large
thus
"
The calves are the means
By
the dairy.
the improvement of
for
a gradual course
breeding, rearing,
of
and development, the calves become the

skill of
the dairyman's work in improving his stock, and
in increasing their valuable
food and
of
basis for all the
most
the
management the
Breed
product.
care
skilful
is
and by judicious
more useful
calves are developed into
and productive animals than their dams, until

of
time the improvement becomes
by the progeny.
It is
breeds have been

"
The feeding
made
of
in
fixed,
way
this
and
is
in course
inherited
that the improved
ujj.
heifer
should
should have regular rations of
the
given to the cows, and about half as

eaten profitably.
made up
be liberal.
Slie
food prepared and
much
of it will be
Liberal feeding of good food develops
the digestive functions, and the training of a heifer for
the dairy should be such as to encourage the healthful

disposal of as
if
by
much
food as possible.
the heifer should get

it.
fat, if
the growth
The gradual development
the model
It does not
of the
cow should be watched, and
development
is
be persevered
in.
going on satisfactorily
is
matter
not stunted
normal
figure of
as long as this
tlie
feeding
Excessive fatness, however,
is
may
a bar to
77
BREEDING.
usefulness
the
in
tendency to
spoils the
"
is
Breed
come
fat
which
dairy,
in,
and when
there
is
heifers with
this
usually some defect
animal for a cow.
undoubtedly dependent upon
Feed-
food.
ing and training have given the value to the breed, and
value must be
this
The mistake
is
made
often
and subjecting
is
kept
to
it
animal, by virtue of
common
the
management which
and expecting that
parents' character, can
herd, and double or treble
When
from the outset.

its
stock,
Such a hope
few years.
herd,
its
is
doomed
to
a pure animal
up
lift
value in a
its
disappointment
brought into a
and the very same system
to,
and general management should be

whole herd.
"
is
this
care should be at least equal to that which
has been used
sure,
pure-bred animal,
of getting a
the careless
all
common
given to the
by feeding and training.
up
If
of feeding
followed with the
this practice is followed, success will be
and the desired end
The training
of
will be reached.
heifers for their duties in the dairy
a constant care of the dairyman.
should be
it
Vicious
animals, which kick, hold up their milk, suck themselves,
and practise the other usual vices

all
made
first
by want
so
lesson
of,
of disorderly cows, are
or misdirected, training.
the calf learns should be affection for
attention
it
of
has
no sense
its
owner
of
its
Having never been
owner, fearlessness and docility.

maltreated
The
fear,
without
and
alarm.
accepts
the
Keceiving
78
nothing but kindness and
its
ready to meet him with
come
at his call.
food from him,
it is
always
eagerness, and soon learns to

instincts are even readily
Its natural
controllable, because its acquired docility accustoms
give
way
to the
management
practises those vices
of
its
owner, and
which are intolerable
it
it
never
in a dairy.
becomes in every respect a domesticated animal
to
and
It
to
attain this result, with all the comfort and advantages it

involves, should be the constant care of the
whose crop
of calves is being harvested.
dairyman
Kindliness and
gentleness in the owner are indispensable to these virtues

in his cattle."
I
shall say
H. Stewart.
more upon
this
Calves and their Management.
head
in the chapter
upon
CHAPTEK
X.
BULLS.
The Necessity for a
cows
and there
can
is
there are a
charge
will
not
Government
keep a good
when they come

much.
be
into
In .Northern India there
bulls at different stations kept for the
and anyone can have their services
But
asking.
never
The
season.
there
if
is
no good bull
neighbourhood, one must be got without delay

will
of
there are only one or two cows,
If
benefit of the public,
the
number
a good bull in the neighbourhood, the cows
be sent out
for
When
in the dairy, it will be necessary also to
bull to breed from.
are
Bull.
do to have
good
in
;
the
for
it
cows served by inferior
bulls.
Every dairy-farm should have one or two

bulls.
Unless
the
cows
are
first-class
put to the bull at
proper time, they will be spoiled for
all
the
future dairy
use.
It is
bull.
a great loss to have a

If
cow
is
cow served by an
served by a good
79
bull,
inferior
her milk will
80
increase, but
will be sure to decrease
it
Some good cows
inferior one.
served by an
if
Then
are thus spoiled.
again, the calf from an inferior bull will be inferior,
and
will sell for little or nothing.
Whatever breed
that he
is of
is
selected, great care
must be taken
the best type of that breed.
The thorough-
bred Hansi, Nellore, or Guzerati bulls are the best to

breed from.
Indian Balls versus English
by English bulls
cross Indian cows
deteriorate.
English blood
ing plan.
with a
of
cross
cow
Shorthorn
and when he
tlie
father
was.
calves
that
bred
satisfactory.
If
Cross a good Shorthorn, Suffolk, or Jersey cow
the Hissar.
covering
mistake to
would advocate the follow-
desired, I
the following breeds
cross,
It is a
the progeny rapidly
more
prove
will
is
between the best Indian bull and
the best milking strain of one
first-class bull of
I prefer
Bulls.
Hissar, Nellore, or Guzerati.
Select a good bull-calf from this
three
is
years
old,
use
him
for
Hissar cows or the cows of the breed his

This
will
method
will
superior
prove
English and Hissar heifer
produce
strong
large
The
milkers.
half-
should be covered by
a pure-bred Hissar bull.

Points in a Good Bull.
depend on
He must
in
his breed.
The
lUit
height of the bull will
the larger he
is
the better.
be deep and wide in the chest, long and broad
the back, and round in the barrel, well ribbed
up and
81
BULLS.
strong in the shoulders and limbs, and have massive but
not very long legs
support the body
large joints, and legs fairly apart to
compact and solid-looking carcases
short face, with large, prominent eyes, set far apart, and
broad forehead and
and
hump.
over
well
rising
stout,
His neck must be short
muzzle.
the
withers into a large
The head should be carried
lap should be long,
The dew-
erect.
but the ears should not be very
long.
Age.
bull
for
It is a
very serious mistake to use an immature
breeding
The progeny
purposes.
weak and very hard
bull will be
to
rear,
such a
of
and very often
the mother's milk will decrease very perceptibly.
should never be used before he

after he
Some
eight years old.
is
is
three years old, and

bulls are used
they are only two years of age, but this
Very often
practice.
very
bull
young
or
is
when
a very bad
inferior
bulls
prove unproductive.
Care and Attention.
Some people
attention.
at pleasure, and pick
and never think

attention.
spoiled.
of giving
He must
midday sun
and
him
let
loose to
up what he can
the bull
If
bull needs proper care
is
him any
and
wander about
in the
way
of food,
shelter or special
not looked after he will be
be sheltered at nights and from the
heavy
rains,
and
must have good
wholesome food regularly.

Food.
Feed
Iiim
twice
day, unce at
a.m.
and
82
again
at
sunset.
The following
meals for a large Hansi bull

Oilcake {khully)
is
sufficient for
two
.>
BULLS.
allowed the company of the cow only
when she needs
his services.
Serving.
When
up and the
is
allowed to
Over-serving.
serving.
One
or
two servings are
jump
about.
Bulls
are
generally spoiled
An
cow only once
hurt him
or twice.
become barren, or
weak, and die early.
else
This
over-
occasional deviation from
he
if
If
by
be allowed to serve more
bull should not
this rule will not
is
allowed to run after the cow, or the
than two cows a week.
will
heat she should be tied
in
is
bull put to her.
wasted when he
is
cow
This will conserve the bull's strength, which
enough.
cow
is
allowêd to serve each
a bull be used too much, he
the calves from

is
him
will be
one of the chief defects in
bazaar hulls and Government bulls kept for serving the
cows
of the public.
Jail Dairies.
but
very
Most
of the jails
inferior bulls.
have
Instead of
fairly
good cows,
keeping superior
Hissar, Nellore, or Guzerati bulls, they have third-rate
cross-breds or miserable deteriorated English ones.
miserable specimens of bulls

in India will ruin the
jail
dairies liad
see in
cow^s covered
first-class
some
The
of the jails
by them.
If
these
Hissar cows and bulls they
could help a great deal in distributing good young bulls
over the country, and thus greatly improve the country

cattle.
I
If the jail authorities
would follow the methods
have suggested they would soon improve their dairies
84
and would
could
Es.
20
find a
The natives
produce.
to
Es.
bull-calf of
ready sale for
40
for a
all
will
good eight
the bull-calves they

willingly
to
the Hissar breed, and Es.
one between one and two years
old.
pay from
ten months old
100
or
more
for
CHAPTEE XL
BULLOCKS.
Bullocks and Biiffaloea

the plough
in
in the cart
and
2ôints in
Very
carriage.
bullocks and cart
The
They are
India.
in
very largely used
also
own
often, keeping one's
a great saving and convenience.
is
used
the only animals
are
r/ood
hidlock are
the same as those in
a good bull, only, bullocks are not so heavy as bulls, and
are
much more
and
active
fiery,
and walk
faster.
AVhen
their tails or hips are touched they run.
The creamy white
are considered to be generally not
very strong, but I have had a creamy white bull that
was perfect
very
much
in
Very
every respect.
loose skin under the
large dewlaps
stomach
and
bullocks are
of
considered signs of weakness.
When
what
a bull
of a change,
Food.
castrated
is
his
form undergoes some-
and he sometimes looks
Working
bullocks
should
quality of food as bulls, but half as
like a cow.
have
much
Instead of two meals, three should be given

break,
tlie
second at
p.m.,
and the
^5
the
same
in quantity.
:
one at day-
last at sunset,
when
86
COW-KEEPIXG IN INDIA.
they are tied up fur
tlie
Tliey should never be
night.
fed immediately before or after hard work.

of
An
interval
two hours should be allowed between the meals and
work.
Grooming and Gleaning.
Bullocks need to be properly
groomed every day and kept perfectly

utensils
clean,
and house should be kept as clean
and their
as those of
Bullocks should not be exposed to the midday
cows.
sun and heavy rains and cold sharp winds.

Water.
Bullocks and bulls
have i)lenty
should
of
clean drinking-water.
Rearing Bullocks.
When
plough and, especially, the
calf
cart,
is
reared for
the
he should be allowed
the whole or the greater portion of his mother's milk,

and,
in
addition, a
prepared food.
in
carriages
The
liberal
supply of
beautiful-
up-country were
animals
good wholesome
we sometimes
never deprived
of
see
any
portion of their mothers' milk, and wêre well cared for
and fed from the beginning.
CHAPTER
XII.
DRY COWS.
Dry
Selling
Coir>i.
Some
persons think dry cows a
great trouble and expense to keep, and as soon as their
cows run
inferior
dry they
one,
Unless
them.
sell
or has been spoiled,
is
cow
an
is
has
diseased, or
become barren, she should not be sold because she has
As has been
run dry.
good cow will amply
said, a
repay her owner.

Kcepinff dry coics
Dry ones
expense.
that
in
The
between a dry one and one in

be
fully
repaid
by
is
not a great
cost of keeping a dry
until she calves will not exceed
will
calf
from a quarter to half the
for
sell
price of cows in milk.
are
the difference in price
full milk,
the
cow
and the owner
improved
quality
and
quantity of the milk, due to proper care and manage-
ment.
good cow giving from ten to twelve
will cost, in Calcutta,
300
days,
yield for
about Es. 150.
and average 14
300 days
will
be
87
lbs.
of
4200
She
seers of
will
milk for
milk a day.
lbs.
milk
The
The value
of
8S
this at
12
and keep
cow
is
lbs.
per rupee
Es. 350.
is
for the period will
The
cost of food
200.
Now if the
properly managed she will
yield the following
profit.
If sold
be
lis.
when dry
Dr.
Purchase of cow
Cost of food,
i>
lis.
etc.
-n
JoO
200
Total
350
"^
Cr.
Value of milk
j^^gÔ
Value of calf at ten months
...
Sale of cow to butcher
If
kept
till
20
;^q
Total
420
Expenditure
350
Profit
70
next calvinoDr.
Purchase of cow
Cost of food,
etc., for
p.
its.
ten
months
200
Extra cost for four mon'ths when

dry
ta
loO
12
Total
362
Ci-.
Value of milk
Value of calf
...
.
^3 3^^
2o
Value of cow when she calves again
150
Total
So we see that
will yield
to
Expenditure
362
Profit
158
keep a cow
more than double the
kept only one year.
management.
It will
Of course
520
for
the second year
profit that she yields
this
if
presupposes proper
never pay a dairyman
in
India to
DRY COWS.
Every cow he has
fatten cows for the butcher.

is
much
so
and every cow he
loss,
breed from
Advantage.
much
so
is
89
" It is
to sell
able to keep and
is
gain.
advantageous to buy a cow before
she calves, as you then get the whole of her milk
calving,
management
the
also
liave
and
if
is
also
well
attendants
and
her
change
and after
once
mismanacred.
if
her
get
to
before
stall
accustomed
to
her
she
as
any
fret,
and
tell
calves,
make her
afterwards will
of quarters
this will at
before
she be in skilful bands she will give more
milk than she would do
"It
her
of
you
on her milk.
If
the calf
not
is
very young, any check of this kind will lessen her milk
permanently.
cow
of a
as
So
often happens that the purchaser
complains that the cow does not give
in milk
much milk
it
as he
was led
suppose she did, the reason
to
being that the milk has been lessened by the fretting of

the
cow on changing hands.
make
The
the cow the better milker
rest
when she
and care
will
Cows
calves."
in India.
Food.
" It
from
cow's feed
cow.
When
milk,
and
need
her
but
if
if
difficult
is
you
milk
you
full
cow
have
for
have
feed
is
decide
to
to
in
no
the
calf,
other
the quantity she gives
is
to
reduce a
spare diet of a
and
is
going
cow giving
butter, continue
sufficient
when
to
milk from
feed
off
milk,
dry
her
or
her up
other cows, or
not worth the expense of
COW-KEEPING IK INDIA.
90
feeding
her,
and leave her
better
is
it
loose
calf
her
put
to
on
spare
diet
drink what she gives.
to
strengthen the calf and do the cow good."
will
It
Cous
in India.
Dry cows must not have
Fat in a cow
that fattens much.
makes her
it
grain or any kind of food
liable
her
slipping
to
a serious defect
is
and
calf,
also
becoming barren.
dry cow should have plenty of grazing during the
some cut
day, and
bran,
of
night
and half a
grass, hay, or hhoosa, with half a seer

chittack of salt, to
She should be rather thin
to within
when she
will pick
a few weeks of her time of calving,

of
grass.
the
but on no account give her any mustard khidly or
other heating food.
up
munch during
herself,
If,
she
if
gets
sufficient
on the other hand, the cow
is
quantity
of
and
starved,
allowed to get into bad condition, the calf will be weak
and
sickly.
Over-feeding.
"
milk makes the food run to

once
begins
when she
time
she
she
do
to
fed
is
be
will
may have
tliis,
fit
only
for
milk, all
system
has
if
and
a cow's food
do
to
so
short
in
butcher
the
not in
is
tliough
and a large belly her milk
the good food cumes at calving
with
if
cow
continue
calving,
lUit
the
will
it
and
after
a fat udder
fresh
fat,
up
will be scanty.
the
when
Over-feeding
become
the
food
goes
accustomed
to
to
milk,
spare
as
diet.
^1
DKY COWS.
and
she
on
put
not
will
muscles
her
healthy
being
calving, her calf
fat before
she
If
fat.
allowed
is
to
get
Cows
be born puny."
will
but
improve,
will
in India.
Care.
Cows
in calf should
have plenty
exercise
of
but great care should be taken that they do not fight

with
other
cows
meet
or
must not be allowed
to
witli
jump
They should be groomed
washed gently, and kept clean
very delicate, and
cows
neglected
Cleanliness about their food, water, utensils,
and house
or hurt will
become
ill
just as essential as
Time of Pregnancy.
or slip the calf.
when they
The
difference.
calf
are milking.
The time a cow
290 days; age and condition
of
is
health
in calf is about
make
a slight
quickens between the fourth and
month.
fifth
Exercise.
up
tied
in the
should
least
for
and dry
if
during pregnancy are
is
and they must
or run,
not be driven fast or jerked.
and
They
any accident.
Cows
all
that are in
the day.
compound
calf
must not be kept
They should be allowed
to graze
or fields near the house, or else they
be tied out in some open place with ropes at
40
feet
long.
cows that are
will suffer at the
in
Exercise
calf.
If
is
absolutely necessary
they do not get
they
time of calving.
The reason why so many calves are

soon after birth,
it
is
still-born, or die
that the cows are allowed to
become
92
COW-KEEPINa TN INDIA.
too
Over-feeding and want of exercise will cause a
fat.
cow
grow
to
fat.
Heating food, such as
certain grains, will cause the

to
go to the bull again
throwing
off,
Young
in
lieat,
them.
and
and wish
off
will,
;
without
this will
and cause miscarriage.
and not
bulls
will
throw
Sometimes a cow
calf of a fat, over-fed
or deformed,
to
get into heat and take the bnll
injure the calf
The
cow
oilcake
cow
will be small
and weak
live long.
and barren cows, and also cows that are

worry cows that are
in
calf
and injure
CHAPTEE
XIIT.
MANAGEMENT OF COWS WHEN CALVING.

Little
needs
done for a cow before the time
be
beyond
calving,
of
to
attending
to
her
rest,
and
within a
few
food,
exercise.
Signs of
Tmui.
the
-When
cow
is
days of calving, her shape will undergo a change

will
become
stomacli
chest
appear
as
if
sunk
an old cow
in the case of
she
beneath the hip bones, and her
liollow just
will
down towards
it is
the
very evident that
a great change has taken place in the position of the

calf.
Some animals evince uneasiness and
irritation of
the bowels and bladder by the constant motion of the

tail,
and by the ineffectual attempts made to dung
vagina becomes loosened and
white or pale
from
it
soon as
straw-coloured
some two
this
or three
change
the event
unforeseen cause.
may
If
size,
and a
exudes
glairy discharge
weeks before the time.
must bo kept
n(jt
in
the
As
observed the cow must not be
is
sent out to graze, but

that
increased
be
at
home
in
order
unduly hurried from any
cow calves away from home she

93
94
runs the risk
catching a
of
very quickly, even the very

while
others
may
clay the
do
not
for
so
Keeping them quiet has a very
About ten
them.
or
milk- vein
the
is
kept
dry and
observed,
is
week
more.
or
beneficial effect
becomes
distended.
is
very liable to
state
change
calve
upon
days before calving the
fifteen
udder increases, and sometimes
and
Some cows
chill.
take a
chill
of
full
cow
this
should be
she
in
milk,
away from draughts, and should not
be bathed.
If
vein
the udder
is
very much enlarged and the milk-
distended,
it
should
and evening.
udder may
Unless this
set in,
and the
cow and
calf suffer
and
from neglecting
calf
emptied
be
every morning
done inflammation of the
is
and both
cow^ get milk-fever,
much.
to
once lost a very fine cow
do
this.
If the
cow
is
once
milked she must be milked regularly every day, and

After milking, rub some mustard
every drop extracted.
on the udder.
oil
Labour Apiwoachiny.
event, the face of the
eyes
the
indicative
she
signs,
quiet
will
be
of pain.
should
"
An
cow
hour or two
bright
will bear
and
As soon
as
be taken into
an anxious look
staring
the
before the
and
hollow,
cow shows these
her house and
some straw should be spread on the
floor,
kept
and
she should be given a good supply of soft green grass

to
amuse
herself
and
keep
her
from
fretting.
Her
95
keeper should remain close at hand, but be careful not
and watch her from
to disturb her unnecessarily, nor sit
She
where she can see him.
When
when out
of pain.
up, as
uneasy, the
if
up
she begins to
until the calf
Covjs in India.
Progress of Labour.
bag of
animal
side,
now
down and
get
should stay with her until the
quite clear of
is
"
water as
lies
the membranes,
of
down, and, after a while, turns
generally the
be seen
The
left.
of labour
termed, which breaks
is
it
mother."
its
The actual progress
becomes evident by the protrusion

or
sit
and afterwards he should prevent her from
calf is born,
getting
man
times
will eat a little at
flat
on her
fore feet of the calf
protruding through
labour advances, the head comes
the
vulva
the
may
and, as
forth closely applied
over the fore feet, with the chin resting on the knees,
and the back
of
the calf parallel to that of the cow.
After the head makes

respite of
some two
appearance there
its
or three minutes,
hind extremities, stretched

out
by
by
the
the
expulsive
diaphragm
of
the
abdominal
muscles.
her legs, commences to
which she does incessantly

while lying
it
still,
raises its head,
for
some
its
fore feet
sits up,
lick
her
few
and
calf,
time, the calf the
stretched out and gasping.
draws
pushed
uterus, assisted
seconds after the birth of the calf the cow

then, rising on
a short
and the trunk and
at full length, are
efforts
and
is
under
it,
Gradually
and begins
96
COW-KEEPING IN INDIA
make
to
it
ineffectual
efforts
get on
to
eventually succeeds in doing.
by degrees attains
short time
Manual
is
firmness
is
perfect
legs,
its
body
its
and
after a
steadily."
of Indian Cattle and Sheep.
Assistance Needed.
ever
support
able to
then totters about,
It
on
which
legs,
its
In most cases no assistance what-
needed, nature
safety to
cross-birth
may
accomplishing her course with
mother
occur,
and young.
Occasionally a
and surgical assistance be neces-
In such cases a doctor should be called in at
sary.
once.
At
what
one.
the
moment
to do,
of
calving most of the natives
and are good nurses
Where
they
fail is in
the
if
know
the birth be a natural
management
before and
after birth.
Treatment of the Cow after the Birth of the Calf.
AVhen the cow and
calf
have been attended
a quarter
to,
and
of a seer of (joor, a quarter of a seer of dried ginger,
one chittack of huldi should
be obtained.
The ginger
and huldi should be well ground, and mixed with the

goor and some Hour, and the
the
mixture at once, as
after -birth,
it
cow should be given

helps
to
half
away the
clear
and reduce the after-pains, which trouble
and weaken some well-bred cows very much
The remainder
of
tlie
many
of
nmch
at
mixture
of
the best milkers are very delicate, and suffer
the time of calving.
ginger and yoor should be given about six hours after-

wards
no more should be given, as
soon as the milk flows.
Great care
is
Book
(See
needed
to
97
will be hurtful as
it
II.,
Chapter
III.)
prevent the cow's vagina and
the calf's navel from becoming sore and getting blown
by
They must be washed with warm water, and,
flies.
after drying
them thoroughly with a clean
the following ointment must be applied
mustard
oil,
turpentine,
chittacks
morning and evening

Drinh and Food.
"
the
is
first
Sweet
tola
spirits
done
be
her, or she
is
that she has a
every
warm
coat
very apt to catch cold during
hours succeeding the birth of the
If
calf.
her eyes become glassy and of a steel colour

is
of
or ten days.
doing well the less you disturb her the better
light
or
oil
Care must be taken that the cow
has nothing to drink, and
thrown over
week
for a
must
This
cMttacl'.
camphor,
soft cloth,
she
but
when
if
the
thrown on them, and the hollows above them
deepen, she
in
is
pain,
and about four hours after the
birth she should have a hot bran mash, rather sloppy,
which
will
fill
and warm her
inside,
This should be continued for the
opens her bowels.

water, and then
For the
first
warm water
three days, as
it
chill
her
milk,
and inflamed nipples

7
day she should have no
for a
be very careful about, as
will
first
pain.
the milk to come, keeps her inside warm, and
assists
to
and quell the
week
this is a point
a draught of cold water
and may produce swollen udder
most
troublesome
complaints,
98
resulting
much
the
in
and
cow drying up
she
so
pain that she will not allow herself to be milked,
nor her
calf to
Chapter
III.)
For the
Cows in India.
suck."
wheat bran with a
green grass and one
soft
and one
chittack of salt,
pounded huldi (turmeric) added
to
For the
days no straw should be given, and for the

it
may
seer
of
must be
first
three
week no
first
cause inflammation of the udder.
must be remembered
milkers are unnatural cows
cows that are large
that
;
they are like cultivated
A common
plants, very delicate.
enough milk
II.,
chittach of
'J'his
it.
given twice or three times a day.
rich food, as
Book
(See
week the cow must not have any other
first
food than plenty of
It
suffers
for her calf,
may
cow that gives only
stand neglect, but a good
milker will go wrong in no time.

Illness.
Anything wrong
must be promptly attended

III.)
Falling of the
Milkimj.
Womh.
About
an
with a cow at such a time

(See Jôok
to.
See Book
liour
or
11.,
so
Chapter
II.,
Chapter
after
III.
cow has
calved she should be milked, and the calf set to suck.
The
to
calf should
suck her at
be loose with the mother, and allowed

pleasure;
the
sucking will
open the
milk- vessels, and bring the milking-macliinery into play
the calf being hungry, will suck hard, and draw off pain
from the cow
But the cow must be milked regularly

three times
drop
every
before she
of
milk
On
the mother.
days
three
for
hour
calf should be separated
from
the third day the real flow of milk
ricli
and
colour
in
produce
with
first
month
much
the
crush the
fit
to
The milk
flavour.
the calf
until
butter.
When
mother, great
calf.
calving,
after
is
care
tliree
is
needed
is
not
allowed to be
the
lest
cow
allow the calf to suck for half an
an liour or two, when
half an hour or so,
milk will
the
the calf
hour or an hour, and then shut

for
quite
After the seventli day, and until the end
old.
the
is
the butter will be large in
should not be given to babies
of
time.
udder increases, and the milk
quantity, and
and
An
use for puddings and butter
weeks
after calving,
each
extracted
milked the
is
sets in, the
day
99
it
let it
in its
own room
out again for another
and again put
throughout the day and night
up
for
it
away.
the
first
do this
fortnight.
CHAPTER
XIV.
CALVES, THEIH VALUE, MANAGEMENT, AND HOUSE.
Vah( of Calves.
upon
breed, just as a tlioroughbred colt
its
common
value than a
calf varies
from
lis.
Tlie
one.
to
half to
200, according
Rs.
to
The common
animal.
price of
a year-old
lieifer or bull
years old will
tliree
of greater
is
50, and of a two-year-old
lis.
one from Rs. 6 to RSc 100.
and a
depends mucli
Tlie value of a calf
from two
from Es. 8 to
fetcli
breed and qualities of
tlie
village
cattle are
of
very
the
little
value.
bull or bullock-calf will fetch
The
will.
first calf,
highest
Some
price of a
cow
and the price
when
is
highest after she has had her
of a bull as well as a bullock
between three and four years
lie is
a calf
the stock.
its
of age.
such sliould be sold as soon as their
mothers stop milking and refuse

if
is
calves are inferior and not worth the trouble and
expense of rearing
But
more than a cow- calf
is
The
a good one,
cost of its
it
to allow
100
to suck.
should be kept to replenish
keep and food
value.
them
will not exceed
VALUE, MANAGEMENT, AND

Food and
no economy
CALVES
Care.
the
materially
value
out of condition and becomes sickly,
and development
growth
its
to
is
mother's
its
The
injured.
mother
for
its
sure to decrease and the
cow
it
should never be
calf
For the
milk.
mother's milk
should
calf
not
be
more than three hours
twenty-one days
its
the
if
it
month
first
after its birth the calf will not eat anything,
allowed sufficient of
and
affected,
dies,
be utterly spoiled.
deprived of
be
will
Whereas
lessened.
mother's supply of milk

liable
to starve or neglect
It is
If it gets
calf.
101
HOUSE.
and
not
if
will be seriously
separated
from
at a time until
its
it is
After the twenty-first day the calf
old.
should be kept apart from the mother until she
is
milked,
but should be allowed to suck for three hours after the
cow has been milked.

calf
is
This should be done until the
two months old and can eat properly, then
need remain
witli the
mother
for
an hour
in the
it
morn-
ing and an hour in the evening only.

I
English method of
do not advocate the
The Indian cow
calves.
taken from her.
will
If it is
not allow her calf to be
done, she will never milk as
well or for as long a period as she would
allowed her
calf.
treating
English
cows
if
she were
have generations of
training at the back of them, and the separation from

their calves does not injure
tions of training to
calf.
make
them.
It will take genera-
the Indian
cow do without her
do not advise anyone to try
it.
If
properly
102
COW-KEEPING IN
treated the
cow
When
a calf
more milk with her
will give
she will do without
IN])IA.
calf
it.
ten days or a fortnight old,
is
than
it
should
be allowed some finely ground gram, wheat, or barley,
When
and green dooh grass every morning and evening.
three weeks old some wheat, barley, or gram, ground and

soaked; mixed with some cut
given to
it
give the
little
times
three
But on no account
day.
two months old
is
be allowed plenty of ground gram,
For the
but
eat
given food
if
and
As
like
it
add a
oilcake
it
it
will nibble at
it
is
should
grass.
will not eat
much,
and soon learn
to
it.
grows bigger, increase the quantity
little
it
many
and green
etc.,
month
three weeks or
first
dodb grass, should be
thing dry bran and straw, as so
Until the calf
people do.
fresli
linseed oilcake to
sv*eet
positively injurious to
and
^Mustard-seed
it.
young
of food
Salt
calves.
and
sulphur should be given to the calf from the beginning.

Over-feeding
is
bad
wheat bran, and \

and the same
it is
of a
^ccr
of grain,
of a seer of linseed oilcake
in the evening, is
old,
be
between three and

of grain
given
foui-
and increase
ad
t]e
old, I
when gradually
tender
Pure drinking-
When
lihitum.
months
every morning,
supply of
liberal
green grass should be always allowed.
water should
of a seer of
sufficient for a calf until
between two and three months
increase the quantity, but
a calf
is
reduce the quantity
oilcake, until
at six
months
of
CALVES VALUE, MANAGEMENT, AND HOUSE.

age
it
receives only oilcake.
should get Ih
calf
six
and when a year old 2
seer,
103
months old
seers of oilcake
a day.
The
best time to feed the calves
is
after the
cows
have been milked and the calves separated from them.

Regularity in feeding
Tying
up
tied
if
2ip
must be kept
Calves.
is
indispensable.
Little calves should never be tied
kept so long.
they should not be
They
room with an enclosure
loose in a shed or
where they may run about.

lionise.
The
calves
must be kept separate from the
other cattle, and their room kept clean, dry, and warm,
The
and properly ventilated.
room must be
j^^^^^^^y
morning and evening.

4 feet
of
floor for
of
the calves'
thoroughly scrubbed
calf
every
needs at least 5 feet by
Dry straw should be spread on
room.
the
them.
Shelter
exposed
^^^
flooring
from Sun and Bain.

to
midday
the
Calves
sun, or
sheltered from the cold north

are very delicate creatures,
rain,
should not be
and should
and east winds.
be
They
and any neglect may prove
fatal.
or
On no account should calves

damp ground or grass.
Tichs
and
Lice.
from ticks and

free
Calves must
lice.
from vermin.
be allowed to
sit
on wet
be kept absolutely free
Regular brushing will keep them

Little calves should not be bathed.
dOW-KEEPING IN INDIA.
i04
Older Calves.
When
they should be tied up and
up and
fed
when they
months
bull-calves are six
old
Heifers should be tied
fed.
months
are four or five
old,
but
Bull-calves should be very
not kept tied
all
liberally fed
the quantity of their food should be con-
the day.
tinually increased, until at two years of age they receive
the same quantity of food as prescribed for bulls.

Careful Treatment.
in the
management
great deal of care
is
needed
The temper and habits
of calves.
cows and bullocks depend a great deal upon the
ment they have received when
calves.
If
of
treat-
you want
good milch-cows, then observe the following, taken from

the American
" Treat
the
Farmer
Cows kindly.
Here
is
bit
of
gospel
truth which should be heeded, especially by dairymen.
Animals, like
human
and on a dairy-farm
to
beings, will respond to kindness,
this is
one
You cannot
success.
your calves to come
begin
at your
cows.
still if
you do not want them
While good blood
is
of
early in
training
and
to
submit to
them
to
familiarity
call,
with persons, but never permit

if
too
Accustom
handling and petting.
irritated,
the greatest essentials
of
them
to
to
be vexed or
become ill-natured
the greatest importance,
not properly trained the highest satisfaction will
not be attained.
management.
good animal
Good
feed,
may
be spoiled by bad
good care, and petting
naturally aid in securing good results."
will
CALVES
This
VALUE,
is
MANAGEMENT, AND HOUSE.
very true about heifers.
would not allow themselves

were as wild as jungly
they were
fit
to
have seen cows that
be tied or touched, and
Though
cattle.
but bad management
else
calves.
Male calves that are intended
The
up and petted and handled the better
tails
less
they are
their backs or
Handling and petting
should not be touched.
calves
plough or cart
for the
should not be treated like the heifers.

tied
good breeds,
of
Their bad tricks
only for the butcher.
were attributable to nothing
when
105
makes them very tame and slow
bull-
in harness,
and
considerably lessens their value.

Heifers need special attention
very often they are
neglected and receive neither proper food nor shelter,
consequently they are small and deformed, and are unfit
Then
for milking purposes.
highly fed
again,
some
that they become barren.
heifers are so
I
liave
known
cases in which all the efforts of the owners have failed to
make
the animals productive.
These heifers come into
season and take the bull, but never get into
calf.
They
have been spoiled by overheating and too
much
food.
Heifers
should
kept in good condition, but never
be
allowed to giôw very
same
kind
allowed so
of
food
much
any cotton-seed.
fat.
as
They should be
fed on
the
milk-cows, but should not be
oilcake or grain, and on no account
Good green
be given in abundance.
grass
and
hay
should
The food should be piepared
106
in the
same way
Some
as food for milch-cows.
an unlimited supply
of
and
salt
pure drinking-water are essential
to the animal's health.
Why
so
ma7iy Calves
die from sheer neglect
die.
number
large
and mismanagement.
deprived of their
mothers' milk, and
unwholesome food
is
to
sudden changes
the cold and
damp
are allowed to
given to them
of weather,
of
calves
They are
and
insufficient
they are exposed
and not sheltered from

the day
at night, or heat in
become covered with
lice
and
they
ticks,
and
their houses are kept unclean.

If the calves are cared for
and properly reared
it
will
help the cow to give more milk and milk for a longer
time,
and the
care and food.
calf
will repay all
that
is
spent on
its
CHAPTEli XV.
POINTS IN A GOOD CALF.
GOOD huU-calf should have loose skin running from
"A
down
his chin
his belly
broad
and
his
his eyes should
his nose
dewlap and round his chest and along
looking
be far apart, and his forehead
short and turned
The
swollen.
of
size
more ungainly
the
soft, long,
and rather
his nose will be
curly.
If
wet and shining.
good cow-calf should have
is
An
in
shoi't
have,
if
and instead
of a
of
his
good health
and
eyes rather
legs tapering
Cuius in India.
much
the same points as
a bull-calf, but her head will not be so broad or her

so
an
ill-bred calf will
ears, small
at the feet like a goat's."
is
His hair should
he
close together, long neck, small joints,
"
joints
The shorter
his strength.
have a narrow head, very long
away
the
his joints be.
will
neck the greater will be

be
his joints large
and the better bred he
indication of his eventual growth,

is
up
neck
the long dewlap, she should
good milking breed,
lots of
yellow wrinkled
skin between her legs where the udder will be in time to
come, and she will have well-developed teats, even

only a few hours old
have silky
hair."
and the best milkers
Cows in India.
107
will
when
always
CHAPTEK
XVI.
CASTRATING CALVES.
Castrating
when Young.
In
are castrated between the
The advantage
birth.
consists in the
and third month
first
of
the animal in form,
size,
also renders
him
to fatten, while
and generally useful
as a
it
working bullock.
natives of India, on the contrary, wait
from two
when
it
to
lias
Mode of
five
years old, that
from two
Castration.
to six
its
it
after
in length,
the animal
till
is
between the time
permanent
all.
The
four legs are tied together
drawn out and
is,
Tlie
teeth.
Natives generally castrate with-
out cutting the animal at
and
after
the operation at this early age
improvement
and the propensity

docile
of
Europe, calves as a rule
bull
is
thrown down
then the scrotum
is
freely handled for a few minutes to relax
which stout wooden
about
rollers
and 1^ inch in diameter, are
1 5
inches
tied tightly at
one end, and passed between the scrotum containing the

gland and the body of the animal.
One gland
is
next
pushed up towards the abdomen, and the other retained

in the scrotal sack
the rollers are then

108
drawn down and
109
CASTRATING CALVES.
A man
the free ends are tied together.
sits in
presses the gland tightly against the rollers
within
bag of
sack or the
its
till it
hands, and kneads
it
well
till
of
huldi
or
At
scrotum.
nostrils
is
(turmeric)
both his
becomes broken up into
is
next drawn out between
the rollers and crushed in like manner, and a
dung
bursts
it
The other gland
a soft pulp.
and
when he
the scrotum,
broken gland between the fingers
seizes the
front
lastly
is
little
smeared over
cowthe
the same time, the cartilage between the
perforated with a sharp wooden or steel needle,
and a cord a quarter

a nose-string.
of
an inch thick
This string
is
put through as
is
put through the nose and
over the head at the back of the horns, another string
put round the neck as a
collar,
then an iron or brass ring
is
put round the nose-string and the
is
attached to the ring as a bridle.
ment
is
I certainly think well of this
had a number
but
many
Effect
of
my young
mode
No
is
well in ten days.
and have
bulls castrated in this way,
people prefer cutting.
of this
Process.
There
The scrotum
swells,
fortnight the whole gland
the
further treat-
of operation,
is
no wound or sub-
sequent discharge and inflammation, as

cutting.
and a string
collar,
The animal
ever necessary.
is
empty sack remains.
and
the case after
ten
days or a
becomes absorbed and only

This process of castrating
never attended with any danger, nor

the cutting process.
in
is
The animals
is
it
is
so painful as
further, retain
their
no
(JOW-KEEPING IN INDIA.
When
masculiue form to a certain extent.

it
soon loses
it
looks
masculine form, and as
its
somewhat
cow
like a
crushed the change in form
may
animal
had been
Castrate.
to
between two and
not
1)6
crushed
and two years
six
before
calf
months
thoroughly
it
is
larger,
the glands are
would have
if
it
crushed
is cut,
should be cut when
but a calf should
between eighteen months
old.
up,
When
care
the glands are
that they are very
otherwise
occasionally prove troublesome
beinc^
it
old,
crushed great care must be taken
The
cut,
not so great, though the
is
Care in the Oiieration.
iiy- blown
is
cut.
it is
the calf
grows
it
when
not become as large as
Proper 2'imc
Gi'cat
but
a calf
the
among
animal
the cows.
must be taken that the
sore
will
When
is
not
or allowed to fester.
evil
of late cadration consists in
allowed
to
roam
at
lar^ê
with
the young bulls

the cows.
The
native breeders never think of separating the bulls from

the cows.
ho
is
Even
if
over-reached
lightness of carcase
there be a good bull in the herd,
by those young
and activity
in
bulls,
from their
serving the cows.
CHAPTEK XVIL
TAKING THE BULL.
very imijortant Matter.
This
with owners of cows, because
it
a critical
is
a matter of
any mistake
great importance, and
moment
is
at
this
very
time will
very seriously affect the profit to be derived from the

cow.
Before putting a cow to the bull, the
be certain that she

calf be
and
one.
put to the
is
not already in
calf.
owner must
If
cow
very seriously injure her
bull, it will
will be certain to cause a miscarriage of the
Many
show any
This
is
mistake.
and the bull

I
to
will not
have known cows
that have progressed as far as six or seven
pregnancy
young
people think that a cow in calf will not
signs of being in heat,
cover her.
in
months
worry other cows by riding them
and
in
I
have known bulls to follow and worry cows that have

far
advanced
in
pregnancy.
But such a mistake
as
putting a cow in calf to the bull can be very effectually

prevented.
Early Months
of
Pregnancy.
in
In
the
early
months
112
of
pregnancy
not in
calf.
decide
it
is
difficult
It
is
most necessary
to
if
cow
know
to
or
is
for
certain,
both to her lying fallow when she ought to be in
and
is
also to prevent her being put
already in
calf,
and causing much
Signs of Pregnancy.
carrying
is
The
when she
mischief.
most certain sign
of a
this, it
probaljle that she
is
evident from her
is
months
fifth
of pregnancy,
can be ascertained with certainty that a cow
The
the
calf
may
be
felt
a hard
lump
will
in
by putting the points
of
by the fingers
bound against the abdomen and

or
be
felt
is
drunk by the cow the
motion
is
hard against the right Hank of the cow,
fingers
when
may
from behind
when
a bucket of cold water
calf kicks,
and a convulsive
be observed in the flank by looking at

;
if
the open hand
is
be distinctly
it
then laid upon the
space between the flank and the udder, this motion
When a
quite
size.
Between the fourth and
calf.
cow
not in
is
In the later months, a cow's condition
calf.
calf,
a discharge from the vagina, however small.
In the absence of
it
the bull
to
is
may
felt.
Coio comes into Season.
cow must not be
put to the bull until three months after the birth of

her
last
calf, as
the
womb
during that period
is
in
relaxed state and incapable of retaining the seed, con-
sequently she seldom conceives
if
she should take the
bull before this period has expired.
Disregarding the
TAKING THE BULL.

the
call of
she calls
cow
this
at
her
give
113
time will do her no harm.
If
some butter -milk (not sour)
first
thing in the morning for a few days, and a cold bath
month from the
the third
injurious to the
But
This will cool her down.
during the day.
cow
birth of her calf,
to neglect
she calls for the bull and
is
it
after
very
is
the wants of nature.
If
may become
neglected, she
barren, or slip her calf next time, which
a sign of
is
weakness.
Rich food and over-feeding have the

the
cow
Some
months
until
into season before the proper time for

heifers take the bull
old.
Others again
they are three years
when they
do
it.
are eighteen
not come into season
old.
fed and cared for should take
bringing
effect of
heifer
the bull
if
when
properly
she
is
two
years and three months old.
Some cows come

the
time they have
every twelve or
for
into season in three
six
or
eight
last
thirteen
months from
These have
calved.
calf
Others again milk
months.
months before they take the
had a large Hansi that milked
for twelve
bull
months before
she took the bull.
Tlw Synijjfoms of coming into season are, abatement

of
milk and restlessness.
The cow
will
Her
be frequently
dunging, staling, and
bellowing.
constant motion, and
she will have no appetite.
tail
will
be in
The
vagina will appear red and inilamed, and a transparent
114
discharge will sometimes flow from

the cow will be riding other cows
if
tied,
doing no more
often
field,
she will stamp
Others again show their state
savage, and will butt.

little,
the
in
Some become very
with her feet and pull at her rope.
but
If
it.
lowing gently
than
these latter are apt to be neglected, as their state
is
not
soon observed.
The time a Cow remains in Season.

last
These
symptoms
only a few hours, sometimes only an hour, and
cow should be put

If
object.
Time
to the bull immediately.
tlie
is
an
the cow has taken the bull and not become
pregnant, the above-mentioned
symptoms
will
return in
three weeks, and continue to do so until she does conceive.
fat,
cow
over-fed
bull time after time before she
must be somewhat reduced
want
will
in
is
to go
in calf.
out to the
Such a cow
condition before she will
become pregnant.
TrouUesome
Cows.
If
year without getting into
cow remains more than a
calf,
she should be sent out
altogether to remain with the other cattle in the
change
a cow
a
of
air
and food may have the desired
small quantity
should
The company and
troublesome about getting into
is
distillery
them.
with
and feeding
grazing
be
it
is
the
given),
the
of
refuse
juice of
and
will
field,
liquor
effect.
calf,
If
give her
from a native
the Maliowa (none other
often
answer the purpose.
This stuff should never be given to a cow in milk, as
it
TAKING THE BULL.
very heating nature and will dry up the milk.
of a
is
115
Nor should
cow
be given to a
it
Barren cows are
very
in calf.
troublesome.
It
is
best
to
keep them separate, as they often worry other cows

and
them.
spoil
when
nearly
all
cow should be
for
cows
call
may
during these months,
turn over a
take to calving again regularly.
months
the
So a barren
the bull.
for
carefully watched
she calves once she
if
and April are
]\Iarch
If
new
leaf
and
cow does not get
into calf a year from the time she stops milking, or two
years from the time she last calved,
her any longer
it is
no use keeping
the probabilities are that she will never
calve asrain.
Very often when a

resort
the
to
from
apart
her calf the gowallahs
cow^ loses
practice of iihoolm to extract her milk
its
being a cruel and inhuman practice, a
cow that has once been subjected

have a
calf,
to it will
never again
her generative organs having been destroyed
or injured.
Great care should he taken

the
cow.
generally
good
have
subject to which
bull
good
of
a good milking breed will
milking
daughters.
cow
tlie
production of a well-bred
served by a good bull,
it
calf,
This
is
should be paid.
special attention
the
is
a good hall to serve
to select
a
If
will not only insure
but will also increase
the (juantity of the cow's milk and improve the cow.

J
do
not advocate
Kurdish
bulls
for
Indian
cows.
116
The
Hissar,
piiie-bred
prove the
best.
Nellore,
Guzerat
or
cross-bred
bull
will
between a short-
bull
horn cow and a Hissar, Nellore, or Guzerat bull will

prove very satisfactory
and Indian cow
bull
It
The cowman,
the
to
bull
first
do well.
send cows out to inferior
On
is
If a
by a small and inferior

unproductive.
not watched, will put the cow-
if
which
a good animal.
all
will not
a great mistake to
is
bulls.
but a cross between the English
at hand, which
bull, generally the serving
the other hand,
if
a cow has been

she be sent to a
calf, if
a rule
cow-calves
take after
bull-calves after their mothers.
Cow
Puttiwj the
to allow the
bull
so leave
them alone
restless,
to
the
Bull.
and cow
it
please themselves, and
to
best to tie
but
when cows
them up
them from jumping
may
cow
AVlien a
bathed
move
tliinLi
oi-
cold
in
undisturbed
not
about, so that the bull
for
she
tired out in
heifer has been
water,
will
liours.
but some <a'een
dried
generally
It
is
f:jrass
are
to a tree
to
them and not be
and
most natural way
'J'he
in an enclosure
have found
their fathers,
between two posts and secure them so as
serve
proves
and good bull she generally conceives.
As
is
not be at
good and large cow be served
troublesome about getting into

large
may
prevent
easily
attempting to do
so.
served, she should be
and
sit
tied
down
up and
left
quietly and
best not to give her anyor straw
and water that
117
TAKING THE BULL.
day.
gum
soaked Kutheela
little
given
should be
her.
Heifers
sometimes
are
and may not get into
their timidity,
on
troublesome
calf
account
of
long after
till
they are old enough, and have to be put to the bull
many
They
times before he succeeds in covering them.
should be tied up so as
enable the bull to serve
to
properly.
The Sex of
the Calf determined.
queen-bees lay female eggs
that
So
afterwards.
with
the
hens,
It has been observed
first,
and male eggs
first
laid
their
in
late
drop
periods,
give
Mares shown the
female and the last male products.

stallion
eggs
than
rather
colts
fillies.
M. Thurz, professor
the
consideration
stock-raisers
male at the
A
tlie
" If
first
of
in
Academy
the
these
you wish
facts,
formed
Geneva, from
law for
this
produce females, give the
to
signs of heat."
noted Swiss stock-grower, son of the President of

Swiss Agricultural Society, Canton de Vaud, under
date of February
1867,
certifies
"In
on twenty-two successive occasions

heifers.
a pure
My
cows were
Durham.
bought a pure
me
of
to
of
the
desired
Schurtz breed, and
cow,
have a new bull
to
it
have
to
my
succeeded in these cases.
Durham
place
first
Having
was very important
supersede the one
bought at great expense, without leaving
to
bull
for
had
chance the
118
production
prescription
male.
of
of
So
Professor
for
my Durham
work
field
bull six
the
of the law.
bulls
success
has
have obtahied
(Schurtz-Durham)
the same
of
obtained perfect matches of oxen.
herd amounted to forty cows of every age.
"
have made in
all
twenty-nine experiments
new method, and
in
every one I succeeded
In short,
after
in
more
and having chosen cows
colour and height,
My
followed accordingly the
Thurz, and
proved once more the truth
from
the
the production of what I was looking
female.
had not one single failure
all
for,
male or
the experiments
have been made by myself, without any other person's

intervention
as real
consequently
do declare that
and certainly perfect the method
consider
of Professor
Thurz."
'J'he
above plan had also been tried on farms of the
French Emperor with,
it is
asserted, the
most unvarying
success.
The same plan may be adopted with animals

descriptions.
of all
CHAPTEE
XVIII.
BARREN COWS.
Because a cow has

pregnant
it
is
the bull and not become
taken
no proof that she
is
Some
barren.
cows,
and especially the large well-bred ones, take the bull

several times before they get into calf.
that was
results,
served
without
times
five
had a Hansi
any
satisfactory
but the sixth time she became pregnant.
times
cows
give
cause
much
loss
much
and annoyance and
trouble
but perseverance wins
time,
of
Some-
the
day.
If a
cow has not got
into calf within
the time she had her last
calf,
she
probability will never calve again.
ever keeping a barren cow

it is
best to fatten her
is
two years from
barren, and in all
It is
no use what-
she will fatten easily, and
up and
sell
her for what she will
fetch.
Causes of
Sterility.
Over-feeding, or feeding on very
heating food, will cause barrenness.
Forcing supplies of
milk by unnatural means
make
Displacement
of
the
is
sure to
cow barren.
womb, caused by bad delivery or

119
120
Some
slinking, will cause sterility.
organic or constitu-
tional disease will prevent conception.

It is said, if a
barren cow
is
allowed to remain in the
herd, others in that herd will soon
disorder
is
Remedy.
become barren.
infectious.
When
cow gives
trouble about getting
into calf she should be reduced in condition
she should
have only green grass, hay, or dry straw to

treatment alone
and made
The
may
cure
lier
her
five grains of
If
she
still
five to ten grains of
day, for five or six days.
This
she should be kept loose
to take lots of exercise.
to give trouble, give
eat.
If this
continues
borax every
does no good, give her
ergot of rye or sabina every day for two
days before and after she takes the

incurable this will cure her.
bull.
If
she
is
not
After the cow has been
served she should be kept away at a distance from the

bull.
CHAPTEE
XIX.
AGE OF CATTLE AND NAMES AT DIFFERENT AGES.
A(je.
The
growth
of
age of cattle
is
generally calculated by the
the permanent teeth, and also by the rings
that form round the horns
but
it is
only after the third
year that the circle on the horns becomes defined
so in
calculating age by the rings, allowance should be
made
for three years
years old (see
when an animal has
judging by the teeth
with this system,

before
there
is
is
is
it
sheds two of
it
Of
plates).
a difficulty
far
when
it is
the more reliable
is
of
even
the age of a calf
central milk teeth
and again
the animal completes teething
six
years of age the eight per-
manent teeth are complete and attain a uniform

and the mouth
eight
two systems, that
difficult to tell
its
At
at the fifth year.
by
the
six rings
said to be complete, literally
level,
what the
natives call poora in Hindi, and j;ooro or 2ôorno in Bengali,
when the animal has

animal
its
is
attained
its
prime.
After
this,
the
supposed to decline or approach the age wlien
value decreases.
After the sixth year
work, and nothing can be affirmed

121
all
decidedly.
is
guess-
Those,
Second Week.
Birth.
TnrRD WtKK.
Fourth Weik.
EioHT Months.
Eliven Months.
Figs. 25-30.
122
Fifteen Mourns.
Two
Eighteen Months.
Yea.es.
TiFTH Year
Foukth Year.
Fios. 31-3G.
123
COW-KKEPIXO IX INDIA.
124
however, who have extensive experience with cattle can

tell
the age even
the
after
year with tolerable
sixth
Careful examination of
correctness.
teeth and of
the
been worn down, the
the extent to which they have
marks on the horns, and the general appearance

animal
At
in
the
itself,
frequently help to determine the question.
birth there are two central milk teetli, or incisors
second week after

;
in
the
birth,
get discoloured and to wêar
months
at twelve
six at
their size
teeth,
which
the
teeth keep
month they begin
down.
The two
months
fifteen
worn
the central incisors
permanent
their
and when
at
two
to
central
wear down at eight months
eight teeth are well

of
six
month these
clean and even, but after the sixth
incisors first begin to
make
teeth
eight milk teeth have been
Until the sixth
established.
four
week,
third
mouth has been completed,
two
During
the lower jaw, the upper continuing bare.
appearance
tlie
of the
four
the whole of
years,
when
also
are shed and replaced by
are
readily distinguished
and form from the milk
teeth.
At
by
three years,
four teeth, at four years, six, and at five years, the whole
eight permanent teeth appear, and complete the mouth,
as stated above.
will begin to
of the teeth
At
six years of age these in their turn
wear down.
depends
in
But the extent
the wear
a great measure on the kind of
food the animal has been having.
and cows
of
Cattle
bulls, bullocks,
attain to a good age wlien taken care
of,
and
NAMES OF CATTLE AT DIFFERENT AGES.
125
the reproducing powers of bulls and cows are retained

for a long period.
The cow breeds when she

to
do so until she
is
is
two years
twenty years
for breeding purposes
when he
old,
of age
is
and continues
the bull
is
used
three years old, and
Sixth YkaR
TtNTn YzAs.
Age
bho"wt? by
rings
fOUND ON THK HORN,
Fiu.s.
renders
his
best
37-39.
services until he
eiglit
is
years old.
After that he should not be used for breeding from, but
ought to be put
used before he
he be
left until
the offspring.
to the
is
he
plough or
cart.
Sometimes he
three years old, but this

is
three years of age
is
ruinous
it will
is
if
repay in
126
Names
of Cattle at different Ages.
cattle are as follows

calf,"
the male
"cow-calf,"
''
AVhen a
a gelded animal
a calf
is
a year old
"
it is
is
" a
a quey,"
called a
is
heifer bears a calf she
given to
termed
is
a bull-calf," and the female
When
yearling."
A new-born animal
"heifer";
or
" stot-calf."
The names
called " a
called " a
cow," which
name
castrated
called " a steer " until he is three years old,
when he
is
she retains ever after.
styled " an ox " or " bullock," which
is
when
bull
name
is
never changed.
cow
heifer or
tliat
has received
have been served or covered.
tlie
When
milk a cow
in
is
called
termed a
is
is
said to
cow that has not con-
ceived or that has miscarried her young
one that has ceased milking
bull
"
is
" eill,"
an
a " yeld
milk
"
and
cow."
"
milch-
" in
Hindi,
or
cow."
Native Names.
and a
"
bachoor
butchroo
" in
cow-calf
is
Bengali.
and a
in
is
"
calf is called a "
in
Iêngali.
Hindi, and
a "
buckun
"
"
bachoor
in
" in
bull-calf
shar-bachoor
stot-calf is a "
" bollod
butchroo
"
buddhia butchroo
bokkon
" in
and a steer a
Hindi, and a "bollod or danira " in Jiengali.

a
and
" gai,"
and a bull a
Bencjali.
"'
a "shfir-
" in Bengali.
Hindi, and a
Bengali,
is
shfir " (nasal sh) in
A
" in
Hindi,
" bial
cow
both Hindi
CHAPTEE
XX.
PRICE OF CATTLE.
The
of
prices of cattle vary a great deal in different parts
the
country, and
Cattle in their
own
at
different
seasons of the year.
but the farther
districts are cheap,
home
they are removed from

In Bengal the ryots
the greater their price.
sell off their cattle after
From May
finished their ploughing in the hot weather.

to the
tion,
end
of
September the
and there
is
fields are all
no fodder for the
during these months they die
Most
starvation and disease.

at this season,
The
prices go
end
of
and buy again
up
February.
in
under cultiva-
cattle,
off in large
they have
consequently
numbers from
of the ryots sell their cattle
in
October and November.
October and continue good
Many
ryots, again, sell
their
till tlie
cattle
during the rains to enable them to pay their land rents.
From October
tu
December they reap
flush with cash, so they can again
Prices of Coius.
their breed
give.
The
their crops
buy
and are
cattle.
prices of cows vary according to
and the quantity and quality
of the
milk they
In Calcutta the standard price of a good cow in
128
full milk,
with a-talf under a month old,
is
as follows.
a large well-bred animal, at the rate of Es.
per seer for every seer of milk

four hours.
to
she
gives
12
If
to Es.
13
twenty-
in
medium-sized well-bred cow, Es. 10
If a
per seer for every mer of milk she gives in
Es. 1 1
twenty-four hours
and
10 per
Es. 8 to Es.
if
a small cow, at the rate of from
Thus
iêer.
a large
cow giving ten
milk a day will fetch Es. 120, and a small one
acers of
giving five
seers
a day Es.
40.
have known some
large cows to sell at the rate of Es. 16 per seer for the
milk they
yielded
when people
twenty-four
Sometimes
hours.
are leaving the place and cannot take their
with them, they will
cattle
them
sell
Cows can
standard price.
sales,
in
for far
below the
also be got cheap at auction
but the buyer has to take his chance.
In the Mofussil the prices of cows in milk are very
much below
the prices of the same animals in cities and
Cows
towns.
The cows
districts.
cheap in their
comparatively
are
tliat
sell for
Es.
120
in
Calcutta,
can be bought for Es. GO in Northern India.

is
at its
best value wlien
years old, or with
By
large
Nagouri, or
cross-breds
cows
its
second
cow
live
calf.
mean cows
Guzerati
between three and
is
it
own
breed
of the
and
by
Hansi, Nellore,
medium, good
and by small, good common cows
of
the
district.
When
cows run drv their value
of
course decreases
PRICE OF CATTLE.
12 9
they can be bought for from one-fourth to two-thirds the

price of cows in full milk.
Prices of Bulls.
The
prices of good bulls are very high
one has to pay almost a fancy price for a fine well-bred
bull.
good large thoroughbred animal when three
years old will sell for from Es.

liad to
150
to Es.
had
bull to be
He was
40 or
Es.
from Es. 14
bring as
'to
The
60 per
to Es.
much
30 per
as Es.
80
400 per
Breed, age,
is
pair.
Good
to Es.
120 per
sell
for
as
much
as
sell for
cross-breds will
pair.
First-
high as Es. 200
pair.
size,
and strength make a great difference
in the value of the animal.
when he
will fetch as
The common ones
pair.
thoroughbreds will
Es.
the only
prices of good bullocks are
Good Bengali bullocks
also high.
wâs
at the place.
Prices of Bullocks.
class
have
pay Es. 100 for a year-old Hansi bull that
not the very best type of his breed.
Es.
300.
A bullock is at his best value
between three and
Prices of Calms, see
six years old.
Chapter XIV.
CHAPTER
XXI,
MILK.
The
quantity
of
milk
obtainable
varies
considerably
according to the breed of the cow, the kind of food she

has,
and the time
cared-for
cow
after calving.
thoroughbred well-
much more milk than
will give
one, or a badly-cared-for high caste one.
have given as much as eighteen

day, but
if
cow gives from ten
very good one.
cow
is
cold and
is
damp
milk
very favourable.
Coivs that are tied u})
richer
oftener.
affects the yield of

soil is
AVhen a cow
affects tlie quantity.
more butter than when milked
is
and contains
Climate also
are objectionable.
and fed give more and nicer milk
than those that are allowed to be loose
milk a
The season and frequency with which a
milked also
dry
of
to twelve seer^, she is a
milked twice a day the secretion
rich,
common
Some cows
scer^
j>?^fc^
all
the day.
cow gives more and richer milk after her second calf
than she did with her
When
first.
she
is
eight years old
her milk begins to decrease in (quantity, but not always

in quality.
ISO
131
MILK.
Quality of Milk.
The
milk of every cow

(1) There
body, quality, and colour.
is
differs
the yellowish,
creamy milk, which contains a large proportion

substance necessary for butter.
of fatty
Then there
(2)
in
is
the
thick heavy white milk, which contains a great deal of

casein suitable for cheese, junkets, curds, etc.
thin bluish milk
much
is
The
sweet and nice, but does not produce
The
cream, butter, or curd.
children and invalids.

least four chittacks of
every
(3)
the best for"
last is
In good milk there should be at

curd, and one chiUack of butter to
seer.
While the
calf is
very young the milk will be thin,
As
but will get richer as the calf grows older.
cow
goes out of milk, the butter obtained from her milk will
not lessen as rapidly as the milk
itself
quantity of milk will on account of

larger proportion of butter,
nearly
dry a respectable
does
its
the smaller
richness give a
and sometimes even when
quantity of
butter
will
be
yielded.
Milk from a cow when she

time for calving
fit
is
is
in
not good for children.
The milk
of a
cow immediately
for use.
It
called calustrum.
is
cow has calved she ought

thrown away
season or near her
after this
to
after calving is not
An
hour after the
be milked and the milk
the calf should be allowed to
suck the mother and drink
all
it
can draw.
third day the calf should be allowed to
draw
Until the
all it can,
132
and the milk
for butter,
must be drawn out and may be used
left
but should never be given to children.
the third day the milk
may
puddings, and butter, but
is
until the twenty-second

Tlic
used
be
not
for
for children to drink
fit
day from the birth
The
purity.
may rank
very rich milk
than milk
test,
you add sugar
will
show
meter
of the calf.
as
it
test the
pure milk.
pure
Then
again, by the lacto-
milk
bluish
thin
up
Opinions
time a cow gives milk
month
to
met
rarely
of her
this,
average
months they show

during
decrease
the
;
some
as
and are up
are
differ
as to the length
say, a
cow should milk
in
from
to
test.
next calving, but such a cow
Cows
with.
months on an
rank
will
the trick of making milk up to the lactometer
of
lacto-
watered milk the lactometer test
to
Duration of Milk.
and
lighter,
really poor in quality.
is
The gowallahs know
watered milk.
is
shown by the
lower, as
that
milk are
solids of
heavier than water, but the fat (butter)
If
coffee,
tea,
Lactometer cannot be relied upon as giving any
absolute standard of
meter
After
milk
full
the
for
fourth
to
is
four
sixth
signs of lessening by small degrees,
seventh
month there
will
be
decided
they go on milking for two, three, or four, and
even seven months longer, but by this time the milk

will
have almost dried up.
Some cows
only
calve every year or thirteen months, and
milk for
eight
or
nine
months.
Do
not
stop
133
MILK.
milking a cow until three or four months before the
time for her to calve again.
cow
allowed to go
if
dry early will do so again the next year, whether she
But
calves early or not.

foolish " principle to
months
a " penny-wise pound-
is
keep on milking a cow until two
time to calve again.
of her
IWhen
it
a cow
going
is
off
her milk, any change of
food, quarters, attendants, time of milking, or
who milks
she
her, will often accelerate
will not
recover
but
herself,
the
man
the decrease, and
the
milk will stop
altogether.
When
cow seems
apparently without cause,
be
it
may
and that her digestion
sorts,
going
to
is
be that she
out of order
a case an ounce of the condition powder

ball,
and given
appetite,
calf should
bring
out of
is
in such
into a
few days, will often restore her
be let loose for a day or two;
may
sucking
milk,
made
and give her digestion the required
for a
her
off'
back
the
milk
tone.
continual
its
which
The
has
been
checked.
Papeeta leaves and green fruit will often bring back a

flow of milk
if
given in
TJic
before
has stopped from any disorder in the
The
cow's health.
together,
it
leaves and fruit should be
and mixed with a
little
flour
pounded
and treacle and
balls.
Art of Milkiwj.
she
is
milked.
A
No
cow should always be fed

native
can
milk
cow
134
without
this
first
allowing the calf to mouth the teats, as
opens the valves, and the cow seeing the calf near,
allows the milk to flow
sometimes you will see both
udder and milk increase rapidly in the space
The cow
minutes.
dictates, and,
of a
few
will then relieve herself as nature
when she has done
her calf should be
so,
peg near her head, or to her foreleg, where
tied to a
she can lick and fondle
while she
it
being milked.
is
kicking cow should be hobbled, but not a good-tempered

one, as
teach
it
is
them
a bad habit
to
them
get
to
into,
and may
kick.
The cow should always be milked by the same man,

for a
change
like being
of
may make
milkers
milked
if
They are creatures

and regular routine
same
hour,
and
same
place,
and by
cows
operator has a gentle touch.
the
of
her restive
habit,
if
milked
tlie
they
loving
are
the
at
peace and quiet
always fed at the
same
hour,
in
the
same man, they
will
seldom
milking,
the
milker
rebel.
If
cow
is
troublesome
should be changed
a good
at
man
will
always have his
and though one may be
cows quite
docile,
difficult to
milk when
first
ticklish
and
put under his care, in a short
time he will have her quiet and patient.
Sometimes a cow's
teats get
chapped or inflamed, and
she kicks about to let her distress be known.

teats are
Chapped
most troublesome, and with some cows they
135
MILK.
are constitutional, but as a rule they are the result of
them
leaving the teats wet after milking, and allowing

to
dry in the open
should be well cared
should be rubbed
and
(equal
fat
in,
without
may
painful and
the cow's udder
this,
and, from the very
butter
first,
or a mixture of mustard-oil, wax,
parts)
over the teats for a
harden
for,
It is well
ointment.
To avoid
air.
to
boiled
together
into
soft
rub some butter or ointment
month
after calving, as then they
chapping.
Chapped
teats
very
are
cause the cow's milk to dry up.
If the calf nips its
mother with
its teeth, it
must not
be allowed to suck her too long at a time.
The Process of Milking.
The
very simple process, but to do
milking of a cow
it
successfully and cor-
rectly,
without pain or annoyance to the animal,
secret,
and requires
skill
is
and experience.
is
Milking
the
may
be performed in two ways, by stripping or nievelling.
Stripping consists in seizing the teat at
the end of the teat, pressing
away the milk

effected
pressing
base with the
and the thumb, and drawing them down
fore-finger
is
its
it
contains.
it
to
lightly so as to bring
Nievelling, as
it is
called,
by grasping the teat with the hand and com-
it
against the palm witli the fingers to drive
the milk out, and then relaxing the hold to allow the
teat to
refill,
so that by a quick succession of contraction
and relaxation by the hands, the milk

from the udder
is
soon exhausted
only large cows with large teats can be
136
iiievelled
small cows can be milked only by stripping.
Every milkman prefers

it is
own method
his
no unusual thing to see a
man
use both stripping
and nievelling on the same cow in the course

single operation
longer the
more
\
yielded
milk
habit has a great deal to do with the
milker
restless the
takes
in
extracting
tlie
the milk, the
cow becomes, and the quantity
is affected.
in
one
of
The milking should be done quickly
practice.
and
of drawing,
of
good milker will extract
all
man
half the time that an inexperienced
milk
the
will
take.
The milking utenbil
may
lota, tin
can, or enamelled
may
made
be
When
of,
Whatever
pot.
the utensil
must be kept absolutely
the calf dies there is
As soon
cow.
it
be a mud, brass, or copper
clean.
great trouble in milking a
as the calf dies
you should try
to give
the cow another calf of the same age, colour, and looks
as her
and
own
clean,
First see that the calf
calf.
and then
about
take
half
newly drawn from the cow, and rub

face, back,
and upon the navel
will smell
and
her.
lick
Some cows
others will not.
of
is
take
AVhen she
another
to
will
The cow
calf.
the calf, and soon allow

will
of milk
seer
over the head,
it
the
quite healthy
it
calf,
to
suck
whereas
not take to another,
her dead calf has to be skinned and stufTed and stuck
up before her
for
milking goes on.
lior
to
Unless
look
tliis
at
and
lick
while
tlie
be done she will not let
MILK.
her milk
down
137
but even with this device her milk will
gradually lessen, as the native milker will not be able

extract
to
As soon
every drop.
mochcc or tanner should be sent
and the skin cured and

If
stuffed
the
as
dies,
calf
the calf skinned,
for,
and dried
the sun.
in
the calf has died of any contagious disease
its
skin
will carry the contagion, so it should not be kept.
Every drop of milk must
he
After the milker has drawn
both morning and evening.
away
all
he can, the
must be
calf
from the cow
extracted
loose
let
and allowed
may
be extracted
the udder tends to dry
up the cow,
to suck, so that
every drop
left
in
left
becomes absorbed, and the flow
The more you milk and
the
of
more
any milk
what
as
milk
is
the
calf
is
lessened.
sucks,
more milk
especially during the first three weeks, the

will be produced.
Great care must be taken not to in any way annoy

lor startle
the
cow before
'treatment will
make her
herself to be
milked.
carefully,
very
for
or during milking
restive,
and she
Servants
few
need
natives
any rough
will not allow
be watched
to
will
obey
in
this
matter.
Forcing Supplies
of
Milk.
Some
people
give cows
large drinks of hot water with bran, flour, or sugar sifted

into
it
to
make
it
and give a large
tasty, so
may
that they
supply of
milk.
large (piantities of salt to the
cows
drink largely
Others again give

to
produce
thirst, so
138
that they
may
the diabolical practice
The
milk.
Some
drink water to excess.

pliooka,
of
in
resort to
order to extract
least that can be said about these unnatural
means, resorted to by some unprincipled people,

they are highly injurious
spoil
the
Milk
milk.
becomes watery and

in the
consumer.
is
to
the
by
such
methods
unwholesome, and causes disease

tliis
unnatural
increase
always followed by a reaction, and the supply
to the cow.
that
cow, and invariably
produced
Again,
lessens considerably.
is,
Besides
It affects her
all this, it is
digestion,
of
is
milk
most injurious
and causes much
internal distress, and destroys her reproductive powers,

so that she will never calve again.
Cx#
Fig.
40. Milk
Ti'BK.
CHAPTER
XXII.
CREAAf.
Watered Milk.
Milk
looks bluish, which

little in
a wineglass
can be detected
it
Watered milk has a wholly
soft,
for
milk
of testing
taste
is to
practice will enable one to detect watering.
little
the tongue
by looking at a
appears more transparent than
But the best way
pure milk.
it
that has been watered always
it is
The
not to be relied on
is
whereas in reality
milk of an old cow
is
The
a young cow.
feel to
shown
is
glass bulb or lactometer

;
it
bluish pure milk, described in Chapters IV.

to be half water,
and
harsh and tasteless, while pure milk
sweet, and smooth.

testing milk
different flavour
it is
shows the
and XXI.,
The
pure milk.
to be purer
than the milk of
different kinds of food given to
cows
will affect the specific gravity of their milk.
Milk that has been watered

pure milk
do,
so
if
milk
cream comes
is
ought
to
Another way
to
milk turns sour sooner than
you may suspect
test the
will turn sour sooner than
its
being watered.
it
to let it stand for a short time
in a thick
crust
13!)
it
is
pure,
if
it
if
the
breaks up
140
on skimming and will not readily come

has been watered, and the
a blue colour,
difficult
and look
skimmed milk
the milk,
white agate or opal.
like
skimmed, as the cream
is
properly boiled and allowed

butter.
cream which they

simply boiling
is
It
easily
to
milk that has been
off
stand sufficiently long
The natives make another kind

call
down
is
thick and solid.
Cream that has been skimmed
makes good
it
will then be of
skim watered milk, but pure milk
to
hhecr or Ixhoa.
the
It is
of
made by
milk to a very thick con-
make
This cream will not
sistency.
off
butter, but
makes
good ghee.
Keepiny Milk Good.
Milk
will
keep good
if
a few
points are carefully observed.
China crockery retains
heat and turns milk soon.
best kind of vessels to
The
keep milk in are copper pans, from twelve
to
eighteen
inches in length, seven inches wide and one and a half
inch deep.
They should be well
tinned,
and before using should
be well rubbed with dry wood ashes until every particle

of grease
is
removed, then scalded with hot water and
put in the sun
to dry.
These pans should be placed side by side on a shelf
and
kept
filled
three-fourths with milk.
in a quiet
room which
is
The milk should be
not used as a passage, and
which can be shut up and kept
cool.
and out
disturb the atmosphere,
of the
room they
will
If
people come in
CREAM.
141
When
and prevent the cream from properly forming.

the
weather
is
warm
Cold
should
room
the
of
cool.
The cream
the time
room
the
of
The atmosphere
be opened out at night.
should be
doors
tlie
vessel
must not be moved
has been set to the
it
skimming.
of
the forming of cream
favourable to
is
moment
or touched from
some
people place their milk vessels in wet sand.
Changes in the weather
affect
milk very much
some-
times on a cloudy day the cream will be quite thin, and

a fall in the barometer will soon sour the milk
and cream
will lessen
will prevent
is
when
cream forming
and windows.
closing the doors
sour any day, do
the
go wrong look for the cause, and
hours
purposes.
hours
hours
it
it
by
out
dirty
is
if
possible
may
the
when
be a
has
air
things
remove
be
used
skimmed milk
when milk has stood
for
will
all
it.
household
keep good
curd, or
may
for
more than twelve
for
should not be used for the table, but
make good
goats,
may
If reboiled,
many
frost
that has stood not longer than twelve
good, and
is
Should the milk turn
electricity in
turned the milk, or else the pan
Skimmed Milk
shut
be
not be discouraged, as
brewing, and
is
milk
a bright, clear, and calm day
The wind can
most favourable.
storm
a westerly wind blows
it
will
be given to ducks, fowls, dogs,
and other animals.
undiluted, contains a great
Skimmed
deal of
milk, pure
and
nourishment,
and
142
muscle,
produces
unskimmed
and,
as
it
cheaper
is
pure
than
milk, should enter largely into man's daily
food.
Boiling Milk.
will not
is
In
keep good for
any length
milk
tea, coffee,
time unless
and
Susceptibility of Mill\
milk
for a longer time than
for children.
Milk, cream, and butter
take the flavour of any strong scent which
Milk while
or about them.
it
intended for cream
Milk
does.
and butter should be boiled

used for
of
milk
rains
Boiled milk produces more cream
properly boiled.
than unboiled
and
the hot weather
it
is
may
being boiled
\ times turned sour by bad smells.

Silver and plated vessels and spoons
all
be near
is
some-
will turn
milk
sour.
Iron turns
make them
Copper
sour
When
it
red and makes cream black, but does not
sour.
vessels, unless well tinned, will also turn
brass turns
it
green, and gives
it
milk
a nasty flavour.
kept long in tin milk turns blue when put into
tea.
Fresh earthen pots give milk, cream, and butter a

strong and unpleasant earthy taste.
China
is
a retainer of heat, so that
and basins are unsuited
for keeping
all
milk
Zinc, tinned copper, bell metal, and
best milk vessels.
milk jugs, cups,

in.
wood make the
143
CREAM.
Vanilla
sweet
it
has
wonderful
a drop of its essence
effect
in
keeping
milk
a great help to keeping
is
good.
Milk
carries
village or bazaar
or else
infection
it
if
milk
is
bought from the
should be well boiled before using,
you may make up your mind that you may be
infected with any disease

village.
prevailing in the bazaar or
CHAPTER
XXIII.
BUTTER.
Boiled and unboiled Mill\
70 butter
to
may
Until the thermometer rises
made from cream
be
of unboiled milk.
Butter thus made has, as some think, a finer flavour
than butter made from cream of boiled milk
but boiled
milk yields more cream and butter than unboiled milk

does,
and the longer milk
butter
it
If all
more cream and
yields.
the milk
is
used for butter, then set
six hours in the cold
warm weather
the
boiled the
is
it
for thirty-
weather and twenty-four hours
in
the cream tlien will collect into a
thick paste, leaving the milk below quite thin and poor,
unfit for household use, but good for fowls, ducks, goats,
dogs, etc.
If
the
milk
is
household purposes,
for
to
be used
it
should not be allowed to stand
more than from twelve
for
to sixteen
butter
as
well
as
hours in the cold
weather, and an hour or two less in the hot weather.

It
is
more
to let the
profitable
to
make
butter of cream, and
milk stand for only twelve hours, as then the

144
BUTTER.
whole
145
the milk can be used for the household, and
of
also a sufficient quantity of butter produced.
milk stands longer there will be more cream
If the
and
butter, but the milk will be useless.
be more milk than
If there
can be sold after

will sell for
Crecun.
collect
all
it
in
a large quantity.
needed, then the surplus
has been skimmed
it
from four
Collectinr/
is
skimmed milk
to six pice a seer.
When
mug
large
When
been collected the butter
the
or
cream
skimmed,
is
bowl, until there
is
two or three days' cream has
may
Butter made
be made.
from very fresh cream will often sour in a few hours.

]>ut
by keeping the cream from twenty-four to forty-
eight hours
some chemical change takes place
which the acid portion

and
part,
the
butter
is
it,
by
from the greasy
separated
comes
in
away more
freely
when
churned.
Tlw process of BiUter-makiwj

Butter
is
exceedingly
made from cream must be made
in
simple.
an atmospheric
These churns can be had at European hardware
churn.
shops.
lûtter
made from sour milk
or tyer
the native churn, in the native way.
much
It will
in
not yield
butter in an atmosplieric churn.
The native Churn and mode of

both
must be made
very
produces
TO
simple.
greater
This
metliod
quantity
of
making butter are

of
making butter
butter.
Tlie
only
146
objection
that all the milk
is
This sour butter-milk cannot be
the milk turns sour.
used for puddings,
tea, etc., but,
when
very refreshing and nice drink, and

the hot weather.
as the whole of
lost,
is
It
is
much
makes a
fresh, it
very cooling in
is
and some
liked by natives
Europeans.
The milk
is
boiled
wêll,
large jar,
and a teaspoonful
added
it,
when
to
a quantity
it
is
of
From one
churned.
is
and
wliich
after
it
put into a
is
of sour butter-milk or tyer is
put aside for twenty-four hours,
water
cold
to
added
is
to
it,
and
it is
one and a half chittack of butter
produced from each
seer
of
milk,
made by
if
this
method.
The churning apparatus

feet long driven into the
consists of a stake
some four
two
feet apart
ground
to this,
from each other, are tied two rings made
bamboo
The
lathe.
jar containing the milk
of
is
cane or
placed at
the foot of the stake under the rings, and the churn
is
Then
through
passed
string
is
the two
rings
the jar.
put round the churn between the two rings, and
the churn
is
The churn
drilled for
is
twenty minutes.
simply a piece of thin, smooth bamboo,
five feet long, split into four
to the
into
width
at one end,
and opened out
of three or four inches, with small pieces of
bamboo placed crosswise
to
keep
it
placed in the milk, and the churn
The butter forms and
iloats
in
open; this end

is
is
drilled.
the jar, wlien
it
is
147
BUTTER.
collected
and
and
and
cleaned
know how
khansamas
Nearly
salted.
make
to
cooks
all
butter
in
this
way.
The butter-milk
Many
seer.
people drink
pigs, ducks, fowls,
from one
will sell for
and
it,
also give it to their
and dogs.
Atmospheric CJmrn.
By making
pheric churn, you save nearly
quantity of butter
the milk, though the
all
not great
is
butter in the atmos-
by the native mode
making butter you can get from one

chittach of butter
to four pice a
from every
to
one and a half
milk
of
seer
of
by making
churn with cream, you get
butter in the atmospheric
only from half to three-fourths of a chittach of butter
from the same quantity

milk
is
good for
the whole of the
of milk, but
use.
All the cream should be put into the churn, and a
few mugs of cold water added.
The water keeps the
cream cool during the churning, and also being a harder

fluid
Com-
than milk, helps to beat up the butter.
mence churning slowly
comes
will
the
better
it
the
more slowly the butter
be
in
both
quality
and
quantity.
The churn must be securely

taken that the
feet, or it will
As soon
man
make
closed.
Care should be
does not hold the churn with his

it
warm, and make the butter
as the fluid
oily.
becomes heavy and cloggy, the
churning should be done more slowly, and continued so
148
churn runs easily again, and the sound
until the
rattling about inside
fluid
be distinguished
churner should look in to see
of
the
then the
grains of butter are
if
forming, and continue churning gently until the butter
forms a solid lump in the churn.

butter
If tlie
lump a great
solid
collect all
Wash
it
the butter
and give
deal
it
to
impossible to
it is
has once been
it
Servants,
is
if
watched,
not
ready, pour off the butter-milk,
the cows, calves, goats, dogs, and fowls.
the butter with cold water which has been standt>oric
from the well or tank or tap
it
has formed a
it
out too soon.
ing all night in an earthen
will
as
lost,
is
churn.
the
of
always take
When
turned out before
the frothy particles ^vllen
taken out
will
is
make
the butter
soft.
or (/hurra
is
fresh water
sure to be warm, and
After washing
it
thoroughly,
should be salted and made into pats, and put into an
earthen pot
way
will
filled
with cold water
keep sweet and nice
for
made
butter
many days
it
in this
should
be rewashed and salted every morning until the next
churning day.
Butter should never be touched with
in a
warm
the
tlie
left
wooden or
The churning
knife sliould be used.
should always be done early in
hand or
place for even a few seconds.
bamboo spoon and
After
tlie
morning.
thermometer reaches 70, butter-making
becomes troublesome, as
tlie
heat makes
it
soft
and
oily.
149
BUTTER.
Pieces of ice should be dropped into the churn while
churning to harden the butter, and the churn should be

placed in a tub of cold water.
Cleanliness.
Want
perfect
of
cleanliness
is
a great
obstacle to successful butter-making, especially so in the
hot weather
and without the eye
perfect cleanliness
where most
of
of the butter.
the housekeeper
not to be obtained in this country,
is
the people do not
The
from a dirty one.
of
least
know
a clean thing
the whole
dirt will spoil
The same spoon that has been used
skim the morning's milk should not be used
to
to
skim the
All the vessels and implements should
evening's milk.
be kept perfectly clean, and soaked in clean water until
Deal and bamboo are
the time they are needed for use.

the only kinds of
wood that should be used
in butter-
making.
Preserving Butter.
butter,
and keep
it
After churning, wash and salt
an earthen
in
cold water, in a cool place
morning and evening.

keep butter
Sûeet or
for
making
(miitti) vessel full of
the water must be changed
The ice-box
is
a good place to
in.
Sour Cream.
butter, as
"Sweet
it
cream
not the best
is
cream that
yields less tlian
The best and most butter
slightly sour.
cream that
tlie
is
slightly
sour,
and which
is
is
is
made from
taken from
milk set in shallow pans in a room not over sixty or

sixty-two degrees of
temperature for thirty-six hours,
loO
then skimmed and kept twenty-four hours at the same
temperature before churning, and churned at this same

temperature.
it
will
When
cream
is
too sour or
is
too
warm,
foam in the churn and give out a large quantity
of carbonic acid
of the butter.
the cream,
Tins interferes witli the making
gas.
It will not
when thus
cold water to thin
do this otherwise.
brint'
disturbed, into proper condition, add
it,
by which the gas evolved in the
churning escapes and the foaming

butter separates.
To
This foaming
is
is
reduced.
a
common
Then the
thing in
the summer, while in the winter, owing to the cold, the
cream granulates and appears

does not come.
to
the cream, as
1'he
it
to be sandy,
remedy then
is
too cold,
is
to
add warm water
and the
butter will not adhere together."
and the butter
fine
grains of
American Farmer.
CHAPTEE XXIV.
GHEE.
Making
Collect all your spare butter of the
few days, and put
last
charcoal
have
At
Ghee.
fire,
into a small deglicliec on a clear
and
not too hot,
Always
let it boil gently.
done in your presence in some convenient spot.
it
first
degrees
will be
it
it
it
up
will froth
whipped cream, then by
and small white opaque particles
curdle,
will
like
observed inside
after a time the particles will
begin to adhere to the bottom of the deghchce, leaving

the ghee quite
leave
clear
when
it
round glossy bubbles
now
that the froth at the top
nearly ready
simmer
frothing and will
off
is
stir
may
will
it
quietly, rising
in
gently with a spoon, so
go down, but do not
dis-
turb what has caked at the bottom, which after a time

will look like a
like salad
it off
the
oil,
fire
poached egg
clear
and
and pour
a large mouth, and,
it
when
while
bright.
all
It is
above will look
now
done.
Take
gently into an empty bottle with

cool,
cork
down
tightly
and cover
the cork with bees- wax, sealing-wax, or bladder which has

151
152
been soaked in blues tone and water, otherwise the ants

will eat off the cork
As
and bladder.
the ghee cools,
carefully
made
The great
it
it
look like good honey.
will
keep good
will
making
secret in
not be boiled on too hot a
for years.
(jliec is
fire
If
patience.
or
it
will
It
must
burn, turn
brown, and smell nasty.
Home-made
nice and
[ihee
when used
wholesome as
for cooking is just as
butter, but the bazaar ghcc
is
nasty, adulterated stuff.
Clarifying Ghee.
there
is
If ghee
a doubt about
bought from
tlie
its
has been kept any time, and
sweetness, or
bazaar or village,
if
should be turned
it
into a deghchce or saucepan, and reboiled.

of
milk, a teaspoonful of
lemon leaves into

will
ghee.
become
it
as fresh
salt,
and
before putting
ghee has been
Tut a cupful
a few cloves
it
on the
fire.
and
It
and sweet and clear as newly made
CHAPTER XXV.
CURD, CHEESE, AND TYER.
Curd
a very useful article of food, and
is
delicious dishes for the table.
enters very largely
It
and
into the diet of the people of India,

sells as
high as
1 J to 2 see7's for
Making Curd.
skimmed
Curd
some places
in
the rupee.
made from
is
makes many
fresh
milk or
Sometimes skimmed milk turns
milk.
boiling of itself,
if
put on a quick
will not turn unless
something
is
fire
in the
but fresh milk
put into
it.
Put the milk into a dcghchce or saucepan, and put

over the
fire
let it
of butter into it
and
boil
up, then put a dessertspoonful
put a cupful of whey,
stir well, or
or half a cupful of sour butter-milk or
lemon
juice,
and keep
it
In a
stirring.
tyer, or a little
little
while the
curd will form and separate from the whey.

If
it is
you want
curd, drain off the
whey while
hot and use the curd immediately.
But
it
fine, soft
if
large-grained hard curd
cool before draining off the
clean cloth, tie tightly, and
whey
hang
153
it
is
required, then let
put
it
up and
in a piece of
let
the last
154
drop
of
whey drain
This will give you a nice cake
off.
Unskimmed milk produces
of curd.
skimmed milk
Cream
does.
Cheese.
Cream cheese
whey
clean cloth, and let the
remove the curd, place
it
is
and thoroughly mix
drain
nearly as nice
Tyer.
When
off.
Cream cheese
The
is
if
on a slow
fire
this
it,
is
name
native
until
it
is
and place
it
on a piece
the remaining
till
done
whey
ready for use.
is
it
tyer
for
boiled
Pour
an earthen
and
salt to
it
will not be
dnhhce.
is
It is
a sen- or two of pure, fresli milk, boil
let
will be ready for use.
it
it
down
to
half or two-
into a large-mouthed
(invfti) dish is preferable.
half a cupful of tyer into
cool corner
add
cloth,
kept long.
thirds of the quantity.

sliallow dish
it
into a
Open the
off.
very good when fresh, but
Take
made thus
making
then put into a clean cloth,
board under a good weight

drained
of
in a plate or dish,
carefully fold the cloth over

of
when made from
best
Turn the milk, put the curds
very simple.
taste
is
The process
curds of fresh unboiled milk.

is
better curd than
it,
and place
stand for twelve
it
in
liours,
Put
a quiet,
when
it
CHAPTER XXVI.
LICE,
Lice.
TICKS, FLIES, ETC.
Cattle must be kept
of vermin.
When
winter, cattle
their coats are long, especially in the
are troubled
and very
colour,
perfectly free from all kinds
small.
much by
lice
of
a bluish
these are not immediately
If
removed, the cow will get quite sickly from the great
irritation.
The cure
small
so
unless
coat
the
observe
cow
rub Phenyle and water
The
powder well over the animal.
or Keating's insect
insects are
simple
is
is
that
they will
carefully
rubbing
escape
When
examined.
herself
detection
constantly,
you
look
for
parasites.
Calves
often
get
them
neglected become very

Do(j-ticks also
picked
off.
in
weak and
attack cows.
They
large
numbers, and
if
die.
Ticks must be carefully
cling about the udder,
and under the
elbows of the poor creatures, in places where they can

neither
often
be scratched nor rubbed
off,
and a cow
put down her head and sigh with
they are removed.

155
relief
will
when
15G
After the ticks have been removed some Phenyle and
water should be rubbed over the animal
one to twenty
parts of water should be used.

Flies
trouble cattle
very severely, also
under the hair
of the
common
gad-fly bites
house-fly will get in
cow and worry
her.
groomed and kept thoroughly
are properly
occasionally
tlie
The
very much.
washed with a weak solution
they will not be troubled very
If
clean,
of
much with
cattle
and
Phenyle,
flies.
The
cattle-
house must be properly smoked every evening.
Burn
Mosquitoes also plague cattle very much.
some refuse straw and dried cow-dung

the house windward on a slow
at the door of
This will drive the
fire.
mosquitoes away.
Throw
a little incense or
good cure for
ground sulphur on the
lice, ticks, etc., is
Mustard-oil
8 chittacks
Spirits of turpentine
4 chittacks
Gum
2 chittacks
camphor
Ground
fire.
suli)linr
Phenyle
well mixed and rubbed over the animal.
4 chittacks
1
chittack
Care must be
taken not to allow the stuff to get into the eye.
CHAPTEK
XXVII.
THE SEASONS OF THE YEAK.
may
It
be said
in
tliat
India the year
is
divided into
three seasons, the cold, the hot, and the rains.
The
cold weather lasts
At
March.
the 1st of
from the 15th
of
season cattle need more
this
nourishing food, and a greater quantity of
it,
than in the
At night they should be always covered
hot weather.
with a blanket or a
Keeping
October to
warm
coat especially
cattle out of doors in the
except from 12 to
2, at
this
made
for them.
sun during the day,
season, does
them good,
but they must be protected from the sharp, cold winds
and
and always be placed
rain,
the night.
her milk
is
The milk-cow
affected by
There will be
feels
in
to
it.
sufficient
grass
on properly managed
cattle to feed on
when
From
the end of
the beginning of March, a good stock of
hay, llioosa (chaff), and straw
July,
during
the cold very much, and
lands for the cattle at this season.
September
warm house
must be stored up
from the 1st of March
to tlie
grass and straw will be scarce.

167
If
for the
loth
of
tliis
is
158
not done the
cattle
From October
to
cheap, and
it
is
will
become
and
suffer
diseased.
March you can get grain and
chaff
advisable to buy then and store
away
In February, wheat, kullie, and
for use during the year.
other chaff can be obtained in abundance.
The hot weather begins from the 1st of March, and

ends the 15th of June to the 1st of
At
July.
this
season cattle suffer
much from want
cared
but they will keep in better condition
for, will die
of
food, and, if not
on the same quantity that they got in the cold weather.
The midday sun
is
injurious,
but
cattle
all
out of doors at night with advantage.
may
be tied
close stall will
lessen the milk of a cow.
At
this season there will not be
much green
food for
the cattle, and they must be given an abundant supply

of
hay and hhoosa
(chaff)
Tender green leaves
is
best to
grow some
during the day and at night.
also are very
good for them.
It
food for the cattle at
special green
this season.
The rains begin from the 15th
uf
June
to the 1st of
July, and end by the 15th of October.
At
this season
there
and other green food
is
an abundant supply
for the cattle.
Cattle will not suffer any
showers of rain
ill
of grass
from drizzles or light
but great care must be taken that they
are not exposed to heavy rains and storms, or put into

their stalls at night while they are wet.
Servants must
THE SEASONS OF THE YEAR.

be constantly watched, otherwise
cow-house dirty and wet, and
159
they will
this will
leave
the
be very injurious
to the cattle.
Cattle should never be tied out at night during this

season,
and should be carefully protected from
all
storms
and cold winds.

Cattle
and they
may
be let out during the day at
will not suffer
are protected from the
any inconvenience,
midday
cold cutting winds, and damp.

to graze
all seasons,
if
only they
sun, storms, heavy rains,
They must not be allowed
on marshy grounds, or lands that are not properly
drained.
Great care must be exercised at

the cattle against contagion.
from the roads and
tlie
all
seasons to guard
The farther they are kept
village cattle the better.
CHAPTEE
XXVIII.
CATTLE-DUNG.
Cattle-Dung
largely used by natives as fuel,
is
plastering their houses
last-named
not burn
is its
it
some use
legitimate use, and
up, but use
it
for
for
it
burn wood and
coal,
the natives would
if
manuring
their lands, they
classes of natives
cows never buy wood or coal

cakes or
them.
own
rolls,
fuel
for
who have
they make dung-
and dry them, and cook their food with
Often they have more

use, so
to afford
which would be more conducive
The commoner
to health.
for
The
manure.
would get better harvests, and would be able

to
and
they
sell
they need for their
tlian
the surplus
to
those
who have
none.
Profit.
made
The
dung, when
it
is
fresh,
into cakes or rolls for fuel, or
manure and
sold.
least a pice
worth
Manurc-ioits.
A
of
sold, or
can be turned into
properly fed cow will produce at
dung every day.
For
making manure a
square or larger, according
should be dug, and
it
can be
all
the
to
the
pit
number
four
of
feet
cattle,
dung and refuse foods thrown

160
161
CATTLE-DUNG.
into
nearly
to
every morning and evening.
it
full,
make
When
the pit
a lot of water should be poured over the heap
the stuff moist, and then
it
should be covered
over with a foot and a half or two feet of dry earth.

pit
must be kept
manure
is
will be
fit
The
months; after that the
closed for six

for use.
These pits should be a good distance away from the

dwelling-house, and not only
far
water-level of the tank or well.
taken to properly cover the pits
may
matter
cause
much
from but below the

Great care must be
any negligence
sickness and
loss.
in this
CHAPTER XXIX.
GRASS-LAND.
Fodder
Providing
most
the
deserving
India
in
cattle
for
and
serious
subject
is
consideration
careful
zemindars and the Government of India.
of all
The ryots
do
India
in
not
necessity for
the
feel
providing pasture -lands, and leave their cattle, to die
want
for
gaze
No
are
are left to browse
cattle
their house
near
tied
special food
the
only
are
cattle
skin
and bones, and
weak and stunted that they are unable
and
The
or
the
have
are
ryots
result
village
its
Besides,
work.
is,
ryots
should
unable
are
food
sufficient
number
great
for
do mucli
to
every
year,
cultivate
their
lands.
pay their rents,
to
their
to
so
die
not able
compelled
be
to
them.
The consequence
provided for them.
is
on
only
to
wheat around
the fields of paddy and
at
that
The
food.
roadsides, or
the
is
of
families.
have
Every
grass-lands
for
cattle.
There should
and ryots
be a
to reserve
law
compelling
the
land in every village

162
zemindars
for grazing
163
GKASS-LAND.
One
cattle.
minimum
in
allowed.
If
reserved
should
in
there
be
this
compelled
be
of
200
head
reserve
of
cattle
higgahs of grazing
Each
village.
to
should be the
cattle
200
should be
a village, there
land
head
higgah per
as
owner
cattle
many
higgahs
land for grazing as the number of cattle he has.
zemindar
and the
cattle
for
owner should be punished
if
he cultivates
The Magistrate
of the district should select the
do
deputies
it
personally,
tour.
and
the
their
for
But
or suffer.
through
or
when on
Europeans
fodder
land,
any purpose other than grazing
uses
land to be thus reserved in each village.

easily
this
The
for
this land or
cattle.
a nominal rent
take
should
of
cattle,
buying
richer
and
do
not
grass and
assistants
and
of
natives
buy
let
them starve
his
class
This he could
green food
is
very
expensive.
If
you
apart
have
for grass,
fodder.
It
will
piece
you
will
of
land
do wisely
be cheaper
than
you
that
if
you
can
set
cultivate
buying fodder, and
your cows will be sure to have green food
all
the year
round.
Amount
of
Land needed
Three and
a half biggahs or
one acre of land will be sufficient to provide green food

for
one cow.
head will
For village cattle even one higgah per
suffice
cannot thrive on
to
less
keep
them
alive,
but good cows
than three and a half higgahs.
In
164
dairy-farms, where the cows consume large quantities of

food,
cow with
square
all
120
it
stall-feed
the
profitable
to
will
the food she needs.
feet, or
Some say
cattle
two acres or seven
will require
it
by 120
feet
Others,
cattle.
grow
jigain,
My
opinion
two and a half ought
is,
and
land,
it
more
is
for then
the
food and will
of
that of the seven higgahs,
be
to
say
and hay,
only grass
14,400
is
feet.
have a greater abundance
thrive better.
hn/gah
grow grain on the
best to
is
supply
big(/ahs to
left
and barley,
in grass,
kullie, or
wheat should be grown on the remaining
Uggahs.
This will give the animal sufficient grass, grain,
chaff,
and bran during the
Fertility of
management.
the
Land.
Many
year.
need
Pasture-lands
persons
graze
their
and never think
of
They think grass-lands need no care
ment.
But
is
on
away the
doing anything to improve the
lands.
this
proper
cattle
the land from January to December, or cut

grass,
five
or
manage-
The very best
a serious mistake.
land could not long bear this strain upon
its
productive
powers.
There are two ways of retaining the

either
stirring
by the application
up
of
fertility of
manure, or
another plan for improving the grass-land.

is
to be
by frequent
Proper and regular irrigation
of the soil.
parts of India there
land
is
In some
found some water which
runs to waste, but could be turned to account during the
165
GRASS-LAND,
hot weather, for the improvement of the grass- land,

only a
ingenuity were
little
places water
and
in
most
very scarce in the hot weather, and
is
would be a great expense

best
But
exercised.
method
easiest
manure the land every
to
is
it
The
the land.
irrigate
to
if
year.
The
land
it
is
best
time
almost bare
down
of grass
strain
March showers
the
March, when the
is
will speedily
wash
to the roots of the grass.
of Land.
Preparation
down on
manttrc the land
to
the ground,
all
Before
the
manure
is
put
the jungle and coarse patches
must be taken up by the
made upon the land by
The enormous
roots.
all this
jungle and coarse
grass renders their extermination necessary.
After
this,
the land should be well ploughed and harrowed, then the
manure should be put over the

harrow drawn over
After
the
levelled
harrowing,
and
for the first
again,
it
rolled.
manuring
the
land,
and the plough and
and the stones picked up.

land
should
The ploughing
is
be
properly
necessary only
the second year the land should
be well weeded and rolled, and the manure put down,
and the harrow passed over

should be picked up.
Every
be thoroughly ploughed.
it
five
after this,
the stones
years the land should
The best manure
is
procured
from the cow-house.

Draining.
Grass-lands must be properly drained, and
should the drains become faulty, they must be repaired.
166
Unless the lands are well drained the grass will be stunted
and destroyed.
manured and drained, there
the lands are properly
If
an abundant supply
will be
Dooh
of grass all
the best grass
is
grass on the land
is
grow.
to
through the year.
you
If
find
the
coarse and of an unnutritious kind,
then thoroughly plough up the whole land, and manure
and sow the
well,
and very
it
nutritious,
very greedily.
from any
of
The dooh
dooh.
and
very nice and
is
all cattle, goats,
The seed
the gardens.
and sheep eat
the dooh can be obtained
of
If
the seed
is
not obtainable,
take up a lot of the grass by the root, and cut

pieces one incli long, and scatter
put the harrow over
it.
soft,
it
it
up
into
over the land, and
Guinea grass
is
also very good
for cattle.
Lucern grass or clover
is
bad for cows
in India, as it
heats the blood and dries up the milk, and makes the
animal want
may
calve long before the ordinary time.
to
be given to bulls, bullocks, and
young
heifers
tries a
if
you want them
cow's constitution
the calf
is
if
and
liorses,
to calve early
It
also to
but as
it
she calves too young, and
likely to be weakly,
it
is
better not to hurry
nature.
Green
Indian
make
very
Food.
corn,
Wheat,
when
barley,
they are
kuUia or woorid
green
splendid food for cattle, and

rich.
and
make
very
and
young,
the cow's milk
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
167
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Measures of Capacity.
1
Minim
Dram
Drams
Drams
(ITl-)
.
==
1 Teaspoonful-
2 Pints
=
=
=
=
=
2 Quarts
==
4 Quarts
2
4
60 Minims
8
Drams
(TTl.)
.
20 Ounces
4 Gilis
2 Gallons
4 Pecks
=
=
=
=
=
=
2 Bushels
3 Bushels
8 Bushels
12 Sacks
5 Quarters
10 Quarters
Drop.
Chittack.
-^6
Chittack.
Dessertspoonful
Tablespoonful
Dram (3)tV Chittack.

Ounce (5) 4 Chittack.
Pint 10
Pint 10
Quart
Pottle 21
Gallon
^ Chittack.
Chittacks.
Chittacks.
1| Seer.
Seers.
5 Seers.
Peck 10
Bushel 1 Mannd.
Strike 2 Maunds.
Sack
Quarter
Chaldron 36 Maunds.
Wey
Last 80 Maunds.
Seers.
3 Maunds.
or
8 Maunds.
Load 40 Maunds.
Avoirdupois "Weigfit.
16
Drams
16 Ounces
14 Pounds
28 Pounds
112 Pounds
=
=
Ounce (437^ grains)

Pound (It).) I Seer.
Stone
20 Ilundredweitjhts
^ Chittack.
7 Seers.
Quarter 14 Seers.
Hundredwt, ^cwt.)-l Maund, 16
Ton 28
Maunds.
Square and Land Measure.

144
9
Inches
Feet
30| Yards
16
Poles
40
Poles
640
Roods
Acres
=
=
Square Foot.
Square Yard.
Square Rod.
Chain.
Rood.
==
Acre (4840 yards).
Square Mile.
=
=
Seers.
168
4 Sicki
5 Sicki
BAZAAR WEIGHT.
= Tola
= Kiitcha 1^ rupee weight.
= Chittack 5 rupees weight,
1
4 Kutclias.
=
=
=
4 Chittacks
4
1 riiiee.
Powahs
5 Seers
8 Pusserees
20 rupees weight.
80 rupees weight.
Powah
Seer
Pusseree 10
Mauud 80
lbs. or
10
lbs.
10 oz.
or 82 A lbs.
Four bundles of straw or hay make one Gonda.

20 Gondas
=
=
16 Pons
Pon.
Kahon.
Bengal Square or Land Measure.

5
Haths long x
Chittack
Broad
Chittack.
45 sq.
16 Chittacks
=:
Cottah
20 Cottahs
Bigha
3^ Bighas
=
=
=
ft.
720
,,
14,400
,,
Acre.
or
5 sq. yds.
or
80
or
1600
,,
CHAPTEK XXX.
DAIRY-FAKMING.
HAVE
often heard
in this country to
I
of
am
it said, it is
make
a living by dairy-farming
told of several persons
money
in
who have sunk
On
attempt.
the
impossible for a European
inquiry
and
large
sums
find
these
persons failed because they had no knowledge whatever

of the
way
business,
that
and went about the whole thing

could
certainly
people seem to tliink

dairy
is
to feed
to
all
not
do
to
and milk
tlie
cows and
sell
allow
so
the
their
;
they
They
the milk.
cows, so they get their servants to
buy them; they know nothing about feeding
they please
work a
buy a few cows and employ some gowallahs
know nothing about
they
Some
ensure success.
they have to
in
servants
to
give
the
know nothing about
cattle, so
cows whatever
the care of cattle,
cows are not cared for properly
they
know
nothing about milk and butter-making, so these things

are entrusted to the servants, and the milk and butter
may
contain anything.
noise and flourish,
These people start
and induce some

IG'J
witli
a great
of their friends
and
170
neighbours to patronise them, but in a short time
tliey
supply what they agree to supply, and
are unable to
what they do supply
of doubtful quality, so in a little
is
while their customers, one after another, withdraw and
go back to natives, or try to find a more reliable source
The
of supply.
exceeds
the
and food
cost of servants
receipts
and the poor dairyman
and butter produced,
milk
for
finds
cows
for the
himself
in
debt
not
if
bankrupt, and in six months or a year the business

closed.
This
is
the disastrous experience of most of the
Europeans who have
Now
is
tried to dairy-farm in this country.
anyone with any sense
will see that people of
this
type will never succeed in dairy-farming.

Theiê
are
certain
things
nccessarij
and without these essentials

to
succeed in
business.
tlie
woman
must
of the business.
That
man
or
must be
the
diligent
work
lie
is,
to
impossible for anyone
First,
the
person
in
be
it
some properly conducted
can work onv himself.

to
it,
Second, he
do a large portion of
He must know what

do
he must serve an apprentice-
and prepared
himself.
when and how
is
dairy -farming,
have some practical knowledge
ship of at least one year

large dairy before
it
in
to
do and
and must order and supervise
every detail of the work personally, and not allow any

servant to manage or interfere witli
servants
must be under absolute
tlie
The
business.
control.
Third,
must be absolutely honest, and not allow any
of
he
his
171
DAIRY-FARMING.
servants to do anything that he himself would not do.
He must
do
he can to merit the confidence the
all
people have placed in him in taking his milk and butter.

Fourth, he must be able to supply the
and butter
as the
a short time, he
As
dairy
is
daily increases.
unable to do
will probably lose their
capital
farming
;
those
milk
even for
whom
he has
custom permanently.
have said above, the four things essential to
I
-
so,
If,
for
supply will seek other sources for their supply,
failed to
and he
demand
demand
knowledge, diligence, honesty, and
are,
without these four combined no one can possibly
succeed for any length of time.
India
is
certainly one of the best countries for dairy-
Land and food
farming.
stuff
are
cheap,
labour
cheap, cattle are cheap, and the milk of the Indian

is
just as rich as the richest milk produced in
kand America.
j
the Jersey
cow
Most
of the
cows
in
for richness of milk.
and butter bring higher prices
in
is
cow
England
India are equal to
Then
again, milk
India than in England
and America.
A
it
fiorures
here will be interesting^.
In Eni^land
takes from two and a half to four gallons, or twenty-
five
I
few
to
forty pounds, of
In India
butter.
pounds
of
it
milk
to
make one pound
of
takes from twelve to twenty-four
milk to make one pound of butter.
In England
good butter fetches from one shilling to one shilling
and twopence a pound
in
America the same butler
172
will sell for
from twelve
from one rupee
in India it will bring
Then
annas a pound.
America such milk

cents a gallon
annas
and
does
butter
either
you
sell
from thirteen
will get
England or America, and milk and
higher
for
England
or
prices
than they do
India
in
Now
America.
above-
the
if
mentioned facts prove anything, they prove that

quite possible to successfully
Experience.
of
tlie
Government
Some
England or
in India.
to
India, or in one
and study every
dairies,
private
successfully by studying
is
spend a year in one of the
to first
dairy-farms in
work.
the
work a dairy-farm
it
would advise any person wishing
start a dairy-farm
first-class
in
twelve to twenty
fetch from
in India
produce milk and butter in India than
either
in
in
one rupee four
one shilling a gallon
to
and
rupee for a gallon of pure fresh milk.
to a
It costs less to
it
will
to
England fresh milk
in
again,
from eightpence
for
sells
twenty cents a pound
to
dairies
can
be
detail
of
conducted
books and buying knowledge
from daily experience, but for dairy-farming on a large

scale a practical
knowledge
of
the business
is
absolutely
necessary to start with.

Capital.
enable a
To
man
to
make
a dairy
must be
buildings,
farm
pay enough
comfortably support a family,
be worked on a large scale.
cows
kept.
utensils,
Tlie
From
outlay
implements,
etc.,
fifty
for
will
to
it
to
must
a hundred
cattle,
be
lands,
between
17 Q
DAIRY-FARMING.
and forty thousand rupees.
thirty
and
thirty cows will cost between ten

rupees.
small dairy with

fifteen
thousand
The outlay could be considerably reduced by
renting lands and houses instead of buying and building.
But the high rents
away
will take
a great deal from
the profits.
The Position of the Dairy-farm.
The
dairy should
be situated in the suburbs of a city or town, or near a

city or town, close
The milk and
a railway station.
to
butter must be delivered at regular hours to the con-
sumers; the usual times are between
morning and four and
in the
and unless the dairy
is
five
and
six o'clock
five o'clock in the evening,
so situated
conveniently and at a small cost,
that this can be done

will
it
be impossible
to conduct the business successfully.
The
position of the dairy
must be elevated above the
The
surrounding land, so as to give a natural drainage.
ground must be perfectly dry, and
even
during the
heaviest rain no water must lodge on any part of
it.
Attached to the farm building or immediately adjoining

it
there should be a large tract of land for grazing the
dry cows and the calves, and for letting out milk-cows
higgahs
of
land
hundred cows
it
There
exercise.
for
is
will
impossible
for
should
each
be
cow.
tv/o
acres
or
dairy
with
need two hundred acres

to
obtain
the farm building, there
all
must be
this
seven
one
of land.
If
immediately near
sufficient
land near
it
174
to
milk-cows and
enable the
little
calves to exercise,
and the grazing lands may be situated farther away.
The land should be divided

should
third
and
exercise,
be
allowed
two
the
sown under
and
barley, wheat, or kuUie for cattle food.
and
grazing
for
cattle
There should
be large trees on the land to give shade to the
The Class of Cattle Needed.
different lots.
cultivated
thirds
into
The
cattle.
success
of
dairy depends in a large measure upon the cows in the

dairy.
If
and yield
The dairyman must procure and pro-
little.
By
duce the best milkers.

that
give
will
in
than 3600
ten months,
that
gives
pound
ten
of milk, yielding
lbs.
is
worth keeping
of
seers
of butter a
day
is
mean cows
quantity of milk, contain-
largest
tlie
best milkers, I
ing the largest quantity of butter-fat.

less
much
the cows are bad milkers they will eat
180
in
No cow
giving
lbs. of
butter,
a dairy.
cow
milk and one and a quarter
Some cows
a good cow.
will
yield from twelve to fourteen seers of niilk a day and
produce one and a half to two and a quarter pounds of

butter.
Some cows
will
milk
for ten or
twelve months,
others again will yield only for six or eight months.

is
always more profitable
"penny- wise pound - foolish

that will yield
little
to
"
have the
policy to
best.
It
It
is
buy cheap cows
milk, and that for only six or eight
months.
The dairyman must
select his cattle with the greatest
175
DAIRY-FARMING.
Good cows
cattle.
depend upon these
his success or failure will
care, for
found among every breed
will be
By
some cross-bred cows are very good milkers.

breds
mean
between
crosses
pure
Hissar,
Nagouri, Goorgaira, Guzerati, Sindi, or
cross-
Nellore,
English
cattle,
and not between the better breeds and the common

advise dairymen to select their
I wôuld
village cattle.
cows from among the following pure breeds
crosses between
Nellore, Goorgaira, Guzerati, Sindi, or
the English
cow and
of the
bulls
Hissar,
above-mentioned pure
Indian breeds.
Dry Cows.
It
will
always
factory to keep the best
than to
sell
them
properly managed
months
to
after calving,
satis-
cows after they become dry
the
they
more
found
be
butchers.
will
milk
for
and then take the
cows are
the
If
three
bull.
or
four
They
will
continue to give milk for six months after taking the

bull,
will
have
then remain dry three or four months, when they
come
into the dairy again in perfect condition.
treated
this
subject
more
fully
in
previous
chapter.
Breeding for the Dairy.

a dairyman to breed his
If
the dairy
is
It
is
more
own cows than
properly managed
profitable for
to
buy them.
and there are good
grass-lands this can easily be done at a small cost.
See
the chapter 07i breedin//.
Bulls.
Every
dairy should have a couple of really
176
first-class
Hissar or Nellore bulls to serve the cows as
they come into season.
become permanently
will
on
this
done the cows
is
See previous chcqjter
spoiled.
subject.
Important Matters.
mode
the
Unless this
have already written about
of feeding cattle, the
need
cows and
ness, regularity, kindness to the

calves, etc.,
and
exercise, cleanli-
of
calves, rearing
I will refer the reader to those chapters
for information.
Buffaloes.
numbers
Most
buffaloes
of
the dairies in India keep large
of
The better breeds
milk.
for
buffaloes give large quantities of milk
from
gallons, that
five to eight
a day.
The milk
much
is
usually takes eight
make one pound

and gross eaters
quantity
more
delicate than cows,
The
more quickly.
than the cow's
I
conclusion
first
will
are
times
the
Buffaloes
are
three
consume.
and succumb
is
very large
more
to
disease
much
dirticult to rear
calf.
My
are, first,
heating and
Buffaloes
buffalo-calf
consider buffiloes
dairy purposes.
It
twelve pounds of this milk to
cow
eighty pounds
fifty to
they will consume
some have given
richer tlian cow's milk.
butter.
of
food
of
to
is,
of
chief
the
unfit for
skimmed and
be altogether unsuitable for
to
reasons for
milk of
the
coming
buffalo
human consumption
tlie hills
is
until
largely diluted with water.
prove less injurious in
to
It
this
very
it
is
may
and colder climates, but
177
DAIRY-FARMING.
is
Parents who have
absolutely liarmful in the plains.
the
welfare
children
their
of
heart should
at
allow them to have buffalo-milk.
they will suffer from
to children
If
liver, bowel,
work in
Howman
Mr. H. A.
India, submitted
corroborates
very likely
my
statements.
act
to
He
children and invalids.
used in the
Scottish
together and send

is
most
it
fully
on
the
of
liver
is
both
this
Unscrupulous dairy-
ill.
mix the two
out as pure cow's milk.
significant fact that experienced native
India
in
young
because,
buffalo-milk
1890,
Orphanage at Bombay, and
horse-breeders
horses,
on dairy
says buffalo-milk
buffalo-milk for cow's milk, or
sell
It
in
of
found that buffalo-milk was
milk often made the children
men
He
prejudicially
and other
in his report
Government
to
given
is
and over-heating
complaints caused by biliousness

the blood.
milk
this
never
succumb
will
as
to
not
give buffalo-milk to
they say, horses reared on
heat and fatigue
much
sooner
than horses reared on cow's milk.
The natives make tyer and ghee from

very few, except the
hill tribes
and people
parts of India, will drink the milk

is
considered very
much
buffalo-milk, but
itself.
of the colder
Buffalo-milk
inferior to cow's milk,
and
if
cow's milk sells at six seers for the rupee, buffalo-milk

will sell at nine seers.
Second, the
butter
nearly as good as butter
made from
made from
buffalo-milk
cow's milk.
is
not
Buffalo-
178
butter
very white, and
is
cow's butter.
has not the nice flavour of
To remedy
flavouring has to be used
a lot
this
but notwithstanding
doctoring this butter has to undergo,
made from pure
to butter
it is
good for
is
ghee.
colouring and
of
the
very inferior
is
it
all
The only thing
butter were
made from un-
If
cow's milk.
adulterated buffalo-milk and then turned into ghee,
would serve a useful purpose, but most
of the
milk and ghee you get from the natives

"
with a stuff called
The better
oils.
to
made from
"
the rupee,
will sell at
can afford to
from two
dairyman should
to
ghee,"
one
seer for
at
sell
seers for the rupee.
make ghee
for sale.'
of ghee,
and ghee
The
three pounds for the rupee.

buffiiloes
let
alone,
It
one and a half
to
make one pound
of butter to
Gowah
from buffalo-milk
about one and a quarter
will take
sells at
ghee
one and a half to two
No dairyman
pound
"
"
If
cow's milk, will
Moashar ghee
adulterated
have a strong objection
ghee made from buftalo-milk.
or ghee
buffalo-
and also with certain
tree tallow,"
class of natives
is
it
and
confine
his
operations to cows only.
Some
Difficulties.
that all before
him
The
will
dairyman must not think
be smooth sailing.
He may by
proper care and wâtchfulness keep disease away from his

cattle
he
ment make
may by
his
proper selections and good manage-
cows yield large
profits
he
may by
dealing and punctuality gain a large constituency
fair
but
179
DAIRY-FARMING.
The
he will have to fight for the victory.

the
are
steal,
end
to
native
own
His
servants.
chief enemies
servants
will
lie,
neglect the cattle, shirk their duty, and give no
He
of trouble.
man
can never trust a single
so as
He must watch them
depend upon him absolutely.
and stand over them in everything they do
closely,
otherwise they will soon defeat him and cause endless
The servants
loss.
The man who supplies the
outside
or
league with the people
be in
will
straw will find
advantage
his
to
it
oilcake, grain,
chaft',
give
to
the
servants a certain percentage on the amounts consumed,

so that
to
the consumption will increase
the servants' advantage
much
bills as
as possible,
will steal the food stulf
be to
tlie
much
for
and
will
it
be
run up the food-supply
to
and
they cannot do this they
if
and starve the
It will
cattle.
chamar's advantage to give the servants so

each
wonder why
skin
lie
can get, and
tlie
master will
his cattle are dying, never suspecting that
the good Hindoos
have poisoned
It will also be to the
liis
cows and
calves.
advantage of the native milkman
to get this dairy out of his
way
so he takes the servants
on the dairy-farm into his confidence and service to gain

his
purpose, and
dairyman
the
will
find
not yield the milk or l)utter they should.

there are the servants
dustoori
or
bribes.
If
of
it
tampered with and no end
the consumers.
is
of
not
given,
his
cows do
Then
again,
They want
the
milk
is
complaints are received
COW-KEEPIXG IX INDIA.
180
and then,
in
Finally, there
a great
are
many
the
eases, the
and do
all
them.
These are the chief
way
the dairyman.
of
success
is
assured.
is
rejected.
ignorant and senseless masters
and mistresses who are controlled by

will believe all
milk
Tf
their servants
and
their rascally servants tell

trials
and
difficulties in
the
he can surmount these, his
BOOK
II.
CHAPTER
I.
DISEASES OF CATTLE, GOATS, AND SHEEP.
Mr. Hallen
says,
There
many
are
serious type that cattle are subject
diseases of a very
Some
to.
of
them
are very contagious and most fatal.
These diseases are commonly met with in India, and

unless
proper
preventive
and
promptly adopted on the appearance

disease in the district
be surprised
if
destroyed by
it.
most
or
of
in
measures
curative
the
of
are
any contagious
herd, you
must not
your cattle are attacked and
Cattle,
when properly cared
When
they are over-fed or badly
for
and
fed,
seldom become
ill.
fed,
they become
unhealthy and suffer much from disease.
Some
of
the diseases are contracted from contagion,
while others are solely attributable to mismanagement in

the care and feeding.
181
182
The causes
explained
vented
and
the different diseases are herein fully
of
most cases the causes can be pre-
in
by ordinary care
and
watchfulness, so
owners will have only themselves
to
blame
if
cattle
any
of
these diseases attack their stock.
Hay, straw,
seasons
cattle
bran,
etc.,
must
may
plague
be prevailing.
stored
pick up what they can as food
after
inundation
the
for
when
Generally, cattle are
often they eat acrid or poisonous plants

India,
be
drought, inundation, heavy rains, or
of
loose to
let
bhoosa,
subsides,
and
and very
grass.
In
submerged
the
pastures are very injurious and cause disease.

sent out to graze during the rains, great
If cattle are
care
must be taken that the lands are properly drained.
Cattle cannot remain healthy
exposed
the midday sun, and cold,
of
to
heavy
inundated lands, or are not sheltered
rains or kept on
from the heat
if
damp winds
at night.
Disease
is
very often caused from the foul water the
cattle are allowed
Rinderpest
cattle in
most
the
is
India,
drink.
to
and
is
contagious
very
fatal.
disease
From 50
to
among
90 per
cent, of the cattle attacked die.
Black-quarter, gloss-aiithrax, and splenic apoplexy in

cattle
in
and braxy
India,
Braxy
in
in
and very
sheep
is,
sheep are undoubtedly contagious

fatal
an
animal seldom recovers.
however, rarely met with in India.

The following
When
I.
183
rules should be strictly adhered to
cattle, sheep, or goats are
purchased at a
fair
they should be always treated as having been exposed to

contagion, as cattle and sheep are brought to the fair
from
all directions,
pest or foot and
and
one direction or other rinder-
in
mouth
disease, or both
diseases, very
probably have lately been or are prevailing.

IT.
When
cattle, sheep, or goats are
being
moved from
one locality to another, they should not be allowed to
mix with others en
route,
and should never be kept
night in or near any serai or bazaar, as a serai
is
at
often
contaminated by being occupied, or having lately been

occupied, by diseased animals
cool time of the day
hours.
III.
fair
or
they should travel in the
this should be particularly
during the hot weather
more than eight
and they ought not
observed
to travel
ten miles during the twenty-four
They should be frequently watered and well
When
cattle, sheep, or goats
fed.
are purchased in a
or elsewhere, they should, on being brought to the
purchaser's
premises, be kept by themselves
and
not
allowed to mix with the old cattle of the farm at pasture

or watering time, or at
by themselves
to
any time.
for at least
They should be kept
one to three months,
in order
have proof whether they are affected with disease or
not.
During that time the newly purchased animals should

be carefully inspected morning and evening, and
if
any
184
among them,
appears
contagion
the
affected
animals
should be at once isolated, and the remainder separated
and picketed at some distance
into small lots
the end of
three months,
among them, they may
At
apart.
no disease has appeared
if
be safely pastured and kept with
the other cattle.
When
IV.
district to another,
liable
to
moved from one
cattle are travelling, or are
they are exposed to contagion and are
contract disease
home they should be
therefore on their arrival at
carefully examined,
have passed through an infected
and
if
they
they should be
district,
kept by themselves for some time.

V.
When
disease,
supposed to be of a contagious nature,
appears
among
duty
to separate the sick
is
cattle, sheep, or goats, the first
VI. Carefully examine

the
hospital
from the healthy animals.
all
any showing
important
the animals, and remove to
the
slightest
symptoms
of
disease.
VII. During the prevalence of contagion, divide the
healthy cattle into several

in
number
as space will
lots,
making each
permit.
lot as
small
Picket the cattle in
such lots a good distance apart, and to windward of the

sick
at
cattle.
Frequently examine each
once any animal
in
tire
least
lot,
unwell.
and remove
By
steadily
adopting this plan, the disease will be found in a few
days to exist only among one or two
removing
to the
hospital
lots,
any becoming
and by at once
sick, the disease

will speedily be arrested in spreading through
Each
tlie
185
herd.
should be kept isolated from other cattle for
lot
about two or three months after being put by themselves,

or
the last
after
animal of the
affected has been
lot
removed.
VIII. The hospital should be at a good distance from
the cow-shed, enclosed by a strong fence.
The attendants
must not be permitted
and the sick
cattle
enclosure.
Food and
water
may
be
to
leave the
taken
attendants and cattle, but no forage or water,

clothing, or anything should be taken
Dogs should not be allowed
to
to
the
litter, or
from the hospital.
go to and from the hospital,
as they will carry contagion.
IX. The dry

inside
These
be
the hospital should be burnt
the hospital area, and the moist
charges,
stalls,
litter, etc., of
should
etc.,
and buried
pits should
filled
in
two
pits
dis-
frequently removed from the
dug
in
the hospital premises.
be six feet or more deep, and should
with the wet
to within
be
dung and
litter,
dung,
etc., of
feet of the surrounding
the hospital up
ground surface, and
then quicklime and good fresh earth should be used to

fill
up the remaining two

X. The
should
be
stalls, walls, etc.,
and ground
scrupulously cleaned
and washing, and

disinfecting
feet.
after
powder, or
of
the hospital
by frequent
every cleansing,
sweeping
jMcDougall's
Thenyle, lime, good ashes,
or
even dry earth, should be plentifully scattered over the
186
floors
first
and ground, and the woodwork and walls should be
washed and then whitewashed with lime and catechu.
XT. The hospital should be well ventilated.
Sulphur
fumigation should be daily carried out for an hour or so

in the hospital building
windows should be
and at this time the doors and
closed,
and the ventilators only kept
partly open.
XII. The sick cattle should be kept scrupulously clean,
and have thin
rice,
The healthy
grass as diet.
on
soft
wheat, and corn gruel, and fresh green
and laxative
cattle should also be kept
food, as cattle fed on hard dry food
have the disease in a more severe form than those fed
on laxative fodder.
When
XIII.
among
these contagious diseases have prevailed
cattle or sheep, they should not be allowed to
pasture or
be kept with
months have expired

occurring
among
XIV. Animals
warm
unaffected herds until
the
after
the affected
last
case
of
three
disease
lot.
that recover should be well washed with
water and soap prior to being removed from the
hospital.
Phenyle should be added
in the proportion of
XV.
to the
warm
water,
one wineglassful to a gallon of water.
Carcases of stock that die of rinderpest, black-
quarter, and
other
forms
of
pneumonia and foot-and-mouth

and covered with
XVI. The
anthrax
fever,
pleuro-
disease, should be buried
at least four feet of earth.
hides of cattle that die of these contagious

and slashed with a
diseases should be well scored
and buried with the
187
knife,
carcases.
XVII. The surface
and ground
of earth floors of stalls
on w?iich cattle affected
have
contagious disease
wîth
been kept, should be removed and buried, and the earth
below should be well dug up and turned over and the

floor
may
remade with fresh
Brick and stone floors
earth.
be scraped, washed, and disinfected with quicklime
or carbolic acid.
XVI II.
Poles of carts and harness, or saddlery,
etc.,
used by animals affected with contagious disease, should
The
be wâshed and disinfected.
of pack-saddles, etc., should be
XIX. Half doses
of
and
old lining
stuffing
removed and burnt.
medicine for calves, goats, and
sheep.
N.B.
Mange
in
cattle
and scab
contagious, but are not of a
these diseases are found
among
fatal
in
sheep are both
nature
still,
when
stock, the affected animals
should be separated from the healthy and placed under
medical treatment, to prevent the spread of the diseases
and
to cure the diseased animals, as
mangy
scabby sheep will neither thrive nor fatten.
cattle
and
CHAPTER
II.
SOME COMMON COMPLAINTS.
There are some complaints among

sheep that are
some
of these
common
that
is
goats,
and
to say, in a large
herd
cattle,
They
complaints will always be present.
are simple ailments that can be easily cured, but, even

in these simple diseases, great care
The
are absolutely necessary.
and proper treatment
least delay or neglect
may
result in something serious.
mention these complaints just as they come
I will
my
to
mind.
1.
Cough.
Sometimes
troubled
with
bamboo
leaves
cattle,
dry, liacking
every
evening, until the animal

for small calves, goats,
Aconite Nap.
Nux Vom.
is
Ix.
Ix.
of
ten
ten drops every
Sometimes from ten
drops to half a dram of turpentine in some

or castor oil will prove very beneficial.
a lot of fresh
lot
Half the quantity
relieved.
and sheep.
and sheep are

Give a
cougli.
day, and
drops every morning, and
goats,
warm water
Give the animal
tender bamljoo leaves night and morning

188

for a week,
and give half an ounce
189
of condition
powder
twice a day.
2.
Weak
Eyes, or watering eyes.
well washed with one part of
The eye must
alum and ten parts
be
of cold
water three or four times a day.

3.
Inflammation of the Eyes, oh Ophthalmia.
Causes.
Blow from
something in the eye

SymiJtoms.
abundance
is
a stick or whip
cold,
damp,
dirt; insect or
or excessive heat.
The
eyelids are swollen
there
great sensitiveness to light
is
tears flow
in
the eye
bloodshot and covered with scum.

Treatment.
Examine the eyes and remove

Wash
foreign bodies.
water to one part
of
Ix.
day.
and Belladonna
quantit}^ for small calves, goats,
Mange
Causes.
Ix.
Half the
and sheep.
the eye bandaged, and keep the animal out of
the sun and damp.

4.
alternately,
Ix.
ten drops every four hours, or Euphrasia
Keep
and
with a lotion of ten parts of cold
alum four times a
Give Aconite Nap.
all dirt
is
Give nourishing and wholesome
food.
an infectious disease.
Parasites
in
the
skin,
caused by want of
cleanliness.
Treatment.
Give the animal four
chittacks of salt
and
four chittacks of sulphur every morning for a fortnight,
then
stop the sulpliur
and continue the
chlttach doses every morning.
goats,
and sheep.
salt
in
two
Smaller doses for calves,
190
Make
a liniment of the following medicines and rub
into the affected parts every
Cocoanut
morning:
4 chittacks
oil
Spirits of Turpentine
4 chittacks
Gum Camphor
2 chittacks
Ground Sulphur
Phenyle
The
chittacks
chittack
must be properly washed with hot
affected parts
water and soap and dried before the liniment
is
rubbed
in.
5.
Drinking her own Milk.
If
to this habit, or a bull-calf licks its
cow
own
or goat takes
urine or that of
another, cradles should be put on their necks.

are
made
of pieces of
bamboo
tied together.
drinking-
the animals get a sufficient supply of
If
Cradles
water and a proper quantity of
salt,
they will not take
to these injurious tricks.

6.
Broken Horns.
The
horns of
cattle,
goats,
and
sheep are subject to accident.

Causes.
fights.
Falls, blows, or
The fracture bleeds most
danger the animal's

S//mpto7ns.
1st.
The
The bone
and there
is
Treatment.
is
each other in
struggles with
freely
and may en-
life.
fractures are of three kinds.
broken, but the horn
not detached,
is
no open wound.
Support
tlie
parts
with
bandage to keep them steady and at
rest,
splint
and
and wet the
191
bandage with Phenyle and water or Arnica and water.
The fracture
will soon unite.
2nd. The hurn
is
torn
away and the bone
is left
bare
cloth
and
or Arnica
and
and bleeding.
Treatment.
keep
Bandage
wet with Phenyle
it
The horn
water.
part with
the
will not
and water
grow
soft
again, but a skin will
grow and cover the bone.

3rd.
Both the bone and the horn are snapped clean
and there
off,
is
a large open bleeding wound.
mation of the brain or lockjaw
may
follow, or
Inflam-
gangrene
set in.
Treatment.
Immediately
cut the broken remains of
the horn to the level of the
wound and bathe
it
with
water and alum, or with Tincture of Arnica Montana
cold
and water, until the bleeding stops
then apply Iodoform,
and bandage up properly and apply Phenyle and water.

If
the animal has any fever and
Aconite Nap.
Ix.
and Arnica Mon.
drops every three hours.
in
is
Ix.
pain, give
it
alternately, ten
Half the quantity for goats
and sheep.
Great care and cleanliness are necessary
to
prevent
gangrene.
7.
goats,
Leech
in
the Nohe.
Leeches
and sheep by entering and
often worry cattle,
fixing themselves in the
nostrils while the animals are "razing.
Treatment.
Inject a little salt water into the nostril.
192
COW-KEEPING. IN INDIA.
and when the leech moves, draw
Apply a
forceps or chimtas.
it
out with a pair of
dry
little
the part
to
salt
to stop the bleeding.
Loss OF Cud, or arrest
8.
much
a disease as a
Treatynent.
symptom
there
If
is
not so
of disease.
no
is
rumination,
of
costiveness,
and
if
no
disease can be discovered, give a dose of one ounce of
condition powder every morning, or
Nux Yom.
drops four times a day for a week.
Half the quantity
for small calves, goats,
and sheep.
Wounds and Bruises
9.
should
never
be
ten
Ix.
on
goats, or
cattle,
They are
neglected.
liable
sheep
to
be
troublesome and get infested with maggots.

Treatment.
Wash
with Arnica and
water, or
with
Phenyle and water, and put a bandage round, and keep

it
wet with Arnica or Phenyle and

Give the animal ten drops
hours
if
there be
calves, goats,
10.
much
pain.
of
wâter.
Arnica
Half
Ix.
every four
quantity for
the
and sheep.
Enlarged
Papilla-: of
the Mouth.
All ruminat-
ing animals have pointed papilla' like points or thorns
on
tlie
tongue and in the lining
Symptoms.
the cheeks,
These
lip,
of their cheeks.
papilhc grow long and hard, and
and tongue
of the
animal grow tender, so

unable to do
that
when
so.
After a few days the mouth becomes yellow and
the cow attempts to eat she
furred and the breath smells very bad.
is
milking cow's

milk will dry up.
If care
193
not taken the animal will
is
die of starvation.
Treatment.
The mouth,
well washed three or
tongue, and cheeks must be
four times a day with a strong
alum and warm water.
solution of
This disease
the creature
is
caused by a disordered stomach.
Nux Vom.
ten drops every four hours,
Ix.
powder every morning and
or one ounce of the condition
Half the quantity for calves, goats, and sheep.
evening.
The animal must have plenty
of
she will not drink the gruel, give
bamboo
wheat gruel
or
rice
three times a day, with a chittack of salt in

If
Give
it
each time.
horn or
in a
it
Cattle that have sufficient salt regularly
chonga.
in their food are seldom troubled with this disease.
11. Lampas.
Horses
generally get this disease, but
in India cattle often suffer from
Deranged stomach
Symptoms. The gums
Causes.
of
often are very painful, so
not eat
its food.
sounds as
finger, it
if
but this
is
Some
the upper jaw swell, and
it
so that the animal can-
strike the place with your
were
cannot bear to have you press

Treatment.
or bowels, or worms.
much
When you
it.
it
The animal
inflated.
hard.
burn the swelling with a
a most barbarous
and
common treatment adopted by
useless practice.
natives
is
cavity on the front of the upper jaw witli a

tida
and
13
cotton.
liot iron,
to
little
fill
The
the
Asafoi-
194
The proper treatment

Ix.
to give the
is
animal Niix Vom.
ten drops every four hours, or one ounce of the con-
powder every morning
dition
well with
and rub the swollen part
Half quantity
salt.
and
calves, goats,
for
sheep.
Wasting
12.
in Calves.
their food or do not eat well
Very
if
often
never refuse food
it
if
refuse
neglected, they gradually
become emaciated, and some severe

calf will
calves
follows.
illness
be in good health, unless
the food be dirty or otherwise unpleasant.
Loss of appetite
always a symptom of sickness.
is
soon as you find a calf refuse
and see what
fully
covered, change
give
it
its
two drams
is
wrong.
food
If
of the condition
and evening, or Nux Vom.
Ix.
it
care-
no disease can be
even then,
if,
examine
food,
its
As
will
it
dis-
not eat,
and Arsenicum Alb.
Ix.
alternately, four drops every three hours.

If
you
find
the
continue
medicine,
symptoms continue
the
medicine
for
spite
in
week
of
tlie
or
ten
days.
If
the
symptoms be caused by worms
in
the stomach,
then adopt the treatment prescribed for worms.

13. Hide-bound.
This
is
not a disease but a symptom
of disease.
Causes.
food,
Disordered
stomach, poor
exposure to cold and
Symptoms.
The
hair
damp
looks
and
insufficient
weather.
rougli
and
clotted, the

natural smoothness and gloss being absent
and
hard, tough,
dull
and
listless,
The
fixed to the
to
weaker every day, until

rise
Sometimes
again.
the skin feels
animal becomes
does not eat well, and loses
begins
hair
Tlie
flesli.
195
fall
it
The creature gets
off.
or falls
it sits
flesh.
down and cannot
begins to purge, and a dis-
charge comes from the mouth, and the creature
have seen many calves suffer in

Treatment.
The
cause
of
this
dies.
way.
hide-bound must be
the
found out, and the disease of which
it
is
symptom
must be treated accordingly.

If
Vom.
no special disease be discoverable, then give

Ix.
and Arsenicum Alb.
Ix.
alternately,
from
Nux
five to
ten drops every four hours, until improvement, or give
two drams
the condition powder every morning and
of
evening.
Accessory Treatment.
given to the animal.
Eice or wheat
Give
salt
gruel
in its food.
must be
Wherever
the cattle are properly fed and cared for, hide-bound
never seen.
Pure drinking
water
must
be
given
is
in
abundance.
Also,
mix three
chittacks of
Mustard
oil,
one rhittack of
Sulphur, one rhittack of Camphor, one rhittack of Spirits

of
Turpentine, and quarter of a chittark of Thenyle, and
rub the animal
all
over the body twice a week.
disease pievails, and the animal

in
warm water and with
is
If
not too weak, bathe
no
it
soap before applying the oint-
19G
But be careful
ment.
after
and
batli.
its
Cold or Catarrh.
14.
thoroughly dry the aniinal
to
Calves and milk-cows, sheep
goats, are often afflicted with this disease.
Causes.
The
disease
is
caused by exposure to draughts
or wet, over-crowding in the house, dirty,
damp
house, or
not drying after bathing.
Symptoms.
there
The
eyes are watery,
dry, the
is
a discharge from the nostrils, the animal stands
is
one place as
in
nose
her cud
if
stiff
the limbs, and does not
in
There
properly.
more or
is
less
fever,
chew
and
sometimes cough and purging.

Treatment.
to,
or
will
it
Tt requires
be immediately attended
to
end in some very dangerous
very frequent and fatal in calves.

Ix.
and Arsenicum Alb.
Ix.
little
It is
Give Aconite Nap.
alternately, five drops every

of Arsenic, ten drops in
two hours, or Fowler's Solution

a
illness.
water three times a day.
Should the discharge become thick, and the nostrils
and the eyes swollen, give Aconite

Sol.
Ix.
alternately, every
Accessor!/ Treatment.
rest,
and keep
blanket, and
two
keep
it
and ^lercurius
liours.
Separate the animal from the
warm and
it
Ix.
in
warm
Cover
quiet.
it
with a
but well-ventilated
place.
No
liquid
four hours.
must be given
Bo
to
one or two
the creature for twentyseers of
ground wheat, and
197

give
When
mash.
thick
in
animal begins to
tlie
improve, after twenty-four hours give
warm wheat
it
or
barley gruel to drink.
found
have
very
treatment
homoBopathic
the
successful.
The
Sprains.
15.
joints
of
the
painful,
swells
and the animal
As
Treatment.
is
soon
as
should be bound up with
kept at
of cold
the
or
tendons,
or
legs
The part
sprained.
muscles,
ligaments
of
become ruptured
the
or
and becomes hot and very

quite lame.
detected, the injured parts
splint
and bandage, and
the bandage being kept wet with a lotion
rest,
When
water and Tincture of Arnica or Aconite.
and pain
swelling
lessen,
rub the part well with
the hand.
16.
Dislocation sometimes results from accident or
over-exertion, a bone being put out of joint.
very
painful
thing,
and
may
terminate
neglected for even a short time.
It is a
seriously
if
surgeon should be
called in at once.
Treatment.
If
no surgeon
be available, throw the
animal down gently, so as to have the dislocated joint

uppermost,
and
then
seize
the
leg
and
pull
it
downwards.
The bone
snap.
will be lieard to return to its socket with a
After which, rest and cold
application
is
all
that
is
necessary.
water and Arnica

If
there be
much
198
COAV-KEEPING IX INDIA.
pain and swelling, a
may
Arnica
Tincture of Aconite instead of
little
be applied to the part
or the Belladonna
liniment applied twice a day.
Soke Feet.
17.
Causes.
etc.,
Foreign
bodies, such as gravel, dirt, thorns,
in the cleft of the foot.
and dirty places they

Symptoms.
Lameness,
swelling of the pasterns, pain.

let
out and properly treated,
form and become very troublesome and injurious.
Treatment.
all
wet
cattle are kept in
will be troubled with sore feet.
Matter forms, and unless

ulcers
If
and
dirt
Kemove
Wash
feet
hoof
and
Wash
of
and
Cause.
if
Let out
foot,
Silicea
properly.
poultice
matter
the
if
with
there
and keep applying Phenyle
Gx.
should
be
given
clean.
internally,
in
may
cattle
terminate
very
neglected.
i3ry, hard,
Treatment.
found.
nif^ht.
CosTiVENESS
seriously,
hoof
the
The part must be kept perfectly
Ten drops
mornin(:j
pare
be
the feet with Phenyle and water, and
bandage up the sore
and water.
may
that
warm water and
with
meal or bran.
be any.
18.
the feet carefully, and remove
matters
foreign
dead
all
the
linseed
Examine
and unwholesome
Give from
Fruit Salt in a (piart of
one to two
warm water;
food.
chittacJiS of
or quarter of a
seer of ]^]psotn salt in a seer of
warm water
an hour
of
after, give
two quarts
thin,
Eno's
warm
quarter of
rice gruel.

Let
it
have no food until
Nux Vom.
Lx.
is
it
purged, and then give
condition
it
ten drops every three hours during that
day, and soft food in small quantities

of
199
or give one ounce
week, and
for
feed on bran mash.
Irhegular Teeth.
19.
Symptoms.
The
beast eats less food than usual, and
becomes gradually thinner and
weaker
food and saliva dribble from the
mouth
half
chewed
the animal
is
hoven at times, and a bad smell issues from the mouth

the
sides
of
the cheek
are
ulcerated, caused
by the
irregular teeth.
Treatment.
and
The mouth
must be
carefully examined,
long or irregular teeth must be shortened and
all
smoothed by means
of
tooth-rasp.
If
there
be a
decayed tooth or an abscess under the tooth, the tooth
must be drawn
20.
lambs
out.
The Navel
from
sufter
ill.
Occasionally calves, kids, and
this disease.
Caused by the abrupt or imperfect separation of the

navel
makes the navel bleed
which
cord,
want
of
length,
cleanliness and proper care.
Treatment.
ligature
if
close
If
the
cord be
of
sullicient
might be passed around the end and

to
tlic
abdomen, a
piece of lint tied on

bleeding, and the
to
wound
little
tied,
but
burnt alum with a
the part will sullice to stop the

will soon heal.
200
may form
not attended to at once, an abscess
If
the part, and
may
cause death, or
lead
to
internal inflammation and
may blow
flies
in
the
and breed
sore
maggots.
an abscess form, follow the treatment prescribed
If
abscess.
If
for
maggots form, use the maggot destroyer.
Sore Teats.
21.
Causes.
The
calf
nipping the nipples
nipples wet after milking
cold
leaving the
strong winds
want
of
cleanliness.
Symptoms.
sometimes
Tlie nipples get
little
about
troublesome
at
and kicks
milking,
she refuses to allow the calf to suck
become very
painful,
udder
Treatment.
may
the teats
and give forth a discharge which
mingles with the milk

of the
pimples and sores form on the nipples
cow becomes
the
chapped and inflamed
the milk lessens
inflammation
set in.
Wash
the teats well with
warm
water,
dry perfectly, and apply some Hydrastis Can. ointment,
Camphor ointment, morning and
or
care
milk
must be taken
;
if
to gently
may
Great
draw out every drop
necessary, the teat-tube
rough treatment
evening.
must be
used.
of
Any
nuike the cow vicious and spoil
her.
Preventive.
Keep
butter or mustard
milked.
the teats clean and dry
oil
rub some
on them every time the cow
is
CHAPTEE
III.
DANGEK0U8 BUT NOT CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
1.
Calving.
Some
cows have great trouble at the
time of calving, and need proper medical treatment.

it
be a cross-birth, or
if
the trouble be caused by con-
traction or deformity in the bone of the pelvis, or
tumours,
dropsy,
management
skill.
require
will
Simple causes
treated thus
the
or
If
large
professional
of the difficulty
the
of
size
calf,
from
the
knowledge and
may
be successfully
Protracted labour.
Gelseminum
If labour pains continue long, give
ten drops every half
Ix.
liour
or twenty
any
pains, or to
minutes.
After-pa in>>. Aher labour,
if
there be
prevent any after-pains, give Motlier Tincture of Arnica
Mon. ten drops every hour

The
after-birth or
after calving,
may
Give Pulsatilla
Ix.
fails to effect tlie
Secale
Ix.
in the
or two.
Give four doses only.
placenta, unless discharged
soon
cause fever and general derangement.

ten drops three times a day.
desired end in
same way.
201
twelve
liours,
If this
then give
202
FloocUnr/.
AWow
quiet,
witli
lower.
belly,
the cow to
hinder
tlie
parts
and a cloth wet
must be thrown up
in cold water
tlie
The best medicines

is
When
rather liigher than the
bandage must be applied tightly round the
the vagina and over the loins.
China
down, and keep her
lie
must be applied
to
Injections of cold water
fundament every half-hour.
for flooding are Sabina
and Secale
also very useful.
the blood
is
black and smells bad, give Secale
Cer. (Ergot of rye) Ix.
ten drops every fifteen or thirty
minutes until flooding stops.
When
Ix.
the blood
ten drops every fifteen or thirty minutes.

Accessor!/
give the
Do
lie
bright red, give Sabina (Savine)
is
Treatment.
Great
cow quiet and
care
Do
Do
not force the medicine
Give the medicine
to
rest.
nothinf' that will excite her.
down.
must be taken
not force her to
down
lier throat.
in a piece of bread or in her drinking-
water.
2.
Slipping doavn of the
womb
is
common com-
plaint witli large, loose-limbed cows, especially
are old, and have had
many
calves.
that the people of India do not
they generally
a
cow
is
buy her
let
known
at
any
to
This
know
the poor animal
is
they
if
a complaint
iiow to treat,
sufi'er
and die
and
and
if
bo liable to this trouble, they will nut
price,
however low.
DANGEROUS BUT NOT CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 203
The
Symptoms. The
made
convulsive efforts
Cause.
womb
between the hind-legs

Treatment.
thrown
is
out,
and
hangs
the animal.
This complaint
womb
mediately the
of
to expel the foetus.
slips it
only wânts
Im-
care.
should be carefully washed
with lukewarm water and alum, and then replaced, and
alum and
an
water
cold
No
injection given.
force
should be used in attempts to replace the wômb, but

it
of
should be gently and carefully pushed up by a process
kneading
and then
till
it
till
the whole
is
up
into the pelvic cavity,
should be retained by the hand for a time,
the spasms begin to subside,
gently drawn away.
by a bandage
when
of strong cloth six inches broad.
must be watched and not allowed

she
be
The vagina should be supported
The cow must not be allowed
if
may
the hand
does, or
if
her eyes
down, and she
to sit
to strain
when
in pain
appear glassy, she should
receive proper medicines.

If
not replaced at once, the
womb may
mortify and
fall out.
If the services of
an experienced doctor can be obtained,
he sliould be immediately called.
Give the animal Mother Tincture
of
Arnica
AIuii.
ten
drops every hour, or Mother Tincture of lielhidonna five
drops every hour, for a day or two.
The alum
lotion used for injection
solving one part of
alum
must be made by
dis-
in eight or ten parts of cold water.
204
The cow must
quiet and confined to her

rice or
stall,
be kept perfectly
and have some warm
No
wheat gruel given her three times a day.
heating food should be given to the cow for a week or

ten days.
3.
Swollen Uddek
in
milk-cows
a very serious
is
may
symptom, and
if
much
and dry up the cow and prevent her from
distress,
not taken in hand at once
lead to
ever milking again.

Causes.
chill or a
It is
some injury
bruise, or
after calving, or
the cow
a tendency to gathering caused by a
is
to
the udder before or
by too high feeding before
may
swell.
there
If
secretion of milk before calving, and

it is
cow
If the
likely to coagulate
is
great
the milk
is
it
may
not
and cause intlammation.
not properly milked, and some milk
is
the udder,
in
If
bathed, or her udder washed and not dried
properly, her udder
extracted,
calving.
cause intlammation.
is left
Sometimes,
giving the cow aihl water to drink after she has calved
causes
it.
Symptoms.
the
One
cow objecting
udder
is
of the first signs
to the
bumping
pulse
of the calf's nose.
somewhat swollen and painful
difficulty in extracting the milk.
can be
of infiammation
felt in
is full,
Then
there
little
is
The
some
hard lumps
the teats or in some part of the bag.
quick, and liard
is,
The
the breathing quick jind

The breathing quickens, the mouth and horns
hard.
become
bowels are bound, and other symptoms of
hot,
fever are present.
If the disease is
more severe
fever will become
chew her cud
the cow will not eat or
the hard swelling will become
consequence of matter
having
formed
become mixed with matter and

If the
matter
not let out,
is
through w^hich
its
of
is
through the
way slowly
to
the
at last bursts, leaving deep long
it
and
difficulty,
cases a portion of the udder or the whole

result
in
the milk will
will spread
it
These heal with great
ulcers.
soft
blood.
udder, at the same time making

skin,
allowed to go on, the
is lost.
many
in
If this
avoided by judicious treatment, some hardening
the bag may, nevertheless, remain, which will take
some time
to
Treatment,
As soon
as
remove.
The
it is
ordinary treatment
observed that
painful and there
is
neem leaves should be
difficulty
affected
in
udder
is
swollen or
extracting the milk,
boiled,
and the pot put under the
may
pass over the affected parts.
udder, so that the steam
The
tlie
as follows
is
parts should be thoroughly fomented witli
the boiled ncein leaves, after wliich the udder should be
properly wiped and gently rubbed with the Iêlladonna

liniment, and the calf allowed to suck in order to
off
some
calf
of
the inHammation.
becoming
udder, so
ill
There
is
by drinking the milk
it is be>st
to get the
draw
danger of the
of
an inflamed
milk out of the udder by
20
milking' or by
means
the
cow two or three
quarter of a
a srrr of
Epsom
rhiftacJi's
common
of
-svrr.
pump.
of the teat-tube or a
salt,
of Eno's
salt in
Fruit Salt and a
warm
and keep her
Oive
in
water, or half
warm
place.
This treatment should be repeated two or three times a
day until the bowels are freely moved.

Native Treatment.
trouble,
make
At
the very
commencement
a paste of pounded huhlee (turmeric) and
lime (such as
eaten in pan), mix and well smear the
is
whole udder, and give the animal from a pint

of
of the
warm
castor oil in
to a
quart
Foment frequently with
water.
neem leaves.
Treatment.
ITomoeopathic
symptom
of
inflammation
Aconitum Nap.
neem
leaves,
soon
as
the
least
detected, give internally
is
and Bry. Alb.
Ix.
every three hours
As
Ix.
ten drops, alternately
foment the affected part with boiled
and gently rub the part
witli the ]êlladonna
liniment.
If
donna
the inflammation increases, give, internally, liellaIx.
ten drops every three hours.
ment takes
place, in
If
no improve-
order to expedite the formation of
matter give llepar Sulp. ox. one grain every four hours,
and bring the gathering
to
head by putting on a
linseed poultice.
If
the gathering softens, the matter must be let out
with a lancet, and a poultice kept to the wound until

begins to heal
u]).
The poultice must
l)e
it
renewed night
DANGEKOUS BUT NOT CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 207

and morniDg.
wash
offensive,
least
wound
the
If
looks
smells
or
in
the
out thorouglily with Hydrastis
it
and water or l*henyle and water.

Accessor)/ Treatment.
and
food, as rice gruel
The drinking
The cow must

Put
dool) grass.
water must not be
be put on simple
salt in the food.
cold,
but lukewarm.
Best and quiet are very necessary.

Preventive.
before the calf
the udder
If
is
fills
many days
with milk
born, extract the milk
and empty the
udder every morning and evening until the
calf is born,
and rub the whole udder with warm Mustard
Camphor
little
the calf
oil
of
milk and rub the udder
and Camphor.
Also avoid the causes
Eheumatism.
some
This disease
rather
is
common
in
districts in India.
Causes.
damp
Exposure
floors
S//w2)tohix.
is
The
disinclined
Sometimes there
change
is
wet and damp, and draughts
move.
'J'here
is
dull
and droops,
loss of appetite
one or more of the joints become

;
the animal
much
fever.
only a few days, but

of weather.
bad water.
animal l)ecomes
to
inflamed and painful
for
to
bad food
pain in the back
hist
of
complaint.
of the
4.
with a
Immediately after the birth
it.
draw out every drop
with Mustard
and
in
oil
is
moves with
difficulty.
The complaint may

liable to
return with
208
Treatment.
Give Aconite
and Rhus Tox.
Ix.
a very good remedy for rheumatism
it
should be given
Apply Ehus Tox. ointment
after Aconite.
to the affected
The parts must be fomented three
parts.
Ix.
Bry. Alb. also
two hours.
alternately, ten drops every

is
Nap.
or four times
a day with boiled neem leaves.

Place the animal in a
dry south room, and cover
it
with a blanket, and bandage
The creature should be
the affected part with flannel.
wheat or gram, and dooh
fed on boiled
Paralysis.
5.
and exposure
Some kinds
freely.
power
It falls
is
and
tempera-
of
will cause
and
in the limbs,
is
its
hind-
inability to
move
unable to rise again

;
heat.
it.
staggers and drops
loss of appetite
and slow, and

the urine
and herbs
The animal
loss of
sudden changes
or in pack-
wet and cold or excessive
to
of grain
Symptoms.
legs
of the animal.
Injuries to the spine from blows
bullocks, from over-loading
ture
grass.
Total or partial loss of sensibility and
motion in one or more parts

Causes.
warm and
pulse full
the bowels are bound, and
retained, or the urine
and dung are passed
involuntarily.
Treatment.
Give
Belladonna
Ix.
and Nux Vom.
alternately, ten drops every three hours.
and limbs with boiled

neein leaves
Place
and
Rub
Ix.
the back
salt.
the animal in a dry and

warm
room, with
straw to
of
lots
upon.
lie
Turn her
over twice a day, and give her a change of food.
Great
care and patience are needed.
HovEN.
6.
Distension of the
with gas or wind.
Causes.
common
It is a
Irregular
first
feeding;
stomach or rumen
disease
food
eating
animal has not been accustomed
among
cattle.
the
that
Animals that have
to.
been almost starved for some time, when put into rich
themselves, and the
grain, over-feed
or given
pasture
undissolved food undergoes chemical

or
wind
is
given
Pasturing on marshy or inundated
off.
fermented grass or food.
places, or eating
SyDq^torns.
The symptoms
of
the belly, which, on being tapped with the
fingers, is
found
breathing
is difficult
the
cud
to
consist of
the head
appear suddenly and run
Swelling in the back portion of the
their course rapidly.

left side
changes, and gas
wind
in the first
stomach
the animal neither eats nor chews

is
poked out
the animal grunts,
unable to move
the
eyes become red and thrust out of their sockets
the
stands quite stifHy, and appears
mouth
is filled
with frothy saliva, and the tongue hangs
out of the mouth
under the body
the back
should
tlie
ing becomes more difficult

violently
sometimes sour
animal
lie
the animal
lluid
from the mouth and nostrils

14
crouched,
is
tlie legs
drawn
down, the breathfalls
and struggles
and food are discharged
lastly,
death ensues.
210
This disease
and
is
very often mistaken for other diseases,
sometimes thought
is
be the effect of poison, on
to
account of the very rapid way
runs
it
acute cases the duration of the disease

to three hours
may
in
more protracted
may
In
course.
its
be from one
symptoms
cases, the
continue for twelve hours.
Treatment.
Give
the animal forty drops of Eubini's
Tincture of Camphor, in a wineglassful of water, two

doses at an interval of ten or fifteen minutes.
minutes from the time you have given the second
fifteen
Nux Vom.
dose, give
Ix.
and Bry. Alb.
alternately, ten
Ix.
An enema
drops in water every hour or half -hour.
two
seers of
ounces
of
is
warm
water of
Glycerine
Wash
animal.
case
severe,
the
be used.
03 temperature with four

it
will
relieve
water.
If
the
the
in a little while, the trocar
must
The trocar must be plunged inward and down-
into the paunch, through the left side of the stomacli,
the last rib and the haunch-bone.
Give
soft green grass in
for
a few days after
GiiAlN-SlCK.
stomach
witli
improvement
Impaction
food,
the animal thin rice gruel
small quantities, and plenty of
give half an ounce of condition
7.
in
mouth with clean
salt
of
and after giving the above medicines no
midway between
and
dissolved
improvement takes place
ward
After
either of
sets
powder every
of
tlio
in.
day.
rumen
coarse
or
Also
or
tougli
first
and

indigestible kind, such as over-ripe wooloo-grass, reeds,
or
uncooked whole
Causes.
grain.
and
Indigestible
grass
coarse
unground and uncooked grain
is
over-loaded
it
When
becomes at
first
it
the
torpid in action,
and from the continued pressure and distension

muscular coats
too large a quantity of
food; insufficient supply of drinking-water.
stomach
reeds
or
of its
ceases to act on account of the latter
becoming powerless.
Syynptoms.
to
on pressure,
flank,
the
fingers
drum -like;
has an
unable to move
and
packed with
is
earth.
is
stretched
h\
and
forward,
stomach
The symptoms appear gradually.
and does not chew the cud
when tapped with
hard and
and ginnts.
ihe
the
grain-sick
pits
as
to
stomach
tlie
becomes
is
The
the left flank

the
finger
be constipated
standing;
As
or
pressing upon soft
if
discharged from the moutli and noso
ferment,
and
the wind that escapes
The bowels are inclined
teeth
yieldinji;
moans, and appears in great distress
animal generally keeps
its
and
sounds hollow
it
head
standing,
gradually swells, and

pressed on,
elastic,
the
respiration quick, short,
staring.
food.
dull
smell
those
like
with gas
is filled
soft,
frequent belching;
position
eyes red
feels
somewhat
are
on percussion,
offensive
puffing;
animal
symptoms
In hoven the stomach
in hoven.
left
The
Ihiid
;
th(i
and
the
food are
annual grinds
conLenLs of the stomach
more (hstemU'd
the
212
pulse becomes
weak and
more
Death
difficult.
small, the respiration
becomes
caused from suffocation.
is
The
disease lasts from one to three days.
Treatment.
every hour
allow
to
interval
of
seers
ten drops
Ix.
much water
in
of
Vom.
little
fifteen
give
as
will
it
warm
if
drops
forty
it
of
water, two doses
An
minutes.
hot water and four ounces
should be given
If
drink as
Nux
it
Camphor
Eubini's
an
it
Xux Vom.
animal seems to be in much pain, then
giving
before
two
the animal
If the
drink.
at
Give
enema
of
of
Glycerine
much bound.
the bowels continue very
inflammation of the stomach follows, give Belladonna
Inflammation
ten drops every hour.
Ix.
is
recognised
by pressure on the distended stomach giving the animal

pain.
When
the medicines
fail
to
act,
increase in severity, the stomach
cutting
and the symptoms
must be
open and taking out the contents.
it
sharp penknife into the flanks between the

the ponit of the hip-bone
an incision about
belly,
and
six
then
all
the food
two or three
chitt<(cJiX
warm
water.
last rib
and
downwards
make
inches long through the walls of
cut
through
stomach, and remove with the hand
When
Plunge a
cut from above about two
inches from the cross-bones of the loins
the
relieved by
is
the
all
walls
of
the
the food.
removed, pour into the stomach
of Eno's
Then sew up the
Fruit Salt and a srrr of

hole in the stomach and

But before doing
afterwards the opening in the flanks.

so, first
wash the wounds with Dlienyle and water
well
(one to ten parts) and afterwards dress the
Great care must be
Iodoform.
does
not
set
redressed
that
gangrene
The wound must be washed and
in.
twice
taken
wound with
This
day.
operation
requires
practised hand.
The animal
must have nothing
but rice and wheat gruel for two or three days.
which small quantities
of
fresh
be given in addition
to
the
plenty of
salt,
After
young dooh grass should

Give the animal
gruel.
and pure drinking-water.
Also give one
ounce of the condition powder every day for a week.

Preventive.
quantities
least
three
Give
animal soft food in moderate
the
abundance
give
times
of
at
Hard and dry substances
day.
should not be allowed.
pure drinking-water
Food should not be given
in
very large quantities or too frequently.
8.
Fardel-bound.
Impaction
of
the third stomach
with hard, dry, and indigestible food, which accumulates
and becomes
very hard, dry, and caked between the
so
folds or leaves of the
or less its functions,
stomach as
and
to
in severe
always arrest more

cases to cause total
obstruction.
Causes.
This disease occurs more frequently in the
hot season, and
is
common
in
a season
when
there
is
an
214
C0W-KEEPINC4 IX INDIA.
unusual scarcity of pasture and water.

are
driven from sheer
tlien
grasses and
librous
hunger
ur
reedy,
trees,
and the third stomach
such
hard
and
Cattle and slieep
l)ran('hes
hard and
shruby,
of
and
unable to grind down
is
unwholesome
eat
to
and
fodder,
the
latter
gradually accumulates, hardens, and cakes within
the
stomach.
Symptoms.
The animal
does not chew the cud
there
quickened, and
is
accompanied by a grunt, not unlike the grunt which
is
is
appetite
a loss of
respiration
The bowels are constipated
heard in pleuro-pneumonia.
sometimes at the commencement

rhoea,
but, as a
rule,
is
there
there
slight diar-
is
constipation
is
now and
then a small amount of liquid
fteces,
and dark-coloured pieces
caked fodder, detached
from the leaves

is
sii^ns
of hoven.
hii^li
not
is
the third stomach,
is
passed
the
coloured, and not unfrequently there are
urine
If relief
of
of the
with very hard
af'l'orded,
intlamnuition of the stomach
In this case the respiration becomes increased,
sets in.
The animal grinds
its
peculiarly expressive
of
and the grunting more audible.

teeth,
and
pain
the mouth, ears, and horns become cold, the pulse
countenance
its
is
very small and thready, and numbers from eighty-five to
Any dung
a hundred.
in
small
hard
now becomes
cakes,
a moan.
passed
is
partly liquid and partly

offensive.
The grunt
Sometimes, in the
last stage the
and very

animal will be in a state
symptoms
of great
some
in
cases
excitement occur, and these probably
stomach
depend upon the fourth

flamed.
stupor
of
The duration
the
of
become
having
disease
is
from
in-
to
five
fifteen days.
Treatment.
The treatment
must be with the view
of
relieving the over-loaded and impacted stomach of its
hard, dry, and caked contents.
Give the animal Eno's Fruit

chittacJcs in
-seer
of hot water,
Foment
of fifteen minutes.
after
you have given the
Belladonna
from two to four
two doses at an interval
the stomach.
salt,
Half an hour
Nux Vom.
give
ten
alternately,
Ix.
Salt,
drops every
Ix.
and
hour or
two.
warm
Give
the creature plenty of thin
gruel (rice or wheat) at short intervals during the
day and night.

This will assist mucli in opening the bowêls, and in
softening
facilitating
the
caked food
its
in
the
tliird
Very often many days elapse
escape.
before all the hard stuff
is
got rid of
necessary to continue giving the
it
soft
gruel
caked pieces are found in the dung.

has recovered, give
stomach and
therefore
until
it
is
no hard
After the animal
green grass in small quan-
tities.
Preventive.
Soft and easily digestible food, abundance
of drinking-water,
and regular supply
of salt.
216
COW-KEKPING IX INDIA.
Choking.
9.
Difficulty in
swallowing or
inal)ility to
swallow.
Cause.
This condition
may
be caused by hard and
large pieces of food, such as sugar-cane, kirhy,
coming lodged
back part
in the
part of the gullet
from the mouth
of the throat or in
any
the channel by which the food passes
to the stomach.
Sometimes foreign
iron, nails,
be-
etc.,
bodies, such
as pieces of leather,
sharp thorns, sharp pieces of wood,
etc.,
are
taken by cattle and become lodged in the gullet, and
when very
hard, with sharp edges or points,
the lining
membrane
Symptoms,
mouth
the
may
lacerate
of the tube.
If the obstruction
in the
is
and
or throat, the animal coughs
and when drinking, the water
back part of
salivates,
be returned by the
will
nostrils.
If in tlie gullet, after
and
filling
making two
the gullet as far as
tiie
or three swallows,
point of obstruction,
the water will be returned by the moutli and nostrils.
The animal
signs of pain
is
very uneasy
his
countenance shows
spasmodic or cramp-like actions of the
muscles of the neck will be observed.

to the
down
In a
be
Tliese are
owing
animal endeavouring to make the lodged body go
by the mouth.
into the stomach, or to be returned

little
time signs of hoven appear, and
not soon
relieved,
become much swollen.
the left side
of
if
the animal
the belly
will

If
tlie
be
the obstruction
hand
is
the throat, by introducing
in
very back part uf
into the
tlie
mouth
it
will
felt.
If it
in
is
part of the
that part of the gullet Ijetween the back
mouth and the
chest,
it
on the
will be felt
outside by carefully examining the throat with the hand,

as there will be a swelling at the point of obstruction.
If it is
lodged in that part of the gullet which passes
through the chest, then the negative evidence of
its
not
being found in the back part of the mouth, or any part
be conclusive
of the throat, will
and when the animal
drinks, water will be observed passing
down the
gullet
along the lower part of the throat without meeting with
any impediment
but after the animal has taken two or
three swallows, the
gradually become
filled
when
up
quite filled
vomition of
it
Treatment.
linseed
oil,
to
with
its
the water, until
junction witli
at
the
last,
throat,
occur.
will
Give
half
the throat portion, will
gullet, at
very carefully and gradually
a pint, with arrack two
warm
ounces, well
mixed together.
This will lubricate the gullet and the impacted food
or foreign body, and
force
it
stimulate
the gullet to act, and
onward.
The medicine may be returned by vomition once or

oftener,
again,
but
it
must be perseveringly given again and
and only a
little
at a
time.
218
If the
cause of obstruction
lodged in the back part
is
of the throat, it
must be removed by the hand
throat
of
portion
the gullet, after giving the
arrach press with the
fingers
observed in the throat, and
removed a
if
little, tlien
round
all
will
it
give a
little
in the
and
oil
the
swelling
very often be thus
more
of
the
oil
and
arrack and again apply more pressure to the swelling
and by so persevering the impacted body
will generally
pass onwards, and the animal will be relieved.

If
by the symptoms
it
is
evident that the part of
the gullet within the chest
is
obstructed, and the steady
perseverance in giving the
oil
remove
it,
then a hollow elastic tube,
introduced by the mouth

obstructed, and a little
move the cause
cane, about
tlie
ball of cotton
down
is
if
failed to
at hand,
may
be
the gullet to the part
gentle pressure will generally
of obstruction
proper tube
If a
and armvk has
onwards
to
tlie
stomach.
not to be obtained, then a good rattan
thickness of the forefinger, with a soft
or tow about the size of an egg, covered
with cloth, and securely fastened around the one end

the cane, may, after
of
being well
introduced by the mouth into
mouth must
It
l)e
much
force witli
be
During
this operation
kept open by an assistant.
now and then happens
by the impacted
oil,
the gullet, and pressed
gently against the impacted body.

the
soaked in
body, or
tliat
by
the gullet
is
cut or torn
tlie
operator using too
the tube, or from
the ball not beinu

properly fastened on the end of the rattan cane, and tluis
may become permanently
the gullet
a case
chokmg
is
injured,
and
in
such
very apt to recur.
Whenever choking happens,
part of
the
the
gullet
obstructed will remain weak for some days, so only soft

food, such as gruel or mashes,
four days, and afterwards
young green
Opening the throat portion
when
the obstruction
is
must be given
for three or
grass.
the gullet with a knife,
of
in that part,
is,
in
extreme
cases,
practised by veterinary surgeons.
10. PiED-WATER.
This
is
a blood disease, resulting;
from imperfect digestion of the food and the consequent

faulty
preparation
of
the
blood,
and
etc.,
the blood
becomes thin and weak.

It
and
is
accompanied with much prostration and
in severe cases
slieep are
liable
to
with emaciation.
the disease
Both cattle and
more frequently cows
and ewes are attacked, especially a short

parturition
and probably
this
debility,
time
after
depends upon the drain on
the system by the secretion of milk.

Cauiies.
Some
undrained lands are known
pasture which causes this disease.
to
yield
The pasture may be
very rank, non- nutritious, or bare, and mixed with acrid

lierljage.
It has
been proved
tliat
when
sucli
lands are
properly drained, manured, and cultivated, cattle pasturing
on them cease
to suffer
from red- water.
220
The
very often
disease
who cannot
people,
boggy lands
attacks
them properly.
feed
frequently at those
when
seasons
of
poor
Foul water
produce the disease.
will
cattle
tlie
ofi'
more
It occurs
animals change
the
their coats.
Cattle fed on poor lands, especially
and not manured, are very subject

it
may
when badly drained
to the disease
indeed,
be ascribed to unwholesome food and water, and
particularly
to food
which, though
bulky, contains
small amount of nutriment (such as paddy-straw), and
consequently the blood becomes poor and thin in quality,
and doubtless
attempts to remove
SymptomH.
noxious matters, which nature
contains
At
the urine.
Ijy
first
an
animal shows signs of
now and
thriving well, and,
then, of being
a milk-cow, by giving less milk.
the skin
tinge
is
the back
away from
may
is
arched
and
stares,
if
and
and very often has a yellowish

:
the animal
the rest of the stock
is
found alone,
diarrhoea sets
in,
and
continue for two or three days, and then the bowels
become
The
or
dry, unhealthy,
The coat
hy not
ill,
feeding well and not regularly chewing the cud
not
costive.
flanks are hollow, sometimes signs of
symptoms
urine,
up
to
abdominal pain may be present.
of
this
perhaps only a
hoven appear,
time,
little
continues, the urine
is
The
found slightly altered, being
tinged.
remains
As long
but
as the diarrhoea
little
affected
but
DANGEEOUS BUT NOT CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 221

when
constipation sets
in, it
becomes altered
at once
colour, being at first red, or of a claret colour,
animal evinces pain in passing

sets in
in
and the
Constipation generally
it.
about the fourth day, and then the urine
is
more
frequently passed, and becomes very dark, and sometimes

so dark as to cause the
name
of
black-water to be given
to the disease.
The urine
is
also offensive in odour.
The animal becomes very weak

of the
mouth and
are sunk
weak
respiration rapid
rapidly,
the animal
and
comes very weak, and
five
unable to
is
down much,
becomes emaciated.
soon
the disease
Give Aconite Nap.
Nux Vom.
Ix.
rise
from
the animal be-
death ensues.
five
Ix.
to
Abundance
of
and warm
good wheat gruel

in a dry
place.
Preventive.
Good
pasturage, regular
and drinking-water, and proper
1.
Ix.,
two hours.
must be given frequently, and the animal kept
in
twenty-
and Bry. Alb.
the eyes
days.
Treatment.
or
of
is
the pulse very
lies
Signs of abdominal pain are frequent;
The duration
membranes
eyelids are pale in colour
the mouth, ears, and legs cold
condition
loses
the lining
shelter.
Indigestion and Diarriicea.
frequent
supply of salt
This disease consists
purging, generally wiLliuut
fever
or eon-
222
stitutional disturbance
abdominal
but
sometimes with
The
frequent
irritation.
and
signs
of
inordinate
passing of watery ficces results from a disordered state

of the
stomach and bowels.
Causes.
from the animal having
It generally arises
unwholesome
some
taken
foul
Indigestion
water.
forage,
is
acrid
frequently
herbage,
the
or
cause
of
diarrhoea.
The herbage grown on certain lands produces
known by
it is
and
marshy and badly drained.
very often such lands are
In the Panjiib
it,
name
the
of chooknec,
and
has of late years attacked the cattle of that province in

seasons
when pasturage and water were
animals were obliged

acrid shrubs,
An
to
eat
and drink very
scarce,
and the
unwholesome herbage and

foul water.
may
over-dose of purgative medicine
also cause
Again, in cases where the stomach and bowels
diarrhoea.
become over-loaded, diarrhea may
follow.
In the last stages of pleuro-pneumonia and other blood

of
the
bowels
chill
has
been known to produce
diseases,
looseness
Cold
sudden
or
specially
invariably
when the bowels have been
in
appears.
it,
an unhealthy
condition.
to great heat is
Exposure
Diarrluea
generally attacks
lands yielding the

first fall of
sometimes another cause.
first
the rains.
herds
when grazing on
shoots of green grass after the
DANGEROUS BUT NOT CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

Symptoms.
wind
at first with no straining or pain.
be a
little irregular,
be less than usual
seems but
purging
straining at
the
be arched
will
the rumination
and the secretion
may
milk
of
but the general health of the animal
little affected.
the
If
23
frequent passing of watery dung with
The appetite generally remains good
may
continue
then there will
long,
time of passing
fgeces,
be
and the back
or less pain will be shown, and
more
sometimes blood will be passed with the dung.

This disease in the Panjab
generally fatal, because
is
the original cause of the disease remains in operation.

Treatinent.
Give
the animal Arsenicum Alb.
drops every two hours.

in the motions, give
for
Ix. five
Half
to
five hours,
drops every two
calves, sheep,
not check the diarrhoea at once
than four or
ten
there be any pain or blood
Mer. Cor.
Half the quantity
hours.
Do
If
Ix.
if it
and
goats.
continues more
then give medicine.
one ounce of the condition powder given twice
a day with some bail fruit dissolved in
lialf
a seer of
water will cure diarrhoea.

Accessory
wholesome
Treatment.
grass,
Clean
water,
and wheat or gram
soft,
sweet, and
gruel.
After the
diarrhoea has stopped, give the animal five drops of
Vom.
Ix.
twice a day, or
powder twice a day.
lialf
dram
of
tlie
Nux
condition
224
12. Epilepsy.
Caicses.
to
Young,
Exposure
it.
most
liable
the sun in the hot weather
and
well-fed, fat cattle are the

to
over-exertion on a hot day will cause
Symptoms,
The
beast staggers and falls
manner
often bellows in the most alarming

of the
body
violently convulsed
is
the teeth are ground, the
fastened together
it.
mouth
the breathing
with heaving at the flanks
the
tail
closed,
is
suddenly
every part
is
lashed,
and the jaws
quick, and attended
frothy saliva dribbles from
the mouth, and the power to retain urine and dung

lost.
The convulsions become gradually
they cease, and
the
less severe,
animal seems as
if
is
then
nothing had
liappened out of the usual way.

Treatment.
During
the
tit
some musk, and bathe the

water.
make
face
the animal
and
head with cold
Nothing more can be done during the
one attack
must aim
is
inhale
fit,
but as
apt to be followed by others, the treatment
at
prevention
their
animal Belladonna
Ix.
and
and
Nux Yom.
drops morning and evening.
cure.
Ix.
Give
the
alternately, ten
Fits are apt to recur at
regular intervals or periodically.
little
while before
such times the medicines should be given at intervals of
one hour.
13. Apoplexy.
Causes.
Sudden
rush of blood to the head, followed

by effasion
of blood
on the brain producing pressure and
terminating in some lesion of the blood-vessels, caused
by excessive heat and over-exertion or over-feeding.

Symptoms.
Sudden
The attack
and motion.
symptoms
motion
animal
slow,
sudden, but the premonitory
are, general listlessness,
and
is
protrusion
and indisposition
the
of
eyeballs.
to
slight
When
the
struck down, the breathing becomes stertorous,
and laboured
mucus
is
breathing low and somewhat laboured
fulness
insensibility with loss of sensation
glassy,
time,
and
the pulse
bowels
torpid
and slow
full
is
from the mouth
issues
eyes
frothy
the skin becomes cold,
struggles
violently
for
dies.
The animal may
linger for from one to twenty-four
hours.
Treatment.
and back
If
Ix.
cold water from a height on the head
some time, and give the following remedies.
for
from heat, give Belladonna
Ix.
and Aconite Nap.
alternately, ten drops every half -hour until conscious-
ness returns
If
Ix.
Pour
then every two hours.
from over-feeding, give Belladonna
alternately, ten drops in the
Give an enema
of
two
seers
Ix.
same way
of hot
and Nux Vom.

as the above.
water and four
ounces of Glycerine.
Accessory
lot
Treatment.
The
animal will remain weak
some time, and must be fed only on gruel and a
little soft grass.
15
(Juiet
and
rest are very necessary.
226
An
animal once attacked will always be very suscepsun and heat.
tible to the
14.
Inflammation of the Brain.
Causes.
Fracture
the horn
of
blow on the skull
liydatids in tlie brain.
Symptoms.
congested
delirium
Dulness
hurried
and heaviness
respiration
and
full
eyes staring and
slow
pulse
the animal rushes at everyone before
gallops about with raised tail
the soil with
and arched neck
horns and feet;
its
it,
and
tears
up
last
it
l>ellows; at
tumbles down quite exhausted.

Treatment.
the head of
It is
But
cow, buffalo, or liorse cannot
secured while in this state without
risk.
the animal can be secured, give
if
remedies
beast.
tlie
be approached or
very great
often best to put a bullet through
Aconite
Nap.
nately, ten drops every
Gelseminum
Ix.
Ix.
xA.rnica
Not many animals recover from
Nothing
be given to the animal until the
15.
Ix.
Mon.
alterIx.
and
Give the animal
be helpful.
four ounces of Eno's Fruit Salt in one seer of
Accessory Treatinent.
the following
and Belladonna
two hours.
will also
it
warm
water.
this disease.
but thin gruel sliould
symptoms
abate.
Colic oh Gripes.
Causes.
Cold
chill
rotten
food
uncooked grain

tough
grass
other
or
fowls'
birds'
droppings
bad
water.
Symptoms.
Pain
the stomach, indicated by un-
in
and restlessness
easiness
pawing the ground
the stomach with the hind-legs or horns

ting
up and lying down
If it arises
striking
frequent get-
grinding the teeth, moaning,
from the presence
of
wind
etc.
in the stomach, a
swelling will be observed in the stomach on the left side
the wind will pass from the fundament and the mouth.
Treatment.
fifteen
Give Rubini's Camphor,
twenty minutes, four times,
or
Belladonna
Ix.
and
Nux Yom.
Ix.
forty drops every

after
which give
alternately, ten drops
every half-hour for a couple of hours, and then every
two hours.
When
the attack
impure water, give Bry. Alb,

If the
Ix.
brought on by drinking
instead of ])elladonna.
above remedies are not at hand, then give the
Brandy, four chittacks] block
following mixture.
half a chittack
powdered ginger, half a
seed (ujwain), two
tolas
chittack
Opium, twenty grains
Mix
(gum), twenty grains.
From
is
salt,
Bishop's
Camphor
well and give in one dose.
a quarter to half the quantity for calves, goats,
and sheep.
Ten minutes
after this medicine lias been
given, give the animal a quart of hot water to drink.

I
got this prescription from a friend
very successfully, but
Cows seldom
who has used
it
prefer the first-named remedies.
get colic, but half-grown bulls often do.
man
should be set to rub on
228
each side, over the place where the pain
cow
large
is
resorted
witli
is,
unless the
when rubbing must not be
calf,
to.
Give the animal only warm gruel, and no other food

for a
Plenty of salt
day or two.
Preventive.
Avoid
Warbles.
16.
occurs especially in
is
necessary in the food.
the causes.
This
name
warm
designates a disease which
weather, and
upon the cow's back
âdfly piercing the skin
purpose of depositing one or more of

result of this
caused by the
is
The
eggs.
its
the
for
a small swelling, which the insect of
is
the hatched egg occupies until the following hot weather

or rains,
becomes
when
a
species by
may,
of
makes
it
fly
on
its
the same
course, be
back, and each
is
escape, and in a sliort time
its
own
account,
propagating
begot
process that
itself.
the
There
numerous swellings upon the cow's

the temporary habitation of
tlio
grub
of the gadfly.
They sometimes very

health
and
condition
seriously
of
injure the hide by riddling
animal great
and
The
it
animal,
affected by
and
general
invariably
with holes, and cause the
is
an extract from an English paper
bot-fly, or warble-fly, is a
inflicts
the
irritation.
The following
"
tlie
injure
great
it.
suffering
very widespread pest,
and injury on the animals
The parent-insect
lays its eggs just in
DAXGEROUS BUT NOT CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 229

the upper surface of the skm, and the infant grub at
once tunnels
neath the hide,

lives its
Once well established under-
inwards.
makes a
it
course, keeping the
chamber, where
it
unlucky beast in which
it
sort of
dwells in a state of constant irritation and annoyance.
The
result
up an inflammation round the
set
is to
cell,
which sometimes extends over a large surface on the

Sometimes there are evident signs
animal's back.
general illness, which, in very severe cases,

lead
the
to
death
only sign
but, in
is
wrought
is
may even
the vast majority of instances,
animal indulges in of
the habit the
the affected
licking
In these cases the havoc
place.
not apparent until after slaughtering,
the hide reveals on
its
of
underside hollow
The
into holes in process of tanning.

is
injured by the inflammation, which
of
what butchers know
as
'
pits,
when
which open
carcase, moreover,
is
licked beef.'
the true cause

It is estimated
that from one-quarter to one -third of the beasts which
come
to
market
in
England are thus
affected, to the
great loss of the breeder and all concerned."
An
instance
is
quoted in which 102,877 hides were
passed through a market in twelve months, and 60,000

of
them were warbled.

The
loss
on these hides alone
Treatment.
Lay
hold
of
is
the
put down at 15,000.

swelling between the
linger
and the thumb and squeeze out the grub, and
inject
some Plienyle and water,
or
Spiiits of
Camphor
230
into the hole with a small syringe.
This will thoroughly
many
destroy the grub, and prevent
other cows from
being affected by the insect.
17.
Hydrophobia.
Causes.
Bites from dogs, jackals, or other animals.
Treatment
There
is
no treatment
the best thing to be done

once, but
much may
warm
this disease
destroy the animal at
to
is
bitten,
vinegar and water, and
bathe
when
the
wound
this has dried,
pour a few drops of Muriatic acid into the wound.

will
destroy the
be done to prevent the disease.
Immediately an animal
with
is
for
poison
the
of
animal the Mother Tincture
of
This
Also give the
saliva.
Belladonna, ten
drops
every morning and evening for a month.
18.
Hydatids.
Tumours
in the lungs or liver,
some-
times in the brain, consisting of a sac lined by a thin
bladder or cyst
this
number
filled witli
of cysts,
a limpid colourless fluid
from the
size
of a
in
pea to an
egg, are found floating.
Causes.
In India hydatids are caused from want of
proper food and water, or starvation.

itself
generally in the hot weather,
Tlie disease
shows
when pasturage and
water are scarce.

^^Hinpluiii-^.
The
ascertained, but
presence
may
be
of
the disease cannot be
suspected from
the following

symptoms.
Loss of appetite
suspension of rumination
dry muzzle, hot ears and horns, hurried breathing, rough,

emaciation
coat, rapid
staring
indication
disease except
of
sometimes there
loss
of
is
no
and general
flesh
wasting.
Treatment.
Give
the animal half a seer of rock salt
(Sundhub lobon) pounded and dissolved

of
warm
water, with a quarter of
sulphur added to
it,
in the
morning
two quarts
in
a seer of
powdered
for a couple of days.
After that give two ehittacks of the salt every morning

for
Also give Arsenicum Alb.
few weeks.
Phosphorus
Give
the animal plenty of good
The house should be
wholesome food and pure water.
19.
or
ten drops every two or four hours.
Ix.
clean, dry,
Ix.
and sweet.
Inflammation of the Bowels.
Causes.
Cold,
chills,
bad
and
food
water,
acrid
substances, poisons.
Sij}ihptoms.
frequent pulse
Shivering,
the
hot
its
head from side to side as
liorns,
hurried
ears,
;
touched.
eusues.
the
mouth, and feet
of
the
severe
that
the
eyes about, and throws

if
in
great agony
become cold
animal will not allow
Mortihcation
and
hard
thirst,
pain becomes so
animal tumbles down, turns

its
skin,
its
Ijowels
the
breathing
stomach
sets
in
to
be
death
232
COW-KEEPING IX IKDIA.
At
Treatment.
indispensable
give
give Belladonna
Ix.
commencement, Aconite Xap.
the
drops
ten
Ix.
or Dioscorea
every
liour
is
then
ten drops every two
Ix.
The stomach should be fomented with blankets,
hours.
out of which hot water has been wrung.
An enema
of Glycerine
Accessory
two
of
hot water and four ounces
of
seers
should be given.
Treatment.
draught, and give
20. Hernia.
it
Keep
warm
only thin
large
the animal out
of
the
gruel.
tumour protruding from the
abdomen, caused by a rupture
of the intestines.
For the proper treatment
of
this
disease
you need
disease
generally
the services of a veterinary surgeon.
21. Jaundice
is
affecting the liver,
symptom
of
and not a disease
itself.
22. Poisoning.
Cattle die from poisons either accidentally taken with

their food, or criminally given to them.
The poison may be
either vegetable or mineral.
In parts of India cattle are poisoned by chamars so

that they
generally
cattle
may
obtain
their
throughout India
hides.
to
It
is
the custom
throw the carcases
of
that die on the lha(/ar, and the hides are con-
sidered the perquisites
of
the
chamai's
of
the village.

In some districts chamars pay a rent to the zemindar
for the right
Chamars
taking the hides.
of
most
sell
and in many
districts
and a hide-merchant
of
hides to hide-merchants,
the
an agreement between the chamars
drawn up and
is
the hide-merchant agrees to give so

certain
number
merchant
and
much money
customary
it is
some money
to give
whereby
for a
provided they are supplied by the
of hides,
chamars in a given time
signed,
advance
in
for the hide-
to the chamars.
This often leads to the chamars poisoning cattle in

order to obtain a sufficient
number
mentioned in the agreement
of hides
by the time
and they have often been
detected, either in giving the poison by their

to
or
cattle,
administer
employing
their
poison with a
or other leaf,
it
feeding, for
children
to
mix the dose
of
it.
The common mode adopted
or throw
and
wives
own hands
little
is
to
ghi or flour, wrap
and put
it
into
the
it
mouth
up
of
in a plantain
the bullock,
on the ground in front of the animal when
him
to eat up.
Another plan
scatter the poison over a sweet
is
to
is
to introduce the poison
bit of pasturage.
The
third plan
with a sharp
instrument through the skin into any part of the body,

or into the
fundament or vagina.
The poison commonly used

of Arsenic, either
is
one of the preparations
white or yellow, generally the former
234
sometimes vegetable poisons
Maddr, and
Nux Vomica
It is believed
are
as Lhatura, Aconite,
sucli
made use
that Arsenic
is
of.
sometimes provided by
the hide-merchant's agents, and given to the chamars.
Poisoning
is
probably often extensively carried on
under the cloak

is
murrain, that
of
prevailing in a district
when
is,
rinderpest
more hides are secured by
Again, the chamars are well aware of the
poisoning.
and an instance has
contagious nature of rinderpest,
been recorded of their having taken the contents of the
stomachs and bowels

to a distant village,
to
had died
of cattle that
of the disease,
where murrain had not prevailed,
scatter over the pasture-lands
there,
in
order that
the disease might be contracted by the cattle of the village,
and they might have a new source
of obtaining hides.
Cattle are sometimes poisoned by eating the castoroil
plant and seeds, and in seasons
pasturage
scarce,
is
poisons are eaten by, or given to
symptoms
a bullock or cow in large doses, the

follows
the animal becomes suddenly
trembling
fit
to the
Hanks
more
dung very often

or less
blood
is
are as
seized with a
striking the
and looking frequently
foams at the mouth
very often shows tetanic

passes
ill
most severe abdominal pain
belly with the hind-legs or horns,
round
drought, wdien
from eating acrid pLmts and herbage.
When
SyniiJtoms.
uf
twitchings
has great thirst;

signs
of
hoven
diarrhoea sets in, and with
passed
it
generally, in from two to

four hours death occurs, the time depending in a great
measure upon the amount and kind

Treatment.
The
dose of poison generally given
large that treatment
are not at the
But
save
if
hand
seldom
of use,
so
and the antidotes
of the cattle owners.
Two
linseed
or
oil)
may
quarts (or
oil
down
poured
sweet
of
seers)
oil
animal's
the
Eepeat the dose after an hour.
throat.
TrecUment.
Accessory
gruel,
is
is
detected in time the following treatment
the animal.
(olive
of poison administered.
The
should
diet
bran mash, and boiled kullai
be
linseed
but no grass or
straw should be given for two or three days, after which

soft dodb grass
may
Abscess.
23.
face, foot, or
be allowed.
When
an abscess forms on the udder,
any other part
of
the cow's body, foment
the part with boiled neem leaves and apply lêlladonna

liniment.
a
Or
day.
applied,
The
This should
else
the
be
done twice or three times
J3elladonna
should
liniment
and then a linseed poultice put on the
be
part.
poultice should be changed twice a day.
Five drops of Belladonna
Ix.
in
a little water should
be given to the animal twice a day.

abscess should be
which
it
When
opened and the pus
lut
ready, the
out
after
should be properly washed with Phenyle and
water and dressed with Iodoform.

dressed twice a day.
It .should
be properly
CHAPTEK
IV.
CONTAGIOUS AND FATAL DISEASES.
PtlNDEHPEST.
1.
Names.
Boshonto
Rinderpest
It
matah
(Hindi).
a contagious fever of a typhoid type.
is
most
the
is
(Bengali), gootee,
contagious
disease
Under
known.
ordinary treatment, from 50 to 90 per cent, of cattle
attacked
die.
Causes.
Contagion
the time that elapses before an
symptoms
animal
shows
exposed
to contagion, is generally short,
to three
days
the
of
but sometimes
disease,
being
being from two
appears
it
after
in
as short a
time as twenty-four hours, and a rare instance has been

recorded of
first
it
not having appeared before the twenty-
day.
Symptoms.
The
ture of the body

of
First
Stage.
mouth hot
is,
increased tempera-
but this can only be tested by the use
thermometer.
ordinary observers
symptom
first
The
may
to
be noticed by
be divided into three stages.
Dulness
mucous
symptoms
shivering
lining
23G
of
the
tit;
coat
staring;
mouth congested

husky cough
short
muscles
the
of
thirst often great
drawn
together
grinding of
teeth
generally
;
appetite
spasmodic twitchings
back,
the
back arched, and the four
slow and
rumination
yawning
body, especially of
the
of
shoulders, or hind quarters

legs
bowels
dung coated with mucus
constipated, and the

partially lost
drooping
ears
237
tenderness of
irregular
the spine
pulse accelerated.
Second
Stage.
Mouth,
the body vary in
parts of
time hot, at another cold

appetite lost
eyes
respiration
head turned back
tenderness
marked
pulse very quick, but
moving
very
red
pellets
and
tongue
buccal
furred
and
lies
membrane
very
membrane
of
tenesmus
and occasionally prolapsus
rectum
from
down, with
thirst great
more
muscles
of
irregular
bowels
one
at
much quickened
difficulty
and
in
papillae
costive,
dung coated with mucus and blood
of
other
slight discharge
twitchings
in
is
fever high
difficulty
gums
spine
of
to the flank
swallowing
legs,
temperature, being
rumination ceases
increased
horns,
ears,
the
lining
and vagina very red and dry

of
rectum and
vagina.
Third
Stcufe.
from eyes,
Profuse discharge of very viscid mucus
excoriations, coated
gums, corners
floor of
and
nostrils,
more
of the
mouth
very offensive breath,
or less with yellow aphthae, of
mouth, buccal papilhe, and roof and
the mouth and tongue, also sometimes inside the
238
and eyelids
nosfcrils
dung
sets in, the
Purging now
incisor teeth loose.
at first consisting of small hard pellets,
covered with blood and mucus, and watery

afterwards of
and
blood,
matter only with
fluid
and
aphthae,
most
is
Great prostration
continued
in swallowing, followed
rise;
The animal
moans,
bloody
lies
are
fioces
under
in
difficulty,
involuntarily
grunts;
the
to
liquid
pulse
is
death generally occurs in two to
six
of
occurs
it
in
the
it
hot
is
passed,
the skin
is
seen about
;
but this
generally found in animals
season.
favourable symptom,
dysenteric
symptoms seldom
skin,
down, indeed has not power
sidered a
follows
of
not by any means an invariable symptom,
is
attacked
skin.
generally
calf
the dewlap, udder, groins, shoulders, and ribs
and when
the
but greater difficulty
Cows
Sometimes an eruption
eruption
mucus,
odour
in
by coughing, coldness
with
breathes
imperceptible, and
days.
offensive
thirst,
horns, ears, legs, and mouth.

abort.
flakes of
emphysematous swelling
occasionally
and
faeces,
as,
when
prevail,
when no eruption on
violent dysenteric
This eruption
the
is
it
is
con-
profuse,
and recovery often

skin
occurs,
and
symptoms continue, death generally
ensues.
The
disease
is
not
improperly considered by some
native cattle owners a kind of small-pox.
It is called
matah by them w^hen the eruption on the skin

and
is
described
as
is
evident,
andar-ka-matah when the lining

membrane
of
the
affected as to lead
stomach
to
and
bowels
239
so
is
much
the passing of blood, mucus, and
aphthce.
In some cases, especially in those
symptoms
excited,
of delirium are
If a
cow
is
will slip her
course,
shown by the animal becoming
and after plunging about,
become insensible and
rapid
of
it
down, and
will fall
die.
in calf, unless very great care is taken, she

calf.
Sometimes
even with the greatest
care this mishap cannot be prevented.
Treatment.
and
this
In
may
India, treatment
be attributed to
appearing in a mild
class
of diseases
form.
is
the
often successful,
disease very often
Rinderpest
belongs
which must run their course, that
the poisonous material contained
in
of the
a
is,
the system must
The grand
gain exit to allow of the patient recovering.
aim
to
treatment should be to aid nature in riddin^r
the system of the poisonous matter, and to support the
strength of the animal by good care, nursing, and proper

diet.
Ordinary Treatment.
Immediately the
first
symptoms
appear give the animal two chittacks of Eno's Fruit

or four chittacks of
in
warm
Epsom
or half a seer of
common
Salt,
salt
water, and repeat the dose every hour until
the bowels are relieved.

AV^hen purging
and passing
of
blood and
mucus con-
tinue for more than twenty-four hours, give the follow-
240
GOW-KEEPING IN INDIA.
ing draught, which has proved successful in Mr. Thacker's
hands
......
......
.....
......
.......
Camphor
if
Nitre (sora)
j tolah
Dhatura seeds
Chiretta
f tolah
Arrack
2 chittacks
tolah
kancha
But when the diarrhoea has existed above twenty-four

hours, the following, finely powdered,
the preceding prescription
may
be added to
Gall nut | tolah''
"
This
should be repeated every twelve hours until the purging

ceases.
For sheep and goats one-sixth
of the
above dose should
be given.
Native Treatment,
four
totalis
Fresh
roots of the chircliery plant,
fresh roots of the johha, plant, four tolahs
thorns of the Shimul cotton tree, four
tolahs.
whole pounded or ground together very
fine.
Have
the
Give a
dose of twenty grains of this medicine three times a day

for three days.
Ten grains
for a dose
All
goat or sheep.
mentioned plant and

for
plant
name
name
Jukkha.
know
natives
tree,
of
but jokha
the plant
ffomoiopatJiic Treatment.
are seen, give
a calf, and five grains to a
that grows wild
Bengali
is
to
last-
is
the Santali
name
As
first
their
Joyabdlta,
is
Aconitum Nap.
in
and
the
district.
and the Hindi
soon as the
Ix.
The
first
symptoms
and Arsenicum Alb.
Ix.

alternately, every
drops
ten
Antimonium
eruption appears, give
every three hours.
to
is
eruption
Sulphur
possible
If
is
disappearing and there
is
driven
give
in,
warm and
the
very good when
the
great itching,
is
should be called
doctor
the
twenty drop doses, every ten
or fifteen minutes, until the skin gets
eruption reappears.
when
Tart. Ix. one grain
the eruption
If
Camphor, ten
Spirits of
hours
three
2-1:1
in.
etc.
have
found the native and the homoeopathic treatment very

effective.
Accessory Measures.
Immediately
animal from the rest of the herd.

as
much
cold
allowed
it
wheat or barley
gruel,
Until purging sets
Cool
wêll,
diet
must
consist
of
rice
salt in the gruel.

it
in,
and
boiled
and
of
and give two
seers
three times a
well
good con-
Put some
Nothing hot or warm must be given.
day.
sick
but when purging sets in give cold water in
The
give
the
water as the animal will drink should be
small quantities.
sistency.
remove
When
the animal begins to get well,
some fresh dooh or
soft green
grass, besides
the
Hard, dry, fibrous food must on no account be
gruel.
given for some weeks after the creature has recovered.

It
may
cause serious
The mouth
of
illness.
the animal should be washed with a
little
warm
free
from diaughts, but
water.
It
must
b(^
kept
])lenty
of
in a house, or room,
fiesh
air
must be
allowed the creature, and the room must be well

i6
veiiti-
24:2
lated.
Nothing
and that
If
in
little
so
of
much importance
the skin
seems
thing
very painful
warm water and
milk and you
let the
sponge
Carbolic acid.
is
the whole
If
the cow
calf drink the milk, the poor
sure to get the disease.
is
The milk must be regularly extracted and

the milk
as pure air,
in unlimited quantities.
surface with
is
is
buried.
If
not extracted from the cow, her udder will
become very
painful,
and she
will be in great distress.
All the dung and soiled litter
must be immediately
removed and the place kept perfectly
clean.
Sprinkle some pure Carbolic acid mixed with hot water
about the room.

Preventive.
let
Tlie disease arises
from contagion.
Never
your cattle graze on the public roadside or run with
outside cattle.
When
the disease
is
prevailing in the district, give
your cattle a dose of that native remedy

of
all
or else a dose
Tincture of Sulphur, twenty drops every morning for
three days.
2.
FoOT-AND-MoUTH DISEASE.
This disease
parts of India.
is
known by
different
names
in diflerent
The most common names arejchoori and
khoorpocha.
It is a very contagious
cular eruption in the
fever,
mouth and
accompanied with
feet
vesi-
and on the udder.

Sometimes the mouth only
affected, at other times the
is
In some cases the feet become
feet.
243
first
affected, in
other cases the mouth.

It attacks cattle, sheep, goats,
even
man
and fowls
pigs,
and
has become affected from drinking the milk of
cows suffering from the disease.
more
It is constantly prevailing
or less in all parts of
India.
An
from
animal
may
suffer
several times during
its
life
this disease.
Causes.
In
by contagion, but
and then
is
is
caused
its
origin,
the majority of cases the disease
may
it
be spontaneous in
probably due to the animal having been kept
in a stall or (ground in a filthv state.
Very often
scarcely
state
trace the cause, but
to
it is difficult
ever found where
cattle are
and by themselves, that
is,
kept
in
it
is
a clean
not allowed to mix with
other cattle or frequent highways
so
the cause would
generally appear to be due to contagion and want of

cleanliness.
Experience proves
from
twenty-four
that
hours
the period of
to
three
or
incubation
four
days,
is
but
generally thirty-six hours.

S//7V])t()iiix.
ing
lit
Tlie
followed
symptoms
by
fever,
first
noticed are a shiver-
hot
mouth,
liorns,
extremities, with smacking of lips and salivation.

vesicular eruptions will be noticed in
Llie
moutli and
and
Then
feet,
244
and
in
like
blisters
cows on the udder and
the size of a bean.
of
are sometimes
blisters
The eruption
teats.
seen on
is
These vesicles or
the nasal
membrane
they burst in eighteen or twenty-four hours, and leave

red sore spots, which either soon heal or turn into ulcers.
The tongue
of the
is
chiefly affected, but the
mouth and the
gums and
inside of the cheeks are in
roof
some
cases also affected.
The eruption
of the skin
From
in the feet will be found at the junction
with the hoofs, and between the hoofs.
the
mouth and
feet being very sore,
existing fever, the animal does not feed,
on the
and
is
and the
very lame
feet affected.
If the
animal be a bullock and be kept at work, the
symptoms
will
become more
and very often the hoofs
severe, the legs will swell,
will
be cast, and sometimes
abscesses will form in the legs.
When
the eruption
will be swelling
If the
is
on the udder and
and tenderness
teats, there
of both.
milk of an affected cow be drunk by the
by man they
will
become
calf or
affected.
In milk-cows, the teats often become very sore from

the blistered parts being pinched by the liands of the
milkman, and the udder sometimes swells and becomes

inflamed from the milk not being drawn away.
The hands which milk diseased udders

contagion to the udders of sound cows,
will carry the

if
care
is
not
245
taken to well wash the hands after milking an affected

cow.
Goats and sheep are similarly attacked, but suffer in

the feet most
much
get
The
when sheep and
goats are afflicted they
out of condition.
disease
is
sometimes mistaken
in foot-and-mouth
not one of
its
for rinderpest,
but
found in India, purging
disease, as
is
symptoms, whereas diarrhoea and dysentery
are invariable accompaniments of rinderpest.
Again, in
rinderpest the feet are not affected.

It is possible for
an animal
have at the same time
to
both rinderpest and foot-and-mouth disease, but such a

case
If
is
rarely
met
with.
an affected animal
properly cared
for, all
symptoms
will disappear in three or four days,
of fever
animal will be well

of condition
in the case
become
is
of
but
if
in ten or
care
bullocks,
is
if
may drop
off;
little loss
not taken of the animal, and
made
severe, the appetite less,
extending between the
days with
fifteen
and the
hoofs
to
work, the fever will
and from the ulceration
and the
the legs will become
feet,
much
the
hoofs
swollen, and
abscesses will form in them, death occurring in ten or
twelve days.
When
from
the cattle are large and heavy, they suffer more
this disease
than lighter and smaller
In some attacks the disease

severe type.
is
cattle.
mild, in others, of a
246
In
percentage
the
India,
among
deaths
of
those
attacked ought not to exceed two or three per cent., and
with
common
an
care
animal
rarely
from
dies
this
disease.
Ordinary Treatment.
with
Alum
Warm
out
the
mouth
two or
day with warm water, and afterwards
times a
three
Wash
.......
......
water
Wash and foment
the feet with
chittack
i seer
warm water and
twice a day, carefully removing all
dirt, especially
soap
from
between the hoofs, and dress the sores with

Mustard
oil
Turpentine
Camphor
\ seer
......
2 clnttacks
2 cliittacks
h chittack
Phenyle
The udder,
and other parts affected with
teats,
sores,
should be kept clean and dressed frequently with the
above-mentioned dressing, which will prevent

ing the sores and breeding maggots.
the moutli
tlie
mouth twice a
When
a day
there
camphorated
oil
If
the
flies
flies
attack
should be applied to the
day.
is
much
fever, give
the following twice
Camphor
Nitrate of
blow-
.i
Pota-sli
tolali
3 tolahs
Arrack
\ chittack
Water
4 chittacks

Homceox>othw Treatment.
the disease
As
discovered, give
is
247
soon as the least sign of
Arsenicum Alb.
Ix. in
ten
Separate the animal from
drop doses every three hours.

others.
If
Alb.
the disease has properly set
and Belladonna
Ix.
Ix.
in,
give
Arsenicum
ten drops, alternately, every
two hours.
Wash
mouth
the
the following
Wash
clean
in
warm
water, then in
.......
......
Alum
Warm
first
1 cliittack
water
^ seer
the feet and udder twice or thrice a day in
warm
water, with soap, and apply this ointment

Mustard
oil
Turpentine
Camphor
Phenyle
......
......
......
or else the following
Warm
water
.....
Accessory Measures.
clean,
and the
2 cliittacks
2 chittack
^ chittack
Phenyle
and
^ seer
^ seer
1
chittack
The animal must
ke kept housed
the house
must be kept
floor
of
scrupulously clean, and the house or room thoroughly

ventilated.
Give the animal plenty
of fresh air.
Dodb, or some soft green grass and rice gruel, with an
248
COW-KEEPING TX INDIA.
ounce
and three ounces
of salt
of treacle,
must be given
to the creature twice or three times a day.
Sprinkle pure Carbolic acid and water or Plienyle and
water about the room.
The
Preventive.
from
arises
in
Chapter
Adopt measures recommended
contagion.
I.
Give Arsenicum Alb.

while the disease
Malignant
3.
This
is
infection
Sore-tiiroat.
cough
fever
ears
it.
bad feeding
The
loss
bad housing.
first
of appetite
inflammation of
lining of
tlie
and between the jaws
and
breathing;
rhoea
are those of
difficulty
the tongue protrudes from
The head
weakness.
is
nostrils
and
and glands below the
l)ecomes
and
tlie
swelling of the tongue and
mouth
breath
colour, ulcerated,
parts.
often
J.)
suspension of rumination
swelling of the throat
the back part of the
in
symptoms
(See Chapter
discharge from the nose and moutli and eyes
eyelids
Calves
Blood-poison, caused by impure air and water;
Symptoms.
influenza
drops every morning
a fatal and very contagious disease.
ten
Ix.
prevailing in the district.
is
are very liable to get

Causes.
majority of cases,
the
disease, in
has
in
swallowing
very offensive;
tlie
mouth and
is
diar-
dark
purple patches on some
protruded,
and
there
is
great
CONTAGIOUS AND FATAL

The symptoms rapidly
increase,
from suffocation in from one
249
DTSEASP:S.
and the animal
dies
two hours, or two or
to
three days.
Treatment.
The
thing
best
destroy the animal and have
others,
may
grain, alternately, every
from the
it
This disease
Give Belladonna
similar in character to diphtheria.

Ix.,
away from
separate
and try the following treatment.
and Mercurius lodatus
once
the animal be a
If
at once
at
to
is
buried far
it
the house, six feet underground.
very superior one, you
do
to
Wash
two or three hours.
mouth and nose with Condy's Fluid
(/),
ten drops, or one
to
five
is
the
or a lotion of Carbolic
acid.
Baptisia
(/>,
and Arsenicum Alb.
drops every two hours, should
remedies do not
alternately, ten
given
the above
if
any improvement.
effect
The
Treatment.
Accessory
be
Ix.,
and
liouse
everything
connected with the animal must be kept perfectly clean

Barley, wheat, or
corn
gruel
must be given
animal in small quantities frequently

or a small wineglassful of
the gruel,
may do
if
it
after
much
the
room and cold water
brandy must be given with
In severe cases the
good, but a blanket
bath.
to
the
a tablespoonful,
there be extreme weakness.
the animal
kept over
to
hot bath
must be
Free ventilation in the
drink are very necessary.
doctor will open the windpipe,
and thus may save the animal.
The meat,
skin, urine,
'
250
and dung
all
of the diseased
animal are very poisonous, and
should be buried.
4.
Bronchitis fkom Cold.
and
disease,
This
is
a very dangerous
infectious.
is
Exposure
Causes.
wet
to
changes of temperature
cold, or
sudden
to
neglected cold or catarrh
or
contagion.
The
Symptoms,
common
symptoms
and afterwards seem
cold,
of sore throat
the cough at
grating sound
there
is
frequent
countenance
tressed
the
the cough
breathing
the
tenacious phlegm
breath
is
no food
hot
there
is
becomes dry and bound

looks unhealthy
mation
of
deatli
When
and
dis-
heaving
and
anxious
and
quick
accumulation
of
to
of
tough,
move
the
increased by moving about
tlie
ensues.
The animal must
well-ventilated room.
Ix.
appears
wastes, and
ribs
It
coat
the skin
stares
may end
and
in inilam-
the lungs.
Treatment.
Alb.
very dry and has a
is
becomes very painful and
animal
the
to be similar to those
unwillingness to
is
the cough
eaten
is
is
consequence
obstructed, in
first
are those of a
first
mucus discharge from the nose
and the mouth

;
at
alternately,
there
is
discharge from the
be kept in a
Give Aconite Nap.
Ix.
warm
but
and Bry.
ten drops every two hours.
inflammation
eyes
and
of
the eyelids, and a
nose of a watery kind,

give Arsenicum Alb.
Ix.
drops
ten
251
every two hours,
alternated with Aconite.
When
the discharge from the eyes and nose
mattery character, and the

give Mercurius Sol.
milk
supply of
or Mercurius lod.
Ix.
Ix.
is
of a
scanty,
is
one grain
every two hours, alternately with Aconite.
The following liniment must be well rubbed

and sides
throat, chest,
Mustard
oil
4 chittacks
....
......
4 chittacks
Camphor
In severe cases the

flannel
into the
chest
chittack
must be fomented with
and hot water, or a bran or linseed poultice must
be put on the chest and sides.

Accessory
clean and
Treatment.
warm and
Keep
quiet.
the
Give
it
animal
perfectly
wheat, barley, or
corn gruel, in small quantities (one quart) frequently.
The gruel should be warm.
Water should be given
in
small quantities occasion-
ally.
No
grass,
straw, or leaves
must be given
for
some
days.
5.
Bronchitis from Worms.
This
dangerous and infectious disease.
also
is
Calves and yearlings,
and young goats and sheep, are specially subject

Causes.
Small worms
a very
of a silvery white
to
it.
colour in
252
tlie
windpipe and
and
food, or insufficient supply of pure
branches, caused
its
the water, grass, or grain

If
one animal
herd will be attacked,
water
air
worms
in
over-crowding.
many more
then
affected,
is
impure
impure water
l)y
of
the
same
preventive measures are not
if
adopted.
Symptoms.
nostrils,
There
is
slight
the
and a dry, husky cough, which becomes most
violent and comes on in fits;
the animal
drooping, and quickly loses flesh

in
from
discharge
there
is
from the nose
if
in great
pain
loss of appetite
disease increases, the
dull
goats and
a thin discharge flows
great weakness
and
mucli distress
the chest, and the animal grunts often
sheep cry out as
is
symptoms become more
as the
severe,
and
death follows in a few weeks.

Treatment.
Loss
of
time and
monitory symptoms will prove

to
be done
may
is
to
detach and
neglect of
fatal.
the
pre-
The only thing
expel the worms.
This
be done by one of the following remedies.
(1)
Pour one teaspoonful
nostril of the
animal
of
chloroform down each
a less quantity
must be given
to
smaller animals.
This treatment has proved successful in

(2)
Put from a dram and a
rhenyle in one ounce

the throat.
Do
of water,
this twice
half
to
many
cases.
two drams
of
and pour gently down
week
until cure
is effected.
Half the quantity for small calves, or goats and sheep.
253

Mix
(3)
thoroughly, and give every second or third
Half
day.
quantity
the
small calves, goats, and
for
sheep.
....
Turpentine
Spirits of
Castor
Camphor
chittack
80 drops
4 chittacks
oil
Phenyle
The
dram
affected animal
must have
sulphur and four chittacks of salt every
one
cJiittach
day
in its food, or
of
with a
little
gruel before
its food.
It
should have lots of gruel and bran mash, but dry, hard
food should not be allowed.
The
affected animal
must be separated from the
and sulphur must be burned
in
the room, so that
it
rest,
can
inhale the fumes.

Preventive.
Cleanliness in food and drink
supply of salt and sulphur in the food
and water; separation from the affected
6.
or
ScAiiS.
neck.
These
They
scars
look
like
are
sufficient food
ones.
seen about the
cancers,
regular
but
they
throat
do
not
kill.
As long
as
there
is
a slight discharge from the sore,
the cow keeps in good health, but as soon as the discharge

is
checked, she goes off her food and gets out of sorts
the part whore
tlie
sore
is
swells,
and a running at the
mouth, nose, and eyes, and sometimes looseness

bowels set
in.
of
the
254
This disease
contagious, but calves and
not
is
men
drinking the milk of cows thus affected will also get the
disease.
Treatment.
Give
Arsenicum Alb.
Solution
of Arsenic,
month.
Wash
Fowler's
or
Ix.,
ten drops every four hours for a
the sores with Phenyle and water, but
the sores should not be allowed to close up suddenly.

Preventive.
7.
Anthrax.
Sufficient salt
and sulphur
in the food.
Called black-quarter, congestive fever,
gloss-anthrax, splenic apoplexy, etc.
This
is
a blood disease, and in India
though in cold climates
is
it
is
contagious,
believed not to be so
it is
generally accompanied with a swelling under some part

of
on
the skin, generally
loins,
tlie
or hind
quarters, or throat and sometimes tongue.

is
when pressed
puffy and crackles
The
disease has been
other animals and
to
found
man
ui)on
to
Tlie swelling
by the hand.
be communicable to
the form
in
or fore
of
malignant
pustules.
Causes.
When
cattle,
which
have
been
for
some
time kept on very poor, bare, or reedy pasture, are put
on rich grazing grounds, they become very often affected

the younger cattle are specially
as in
hem
aiiinial.s.
I'iched,
blood
is
The blood
litible to
l)ecome affected,
more rapidly formed than

not only
becomes
but also vitiated, and escapes from
in older
suddenly
en-
its vessels in
255

those
the
parts of
soft
The
body loosely connected.
most thriving animals are the most susceptible, especially

those which are
in
improving
rapidly
somewhat low
Again, at seasons
condition.
cattle are not sheltered at night,
hot,
and the nights
cold,
after having been
when
and the days are very
they are more liable to become
affected.
In certain badly drained lands in Great Britain, the

disease
was wont
to
occur frequently
but since the
lands have been properly drained, the disease
met
is
seldom
In some parts of the continent of Europe,
with.
the disease
is
always more
seasons, on lands
or less present at certain
where the drainage
defective.
is
Doubtless, in India, outbreaks of black-quarter fre-
quently depend upon cattle pasturing on marshy lands.
When
one head of a herd
certain that others will also
from contagion, but also
is
become
on
is
almost
affected, not
merely
attacked,
account of
it
having been
probably fed and cared for in a manner similar to the
one
ill.
Symptoms.
An
The
attack
is
generally
very
sudden.
animal, seen perfectly well a short time before,
may
be found in an hour or two afterwards to be dull and

stiff,
and
to
have a
difficulty
in
moving, and in a few
minutes a swelling will be observed under the skin
some
part
of
the body, generally on
the
quarters, fore quarters, or throat and tongue.
loins,
in
hind
Sometimes
256
COW-KEEPiy(i IN INDIA.
may
the disease
be located in the chest or abdomen, or
even brain.
When
the swelUng under the skin
examined,
is
found to crackle under the pressure of the

feel as
blown out with
if
air
but this
fingers,
is
it is
and
owing
to
to gas
generated by the rapid decomposition of the blood.
If
the throat and lungs are principally involved, then the
breathing will be
there will be
distressed;
symptoms
and other parts
of
the
the brain
if
affected,
is
and when the spleen
of stupor,
abdomen become gorged,
signs of
abdominal pain will be evident.
The
and
ness
may
breathing
ing
and drink greedily
first
the ears, horns, and muzzle are
mouth
is
hurried, with
breath hot
flanks lieaving
The
observed.
is
expanded
disinclined to
eyes
protrude
become
move,
move
and
and open
and constant moanlirst,
subsequently, the animal
congested
is
lame
in
animal
the
vain efforts to
may
when induced
both
In'nd
constantly drooping on either to obtain ease
down and makes
and dry
liot
and excited at
insensible
or
staggers and
rumination
the neck and liead are extended,
are
unconscious
it
but
food,
nostrils
pulse, full
becomes weak and tremulous

is
be preceded by dul-
The patient loathes
listlessness.
be thirsty at
ceases
may
disease though sudden
rise.
it
to
quarters,
tumbles
These symptoms
increase in severity, and the animal dies of exliaustion

in twelve, eighteen, or
twenty-four
liours.

Treatment.
Ammonium
In
the
Causticum
Ix.
the
stage of
first
If
disease give
and Aconite Nap.
nately, ten drops every half or quarter of
257
Ix. alter-
an hour.
the above-mentioned medicines effect no improve-
ment
in
an hour and a
only partial improvement,
half, or
^ and Aconite
then give Belladonna
alternately, ten
Ix.
drops every hour.
When
is
much
the hind quarters are
much
lameness, give Bry. Alb.
Ix.
Alb. alternately, every half-hour
weakness give Arsenicum Alb.
Foment the
and
if
and there
affected
with Aconite or Ars.
when
there
much
is
with Bry. Alb.
Ix.
parts swollen with flannel and hot water,
them with Arsenic and
there be any sores, wash
water.
Wash
mouth with
the
and give
it lots
of a seer
of
Keep
the animal well sheltered
pure water to drink
common
of
cold water constantly.
salt,
mix a quarter
quarter of a bottle of Eno's
Fruit Salt, and one chittack of Flower of Sulphur in a
warm
quart of
Give
a day.
water, and give
it
it
to
the creature twice
no food for a day or so
day only thin gruel should be given,

gruel
is
When
have a tendency
advisable
to
one of a herd
to
adopt
animals a quarter of a
17
liice or
barley
the best.
Preventive.
will
on the second
is
attacked, others
become affected;
preventive
sn'r of
salt
it is
measures.
therefore
Give
the
every day, and plenty
258
of
Protect them from sudden
pure cold water to drink.
Keep them on bare
changes of weather.
soft,
and
grass, green,
fresh.
The lands must be properly drained, and

offensive matter at once
and
dirt
removed from near the
place.
Inserting a seton in the dewlap of each animal has
Also give
proved a most successful preventive measure.

each
Arsenicum
animal
Alb.
ten
Ix.
drops
every
morning.
The same treatment
8.
of
Dysentery.
the
Neglected
grass or plants
or
of the lining
damp
accompanied
sometimes
diarrhoea
eating
witli
drinking bad water
unwholesome
exposure to severe
at night, or excessive heat in
feeding upon marshy or badly drained lands

or driving
membrane
It is contagious.
ulceration.
cold
do for goats and sheep.
Inflammation
intestines,
large
Causes.
will
sudden stoppage of milk
ance of skin eruption
want
of
tlie
day
overwork
sudden disappear-
good and sufficient food
contagion.
Symptoms.
Shivering
hair slightly rough
straining
fit
skin hot
uneasiness
passing blood and
dulness
pain in
pus with
tlie
the dung
is
discharge
is
abdomen
dung
tlie
animal wastes, and loses appetite and spirits
anxiety
the
sometimes
dry and in small lumps, but generally the
watery and attended with severe pain
the

may become
rectum
everted
mouth become yellow

Treatment.
and abdomen.
cum
Alb.
sometimes the skin and
the animal wastes away.
Give Mercurius
Keep
every two hours.
259
Corrosivus
drops
Ix. five
a blanket round the stomach
purging be excessive give Arseni-
If the
ten drops every two hours alternately with
Ix.
Mercurius.
Give
rice
gruel.
Take a good large
given in small quantities frequently.

ripe bail, break
and
it,
Take one and a half
spoon.
bail in the
to
two
the inside with a
all
seers of
water
When
twice a day.
put the
Eemove
water and dissolve thoroughly.
seed and strings from the
Give two bottles
stuff.
of this
it
in
the
fire
for a
few minutes.
the dung hardens give rice and linseed gruel.
must be given
grass or leaves
for
some
time.
if
No
Keep the
animal clean and dry and in a clean, dry, and

ventilated house
the
ripe bail cannot be had, take an
unripe one and roast
When
out
scoojd
must be
It
well-
the night be cold, put a blanket
over the animal.
9.
Blain.
Causes.
fatal
Impurity
into the body
some
and contagious
of the air
of
disease.
poisonous herbs
taking
the discharge from the diseased
animal's mouth.
Symptoms.
not
eat,
The
cow
is
nor chew the cud
low-spirited, dull,
and does
a clear fiuid, without smell,
260
flows constantly from
the
mouth
much
gradually swell until they are
breathing
difficult
the head and neck
increased in size
mouth becomes
the fluid from the
mattery or mixed with blood, and smells very disagreeable
the tongue swells and
which at
blisters,
sets
in
sides are covered with
burst and become sores.
last
Fever
the whole of the tongue swells and mortifles
few hours.
its
course sometimes
Cattle, goats, sheep,
and even men are
The disease runs
death ensues.
in a
its
liable to the contagion.
Treatment.
Open
the blisters as early as possible, and
wash the mouth with Carbolic acid and water, or Condy's

Fluid and wâter, three times a day.
Give Mercurius lodatus
Ix. five
grains,
and Belladonna
</>
ten drops, alternately every hour or two.

others in a clean
creature's
Give
it
mouth and body

rice,
gruel
bottle.
down
No
with
it,
away from the
gram gruel
in
small
the animal cannot drink, pour
throat through
its
tlie
perfectly clean.
linseed, barley, or
If
keep
drench-horn or
grass or other food should be given.
Preventives.
sick.
the animal
and well-ventilated shed
quantities frequently.
the
Keep
Keep
the healthy animals away from the
and everything connected
Fumigate the
shed,
with sulphur
also sprinkle
and wash the place
well with Carbolic acid (pure) and water.
must be taken
lest the other
Great care
animals or the keeper get

any
261
from the diseased animal into their
of the discharge
mouth, nose, eyes, or upon a sore on the body.
Abortion
10. Slinking or
is
Bringing forth the calf
The cow generally
before the proper time.

the fifth
and eighth month
Blows,
internal inflammation
injuries
water impregnated with iron
that has just slinked

"
drinking dirty water or
intercourse with the bull
exposure to bad smells, arising from
rotten matter, especially
abort from
sympathy
if it
be the cleansing of a cow

the cow
One
symptoms
that
this
"
over-feeding during pregnancy,
case,
symptoms
loss of
cud
of the belly
calf does
is
are dulness
the
of
no
;
approach
not
chance
move
move
at the flanks
the mishap.
first
appearance
want
of appetite
fever sets in; the animal
of the lower part
unsteady walk
The
it.
the
breathing laboured
yellowish discharge from the vagina

fall;
enlargement
disinclination to
of
averting
of
loss of spirits
hollow flanks
to
has to be very observant to notice the
warn
there
is
fright.
Unless proper means are adopted at the

danger,
said
in
over-heating food or insufficient food
Symptoms.
rinderpest, hoven,
eating certain herbs that grow on
marshy or badly drained lands
during pregnancy
jumps, severe exertion,
strains,
falls,
movements, and other
forcible
to
Abortion
after conceiving.
contagious.
Causes.
of
slinks between
the belly continues
moans;
the calf
is
OOW-KEEPING IX INDIA.
262
expelled at
either already dead or lives only
It is
last.
a short time.
Treatment.
then
it is
discharge from the vagina
If the
sure the calf
Give Pulsatilla
pelled the belter.
hour until
it
is
dead, and the sooner
is
it
is
ex-
Ix.
ten drops, every
to
prevent the mis-
expelled.
If the calf is alive,
do
all
you can
Give Secale Cor.
carriage.
is fetid,
Ix.
ten drops, or one grain,
every six hours. Pour cold water over the loins and haunch.
If the
abortion
Secale Cor.
If the
Ix.
is
place,
then give
ten drops every fifteen minutes.
discharge of blood be bright red, give Sabina
When
the same as Secale.

blows,
actually taking
falls,
and
injuries, give
Ix.
the abortion
is
caused by
Arnica Mon.
Ix.
ten drops,
as Secale.
and keep her quiet
Remove the cow from the
in a
others,
clean and well- ventilated room.
Give her light and sloppy food, and pure cold water.
The dead
calf
and the after-birth and every trace
of the
abortion must be buried dee[) underground far from the

other cows.
11.
GoNOiiKHCEA.
Causes.
Want
contagious disease.
of cleanliness
repeated acts of coition
sexual intercourse with a diseased animal

or the water
the diseased animal
touching the animal.
lias
the discliarge,
been washed
in,

Symptoms.
two
to
tail,
ment
are,
intercourse.
constant shaking and side
which sometimes
is
swollen, and red inside

is
made
panied with
of matter issues
of
kept close over the funda-
in small quantities
much
first
movement
a mattery discharge flows
much
;
the
and frequently accom-
pain.
In the bull, the sheath
from
it
is
red and swollen, a discharge

the urine
quantities and comes out in jerks, and
much
The
the vagina gradually becomes very sore and
urine
disease shows itself in from
days after sexual
five
symptoms
the
In the cow the
263
is
is
made
in small
attended with
pain.
Treatment.
Keep
Wash
the parts perfectly clean.
with soap and water and inject the following into the
part.
Five grains of Argentum Nitricum to a pint of
distilled
water, injected three times a day, or twenty drops of
Tincture of Iodine to a pint of water, injected three times

a day.
Give internally Mercurius
Sol.
Ix.
and Cantharis
Ix.
one grain or ten drops, alternately, four times a day.

Preventives.
Remove the diseased animal from among
the healthy ones, and also
all soiled
straw, earth,
etc.,
and
wash the place thoroughly with Phenyle or Carbolic acid

and water.
12.
Cow-Pox.
Tliis is a
contagious disease, but
is
not
264
except
fatal,
eruptive
in
fever,
cases
gross
of
neglect.
It
is
and attacks animals only once
in
an
a
lifetime.
Cause.
Generally,
Symptoms.
infection.
Eruptions about the centre and base of
the teats and sometimes on the udder itself in the form

circular pustules, which,
of
the size of a four-anna
and run
its
when
The
bit.
formed, attain
fully
disease
may show
itself
course followed by some constitutional dis-
turbance without detection, except
the instance of
in
milk-cows.
The pustules are generally situated on the udder and

teats,
and
irritate
milk-cows so that they become restless
and violent during the process

are
of
The pustules
of milking.
a circular form, with its centre depressed and
margins raised and
filled
with a clear
fluid,
becomes opaque and purulent, and

In
red blush of inflammation.
tlie
the pustules burst and scabs form

fall off in
is
which gradually
surrounded by a
course of a few days

;
the scabs dry and
Sometimes the
a fortnight or three weeks.
udder swells up very much and
is
painful
the cow will
not allow the calf to suck, nor will she allow herself to
be milked.
Unless great care
up and the cow
is
taken, the milk will dry
will be utterly spoiled.
animal has small lumps
all
over her, and under her skin
they are so soft as not to be

give the coat a rough,
Sometimes the
lumpy
felt
look.
by the hand, but they

Treatment.
Every drop
of
the
and smear with fresh
affected parts with vjarm water
If
Wash
Separate the animal at once.
butter or ghee.
265
milk must be extracted.
there be any difficulty in doing
then
this,
the
tie
cow's hind-legs together, and place a pot of hot water
under the udder and steam
warm water and
udder with
it,
a sponge
water hot, or else you will

the udder becomes
cloth,
and
commence
rub
soft,
over
it
or, better
with
wash the
do not make the
When
the udder.
injure
wipe
still,
dry with a clean dry
it
butter
or
Then
ghee.
milk her, but be careful not to press the
to
Thus you may extract
fingers
on the pustules.
milk.
The cow must be treated with great tenderness
and
the
care.
Give
animal
the
alternately,
ten
Aconite
Ix.
every
four
drops
udder swells and

of
all
and
Arsenicum
When
hours.
painful give Belladonna
is
Ix.
Ix.
the
instead
Arsenicum.
Accessory
dry,
Treatment.
Keep
the
animal in a clean,
and thoroughly ventilated room, and
light sloppy food.
13.
Withhold everything
it
on
indigestible.
Milk Fever.
Milk or Puerperal
infectious
disease.
fattest cows.
of the
feed
Fever
It
die.
very
dangerous and
generally attacks the
Some say
cows attacked
is
that more than
This
may
best
75 per
and
cent,
be true under other
266
methods
treatment, but
of
be very successful in the treatment of this disease,
to
and the death-rate
calving,
order
sudden change
driving the
The
the third to the
food, or eats very
little
first
her head, and looks dull
full
In
dung
tlie
the urine
breathing
the second stage
is
Sometimes the
she
is
depressed, hangs
is
scanty
;
the eye
the pulse
is
leaden colour;
the milk
the
is
reduced or nearly stopped
and uneasy
set apart
is
all
discharge from the bearing
restless
more
there
the
third
it
is
of
from each other
is
stopped
the calf
is
the pulse becomes slow, and the breathing
difficult
is
the white
she does not chew the cud
she
neglected
cow looks anxious and weak; the
weak and are
hind-legs seem
quick and
quickened, and the flanks heave.
covered with red streaks, or
is
the nose
bowels are confined,
the eyes glisten, and look bright and staring

of
con-
than others.
the horns are hot
hard and lumpy
is
to it
The cow refuses her
day.
of it
;
exposure
a long journey
day after calving.
fifth
the
cow
weather
large
generally shows itself from
disease
disease begins on
hot and dry
of
more subject
are
immediately after
cow may produce a
the
that
Some cows
Symptoms.
or the
t'reat.
in
cold or wet
tagion.
all
Over-feeding before and
quantity of milk
to
not at
is
Causes.
is
have found -homoeopathy
the udder becomes hard and swollen, and
great difficulty in drawing out the milk.

star/e
the
cow gets
startled
the
In
breathing
2G7
becomes more hurried, and the flanks heave much
mouth
opens, and
staggers and
ties
there
she struggles, as
Treatment.
from
flows
it
if
At
in great pain
the
appearance
first
above remedies in the second stage.

give Arsenicum Alb.
and
Ix.
have subsided, give
Ammonium
Continue the
Causticum
Ix.
and the bad symptoms
sets in
Nux Vom.
Ix.
and Bry. Alb.

In the
Ix.
first
the disease give the animal half a bottle of
Eno's Fruit Salt, and four chittacks of

seer
alter-
Ix.
twenty minutes.
alternately, ten drops every hour or two.
one
the
of
In the third stage,
alternately, ten drops every fifteen or
When improvement
any
of
and Belladonna
Ix.
death ensues.
nately, ten drops every hour or half-hour.
of
animal
shivering, with cold perspiration
is
symptoms, give Aconite
stage
the
the body begins to swell, the extremi-
falls,
grow cold
saliva
the
warm
of
water.
If
this
common
salt, in
does not act on the
bowels, then give the same quantity in a second dose,
an hour after
tlie
first.
have found Eno's Fruit Salt
a very beneficial remedy.
Every drop
times a day.
the milk.
Accessory
of
The
Eub
milk must be extracted three or four

calf
should not be allowed to drink
Tincture of Aconite on the lulder.
Treatment.
Keep
and thoroughly ventilated room

able to a close room.
blanket over her.
If
the cow in a dry, cool,

;
the open air
the body
is
is
prefer-
very hot, throw a
Give her some warm
rice,
wheat, or
2G8
kullai gruel three or four times a day, also
warm
water
to drink.
No
grass or other food should be allowed until the
symptoms
Wash
perfectly clean.
day
Keep
subside.
warm
with
vagina smells
water into
animal
the
If
from
discharge
some Condy's Fluid and warm
inject
The
disease
is
contagious.
two or more cows calve at the same time or
within a week of each other, keep them apart.
newly
away from
cows
calved
the
Wash
warm
water.
dose of Eno's
If a
Fruit
cow
Salt
in
is
subject to
hours after calving, and Aconite

the vagina
it,
warm water
Keep
animal.
affected
Avoid the causes mentioned above.

with
the
it.
Preventive.
When
the
the vagina two or three times a
water.
Ijad,
room and
the
give her a
twenty-four
and Belladonna
Ix.
two or four hours
Ix.
for three
days.
14.
Worms
There
invade
may
are
tlie
in
the Intestines.
three
principal
kinds
of
intestines of cattle, goats,
parasites
and sheep.
that
There
be more than the three kinds mentioned, but these
three are
tlie
principal ones.
They are (1) the small thread -worm, (2) the long
round-worm, (3) the tape-worm.
from a quarter
to
one inch
long,
The thread- worm

of
silvery
is
white
269

and often
colour,
exists in clusters or balls, chiefly, but
not exclusively, in the rectum.
The long round-worm
is
much
very
common
like the
earth-worm, but nearly white, and measures from six to
They never
eighteen inches or more.
The tape-worm often
many
three inches to
I
exist alone.
and measures from
exists alone,
yards in length.
have seen the thread-worm and the long round-
worm
same animal at the same time, and once
in the
found the long round-worm and the tape-worm existing
same stomach.
in the
Causes.
Impure
and
water
Worms
food.
Young
water and food will be sure to cause the disease.

calves suffer from
swallowing
wdien they are over-fed with milk
it
will cause
it.
Infection.
in the herd or flock has got
worms, the
to
flies
be infected
the
in
The worms
also.
one animal
If
rest are likely
travel and
enter the
anus, or are swallowed in the food.
Symptoms.
worms
is
The only
certain proof of the presence of
the detection of the creatures themselves, or
their ova, in the dung, or in
cough
eating
appetite
grinding
or
in the infected
thrown out when
teeth
coat
pain
in
animal
mud
licking of
rough, staring
the
is
But the following are some
the animal coughs.
symptoms noticed
what
diarrhoea
dropping
the
A
of
stomach
passing of slime, and sometimes worms.
of the
short, dry
;
loss
tlie
;
of
ears
wasting
270
COW-KEEPTNG IX INDIA.
Treatment.
is
The treatment
the following
have found most effective
Immediately you detect the least symptoms

in the intestines, give the
animal the following
Spirits of
Castor
2 drains
3 ounces
.
Sulphur
whole thoroughly, and pour
the
The above dose
throat gently.
goat or sheep
40 drops
oil
Phenyle
Mix
Camphor
worms
of
dram
ounce
down
it
the
a small calf or a
for
larger animal double the quantity.
for a
is
The dose should be repeated every four days
or week,
until the
worms
die,
When
worms
are dead, stop the above medicine and
the
and are passed out in the dung.
give four ounces of Eno's Fruit Salt in a pint of
water, early in the morning

salt is given give the
thin and
an hour
it
minutes after the
animal two quarts
warm, and keep

if
fifteen
it
during that time
up
tied
it is
warm
of linseed gruel,
for half
an hour or
not purged, then give
a second dose of the same quantity of gruel.
Eepeat
for three or four days.
Give double the ([uantity

the
to
dead worms are expelled
animal will
When
large animals.
from
the
Unless
stomach
tlie
die.
you
find
the animal will not eat,
fed by pouring rice or linseed gruel
down
it
must be
its throat.

After the animal has been
passed out, give
morning
Recipes) every
purged and the worms
powder
a dose of the condition
it
for
271
few weel<s, and feed
(see
on
it
soft sloppy food.
Keep
the animal perfectly clean
and warm, free from wet and cold winds.
Eemove
house and utensils perfectly clean.
immediately
it
morning; the
is
Keep
the dung
dropped, and change the litter every
soiled litter should
first.
Small calves, kids, and
lambs should be given warm skimmed milk and
Keep
green
soft
The bran must be
grass and bran and oilcake mash.
steeped in boiling water
Give the
be burned.
animal plenty of pure drinking-water, fresh,
linseed kanji.
the
rice or
the diseased animal apart from the
rest.
Preventive.
and sulphur
15.
Absolute
sufficient
Pleueo-pneumonia.
This
lungs and the lining
membrane
a contagious disease
is
is
of
peculiar
to
disease
the
times rapid
It is
most insidious
and sometimes
the
of
It
chest.
cattle, goats,
sheep, affecting all breeds, at all ages, at

in all climates.
salt
and pure drinking-wâter.
in the food,
and
cleanliness,
all
times,
in its attack,
protracted
in
its
is
and
and
somecourse,
varying from one week to four months, or even a longer

period.
herd
It
does not, as a rule, attack every head in a
indeed,
it is
capricious in the
way
it
spreads.
272
Causes.
It
found to exist in low, damp, ill-drained,
is
and badly ventilated shippens

districts, in
which various
decomposition, are given

air
in
gases, the products of vegetable
and become mixed with the
off',
which the cows breathe.
It prevails
at certain seasons of the year,
damp and
is
when a sudden change from heat
Some cows
others
thus
it
is
are
more
far less
most frequently
and when the weather
undergoing some change, and
occurs.
swampy, damp, fenny
chilly
is
or
to cold, or the reverse,
liable to be attacked
than
frequent, fatal, or difficult to
cure in country districts than in towns or large shippens
near towns, where the animals are living in a highly

artificial
manner, being crowded together, highly
and milked dry,
cow
order to increase the quantity of
in
This unnatural
milk.
to
Many
fed,
mode
of
peculiarly
life
the
fits
be acted upon by any of the exciting causes.
persons consider the disease to arise from some
peculiar condition of
tlie
atmosphere, akin to that which
produces cholera and influenza in

moreover, contagions
that
is,
human
beings.
the disease
is
It is,
propagated
from diseased to healthy cows by contact or contiguity.
The best proof
of it being caused, as it is
believed to be, by contagion
is,
now
generally
that in certain stocks in
Great Britain, where the disease has not occurred,
all
the cattle of these herds have been home-bred and kept

isolated
ever
from other cattle
introduced,
but
all
that
is
is
home
to say,
-
bred.
no stock
is
AVherever
273
met with, the
have
pleuro-pneumonia
is
affected cattle
been so situated as to be exposed to contagion, and a

careful inquiry will prove that such has been the case.
The period
is
incubation of this most insidious disease
of
from ten days
'The
l^ymptoms.
man
fessional
even more months.
to three or
are,
first
symptoms
noticeable by a pro-
increased temperature of the body,
and other signs by auscultation and percussion, but the
symptoms
to be recognised
by cattle owners will be only
detailed.
The
symptom
first
perhaps
than
better
improved somewhat
continue
that
usual
in
condition
and
pulse will be found to have increased
kind
having
indeed,
this
the animal to have a shivering
will notice
muzzle dry
animal looking
the
of
perhaps
state
will
few days, when perhaps the attendant
for
is
the
fit,
and the
mouth
hot,
cough, the cough being of a peculiar husky
loss of appetite
and,
if
a milch-cow, a less supply
of milk.
In a day or two
stares,
the
mouth
is
pulse
is
becomes worse and

difficulty
of
very quick and
poked
i8
set in, the coat
mucous membranes are much
but after a time

is
of fever
very hot, and the breath
the cough
increased
symptoms
out,
in
it
is
no longer sweet
painful,
and rapidity
full,
is
injected, the
in
and there
breathing
numbering from 80
becomes small and weak.
order
to
to
is
the
100
The nose
render l)roathing as easy as
274
possible, but every respiration
much
the nostrils are very
rapid
when standing
and when lying down
attended with a grimt
is
and the breathing
dilated,
the animal turns out the elbows,

lies
on the centre
lie
is affected,
the chest-
of
bone, so as to cause expansion of the chest
one side of the chest
is
or
only
if
the animal will generally
inclining to that side, so as to give every facility for
breathing
with
Occasionally,
sound
the
symptoms
of
on
lung
hoven
the
other
seen
are
side.
slight
discharge from the eyes and nose generally occurs

extremities, horns,
and skin become
cold,
the
and the breath
very offensive.
The cough then becomes more frequent, but

given with any force
"
masked
cough
"
in
if
other
bound
words, a
force,
purposely checked with
much
noise.
;
The
not
has been well described as a
it
animal cannot give with

as
is
cough
and therefore
the view
of
that
it
the
sounds
preventing
becomes very dry and hide-
skin
the animal has gradually lost condition, but
now becoming
is
emaciated.
Pressing the fingers between the ribs gives pain, and

the animal grunts or moans.
disease
purging
sets
in.
In the latter stage of the
After
the
fever
(which
is
invariably more or less present in all cases) subsides, the
animal recovers appetite, and throughout the disease

found
to
eat
fairly,
or
even well
is
but as the disease
continues so do the lungs become more and more closed

and heavy, the breathing more
no longer duly purified
difficult,
275
and the blood
is
so gradually emaciation follows,
and ultimately the animal
dies
from suffocation.
In favourable cases, the disease affects only a portion

of the lungs or
only one lung, and the animal apparently
recovers, but remains in poor condition.
In
many
cases, the
disease so runs its course as to
involve both lungs to an extent which leads to suffocation
and death.
Duration.
The
upon the nature
duration of the disease will depend
of the attack
course, death will result in a
week
mild and protracted type, death

three, or
severe and rapid in
if
days
or ten
may
if
its
of a
not occur for two,
even six months.
In India, though
it is
often protracted in
is
generally fatal, as the disease
it
has firm hold of the system.

Treatment.
We
cannot too
is
course,
its
it.
seldom noticed until
impress
strongly
upon
every cow-owner the importance and necessity for his
own sake
of noticing particularly
of this disease
show themselves,
quite manageable
and
if
when
iho, first
for at
symptoms
time
this
it
is
every cow had the remedies
given as soon as she became affected, very few,
The timely discovery
would
die.
of the
malady, and the administration of
of
the
first
tlie
if
any,
symi)toms
appropriate
remedies, would very considerably lessen the fatality of

the disease, and be an
immense saving
to
every owner.
276
many
In
cases which the author has treated, the cows
were quite
began
within
wêll
a few
the medicine checked
it
hours after the disease
and permanently.
at once,
The following are the remedies which have proved

most
tlie
Aconitum, Bryonia, Arsenicum, Ammoniinii
efficient:
Now
Causticum, Phosphorus, and Sulphur.

cines are to be chosen
and used according
these medi-
to the following
directions.
Let us take an illustration
cow
ill
the pulse,
frequency
disease,
this
of
its
character
or
grunting or not
giving of milk
Having done
1.
whether
hard or
attended
chewing
as to the
so,
or sufferings
indicative
cow
is
affected in
;
pain
and
cud and the
which he
of
can
find
pleuro-pneumonia.
the following way: Pulse
breathing short, painful, anxious,
mouth
shivering
skin, especially of
Aconitum
or
trembling,
burning dryness
attended
with
the legs, and followed by dry
heat of the entire surface
/)ost\
with
of the
attended with groans, and open mouth
cold
its
If liis
the
and
him read the following remarks
let
hard and quickened
of
soft
and, in short, as to the presence of all
the animal as
carefully
he must ascertain the state of
difficult
symptoms
other
out in
Supposing a person has a
as to the condition of the breathing, whether
quick, panting,
the
then he must give the cow
Ix.
Ten
drops
in
a wineglassful
of
water, given
277
every one, two, or three hours, according to the violence
symptoms
of the
cow
If the
2.
complaint
just mentioned.
suffering
is
from these evidences
Frequent, short, suppressed
of the
which
cough,
conveys to a looker-on the idea that the action
cough-
of
ing causes sharp pain in the chest, and the cow tries to
lessen
by stopping or cutting short the
this
For the same reason the breathing
coughing.
effort of
attended with pain and the characteristic grunt
when
followed by flinching and grunt

against
is
short,
is
pain
the ribs are pressed
the animal remains standing in one place, and
unwilling to move, because the pain in the chest would
thereby
be
Bryonia
Dose.
must give the cow
he
then
Ix.
The same
If
3.
increased
the
cow
as the last medicine.

ailing in
is
way
this
(^)uick, difficult
breathing, attended with rattling sound
inwards
is
short, in consequence of pain
and attended with discharge

pipe
feeble
the breathing
cough frequent
phlegm from the wind-
of
great weakness, listlessness, and depression
and quickened
Ix.,
pulse
frequent shivering or trembling
skin hot and dry, afterwards moist
ium Causticum
and give
then choose
in
it
the
Ammon-
same way
as
directed for Aconitum.

4.
If
difficult
and
loss
the
symptoms are these
breathing
small, quick
of appetite; grinding
Wheezing, short and
pulse
of
tlie
great weakness
teeth; cold skin
278
and clammy sweats
frequent
either in first or last stage
most
and
suitable,
cough
short
then Arsenicum
must be given
it
as
purging,
Ix. is
directed
the
for
Aconitum.
If the following
5.
symptoms
oppressed, and obstructed
exist
Breathing
difficult,
pains in the chest, which are
aggravated by taking a deep breath, by moving about,
and by coughing
pain between the ribs
frequent short
cough, attended frequently with the discharge of slimy
phlegm, which
Phosphorus
for
sometimes mixed
is
Ix. is
required, and
with
blood
must be given
then
as directed
Aconitum.
6.
Sulphur
plaint,
more
vi.
exerts its beneficial action in this com-
especiall}^
when one
or other of the foregoing
remedies have subdued the more violent symptoms, and
when the cow

to
is
slowly recovering.
Its chief effect
seems
be to confirm the tendency towards health, and to
guard against a relapse.

Dose.
Ten
drops in water, or on a
little
])read, three
times a day.
Accessory
affected,
it
Treatment.
When
an
animal
becomes
must be carefully housed and nursed
tlie
house should be well ventilated and kept perfectly clean,

so as to ensure an
abundant supply
of
pure
air.
Hot-
water fomentation should be applied, and the animal kept
warm.
The
diet
must be
of
green grass and other soft and

wheat and
laxative food, such as
water ad libitum,
Eank dry
279
and pure
rice kanjee,
grasses or straw should not
be given.
must be remembered that the disease
It
prove to be incurable
the
constitution
weakened.
first
but
will
when an animal
be
Unless the animal
stage of the disease there
Whenever
found
often
no chance
the disease attacks an animal,
at once isolated
does recover,
permanently
taken in hand in the
is
is
will often
and kept apart from
all
of recovery.
should be
it
other cattle, and
the persons attending the sick beast should not attend
the sound cattle.
If
the disease
best to destroy the animal and have

six feet
are light, and do not weigh
will be
far advanced, it is
it
buried at a distance,
under ground.
Post-mortem Appearances.
When
is
The
lungs of a healthy ox
more than
five or six
pounds.
a bullock dies from pleuro-pneumonia, the lungs
found heavy, and when cut
into,
liver-like
or
mottled, and containing here and there pus in cysts, and

will
weigh from thirty
to thirty-seven
pounds
they will
be also found more or less attached to the sides of the

chest.
In some cases only one lung will be affected.
RECIPES.
To Destroy Maggots.
1.
Spirits of
Camphor poured
the wound, or, custard-apple leaves and
into
ground together and put into the wound.
mouth
the
the
of
wound with
every morninif and
eveninf;^
Close
Wash
lint.
camphor
thoroughly
warm
Phenvle and
with
up
water.
2.
Horn-oil.
chittach
3.
Mustard
camphor, one
Hoof-oil.
oil,
half seer: bees-wax, half
chittach.
Tar, one chittack
bees-wax, one chittack
mustard
camphor, one chittack
oil,
four chittacJcs
and
turpentine, one chittack.
4.
Purifying Watei{.
powdered alum
5.
How to
in
(chov.f/((),
(^)uarter
or
of
teaspoonful of
a (jhara of water.
Administer Medicine.
on a small piece
tube
of
Give
dry bread, or else
the medicine
make
bamboo
take a long-necked strong bottle, put

2c0
281
RECIPES.
the medicine in
it,
make
man
hold the animal by the
horns, take hold of the creature by the mouth, raise
head up
down
to the
level of its
the tongue with the
its
back, open the mouth, hold
thumb
of the left
hand, intro-
duce the chonga or bottle into the mouth and pour in a

the medicine
little of
must be
horn
as soon as
it
given, until the whole
preferable
is
when
is
has swallowed
taken.
it,
more
The drench-
at hand.
Care should always be taken, especially in animals
from sore throat,
suffering
in
small quantities at a time, and
giving the medicine in

if
the animal coughs, or
attempts to cough, the assistant should at once
go
let
the head so as to allow the animal to depress the head
and cough
of
freely,
medicine
the
and thereby prevent the chance

passing
into
the windpipe.
of
If
any
the
assistant does not let go the head as soon as there
any sign
of
medicine
may
6.
Seton.
the animal wishing to cough,
some
of
is
the
pass into the windpipe and cause death.
Make
a cut three-fourths of an inch in
length through the skin with a sharp knife, and another

cut through the skin of the same size two or three inches
distant
pass some plaited horse-hair, or string, with a
large needle, through

to
the one cut, along under the skin,
and through the other cut
then
tie
the two ends of
the plait in a firm knot, but so that the loop

press upon the skin between the two incisions.
may
not
282
Dress the seton and neighbouring skin three or four

times a day, with Phenyle and water or Carbolic acid and
water, to prevent the
flies
blowing the part and to increase
the action of the seton.
Passing a seton in
pushmg
the dewlap
is
simply done by
a sharp needle, threaded with the plaited string,
through the dewlap.
Condition Powder,
7.
sheep,
and
It
horses,
salt
cattle,
^ seer
h seer
Dried ginger
J^
Chiretta (powdered)
h seer
Camphor
i seer
Ajwain (Bishop seed)
A seer
Mustard seed
i seer
Mathee
A seer
Turmeric
h seer
and mixed
chittack to be given to each
and evening.
calves.
for
Sulphur
All to be well powdered

to
tonic
goats.
Black
or
seer
together.
From
animal every morning
Half the quantity for goats, sheep, and
Continue
for a
month.
should be given with the food or else in some
suttoo,
or given in half a ([uart of water as a drench.

8.
Belladonna Liniment
Tincture of Iodine
Spirits of
Camphor
Extract of Belladonna
Clyccrinc
Alcohol
.....
ounce
ounce
ounce
i
ounce
1^ ounce
283
RECIPES.
mixed
properly
all
affected part with
Gruels.
9.
To be applied
to
the
a camel's-hair brush.
One
linseed well ground
together.
of
seer
gram, wheat,
rice, barley, or
and mixed with four or
water and properly boiled for an hour and a
five seers of
half, a dessert-
spoonful of salt added.
10.
Poultices.
into powder,
mix some
stir well until it
and put
paste
poultice
fire
place on a thick piece of cloth,
to
be so mixed in hot water as to form a soft
place on a cloth, pour a little
upper surface, and apply.
the
the linseed
and place over a
in hot water
thickens
grind
over the affected part.
it
Bran
Linseed
very unhealthy, sprinkle
common
it
to
liot
water
or sugar
the wound, and
Wash
change the poultice and charcoal frequently.
wound with
over
Should the wound be
powdered charcoal
over the poultice before applying
oil
the
thoroughly before putting on a
fresh poultice.
11.
FUxMIGATION.
Shed.
over
for
Burn
fire
in the
sulphur
(gondhok)
in
an iron
spoon
cow-house with partially closed doors
half an hour, or until the gas
causes the animals
to cough.
Single
Aniiiial.
Burn
sulphur
or
tar
in
an iron
284
vessel over fire in front of the bullock or cow, so that
may
the fumes
be inhaled by the animal.
In fumigating, care
may
necessary so that the animal
is
be able to inhale air as well as the smoke of the
sulphur or
tar.
The inhaling
the fumes of sulpluir and tar alone,
of
without being mixed with a sufficiency of
air,
would
kill
an animal.
Fomentation.
12.
Apply
for
from a quarter
to half
an hour very hot water with a flannel or komhol cloth,

taking
then
care
the
that
thorouglily dry
fomented
part
the
part
with
not
is
dry
cliilled
cloths,
and
rub in
Mustard
.....
oil
Oil of Turpeulinc
4 parts
2 parts
well mixed together.
13.
Disinfectants.
water.
Pure Carbolic
Phenyle, one
They
14.
following
catechu
is
Besides
in
water,
wood well rubbed with
it.
ten
of
and smeared over
vermin.
very effective
soaked
floor,
also destroy
Vermin Destroyer.
to
one part to eight of water.
acid,
Quicklime, sprinkled over the

the walls.
part
Dry
and
the
tobacco
the
lloor,
above,
the
leaves
and
walls,
and
RECIPES.
To apply
to the bodies of animals, Plienyle
285
and water,
and Keating's insect-powder, or the following preparation,

are the safest remedies
Mustard
oil
...
HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICINES.
For
of
the convenience of the reader, I here subjoin a
remedies
the
all
can
medicines
be
have
one
use.
any
internal
use
and
the
The medicines should
immediate
There
use.
Homoeopathic
The proper thing
cost.
should
other
be
for
at
third
ordinary remedies.
MEDICINE CHEST,
No.
1.
INTERNAL RKMEMES.
One-ounce
1.
Aconite Napalis
2.
Animoniuni
3.
Antimoniuni Tar.
C.
4.
Arnica Mon.
f).
Arsenicum Alh.
6.
Baptisea
7.
Bryonia Alb,
8.
Belladonna
9.
China
Ix. 0.
l.v.
\\.
Ix. 0.
Ix.
<p.
Oil'.
Ix.
Ix. 0.
Ix.
10.
Cantharis
Ix.
11.
Dioscorca
Ix.
12.
Euphrasia
13.
Gelseujinuni S.
bottles.
14.
Hepar
15.
Mercurius Cor.
10.
Mercurius loda.
Sulp. 3x.
Ix.
286
Ix.
Ix.
17.
Mercurius Sol. 3x.
18.
Nux Vomica
Iv.
19.
Pulsatilla Nig. Ix.
20.
Phosphorus
21.
Rhus Tox.
22.
Sabina
Ix.
23. Secale Ix.
Ix.
to
do, is
two small chests,
always
be
The
book.
tliis
the medicines put up in
all
for
in
from
obtained
chemist at a small
to
prescribed
list
24.
Silicea 6x.
2.5.
Sulphur
Ix.
Ix.
Ix.
external
hand
for
box
for
HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICINES.
MEDICINE CHEST,
No.
287
2.
EXTERNAL REMEDIES.
Four -ounce
1.
Aconite
2.
Argentuni
Is".
3.
Arnica M.
<f>.
4.
Belladonna
cf).
(p.
bottles.
5.
Calendula
6.
Hydrastis C.
7.
Rhus Tox.
8.
Glycerine.
MEDICINE CHEST,
One-pound
Camphor.
No.
Oft'.
0.
<p.
0.
3.
bottles.
Tincture of Iodine.
1.
Spirits of
2.
Condy's Fluid.
3.
Erio's Fruit Salt.
11.
Iodoform.
4.
Epsom
12.
Belladonna liniment.
5.
Glycerine.
13.
Linseed
6.
Phenyle.
14.
Castor
7-
Spirits of Turpentine.
15.
Condition powder.
8.
Flower of Sulphur.
<f)
Salt.
9.
10.
Alum.
oil.
oil.
means the strong tincture known by Homaôi)athic chemists
Mother Tincture.
as
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of Capt. Hayes' book on

Horse Training
and are of opinion that no better guide could be placed in
aiateur horseman or veterinary surgeon newly anived in that
Veterinary Journal.
important division of ir empire."
*'
and manai;ement in
the hands of either
Im perial
2very hi^^h opinion
Idia,'
16mo., loth extra, 12/6.
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A
Polo.
Practical Guide o the Science of the

Rules, &c.
Game, Training of Ponies,
BY
Mr. E.
IILLER, late 17th Lancers,

Eded by Capt. M. H. HAYES, F.R.C.V.S
D.
With Sixt-fgur Illustrations from Photographs.

**How to becom a Polo Player. A good horseman, whose eye
has been
educated by such game as cricket and racquets, and who thoroughly understands
football or hockey, the ttics and combinations of either of which greatly resemble
those of polo, will not t;e long to master the peculiarities of polo, and ought to be
a really good performer ter three months of regular play. Here, as in all other
games which demand quiness of eye and skill of hand, assiduous and long-continued
I' first glance it may apjêar strange to say that manv men
is imperative.
Plence the fact that a man knows
play polo well in spite ofeing bad horsemen.
little about riding shouldn no way deter him from giving the game a trial."
practice
Vide page
3.
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SECOND EDITION.
Tht's
'
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than doubled, and 75 reproductions of Photographs have ben added.
"It is a characteristic of all Capt. Hayes' books on horse that they are
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work which
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,
Infective Diseases of Arimals.

Being Part
/.
of tlie Translation of Friedberger aid Fraehner's

Pathology of the Domestic Animals.
Translated and Edited by Capt. M. H. HAYHS, F.R.C.V.S.

Author of
''Points of the Horse,^^ etc.
With a Chapter on Bacteriology by

In
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work may be had bound two ^ ols. in
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The second parttt'hich I hope to have
ready before long, will, of course, more particularly concern th^'eterinary profession."
communicated
Vide Preface.
.
Syllabus of Contents
INFECTIVE DISEASES.
Septicaemia and Pyaemia.
Malignant Oedema,
Peteclil Fever.
Strangles.
Canine Distemper.
Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever Epizootic Abortion.
Dysentery.
Swine Erysipelas.
Swine. Fever.
Chicken^holera.
Wildseuche.
Quarter-ill. Equine Influenza. Equine Contagious Pleuro-ûmonia. Tuberculosis.
Actinomycosis. Equine Stomatitis Pustulosa Contagiosa] Diphtheritic Diseases.
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Dourine. Aphthae. Anthrax. Rabies. Foot and Mouj Disease. Rinderpest.
Texas Fever. Relapsing Fever. Surra. Cape Horse Sicjess, etc.
CHRONIC CONSTITUTIONAL DIEASES.

A.na}mia and Chlorosis. Pernicious Anaemia. Hydra?mia. leucaemia.
Scurvy. Gout. Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Insipidusj Obesity.
and Carcinomatosis. Scrofula.
Haemophilin.
Sarcomatosis

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Founded by
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The Chinese, like the Jews and the ancient Egyptians, alone claim to trace
their national existence to a period centuries before Solomon erected his temple
or Homer collected the ballads relating to the Trojan war and turned them into his
**
back
immortal
epic.
From
a date anterior to that accepted for the occurrence of the flood of
Noah, the people of China possess a history which preserves the names of kings and conqueiors, and describes remarkable events with an appearance of exactitude that would
almost compel credence. In comparison with their institutions those of ancient Egypt
and Assyria have only moderate claims to antiquity, and the states of Greece and Rome
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preface,
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the
It may be added
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This new edition contains
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to 40/-.

W.
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institution which should make clear to the Chiefs of India that our object was tc
perpetuate their dynasties by placing within their reach better facilities for tlic
education of their sons than they could formerly obtain.
'Then,' he writes, 'and nol
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ought to hold as the promoters of peace, prosperity, and progress among their owr
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ttie
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hnes called 'The Song of the
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last."
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The American's distiches are
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now well known here are some of the Anglo-Indian's cynicisms
The temper of chums, the love of your wife, and a new piano's tune
Which of the three will you trust at the end of an Indian June ? '
mental
Ditties,'
'
Again,
*
If
She grow suddenly gracious
The black buck
is
reflect.
Is
it all
for thee
stalked through the bullock, and
Man
.''
through jealousy.*
Again,
*
Seek not the favour of women. So shall you find it indeed.

Does not the boar break cover just when you're lighting a weed ?
and again Mr. Kipling, in this, his earliest effort, reached high-water
'
Now
mark. He has, for instance, tried other variants of 'The Story of Uriah,' but in the
departmental ditty which bears that title a mere matter of thirty-two lines he fixes
the standard. Nor can we see how 'The Ballad of Fisher's Boarding House,'
Pagett, M.P.' or La Nuit Blanche' could be bettered, while Pink Dominoes' is iu
a manner which the author has not attempted since." Academy.
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* Paget was dear to mosquitoes,
'
Sandflies found
him a
treat
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fresh instalment of letters from Warren Hastings to his wif
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A Memior
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<*
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The
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Frontier.
The Tribes on
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My

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Cow Keeping in India

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P-

Simple and Practical Book on their Care

their various Breeds,

Means of rendering them

WITH FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS.

CALCUTTA AND SIMLA

THACKER, SPINK &

[All Rig/its Reicr-ved.]

commenced keeping cows

often wished for a

simple and practical book on cattle and their care and

treatment in India, and

same wish expressed by

have frequently heard the

had had such a

would have been saved a great deal

but though these

and their care in

books are a great help to

people in Europe, they are of no practical use to us in

The climate and

India are different from

those of England and other European countries, and the

need different treatment.

Some books have

been published on Indian cattle, but the best of these

from being complete.

have for the past eighteen years kept

have also carefully read

could procure on cattle of

English and Indian.

have thus acquired

cows in health and sickness,

homoeopathy, and in most cases

have found the native remedies very

not liesitate to prescribe the most effective remedy, be

homoeopathic or native medicine, or anything

cattle, their diseases

two persons writing

trust another person

must do the work myself and not

impossible for any

subject like this, to avoid often saying the

one subject, and especially a

and sometimes saying

have carefully read many books

every detail with

keeping of cows, personal care and supervision, and the

negligence or delay will cause

pets and live stock,

inclination or time to look after his

he should not attempt to keep any.

The busiest people need regular recreation from

The greatest minds

good health or mental equilibrium.

hazardous to ignore this

Some persons choose gardening

carpentry as a recreation, others, again, riding or some

But keeping cows

and, at the same time, profitable pastime

have often thought,

more European and well-to-do

native families in India were to keep cows there would

be less disease, and less annoyance about procuring pure