SWM Learning Program

in India

Institutional Aspects &

Human Resources Development
Solid Waste Management

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with

Module Description

SWM Learning Program

in India

Describes ways of institutional strengthening by inducting

professionals in SWM service, adequately decentralizing the
administration, delegating necessary powers at the
decentralized level and take measures for human resource
development through adequate training to the existing staff.

Suggests fixation of work norms for the work force as well as

for supervisory staff and the output expected from the
vehicles and machinery utilized.

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with

SWM Learning Program

in India

Learning Objectives
Understand the level of professionals needed in any municipal
authority to manage SWM
Ways of city decentralization and delegation of power to
enable effective solid waste management
Ways of ensuring continuous human resource development .
Learning to fix norms for various SWM services.
Ways of information management & private sector
involvement for various SWM services.
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SWM Learning Program

in India

Legal basis for SWM

Environment Protection Act 1986

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &

Handling) Rules, 2000 under the Environment
Protection Act, 1986 (EPA)

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SWM Learning Program

in India

Institutions involved in waste management

Central Government Level

State government level

Urban local body level

Municipal Corporations
Municipalities
Transition areas such as Nagar Panchayats, Town

Panchayats

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Roles & Responsibilities

SWM Learning Program

in India

Roles and responsibilities in

SWM

Responsible Institution

Making laws and rules, frame

policies, prepare guidelines,
manuals, technical assistance,
financial support and monitoring &
implementation of laws and rules

Central Government

Making state level laws and rules,

frame Policies, prepare guidelines,
manuals, technical assistance,
financial support & monitoring and
implementation of laws & rules

State Government

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Roles & Responsibilities

SWM Learning Program

in India

Roles and responsibilities in Responsible Institution

SWM
SWM planning, and planning for
treatment facilities

Municipal Authorities and State

Govt.

Waste collection, transportation,

treatment and disposal

Municipal Authorities

Framing of Bylaws

Municipal Authorities with the

approval of State Governments

Levy of Fees and Fee collections

Municipal Authorities with the

approval of State Governments

Financing of Solid Waste Management

systems

Municipal Authorities, State and

Central Governments
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Organizational Structure Large

Municipality
Municipal Commissioner

SWM Learning Program

in India

Additional/Deputy
commissioner
Deputy Director, Field
Operations

Admin & Finance Support

Workshop for
Vehicle Maintenance

Director
Solid Waste Management

Deputy Director Treatment &

Disposal

Zonal Environmental Engineer/Deputy Health Officer/Sanitation Superintendent/Chief Sanitary

Inspector (One per zone of 4 to 5 Lakh population)
Ward Level Sanitary Officer (One per one Lakh Population)
Ward level Sanitary Inspector (One per 50000 population)
Sanitary Sub inspector (One per 25000 population)
Sanitary Supervisor (One per 12500 population)
Sanitary Workers (one part time worker per 1000 population for door to door collection and one worker per
500 running meter for street sweeping subject to density of the population)
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SWM Learning Program

in India

Organizational Structure Small Municipality

Executive Officer
Chief Sanitary Inspector

Sanitary Inspector (one per 50000 population)

Sub Inspector (One per 25000 population)
Sanitary Supervisor (One per 12500 population)
Sanitary Workers (One part time worker per 1000 population
for door to door collection and one worker per 500 running
meter for street sweeping subject to density of the population)
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SWM Learning Program

in India

Existing Human Resources with Municipal

Authorities

Most of the cities health officers who are basically medical

professionals are placed in charge of SWM department.

They lack technical background or knowledge of

engineering and environmental aspects of SWM

Very few environmental engineers have been deputed in

mega cities

Small cities have sanitary inspectors who have limited

technical capabilities .
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SWM Learning Program

in India

Capabilities of Managerial and Technical Staff

Very few Municipal

Commissioners or Executive
Officers take personal interest in
SWM services
Majority of large cities solid
waste is looked after by Health
Officers who lack technical
knowledge.
Large cities where the engineers
are placed in charge of SWM the
situation is improving.

There are several examples

where the involvement of
Municipal Commissioners
/Executive Officers has
made a difference e.g. Surat,
Hyderabad, Ahmedabad,
Nammakal, Suryapet,
Bangalore, North dumdum
Barrackupur etc.

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SWM Learning Program

in India

Capabilities of supervisory Staff and the Sanitary Workers

Have a very limited exposure to

modern system of waste
management.
Transportation of waste is done
through traditional methods.
Sanitary workers are generally
illiterate and poor
Resist to any changes or
improvements in the systems
under the fear of loosing their
employment

Most of the sanitary

workers perform their
duties for 2 to 3 hours in
the morning with some
sincerity but thereafter
the performance
deteriorates. Most of the
sweepers generally do not
do any substantial work
in the afternoons. The
efficiency of this work
force is well below 50%.
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Need of Institutional Strengthening

SWM Learning Program

in India

Induction of Professionals
Prescribe norms for deployment of Human Resources
A. Door to Door collection

Prescribed Norms of work for street sweepers

High Density area = 250 to 350 running metres (RMT) of
road length
Medium density area = 400 to 600 running metres (RMT) of
road length
Low density area = 650 to 750 running metres (RMT) of road
length
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SWM Learning Program

in India

B.Street Sweeping
Case
study
- Unit Area
sweeping
Street
Method used by Hyderabad
A yardstick of 500 metre road length per
one sanitary worker
a team of 15 female workers for street
sweeping, 3 male workers
handcarts for transport to secondary
waste storage depot
1 supervisor per unit area of 8 Kms road
length was constituted.

Case Study Wage Structure in Hyderabad contracting model

unit cost of Rs. 48853/- per month per 19 sanitation workers day cleaning
Rs. 69250/- per month per 19 sanitation workers for night cleaning
161 packages of contract were prepared to cover approximately 75% of the city
roads
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Need of Institutional Strengthening

C.
D.
E.
F.

SWM Learning Program

in India

Transportation of waste
Work norms for vehicles
Norms for supervision
Exposure to supervisors

Case Study
In Bangalore, all senior municipal officials responsible for
solid waste management have been provided direct training
on solid waste management. Besides Karnataka government
has arranged the training through satellite programs
targeting staff of local bodies in remote areas.
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Decentralization of Administration and

Delegation of Authorities

The Constitution of India has, through

its 74th Amendment, made
decentralization obligatory of
administrations in cities above
0.3million population
It is essential for the municipal
administration to decentralize its
administration by suitably dividing the
city into zones and / or wards
depending up on the area and
population of the city.
Ward level administration should form
the basis of administration.

SWM Learning Program

in India

In case of solid
waste management,
there is an urgent
need of ward level
administration to
ensure effective
supervision on the
work force engaged
in sweeping of
streets and door to
door collection of
waste as well as in
secondary storage
of waste.
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SWM Learning Program

in India

Case Study - Decentralization of Administration and

Delegation of Authorities in Ahmedabad

The city administration has been decentralized 15 years ago in five

zones and 43 wards.
Each ward is functioning as an administrative unit headed by an Asst.
City Engineer
This unit takes care of engineering health and SWM services
effectively reducing the burden of the zonal administration and the
city administration by about 90%.
The service of primary collection and sweeping of streets is provided
at the ward level and supervised by the ward level supervisors.
The deputy municipal commissioner are given full powers to spend
upto Rs. 0.2 million per every item of work with out referring to
municipal commissioner and take all decisions on behalf of municipal
commissioner

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Human Resources Development

SWM Learning Program

in India

Training needs at various levels:

o Special Training to Unqualified Staff
o Unqualified supervisory staff should be given in
service training to qualify for supervising sanitation
works.
Training to supervisors and senior officers:
o It is essential that all the officers and supervisory
staff are exposed to training to learn the
advancement in SWM sector and the best practices
adopted by different cities within the state, country
and abroad.

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Human Resources Development

SWM Learning Program

in India

Refresher Courses for Supervisory Staff

o Refresher courses should be conducted for officers
and supervisory staff at least every 5 years.
Promotional Opportunities
o Adequate promotional opportunities should be
available in the decentralized SWM hierarchy to
maintain the interest of the supervisory staff to
remain in the department.

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SWM Learning Program

in India

MIS is a tool for effective planning, monitoring

and taking corrective measures

MIS should show whether

Every one involved in SWM service is performing well
Adequate vehicles are made available to SWM department
The vehicles are optimally utilized,
The repairing and maintenance of vehicles and equipment is
expeditiously done,
The processing plants are functional to their optimum
expectations
Landfill sites are well managed
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Promote NGO/Private Sector Participation

SWM Learning Program

in India

NGO/ private participation should be encouraged in the

areas of
Door to door collection of domestic waste, commercial
waste and hospital waste
Collection of hotel waste
Collection of construction waste
Collection of yard waste
Creating public awareness and increasing public
participation
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Levy of Administrative Charges/Spot fines

SWM Learning Program

in India

To ensure compliance, provision should be made in the relevant

by-laws, rules etc to recover appropriate cleaning charges from
the citizens who dispose of waste on the street or in open public
places.

The power to levy such charges should be delegated to the

supervisors of the level of Sanitary Inspectors and above.

The amount of additional cleaning charges to be levied should be

specified for different categories of offenders and should be kept
higher for repeat offences.
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SWM Learning Program

in India

Entire Administration of SWM Department to

be under One Umbrella

To ensure coordination and accountability, it is

necessary to have one person exclusively in charge of
SWM in the city.
The overall control in relation to collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of all waste,
including vehicle workshop facilities, should lie with
him.
He should also be responsible for the cleaning of open
drains under 24 depth, collection of silt, construction
waste and debris and vehicle deployment and
maintenance.
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