A Final Report on:

GIS BASED FLOOD HAZARD MAPPING AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF

PEOPLE DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY FROM KANKAI
WATERSHED, EAST NEPAL

Submitted to:

National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)

Ministry of Environment

Submitted by:

Principal Researcher : Shantosh Karki (skipsantosh@gmail.com)

Member: Arbindra Shrestha, Mukesh Bhattarai, Sunil Thapa

Mentor: Prof. Dr. Madan Koirala
GIS Supervisor: Mr. Ananta Man Singh Pradhan
January, 2011

Supported by:

Executive summary:
Flooding is a serious, common, and costly hazard that many countries face regularly. Flooding
due to excessive rainfall in a short period of time is a frequent hazard in the flood plains of
Nepal during monsoon. In this study, we have assessed flood hazards, their impacts, and the
resilience of communities at the watershed level. Floods occur repeatedly in Nepal and cause
tremendous losses in terms of property and life, particularly in the lowland areas of the
country. Hence, they constitute a major hazard. The main objective of this study is to integrate
flood simulation model, remotely sensed data with topographic and socio-economic data in a
GIS environment for flood risk mapping in the flood plain of Kankai River in Nepal. Identification
and mapping of flood prone areas are valuable for risk reduction. The results obtained from GIS
modeling were then verified with social approach through vulnerability assessment. Flood
danger level and warning level was identified by using maximum instantaneous discharge data
and gauge height. Water level at 3.7m is marked as warning level and at 4.2m is marked as
danger level. The flood frequency analysis was done through three different methods and
finally Gumbel distribution was adopted for the hazard mapping. Here a 25 year-return period
flood hazard map and a 50 year-return period flood hazard map were prepared. The potential
damage of the study area was calculated. Total 59.3 sq. km and 59.8 sq.km of the study area
will be under flooding in a 25 year- return period flood and 50 year-return period flood
respectively. The result shows that agriculture system of the study area is in more vulnerable
position. The hazard prone area will be considerably increased from 25 year-return period flood
to 50 year-return period flood. Level of hazard shows that high hazard area will be increased
and more settlement will be under the high hazard zone. Vulnerability assessment regarding
flooding and climate change depicted that peoples' livelihood are worsening each year. Special
response mechanism and appropriate mitigation measure is needed to solve climate change
induced disaster. This hazard zone should be viewed with special attention and given utmost
importance. The results can thus be utilized as baseline information for the policy making to
combat against climate induced disaster.

Keywords: floods, rainfall, hazard, monsoon, GIS (Geographic Information System), modeling,
vulnerability, climate, disaster

Contents
Executive summary: ........................................................................................................................... i
Contents ............................................................................................................................................ii
List of Figure: .................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Table: ..................................................................................................................................... iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations............................................................................................................. iv
1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective of the study .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Study area ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General Information................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Climate ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Hydro meteorology ................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.4 Characteristics of Most Recent Floods ..................................................................................... 4
2. METHODS ......................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Source of Data ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Data Collection .............................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 Verification of Flood Mapping in the Field ...................................................................................... 5
2.4 Preparation of Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) ...................................................................... 5
2.5 Model Application ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.6 Flood Frequency Analysis ............................................................................................................... 6
2.7 Vulnerability Assessment ............................................................................................................... 6
2.8 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 6
3. RESULT...........................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Hydro Meteorological Analysis ..................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Discharge analysis: ......................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Flood Frequency Analysis ............................................................................................................... 9
3.4 TIN of Kanaki Watershed.............................................................................................................. 10
3.5 Preparation of Landuse Map ........................................................................................................ 10
3.6 Flood Hazard Analysis .................................................................................................................. 11
3.7 Flood Vulnerability Analysis ......................................................................................................... 12
3.8 Vulnerability Assessment of the Study Area by VDC Level ............................................................ 13
ii

3.9.1 Demography: ........................................................................................................................ 14

3.9.2 Economic Condition of the affected population:.................................................................... 15
3.10 Impact of Flooding and Climate Change ..................................................................................... 15
3.10.1 Impacts of Floods ............................................................................................................... 15
4. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 18
5. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................ 19
6. RECOMMENDATION: .................................................................................................................... 20
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 20
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 20
Annex-Section ................................................................................................................................. 23

List of Figure:
Figure 1: Map showing Study area3
Figure 2: Average monthly rainfall at Gaida meteorological station for 1972-2005..3
Figure 3: Average monthly discharge at Mainachuli (Source: DHM, 2010)..4
Figure 4: Annual Rainfall versus Recurrence Interval for prediction of Maximum
Rainfall at particular Recurrence interval....7
Figure 5: Annual Rainfall versus Recurrence Interval for prediction of Minimum
Rainfall at particular Recurrence Interval..8
Figure 6: Annual instantaneous maximum flood gauge height with warning and danger
level.9
Figure 7: TIN of the study area...10
Figure 8: Landuse map of the study area.10
Figure 9: Flood Hazard map of the study area for 25 year return period flood . 11
Figure 10: Flood Hazard map of the study area for 50 year return period flood.11
Figure 11: Return Period-Flood Depth Relationship 12
Figure 12: Flood Depth-Area Relationship..12
Figure 13: Impact of flooding and climate change15

List of Table:
Table 1: Prediction for the maximum rainfall at different recurrence interval7
Table 2: Prediction for the minimum rainfall at different recurrence interval..8
Table 3: Flood frequency analysis for various return period.10
Table 4: Landuse pattern of the study area10
Table 5: Calculation of Flood Area according to Flood Hazard.12
Table 6: Vulnerable areas for 25 years and 50 years flooding..13
Table 7: VDC wise flood hazard mapping..14
Table 8: Rice Sufficiency by Wealth Ranking 16
Table 9: Vulnerability Score..18
iii

Acronyms and Abbreviations

cumecs

Cubic meter per second

DEM

Digital Elevation Model

DHM

Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

DWIDP

Department of Water-Induced Disaster Prevention

GIS

Geographic Information System

GPS

Global Positioning System

HEC-RAS

Hydraulic Engineering Centers River Analysis System

Hrs/hrs

Hours

km

Kilometer

km2

Square kilometer

Meter

m3

Cubic meter

MoHA

Ministry of Home Affairs

sq km

Square kilometer

TIN

Triangulated Irregular Network

VDC

Village Development Committee

iv

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Floods are the most common natural disasters that affect societies around the world. Dilley et
al. (2005) estimated that more than one-third of the worlds land area is flood prone affecting
some 82 percent of the worlds population. About 196 million people in more than 90 countries
are exposed to catastrophic flooding, and that some 170,000 deaths were associated with
floods worldwide between 1980 and 2000 UNDP (2004). These figures show that flooding is a
major concern in many regions of the world. Globally, the economic cost of extreme weather
events and flood catastrophes is severe, and if it rises owing to climate change, it will hit
poorest nations the hardest consequently, the poorest section of people will bear the brunt of
it. The number of major flood disasters in the world has risen relentlessly over recent time.
There were six in the 1950s; seven in the 1960s; eight in 1970s; eighteen in the 1980s; and
twenty six in the 1990s (UNDP, 2004).
Nepal, the central part of the Hindu-Kush Himalayan, has more than 6,000 rivers and rivulets.
Floods and landslides, which are triggered by heavy precipitation, cause 29% of the total annual
deaths and 43% of the total loss of properties in Nepal (DWIDP, 2004).The Terai amounting to
only 17% of the total area of the country is regarded as the granary of Nepal and the problem
of flooding in this region is of utmost concern. In recent years, between 1981 and 1998, three
events of extreme precipitation with extensive damage have been reported (Chalise and Khanal
2002). Floodplain analysis and flood risk assessment of the Babai Khola, using GIS and numerical
tools (HEC-RAS & AV-RAS) was carried out by Shrestha (2000). Similarly, GIS was applied for
flood risk zoning in the Khando Khola in eastern Terai of Nepal by Sharma et. al. (2003). Awal et.
al. (2003, 2005 and 2007) used hydraulic model and GIS for floodplain analysis and risk mapping
of Lakhandei River. After the disastrous climatologic event of 1993, hazard maps were prepared
for the severely affected areas of Central Nepal, (Miyajima and Thapa, 1995).
In the context of global warming, the probability of potentially damaging floods occurring is
likely to increase as a consequence of the increase in the intensity of extreme precipitation
events (i.e. >100 mm/day)(Baidya et al. 2007) and the status of glacial lakes in high mountain
areas, Global Circulation Model projects a wide range of precipitation changes, especially in the
monsoon: 14 to +40% by the 2030s increasing 52 to 135% by the 2090s (New et.al 2009). The
monsoon precipitation pattern is changing too; with fewer days of rain and more high-intensity
and incessant rainfall events.

Various definitions of vulnerability have been provided in the context of natural hazards and
climate change (Varnes 1984; Blaikie et al. 1994; Twigg 1998; Kumar 1999; Kasperson 2001).
From these definitions, vulnerability can be viewed from the perspective of the physical, spatial
or locational, and socioeconomic characteristics of a region. In recent years, a number of
studies have recognized the importance of estimating peoples vulnerability to natural hazards,
rather than retaining a narrow focus on the physical processes of the hazard itself (Hewitt,
1997; Varley, 1994; Mitchell, 1999). Cannon (2000) argued that natural disaster is a function of
both natural hazard and vulnerable people. He emphasized the need to understand the
1

interaction between hazard and peoples vulnerability. Nepals vulnerability to climate-related

disasters is likely to be exacerbated by the increase in the intensity and frequency of weather
hazards induced by anthropogenic climate change (IPCC, 2007). Vulnerability to flood hazards is
likely to increase unless effective flood mitigation and management activities are implemented.
An important prerequisite for developing management strategies for the mitigation of extreme
flood events is to identify areas of potentially high risk to such events, thus accurate
information on the extent of floods is essential for flood monitoring, and relief (Smith, 1997).
The main objective of this study is to integrate flood simulation model and remotely sensed
data with topographic and socio-economic data in a GIS environment for flood risk mapping in
the flood plain of Kankai River in the Eastern Nepal. Flooding is a serious, common, and costly
hazard that many countries face regularly. Identification and mapping of flood prone areas are
valuable for risk reduction. Flood risk mapping consists of modeling the complex interaction of
river flow hydraulics with the topographical and land use characteristics of the floodplains.
Integrating hydraulic models with geographic information systems (GIS) technology is
particularly effective.
Flood-hazard risk and vulnerability mapping using GIS and RS with a geomorphic approach
In the context of flood hazard management, GIS can be used to create interactive map overlays,
which clearly and quickly illustrate which areas of a community are in danger of flooding. Such
maps can then be used to coordinate mitigation efforts before an event and recovery after
(Noah Raford, 1999 as cited in Awal, 2003). GIS, thus, provides a powerful and versatile tool to
facilitate a fast and transparent decision-making. In addition, a digital elevation model (DEM) is
prepared from the contour and spot heights and used for preparing a slope map, cross-section
profile of the terrain, and river profile; and delineating potential sites for river-bank cutting,
flood-prone areas, assuming a dam of a certain height at a given river reach. A DEM is also used
to calculate the flooded area by incorporating it into the U.S Army Corps Hydrological
Engineering River System Analysis (HEC-RAS) flood modeling software.
1.2 Objective of the study
The general objective of this study is to prepare flood-hazard map and vulnerability assessment
and to identify an appropriate mitigation activities for the Kankai Watershed. The specific
objectives of the study are:
to prepare flood hazard map of Kankai watershed using GIS .
to assess the vulnerability of people living in the floodplain area due to climate change.
to prioritize and measure the impacts of climate change through a participatory
approach and statistical tools.
1.3 Study area
1.3.1 General Information
The study was conducted on Kankai Watershed. The Kankai River is one of the class II type
rainfed perennial rivers of eastern Nepal. It originates in Mahabharat range at Chamaita Village
Development Committee (VDC) in Ilam district. At the place of its origin it is called Deomai
2

Khola. The catchment area of the study basin is 1284km2. The altitude of its origin is about
1820m. The altitude in Sukedangi near the district border of Ilam and Jhapa is about 120m, and
about 70 m in the Indo-Nepal border. 48 VDCs lie inside the watershed covering the Ilam and
Jhapa districts. 40 VDCs of Ilam and 8 VDCs of Jhapa). Total population of the watershed is
322951 (CBS 2001).
China

India

Figure 1: Map showing Study area

1.3.2 Climate
Kankai river basin lies in the south-eastern part of the country. It has tropical and subtropical
climate regime. The period from March to June is predominantly hot and dry, July to August is
hot and humid, September to October is pleasant, and November to February is cool and dry.
The hot wave during the summer and cold wave during the winter reflects harshness of the
climate in the study area. The temperature ranges up to 460C in the summer to 20 during
winter. The mean daily temperature at Gaida Meteorological station (25.580 N, 87.900 E,
elevation 143m) has been estimated as 24.50C. Similarly, the relative humidity (RH) is 75% and
vapour pressure is 23.79. Kankai watershed falls in the class of 75-85% annual average RH. The
estimated mean daily vapour pressure is 20. The average sunshine hour for almost 8 months of
a year is about 80%, and falls below 50% during monsoon.
1.3.2 Hydro meteorology
The annual mean precipitation in the study area ranges from 2000 to 3000mm. The average
annual precipitation at Gaida station, Damak station, Sanischare station and Ilam Tea state
stations are 2734 mm, 2369 mm, 2794 mm, 1574 mm respectively.

Figure 2: Average monthly rainfall at Gaida meteorological station for 1972-2005

3

Discharge (cumecs)

Average monthly Discharge

Figure 3: Average monthly discharge at Mainachuli (Source: DHM, 2010)

The mainachuli gauging site (Station no. 795) has stream flow record from 1972 to date. The
average monthly variation of flow at this station is shown in figure 3. The annual average
discharge at this station is 58.9m3/s (based on 1972-2006 data). The discharge increases rapidly
from May and reaches maximum in July.
1.3.4 Characteristics of Most Recent Floods
The increased frequency of flooding in recent times together with disturbed institutional set up
in the region due to domestic political conflict has severely affected people in the region. The
marginalized group having less education, fatalistic attitude and lacking development
infrastructure have been most affected by the flood disaster.
2009 Flood:
Seven VDCs were flooded by swollen Kankai and Biring rivers in southern Jhapa. More than 500
houses were submerged and 100s of bighas of paddy field were inundated. Hundereds of
people from Topgachhi, panchgacchi, Tanghadubba, Rajgadh, Dangibari and Sarnamati fled
their villages to safer places after the floods entered the VDCs. While the flood in Kankai caused
much damage in Topgachhi 8 & 9, Rajgadh VDC also suffered badly. Even if no loss of life were
reported, the villagers incurred heavy loss of property as hundreds of bighas of land have been
turned into riverbed. The worst affect were those people who had paddy fields near the river
banks, i.e. on the flood plain.
2. METHODS
The proposed method of this research involved several steps: (1) Rainfall data, stream flow
data, topographic data as well as geological and land used data were collected, stored and
preprocessed. (2) Flood frequency analysis was done using the Gumbels Method. Gumbel
method is most widely used probability distribution functions for extreme values in hydrological
and meterological studies for predication of flood peaks, maximum rainfall etc. This method is
used in this project to calculate peak discharge. (3) The general method adopted for floodplain
analysis and flood risk assessment in this study basically consists of five steps: (a) Preparation of
TIN in ArcView GIS 3.3 (b) Preparation of land cover map (c) GeoRAS Pre-processing to generate
HEC-RAS Import file (d) Running of HEC-RAS to calculate water surface profiles (e) Postprocessing of HEC-RAS results and floodplain mapping. (4) Vulnerability assessment

2.1 Source of Data

The information needed for flood hazard and vulnerability mapping was obtained from three
different sources: i) maps, aerial photographs, and imagery; ii) field survey and group
discussions; and iii) published and unpublished documents.
2.2 Data Collection
The information needed for flood hazard and vulnerability mapping was obtained from three
different sources: i) maps, aerial photographs, and imagery; ii) field survey and group
discussions; and iii) published and unpublished documents. Meteorological data, particularly
rainfall and temperature of the nearest stations Gaida Station, and similarly, the hydrological
data of Kankai River; Mainachuli Station were collected from the Department of Hydrology and
Meteorology. The walkover survey was conducted for gathering information on river
undercutting, debris flow, and flooding in the watershed.
2.3 Verification of Flood Mapping in the Field
For the preparation of a hazard map, field mapping was conducted. During the field study,
detailed information regarding old river courses, old flood marks, bank height, river
undercutting, channel shifting, and effect of flooding on civil structures, was collected. Local
people were interviewed to get information on the history of river flooding, observed flood
levels, socioeconomic impact of floods, and hazard assessment perception of the community.
2.4 Preparation of Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)
The contour data provided by the Department of Survey, cross section data & spot height data
was used for Triangulated Irregular Network generation. ArcView 3.3 was used to generate TIN
which was used as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) required in GeoRAS environment in order to
prepare data sets required as input to the HEC-RAS simulation.
2.5 Model Application
PreRAS, postRAS and GeoRAS menus of HEC-GeoRAS extension in ArcView GIS environment
were used for creating required data sets, making import file for model simulation in HEC-RAS.
(a) Pre GeoRAS application: The preRAS menu option was used for creating required data sets
for creating import file to HEC-RAS. Stream centerline, main channel banks (left and right), flow
paths, and cross sections were created. 3D layer of stream centerline and cross section was also
created. Thus, after creating and editing required themes, RAS GIS import file was created. (b)
HEC RAS application: This is the major part of the model where simulation is done. The import
file created by HEC-GeoRAS was imported in Geometric Data Editor interface within HEC-RAS.
All the required modification, editing was done at this stage. The flood discharge for different
return periods were entered in steady flow data. Reach boundary conditions were also entered
in this window. Then, water surface profiles were calculated in steady flow analysis window.
After finishing simulation, RAS GIS export file was created. Water surface profiles were
computed from one cross section to the next by solving the energy equation. The flow data
were entered in the steady flow data editor for two return periods as 25 year and 50 year.
Boundary condition was defined as critical depth for both upstream and downstream. Sub
5

critical analysis was done in steady flow analysis. Then after, water surface profiles were
computed. The resulted was exported creating the RAS GIS export file.
2.6 Flood Frequency Analysis
Although a number of methods exist for the determination of maximum flood magnitudes, the
historical hydro-meteorological data recorded during the past events was more reliable for the
estimation of maximum probable flood. The monthly rainfall data recorded in the catchment of
the given and the adjacent basins were correlated with the respective hydrological records.
Based on the analysis, the relation between the rainfall and runoff was established.
Different three methods were applied for the flood frequency analysis Modified Dicken's
formula, Regional analysis by WECS method and Gumbel distribution. Out of them Gumbel's
method was selected because it gave largest discharge comparing to others. The Gumbels
method is the most widely used probability distribution function for extreme values in
hydrologic and meteorological studies for prediction of flood peaks and maximum rainfalls
(Subramanya, 1994).
2.7 Vulnerability Assessment
Vulnerability assessment of the study area was carried out by two different methods (a) GIS
based flood vulnerability assessment, where 25 year return period and 50 year return period
flood were calculated through Gumbel distribution. After that with the help of HEC-GeoRAS,
HEC-RAS, ARCView GIS 3.3, ArcGIS 9.3, a flood map was produced and finally vulnerable areas
were identified for 25 years flood and 50 years flood as mentioned in results; (b) another
method applied to analyze past impact by the changing climate, perception of people on
climate change and adaptation practice was carried out through Participatory Vulnerability
Approach (PVA) tools where household questionnaire survey, interview with key informants
were done within the study area. PVA is considered to be an effective tool for climate change
impact studies and for developing adaptation strategies. The future impact will also be
stimulated through the peoples perception and their coping capacity. Walkover survey
(transact walk), time line, cause and effect, problem tree, social mapping, focus group
discussion, key informant survey were used during the field survey. And finally by rating the
entire variables, final vulnerability scores were calculated using a manual published by
Livelihoods & Forestry Programme (2010). The formula used for calculating vulnerability score
is as follows:
Vulnerability Score = (Frequency + Area of Impact)*Magnitude
2.8 Data Analysis
Flood frequency analysis of 2, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200-Years Return Period was calculated by
Gumbels, and Modified Dickens Formula. This program intended to assist in frequency analysis
of rainfall or discharge data. The procedures used are based on Gumbel's distribution. Similarly,
floods of different return periods were calculated using WECS/DHM method. Software ArcGIS
9.3 and ArcView 3.3 were used for analysis and interpretation of GIS data. All the statistical data
was entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007. For socio-economic data excel and SPSS
software were used to analyze.
6

3. RESULT
3.1 Hydro Meteorological Analysis
Precipitation
The average annual runoff of the Kankai River is 1400 x 106 m3. The average annual sediment
load of the Kankai River basin up to dam site has been estimated with 2663 m3/km2.
Analysis
The rainfall data collected from rain gauge stations are analysed for determining different
hydrological relationship. Rainfall data analysis provides an estimate of future rainfall trend that
determines the rainfall intensity and occurrence of flood producing storms. Seasonal and
annual rainfall variation can be determined.
Maximum and Minimum Rainfall
Prediction of maximum and minimum rainfall magnitude within a specified period is done by
using the Weibulls, California or Hazens formula. Usually, Hazens formula is chosen for the
computation of maximum and minimum rainfall at any desired recurrence interval because it
gives two times greater value of recurrence interval that can be obtained by using Weibulls
formula or California formula.
Maximum Rainfall
The maximum rainfall depth on any specified location can be predicted from recurrence
interval and probability of occurrence and frequency curves. The curve for the annual rainfall
versus recurrence interval is well illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Annual Rainfall versus Recurrence Interval for prediction of Maximum Rainfall at
particular Recurrence Interval
From this curve, the prediction for the maximum rainfall at any recurrence interval can be
determined. Some of such determination is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Prediction for the maximum rainfall at different recurrence interval

Recurrence Interval (yr)
Maximum Rainfall (mm)
10
3400
20
3700
30
3900
40
4025
50
4125
60
4200
70
4275
80
4350
90
4425
100
4500
Minimum Rainfall
The minimum rainfall depth at any desired recurrence can be determined from the long time
series rainfall data. For this, the data has to be ranked in ascending order rather than in
descending order. On these ascending ranking data the Hazens formula is applied. The curve
for the annual rainfall versus recurrence interval is well illustrated in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Annual rainfall versus recurrence Interval for prediction of minimum rainfall at particular
recurrence interval

From this curve, the prediction for the minimum rainfall at any recurrence interval can be
determined. Some of such determination is presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Prediction for the minimum rainfall at different recurrence interval
Recurrence Interval (yr)
Maximum Rainfall (mm)
10
2125
20
1800
30
1600
40
1475
50
1400
60
1300
70
1250
80
1200
90
1150
100
1100
8

3.2 Discharge analysis:

Warning level and danger level of flood within Kankai watershed was calculated using the
maximum instantaneous discharge data from 1972-2006. Up to DHM gauge height of 3.7m at
Mainachuli, there is no inundation to the flood plain. So this is the threshold value above which
the flooding begins (DHM, 2010). Hence, the water level at 3.7 m is marked as warning level
and corresponding discharge for the height is about 1900m3/s. Gauge height exceeding 4.2m
causes flooding in the settlements, the inundation depth being greater than 1.5m. Therefore,
guage height of 4.2 m is demarcated as danger level and corresponding discharge for this water
level is about 3250 m3/s. Figure 6 shows the corresponding gauge heights of maximum
instantaneous discharge in comparison to the warning level and danger level at the station. It
can be seen that the warning level is frequently exceeded and the danger level also exceeded at
different times by annual instantaneous maximum floods and the trend of discharge has been
consistently increased since 1995, this might be due to change in precipitation pattern and
change in climate regime of the study area.
Danger level
Warning level

Figure 6: Annual instantaneous maximum flood gauge height with warning and danger level
3.3 Flood Frequency Analysis
Flows required for the study have been estimated based on three empirical and one probability
distribution methods. Peak designs have been determined by comparing the four methods with
each other for greater reliability. Modified Dickens's equation, WECS method and Gumbel's
distribution method have been used to determine peak flows. The result of 2, 5, 10, 50, 100 and
200-years Return Period Flood Frequency Analysis based on Maximum Instantaneous flow
recorded at Kankai River(Gaida Station) from year 1972 2003 using Gumbels and WECS/DHM
Method are summarized below in Table 3.
Comparing all the three methods, maximum peak flow is obtained by Gumbel's method.
Therefore peak flows for 25 years designed flood and peak flows of 50 years designed flood are
8007.84 m3/s and 9148.31m3/s respectively and both the value exceeds the danger level
discharge of 3200m3/s. This data shows that there might be catastrophic flooding on the
watershed because the discharge value for 4.2m height water level is only about 3200m3/s and
it is very small with compared to 25 years designed flood and 50 years designed flood
discharge.

Table 3: Flood frequency analysis for various return period

Return Period T
Flood frequency

100
50
25
20
10

Gumbel's method
10280.36
9148.31
8007.84
7637.63
6470.53

WECS method
2874.328
2575.389
2299.37
2149.389
1827.97

3.4 TIN of Kanaki Watershed

The contour and spot height along with the walkover survey data were used in Arc View GIS to
generate the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) of the study area. The observed Elevation of
study area ranged from less than 100m up to 3620m.

Figure 7: TIN of the study area

Figure 8: Landuse map of the study area

3.5 Preparation of Landuse Map

The land use map of the Kankai River Watershed derived from the 1992 toposheet along with
field verification is shown in Figure 5. Forest occupies the largest area of the watershed 45.7%
of the total area, while agricultural land occupies about 43.3 % of the total area.
Table 4: Landuse pattern of the study area
S.N
Landuse class
Area (sq km)
1
Builtup area
0.02
2
Cutting
0.97
3
Cultivation
556.07
4
Forest
586.48
5
Orchard
0.08
10

%
0.0014
0.0755
43.3353
45.7059
0.0065

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Plantation
Grass
Bush
Bamboo
Scattered tree
Sand
Barren area
River
Pond/ Lake
Total Area

4.87
64.63
14.06
0.06
0.02
42.67
2.27
10.68
0.28
1283.17

0.3794
5.0371
1.0960
0.0049
0.0012
3.3255
0.1769
0.8324
0.0218
100

3.6 Flood Hazard Analysis

The hazard aspect of the flooding is related to the hydraulic and the hydrological parameters.
The results of this assessment are summarized in Table: 3 and Figure 7 & Figure 8 The
classification of flood depth areas indicated that 47.64% & 52.7% of the total flooded areas has
water depths greater than 3 m. The total area under the water depth of 2-3 m was 23.83% on
25 year flood and 23.8% on 50 years flood. Flood hazard maps of the study area for 20-year and
50-year return periods was prepared by overlaying flood grid depths with the TIN. The table
shows that how much area is under high risk, moderate and low risk.
25 year-Return period: Flood Hazard Map

50 year-Return Period: Flood Hazard Map

Figure 9: Flood Hazard map of the study

area for 25 year return period flood

Figure 10: Flood Hazard map of the study

area for 50 year return period flood
11

Table 5: Calculation of Flood Area according to Flood Hazard

Total Flood Area (km2)
Water Depth (m)

<2m (low)
2-3m (moderate)
>3m (High)
Total

25 year flood
Area
%
Area
16.92
28.53
14.13
23.83
28.25
47.64
59.30
100.00

50 year flood
%
14.0
14.2
31.5
59.8

23.5
23.8
52.7
100.0

The above calculation illustrate that the total area under the water depth of more than 3.0m
increased considerably with the increase in the intensity of flooding. For 25 year flood, it is
observed that >3, 2-3, <2 meter were 16.92, 14.13& 28.25 sq. km respectively and for 50 year
flood were 14, 14.2 & 31.5 sq. km respectively. These shows that high hazard of flood is
increased in 50 years flood.

Figure 12: Flood Depth-Area Relationship

Figure 11: Return Period-Flood Depth Relationship

3.7 Flood Vulnerability Analysis

The vulnerability maps for the flood areas were prepared by intersecting the land use map of
the floodplains with the flood area polygon for each of the flood event being modeled. This
depicts the vulnerability aspect of the flood risk in the particular area in terms of the presence
or the absence of flooding of a particular return period as a binary model. The assessment of
the flood areas indicated that a large percentage of cultivation area lies under high hazard. In
the 25 years flood 9.62 sq.km cultivation area lies in high hazard while in 50 years flood
11.69sq.km area lies under high hazard zone. This shows impact of flooding is in increasing
trend. Similarly forest areas are also in vulnerable condition where 1.87sq. km of forest will be
under higher hazard zone in 25 years flooding and increased this area in 50 year flooding by
2.0042 sq.km. Similarly high hazard zone of settlement will also increase.
12

Table 6: Vulnerable areas for 25 years and 50 years flooding

Landuse type
Flood Depth
Total Vulnerable Area
25 year flood
50 year flood
Area
%
Area (km2) %
2
(km )
<2 m (Low Hazard)
Forest
0.3450
0.5818
0.2446
0.4091
0.2535
0.4274
0.2957
0.4945
2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
1.8731
3.1586
2.0042
3.3515
>3 m (High Hazard)
<2 m (Low Hazard)
Cultivation
6.0761
10.246
4.4641
7.4651
5.2643
8.8774
4.9860
8.3378
2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
9.6227
16.227
11.6929
19.5534
>3 m (High Hazard)
<2 m (Low Hazard)
River
2.5159
4.2426
1.6962
2.8364
1.7085
2.8812
2.1622
3.6157
2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
3.6142
6.0948
3.9935
6.6781
>3 m (High Hazard)
<2 m (Low Hazard)
Orchard
0.0047
0.0079
0.2446
0.4091
0.0117
0.0198
0.1957
0.3273
2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
0.0024
0.0040
1.0042
1.6793
>3 m (High Hazard)
Sand
<2 m (Low Hazard)
6.5058
10.971
5.5429
9.2690
5.6513
9.5301
4.3826
7.3287
2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
11.4153
19.250
12.6887
21.2186
>3 m (High Hazard)

and <2 m (Low Hazard)

2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
>3 m (High Hazard)
<2 m (Low Hazard)
Barren Land
2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
>3 m (High Hazard)
<2 m (Low Hazard)
Pond & Lake
2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
>3 m (High Hazard)
<2 m (Low Hazard)
Builtup area
2-3 m (Moderate Hazard )
>3 m (High Hazard)

Grass
Bambo

1.2204
0.9270
1.8869
0.0258
0.0047
0.4024
0.0024
0.0024
0
0
0.0023
0

2.0580
1.5633
3.1820
0.0435
0.0079
0.6785
0.0040
0.0040
0.0000
0.0000
0.0039
0

0.8714
1.0764
2.1295
0.0093
0.0326
0.0518
0.0047
0.0023
0.0023
0.0000
0.0058
0.005

1.4572
1.8000
3.5611
0.0156
0.0545
0.0860
0.0078
0.0039
0.0039
0.0000
0.0097
0.0084

3.8 Vulnerability Assessment of the Study Area by VDC Level

The degree of danger or threat and the levels of exposure and resilience to threat are closely
associated with location. Hence, spatial vulnerability is a function of location, exposure to
hazards, and the physical performance of a structure, whereas socioeconomic vulnerability
refers to the socioeconomic and political conditions in which people exposed to disaster are
living. VDC wise flood hazard mapping is shown in table 7.

13

Table 7: VDC wise flood hazard mapping

25 years return period
Flooded Area in Sq. Km
VDC Name
<2m
2-3m
>3m
1
0
0
0.003
Jitpur
0.048
0.003
0.073
Banjho1
1
0.800
0.473
3.653
Danabari
1
0
0
0.08
Ibhang
1
1.523
1.638
6.233
Mahamai
1.230
0.443
2.123
Satasidham2
1.930
1.860
5.540
Surunga2
2
Sarnamati
1.153
0.715
2.403
2
Shivjung
3.060
3.758
1.933
Mahabhara2
0.583
1.935
1.688
2
0.760
0.158
0.285
Panchgachhi
2
1.185
0.560
1.333
Tagandubba
4.663
2.513
2.935
Kumarkhod2
16.935 14.056
28.282
1, lies in Illam district ; 2, lies in Jhapa district

50 year return period Flooded

Area in Sq. Km
<2m
2-3m
>3m
0
0
0.003
0.003
0.015
0.073
0.498
0.580
3.920
0
0
0.080
1.178
1.435
6.925
1.078
0.380
2.288
1.558
1.793
5.990
1.045
0.700
2.525
2.383
3.710
2.590
0.403
1.875
1.995
0.725
0.190
0.313
1.015
0.583
1.480
4.063
2.910
3.400
13.949
14.171
31.582

From the above calculation it is concluded that Kumarkhod, Shivjung, Surunga, Mahamai,
Mahavara & Danabari VDCs are most vulnerable because these VDCs lie in low elevation zone
of the watershed. Floods occur each year in these VDCs, with most of them being normal
floods. Normal floods occur during July, August, September, and they last for approximately 6-7
days. The height of the flood is between 0.5 meter in the village, and up to 3 meters in the
paddy fields. Discussions in both villages revealed that the most recent flood that caused
serious damage occurred in 1990, 1999 & 2008. During these years, about 200 household were
displaced by floods and they still live as flood refugees. Local villagers reported that flood
characteristics have not changed significantly in the last 10-15 years. However, they noted that
damaging floods appear to have occurred with greater regularity in recent years. Losses of
property increased and villagers suffered from flood each year from 1990-2009.
3.9 Socio Economic Analysis:
3.9.1 Demography:
The indigenous ethnicities in the study area are Rajbansi, Tajpuria, Satar, Dhimal, and Gangain.
Besides them, people of other ethnicities are migrated from hills and they are also resided here.
So other ethnic groups in the area include Bramhan, Chettri, Limbu, and Rai.

14

3.9.2 Economic Condition of the affected population:

The majority of people's livelihood is agriculture. It is about 80%. Despite their hard work,
people involved in farming do not have satisfactory living standard. The agricultural land is very
fertile and very suitable for paddy and wheat.
Other than agriculture, fishing, employments in the neighboring towns and India are the
income generating activities of some of the people. Due to low literacy rate, indigenous
ethnicities are back in different aspects compared to other ethnic groups residing in the project
area. Most of the people are suffering unemployment problem.
3.10 Impact of Flooding and Climate Change
Impacts of flooding and climate change on various social variables were analyzed using
participatory vulnerability assessment & semi structured questions among 150 respondents.
Perceptions of local people regarding climate change and flooding were drawn. The general
relation between increasing flooding and climate change were identified through the people's
perception. Altogether six variables were analyzed. Among them, the impact of flooding and
climate change was highest in agriculture productivity through reduction in crop production
mainly paddy and damage of rice fields. The other variable affected were on barren land,
household, livestock. The detail is as shown below in figure 13.

Figure 13: Impact of flooding and climate change

3.10.1 Impacts of Floods

Rice and Paddy Field Losses
CBS 2003 of Nepal states that, more than 80% of people livelihood is based on agriculture and
the economy of the country is also dominated by agriculture. More than 80% people live in
15

rural areas dependent upon subsistence farming, and the economy is based almost entirely on
agriculture with a single season rice crop dependent on the easterly monsoon.
Floods regularly destroy crops in the Terai and midhills of the country. Losing rice stocks and
paddy fields were the single most cited problem for villagers from floods. Paddy field damage is
devastating for some families and exacerbates an already precarious situation in terms of food
security. During one focus group discussion in study area, villagers estimated that 60-70 per
cent of the paddy fields are destroyed. It is not uncommon for some families to completely lose
their rice harvest for the year. Of those families who were categorized as wealthy, or having
enough, the average land area for paddy fields was 5 bighas. Some wealthy families in the
assessment produce 1.5 to 2 tonnes of rice per bigha annually. They may have some rice stocks
to continue feeding the family in case of losses. Those families in the poor category did not
fare as well. They owned an average of 1 to 2 bighas, while at the same time having one
additional member per household to feed than the wealthy families. After losing the rice crop
following a flood, previously landed families take one to two years to find new land. Villagers
said that severe floods occur around every three years, and each time up to 50 per cent of the
households must find new land to farm. They also said that, in addition to being located far
away, the new land may be less fertile, leading to decreased rice production from already low
quantities. Finally, additional help is required to clear the new land. If only one indicator is used
to assess vulnerability from the perspective of villagers, it would be whether a family has a
sufficient amount of rice throughout the year.
Table 8: Rice Sufficiency by Wealth Ranking
Rank
Status
Wealthy
Enough to sell (3-5 tons)
Middle
Enough to eat all year
Poor
Short 6 months
Very poor
Short 8-10 months

As with most of the other factors of vulnerability that are detailed below, seven VDC of Jhapa
and 4 VDC of Ilam are more vulnerable than other VDC of watershed.
Livestock losses:
Although rice losses and paddy field damage is a common and immediate impact on the
household, most villagers agreed that losing livestock was the most serious blow to long-term
livelihood and family security.
In rural area, the familys buffalos and cows are used as a savings mechanism. When a disaster
strikes or there is a medical emergency, families rely on the sale of livestock for large
expenditures. They act as a safety net and are often the most valuable asset in the household.
Across all wealth categories, the average family lost considerable number of livestock during
major floods. Considering that in rural community one buffalo can buy enough rice to feed four
or five people for an entire year, this is a terrible setback in the familys savings. Cows and
buffalo also play a key role in livelihood as draught animals in the paddy fields.

16

Disease
Following a flood, sanitation is a major concern in the village. People reported a number of
gastrointestinal diseases that would persist for weeks after a flood. This reduces the familys
ability to recover from flood losses and to maintain income. This is particularly a problem when
key labourers in the family become ill. For example, fishing is primarily a male occupation, so
this livelihood activity is closed off when men in the family are sick. People reported there is
increased number of mosquito. And in flood plain a new invasive species has appeared which is
likely to be increased very rapidly, which was not seen before.
House Damaging:
Most of the houses are built high on stilts, and the area beneath the house is used storage.
Nevertheless, 35 of the 150 villagers in the assessment reported housing damage ranging from
slight to total loss. A farmer in Shivjung VDC area said he felt that damage to his hut was the
greatest impact during the 1990 & 1999 flood aside from the destroyed rice. At the time about
96 family became homeless from Simalbadi VDC, Satasidham and Shivjung VDC.
While it is not a common problem within the community, this loss greatly impacts a few
villagers very significantly. They may also be the ones who are poorer and must farm land
farther away than wealthier villagers. The loss of housing at the paddy field takes considerable
resources in time and effort to rebuild the shelters. It is a cost that takes way from other
recovery efforts in farming or supporting the family.
Loss of Forest:
Upper part of watershed is occupied by forest. Some community forest areas are on the side of
river so the flooding has direct impact on forest. Loss of forest might cause direct impact on
local people's livelihood.
Loss of Barren Land:
Most barren land where animal use to graze was destroyed by flooding. From the field survey
and discussion with local people they reflected that most of the barren land or grasslands were
under high risk from flooding. Which has negative impact on their livelihood. Because most of
the people have livestock and livestock use to graze on barren land.
Vulnerability Score
Vulnerability score for the study area was calculated using a standard method provided by
"Participatory Tools and Techniques for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Exploring
Adaptation Options" a manual published by Livelihoods & Forestry Programme (2010). The
different values were assigned through the questionnaire survey, key informant discussion and
according to people's perception. All the rated values were analyzed using following an
empirical formula. The results show that agriculture system is in much vulnerable.
(Frequency + Area of Impact)*Magnitude = Vulnerability Score

17

Table 9: Vulnerability Score

Vulnerability
Sector
score
Agriculture
50
Forest
28
Infrastructure
8
Biodiversity
2
Settlement
21

Vulnerability in
percentage

45.87
25.69
7.34
1.83
19.27

Different 5 variables were identified from people's perception during field survey. The variables
were than ranked with rating value and final vulnerability score were calculated. From
vulnerability assessment it was found that Agriculture system is much more vulnerable than
other sector.
4. DISCUSSION
The applications of hydraulic model and GIS for floodplain analysis and risk mapping have been
limited in countries like Nepal, where the availability of the river geometric, topographic and
hydrological data are also very limited. The situation of river flooding in Nepal is also
completely different, as there is much higher variation in the river flows and rivers are
completely unregulated. There are very few flood control structures like spurs and dikes and
the river banks and boundary lines are not clearly defined. Hence, the floodplain analysis and
modeling are subject to number of new sets of constraints. This study presents an approach of
conducting a similar study, within these constraints.

HEC-RAS and ArcView GIS were the primary software packages used for this analysis.
HEC-GeoRAS extension facilitated the exchange of data between ArcView GIS and HECRAS.
The spot elevations and contour line are used to prepare the digital terrain model of the
study area so that it can represent the river channel and floodplains adequately.
The flood discharge of different return period is derived by different method. For safe
side the maximum of different methods are taken as flood discharge for the analysis.
During the model run in HEC-RAS, several aspects required were careful considered.
Risk assessment identified the flood prone areas, also the vulnerability in terms of the
type of land use affected and hazard related to the return period of flooding and flood
water depths.
Vulnerability assessment were done from two approach one was GIS based approach
and another was social approach
The social approach was participatory vulnerability assessment, questionnaire survey,
group discussion and key informants discussion. Finally 6 different variables and 5 area
were identified and rating was assigned through a scientific approach.
The results from GIS approach were verified with social approach.

18

5. CONCLUSION
Flood has remained a major problem of the Kankai River for years. These floods have been
reported to be more destructive to the VDCs bordering India. While fire, snakebites, droughts,
epidemics are also prevalent in the lower basin, flood induced inundation, sedimentation and
bank cutting are the major problems of the study area. The main problem associated with
Kankai River is its eroding nature. Valuable agricultural land and residential area is being lost
with each flood season due to bank cutting and water impoundment. It can be stated with
certainty that river is showing avulsion tendencies at some places and meandering in various
place. There is clear indication that the river morphology is changing. The deposition of sands in
the farmland by the torrents originating from the Chure/Siwalik range, inundation due to
flooding and bank cutting at various locations along Kankai River are affecting lives and
livelihoods of the people. This change is related to intensification of human activity in the
catchment area. Such activities are deforestation within the catchment area, unpredicted
weather condition, change in monsoon period, extension of agricultural land into the river flood
plains, extraction of rock, gravel from the river bed and the hills, extreme weather events etc.
Natural process such as change in precipitation pattern and human intervention are the main
causes of flood hazards. A relationship between floodwater and its surroundings is required to
prepare a flood hazard map. The flood hazard map was prepared using HEC-RAS and ArcView
GIS system by comparing with the information on flood hazard gathered in the field.
This study demonstrates a moderate-resolution spatial database for identifying agriculture field
& human settlements that are highly vulnerable to flooding. The lack of high-resolution digital
terrain data for developing countries also leads to difficulty in assessing the accuracy of the
classification results (Sanyal and Lu, 2004). In spite of these constraints, the study has resulted
in reasonably accurate database for flood mitigation. 25 year-return period flood and 50 yearreturn period flood hazard maps were prepared. The result shows that 59.3 sq. km & 59.8 of
the study area lie in flooding area in 25 years flood and 50 years flood respectively. Hazard
assessment proved that the area under high hazard zone was considerably increased from
47.64% in 25 years flood to 52.7 % in 50 years flood. From the flood warning and danger level
analysis it was found that the discharge trend has been consistently increased since 1995. The
discharge value obtained from flood frequency analysis for 25 years return period flood and 50
years period flood, both exceeds the discharge value 3200m3/s and lies on danger level and
responsible for flooding on the watershed.
The identification of vulnerable areas was done through social approaches including PVA tools,
key informants consultation and questionnaire survey. The result drawn from both social
approach and from GIS based approach proved that the agriculture system is in most
vulnerable position. More than 10 sq km. of the agriculture land is in high hazard zone. Eastern
districts are major sources of rice for the country. But this result makes the agriculture system
of the country in vulnerable position. Change in precipitation pattern and human intervention
were identified as the main causes of flood hazards. Changes in climate a nd monsoon pattern
made these areas more vulnerable. Special attention of the concerned body on this disaster
should be drawn for the mitigation and to minimize loss from damage.
19

6. RECOMMENDATION:
Hazard mapping should be carried out in a large scale to make an inventory of the
stability of areas such that developmental activities can be placed at proper (stable)
area.
Areas of high hazard need immediate attention, hence appropriate flood protection
measures should be taken earlier.
Conservation work in the watershed
Conservation of the existing forest by involving the local community.
Agro-forestry and conservation farming may be introduced in the upper part of the
watershed.
Grazing land should be properly managed.
Afforestration along banks of stream with gradients less than 150.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by NAPA Project under Ministry of Environment; Government of
Nepal. The authors would like to thank Ms. Kareff Rafisura, Mr. Gyanendra Karki, Mr. Post Bd.
Thapa, Mr. Rabin Raj Niraula, Mr. Uttam Paudel, Mr. Tulsi Dahal, Mr. Padam Pandey, Mr.
Anurag Dawadi and Mr. Manik Marki and NAPA team for their continuous support.
Disclaimer:
The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author/s and do
not necessarily reflect the view of the NAPA Project/Ministry of Environment, or its
development partners.
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Floodplain Analysis and Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Lakhandei River, Nepal
Proceedings of International Conference on Monitoring, Prediction and Mitigation of
Water-Related Disasters, MPMD - 2005. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan pp.335-341.
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Baida S.K, Regmi R.K., Shrestha M.L.,2007. Climate profile and observed climate change and
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22

Annex-Section

23

Annex B: Process Flow Diagram for using HEC-GeoRAS (Source USACE, 2002)
Start an ArcView
Project

1.

2.
3.

GIS data development

preRAS menu

4.
5.
6.

Generate RAS GIS Import

File

Run HEC-RAS

7.
8.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Create stream centerline

a.
Label river and reach names
b. Attribute theme
c.
Extract elevation
Create Banks theme
Create flow path centerlines
a.
Label flow path
Create/edit land use theme
a.
Estimate n-values
Create levee alignment
a.
Extract/input elevation
Create cross section cut lines
a.
Attribute theme
b. Exact elevations
Create ineffective flow areas
Create storage areas
a.
Extract elevation-volume
Create new project
Import RAS GIS import file
Complete geometric, hydraulic structure
and flow data
Compute HEC-RAS results
Review results for hydraulic correctness

Enough Cross
Section?

Generate RAS GIS Export

Fille
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RAS Results processing

postRAS menu

Import RAS GIS export file

Generate water surface TIN
Generate Floodplain and depth grid
Generate velocity TIN
Generate Velocity gird

Correct Inudated
Area?

Reduce grid
cell size

Enough cross
section

Detailed
floodplain analysis

Sufficient Map
detail?

24

Annex C: profile of Kankai River

Figure C: Plan depicting river centre line and cross-section lines (drawn on the DEM) as well as
the river stations of the Kankai River exported to HEC-RAS environment from ArcView. The
numbers correspond to the cross-section lines.

25

Annex D:

Figure D: Plan depicting river centre line and cross-section lines (3D view) as well as the river
stations of the Kankai River exported to HEC-RAS environment from ArcView. The numbers
correspond to the cross-section lines.

26

Annex E:
kankai

Plan: Plan 01

11/13/2010
.35

.
3
5

.35
280

Legend

EG PF 2

EG PF 1
260

WS PF 2

Crit PF 2
Elevation (m)

WS PF 1
240

Crit PF 1

Ground

Bank Sta
220

200

180

800

600

400

200

1000

Station (m)

Figure: Cross section of kankai river at 52053.72

kankai

Plan: Plan 01
.35

.
3
5

.35
260

11/13/2010

Legend

EG PF 2

EG PF 1

240

WS PF 2

WS PF 1
Elevation (m)

220

Ground

Bank Sta
200

180

160

140

200

400

600

800

Station (m)

Figure: Cross section of Kankai river at 43917.62

27

1000

1200

kankai

Pl an: Plan 01

11/13/2010
.35

.35

.35
111

Legend

EG PF 2
110

WS PF 2

EG PF 1
109

WS PF 1

Elevation (m)

Ground

Bank Sta

108

107

106

105

104

2000

1500

1000

500

2500

Station (m)

Figure: Cross section of Kankai river at 19992.05

kankai
.35

Plan: Plan 01

11/13/2010
.35

.35

115

Legend

EG PF 2
110

WS PF 2

EG PF 1
105

WS PF 1

Elevation (m)

Ground

Bank Sta

100

95

90

85

80

200

400

600

800

1200

1000

Station (m)

Figure: Cross section of Kankai river at 7650.035

28

1400

1600

Annex F1: Average monthly discharge of Kankai river at Mainachuli station (795)
Year
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
1972 16.2 14.1 10.5 11.9 14.8 72.5
181 55.5
178 20.1 17.1 12.7
50.4
1973 10.1 8.97
8.1 6.64 13.3 86.9 89.1
175 89.7
149 33.2 20.5
57.5
1974 15.7 11.1
9.4 13.4 23.4 93.6
356
193
151 94.5 38.1 16.6
84.7
1975 10.8 9.33
8.1 9.61 17.2
130
212 86.9
111 43.5 18.2
17
56.2
1976 12.5 12.7 8.14 11.7 17.6 83.7
162
338
102 30.9 12.8
8.9
66.7
1977 7.38 7.87 7.69 32.9 90.4
110 95.8
160
118 99.8 43.4 24.9
66.5
1978
17 10.1 8.46 10.7
23
116
177 81.7 68.1 29.7 20.5
12
47.8
1979 7.66 6.87 5.99 6.09 7.11 18.6
188
130 82.5 43.4 24.9 26.9
45.6
1980 11.8 6.46 6.12 6.13 10.3 34.9
146
158 76.4 31.1 15.7 11.7
42.9
1981 9.58 8.34 7.64 8.22 13.2 31.7
320
174 49.3 27.4 17.3 9.78
56.4
1982 8.38 6.49 5.96 8.33 11.5 66.1
197
110
124 32.5 25.1 13.9
50.8
1983 9.94 9.11
9 9.15
15 25.6
179 79.1
101 48.8 26.6 15.2
43.9
1984 12.8 9.78 8.64 10.3 14.1
63
271
149
149 36.4 21.2 23.3
64
1985 7.87 8.31 7.24 6.81 14.1 41.8
260 ...
82.4
119 21.1 13.7 ...
1986 9.83 6.79 6.77
8.4 11.7 21.9 86.1 64.4
173 41.5
24 18.3
39.4
1987 12.7 10.6 11.6 12.3 12.3 23.8 69.1
564
162 43.5
19 15.6
79.7
1988 14.4 13.2 14.2 13.4 18.7
22
105
259 61.4 27.8 23.8 16.7
49.2
1989 12.8 10.3 9.72 8.17 26.1 66.9
131 76.5
154 45.7 28.8 19.8
49.1
1990 14.3 14.4 13.7 12.2 35.6 82.4
146
235 96.3 45.1 23.3 14.8
61
1991 12.3 7.53 9.28
10
12 93.3 77.2
164
227 29.4 20.3 12.8
56.3
1992 10.5 9.31 7.73 7.24 9.71
15
105 71.7 66.3 36.5 20.7 15.5
31.3
1993 11.5 8.48
7.5 8.25 11.5 36.8 83.8 80.3 57.9 38.7 17.4 8.13
30.8
1994 7.54 7.08 5.56 5.24 6.77 22.3 48.9
110
114 53.2 22.6
17
35.1
1995 13.6 10.9
9.2 8.98 14.7
120
270
184
146 73.5 48.5 21.6
76.8
1996 19.5 15.6 11.8 9.01 15.4 51.6
378
298
130 53.3 16.6
10
84.1
1997 10.9 9.87 8.97 12.3
15 33.4 75.3
119 72.4 23.9 14.5 13.5
34.1
1998 12.9
11 13.5 22.8 32.8 69.3
295
209
151 60.5 39.4 21.9
78.2
1999 17.5 14.7 12.7 13.2 27.8
154
252
291
171
114 45.8 22.2
94.7
2000 16.1 14.3 11.9 23.6 43.8 98.4
167
156
127 32.5 16.7 9.39
59.8
2001 10.5 9.32 8.64 8.95 24.9 40.3 84.7
139
153
209 24.4 13.9
60.5
2002 11.4 10.6 12.6 19.6 33.8 61.2
498
125
94 56.4 22.2 12.4
79.8
2003 11.1 11.3 10.9 10.3 10.7 65.5
361
140
151
109
29 14.7
77
2004 13.3 11.4 11.6 12.6 27.1
98 261 99.1 137 65.8 27.2 14.1
64.8
10.2
8.7
8.74
8.85
11.2
24.2
135
271
74.9
35.6
16.8
10.2
2005
51.3
2006 11.2 10.3 9.65 13.1 19.2 106 189 153 285 77.3 30.2 14.3
76.5
Average:

12.1

10.2

9.35

11.4

20.2

65.2

29

190

168

123

59.3

24.7

15.5

58.9

Annex F2: Peak discharge calculated by Gumbel's distribution

S.N.

Year

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

1990
1981
2002
2003
1974
1999
2001
1983
1996
1978
1979
1985
1995
1987
1989
1991
1972
1998
1986
1994
1975
1997
1984
1976
1973
1977
1988
1980
1992
2000
1982
1993

Peak
dischargev(m3/s
) arranged in
descending
order
7500
6430
6050
5920
5700
5680
5600
5500
5350
5250
4900
4330
4230
4150
3850
3790
3690
3390
2900
2900
2790
2700
2640
2380
2360
2020
1900
1780
1490
1330
1000
992
Original series
3765.375
1770.660

Rank
M

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
31

Probability
of
exceedence

0.030
0.061
0.091
0.121
0.152
0.182
0.212
0.242
0.273
0.303
0.333
0.364
0.394
0.424
0.455
0.485
0.515
0.545
0.576
0.606
0.636
0.667
0.697
0.727
0.758
0.788
0.818
0.848
0.879
0.909
0.939
0.939
Statistical parameters
Mean
Standard Deviation
30

Return
period
T =1/p

Reduced Variants
y=-ln[ln{T-1}]

33.000
16.500
11.000
8.250
6.600
5.500
4.714
4.125
3.667
3.300
3.000
2.750
2.538
2.357
2.200
2.063
1.941
1.833
1.737
1.650
1.571
1.500
1.435
1.375
1.320
1.269
1.222
1.179
1.138
1.100
1.065
1.065

y
y

3.481
2.772
2.351
2.046
1.806
1.606
1.434
1.281
1.144
1.019
0.903
0.794
0.692
0.594
0.501
0.411
0.323
0.238
0.154
0.071
-0.012
-0.094
-0.177
-0.262
-0.349
-0.439
-0.533
-0.635
-0.747
-0.875
-1.031
-1.031
Reduced series
0.582
1.092

Cv = /

0.470

Return
Period T

Reduced
Variants
y=-ln[ln{T-1}]
4.6001
3.9019
3.1985
2.9702
2.6738
2.2504

100
50
25
20
15
10

Coefficient of variation

Cvy= y/ y

Frequency factor

3.6794
3.0401
2.3960
2.1869
1.9155
1.5278

31

T year flood
10280.36
9148.31
8007.84
7637.63
7156.99
6470.53

1.877

Annex G:
Records of monthly rainfall at Gaida (Kankai)
Latitude (deg/min): 26/35 Longitude (deg/min): 87/54 Elevation (m): 143 Rainfall (mm): Gaida
(Kankai)
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1985
0
24 23.5
12 465.5 423.5
902 353.6 241.5
256
15
1986
0
0.8
0 29.6 197.5 265.9 581.4 394.8 434.6 163.3
4.6
1987
0 14.1 79.9 147.7 73.9 471.8 498.6 1370.8 597.3 232.2
7.4
1988
2.6 27.9
80 143.1 219.8 125.9 820.7 695.9
289
98 31.2
1989 17.8 23.6
4.6
4 420.7 557.6 810.6 552.3 1141.1 98.8 45.8
1990
6.2 28.9 24.8 85.7 565.7 782.3 716.7 670.7 459.8 53.1
0
1991 12.2
1.5 24.9 50.3 89.3 714.7 236.2 749.5 930.1 172.7
0
1992
2.2
2.8
0 10.5 215.9 162.1 1014.5 299.8
308 91.4
0
1993 23.2
7.8 41.6 118.6 161.1 438.1 958.5 672.1 310.1 320.6 60.3
1994 50.6 61.5 23.2 29.9 149.1 401.4 335.9 742.3 413.9
7.8
7.8
1995
2.8 13.8 11.4
2.8 233.6 704.7 646.1 458.4 319.5 145.2 74.4
1996 42.8 12.8
2.6 25.9 290.3 378.9 1248.2 449.6 247.2 137.5
0
1997 18.4
6.6 16.7 124.6 92.3 343.2 608.8 349.8
719
8.2
0
1998
0
2.8 90.1 101.8 119.9 502.6
1054 1347.6 419.5 115.1
8
1999
0
0
8.5 43.2 210.5 334.2 837.5
814 508.6 275.2
6.6
2000
0 10.6
0 100.2 142.7
422 831.7 745.9 211.9 89.8 28.3
2001
1.2
0.9 12.5 98.2 205.5 348.3 462.7
434 403.3 426.8 46.5
2002
58
0 12.9 91.4 188.9 450.7 937.3 246.5 195.9 129.7
0
2003
0.6 28.2 17.8 41.3
132 428.6 1159.6 381.8 304.1 201.7 34.1
2004 20.4
0 10.2 93.2 245.3 308.7
903 327.1 412.7 130.7
0
2005 23.4
8
49 46.6 110.9 198.6 436.8 757.8 110.2 91.1
0

61
8.2
0.2
3.4
2.8
0
9.2
52
0
0
24.9
0
45.7
0
0
0
0
0
18.3
0
0

Records of monthly rainfall at Sanischare

Latitude (deg/min): 26/41 Longitude (deg/min): 87/58 Elevation (m): 168 Rainfall (mm):
Sanischare
Year Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1985
0 16.1 32.7 25.7
294 357.1 835.1
414 267.9
364 40.1
0
1986
0
1.5
0 42.6 135.8 404.3 801.1 378.7 302.7 156.8
0
8.3
1987
0 30.1 46.7 42.2 90.3 369.2 625.5 1043.8 674.4 147.9
4.2
0
1988
7.9 49.7 75.2 142.3 231.4 114.3 790.9 905.5 266.9 17.5
32
1.9
1989 45.1 15.5
5.1
8.5 420.3 781.2 624.7 570.1 788.1 172.8 18.9
7.4
1990
0 25.8
41 92.8 357.8 554.4 583.1 637.7 584.7 72.5
0
0
1991 16.2
0 16.5 86.7 94.3
924 478.2 664.8 897.2 71.6
0 10.8
1992
0.4
3.4
0
8.4 175.6 278.2 1132.6 377.2 274.7 111.5
0
14
1993 18.6 29.8
25
66 178.9 738.4 762.7
546 296.8 229.7 104.2
0
32

1994 62.1
1995
0
1996 49.4
1997
0.8
1998
0
1999
0
2000
0
2001 DNA
2002 49.8
2003
10
2004 22.6
2005 34.2

96.8 64.2 107.2 197.8 266.5 440.6

23.2 15.8
9 359.2 1002.1 847.3
19.4
9.2
16
277 483.7 1153.5
15.6
40 91.9 69.4 390.4 613.7
1.2 122.4 107.2 83.2 756.6
1052
0
7
66 140.2 439.3
661
16.6
0 166.7 431.2 680.2 781.2
12.6
9 60.6 258.4 372.4 555.4
0 32.8
83
184 415.4 1135.7
53.5 30.2 46.4 62.6 545.2 1221.2
0 13.4 130.6 112.8 509.4 1003.4
8.6 43.3
74
99 231.2 458.8

323.2
686.5
592.4
393.7
872.4
1005
768.5
424.1
314.8
515
364.7
639.8

Records of monthly rainfall at Damak

Latitude(deg/min):26/40 Longitude(deg/min): 87/42 Elevation(m): 163
Damak

Year Jan
Feb
Mar
1985
3.5
1
0
1986
0
0
2
1987
5 11.5 32.6
1988
5 42.5 90.5
1989
10 47.5
12
1990
0 28.5 76.2
1991
11
0
1.5
1992
2
0
0
1993 20.1
7.1 17.5
1994 68.4 69.4 39.1
1995
0
0 21.2
1996 18.7 10.9
0
1997
0 10.8
18
1998 94.2
5.4 85.5
1999
0
0
0
2000
21 17.7
0
2001
0
0 16.3
2002 64.2
3.1 35.2
2003 10.3 34.8 28.9
2004
32
0 12.5
2005
9.7
7.6 80.9

Apr
67.1
40
50.5
117.2
0
48.5
29.4
5.1
34.8
28.9
125.6
14.2
66.9
122.1
12.8
122.5
79
125.3
49.9
112.6
54.3

May
361
155.2
78.5
225
314.5
382.8
68.6
144
203.8
116.7
233.5
271.4
133.4
151.3
243.6
349.8
174.6
137.3
113.3
198.7
76.4

Jun
Jul
Aug
501.8 775.3 137.1
333.9 466.6 457.5
452.6
567 1118.2
151.3 661.6
565
573.5 962.7 497.7
486.1 501.6 622.6
550.9
242
706
163.8 787.8 307.1
246.3 535.7 561.5
275.1 314.3 458.1
551 708.7 527.8
355.3 1224.7 536.4
369.8 428.3 266.3
522.8 919.4 834.2
372 843.9 798.3
740.6 600.3 905.8
179.1
282
437
313 931.7
94.6
364.3 791.7 244.5
406.2 703.1 207.9
214.3 273.3 748.1

33

420
313.6
187.9
504.1
342.4
384
163
535.2
226.6
408.6
422.3
110.2

2.6 11.8
1
118.6 73.2 22.2
72.5
0
0
7.6 13.2 53.1
88.2
0
0
162.6 34.5
0
73.6 23.2
0
518.9 109.6 DNA
129
0
0
244.7
0
0
153.4
0
6.6
92.4
0
6.6

Rainfall (mm):

Sep
297.4
317.9
459.6
274.7
821.8
324
536.6
230.6
190.1
215.6
356.6
285.2
690.6
153
372
210.7
582
124.6
240.1
476.8
113.9

Oct
Nov Dec
224.5 13.5
46
139.5
0
5
204.5
0
0
36.7 20.5
3.4
79.3
11
0
78
0
0
190.7
0
4.3
149.2
0 15.1
225.2 28.2
0
0
0
0
159.9 99.2 15.3
74.2
0
0
DNA DNA DNA
148.1 22.9
0
81.3 16.9
0
61.3 30.5
0
462 13.6 DNA
49.2
0
0
102.5
0 69.5
159.7
1.8
0
77.1
0
0

Records of monthly rainfall at Ilam Tea Estate

Latitude(deg/min):26/55 Longitude(deg/min): 87/54 Elevation (m):1300
Ilam Tea Estate
Year Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
1985
0
29
2 32.5
143 205.5
732 170.4 263.5
1987
5 33.5
75
72
135
250
448 857.5 469.5
1988
6
24
39 78.5
200 108.5 544.5 481.5 100.8
1989
44 46.5 24.5
9.5 193.5
428
511 234.5
557
1990
0
56 46.5
58
205 423.5 370.5
349
367
1991
50
2.5
17
30
106
496 263.5
370
453
1992
3.6
22
0
42 132.4 211.1 556.4 197.5 212.3
1993 21.5
3.4 11.8 90.5 191.8 313.3 369.3 347.6
233
1994 33.6 39.2
7.5 16.3 148.6 281.2 314.9 288.4 135.6
1995 13.6 13.8 34.8 18.4 88.4 464.8 573.8 435.3
277
1996 42.8
6.2 27.2 51.4
61
295 545.6 520.7 100.9
1997 10.4 27.2 10.4 174.6 49.6 249.4 230.9
642 448.8
1998
0
2 124.4 166.9 99.2 329.9 561.5 418.8
224
1999
0.6
0
0 38.5 122.6 440.2 516.6 567.4 266.2
2000
8.2
0.1
0 54.4 257.2 379.6 309.8 332.2 186.7
2001
0 24.5
0 34.5 97.2 168.4 254.2
230 188.5
2002 23.6
0 13.4 65.6 92.8
303 584.1 347.4 83.2
2003 16.6 41.2 33.4 79.8 73.6 387.1 784.2 297.4 101.9
2004 27.4
0 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA
2005 DNA
0
30 50.4 119.9 DNA 290.6 DNA
41.9

34

Rainfall (mm):

Oct
Nov
Dec
199
7
25
173
26
4
10
49
0
48.5
3 11.5
62
0
0
0
0
12
28
0
1
50.6 16.3
0
0
2.6
3
17.4 155.8 14.4
30.8
0
0
4
0 70.8
106.8 21.8
0
124.2
0
1.4
16.4
0
0
333.4
0
0
28.6
0
0
148.8
0 36.6
DNA DNA DNA
60.2
0
0

Topographic survey data

Annex: H

Y
587,537.50
586,870.58
587,522.18
587,512.78
587,508.09
587,479.31
587,452.47
587,426.11
587,397.58
587,369.83
587,343.40
587,314.12
587,286.31
587,266.32
587,239.81
587,635.76
587,635.76
587,175.69
587,148.76
587,120.09
587,092.78
587,064.83
587,037.12
587,010.02
586,981.60
586,954.61
586,927.05
586,900.25
586,902.17
586,868.48
587537.507
587734.068
587694.166
587694.163
586909.052
587451.327
587356.344
587467.964
587485.884

Z
2,949,150.00
2,949,372.31
2,949,155.11
2,949,158.24
2,949,159.80
2,949,169.40
2,949,178.34
2,949,187.13
2,949,196.64
2,949,205.89
2,949,214.70
2,949,224.46
2,949,233.73
2,949,240.39
2,949,249.23
2,949,723.06
2,949,723.05
2,949,270.60
2,949,279.58
2,949,289.14
2,949,298.24
2,949,307.56
2,949,316.79
2,949,325.82
2,949,335.30
2,949,344.30
2,949,353.48
2,949,362.42
2,949,361.78
2,949,373.01
2949150.012
2950296.078
2950157.557
2950157.541
2949783.667
2949738.434
2949746.357
2949737.046
2949735.552

120.000
120.000
112.989
112.330
110.299
110.295
109.916
110.172
110.396
110.925
109.442
109.838
109.836
109.281
109.322
111.761
111.786
110.504
110.707
110.240
110.295
110.372
110.131
110.189
110.353
110.267
110.129
109.264
109.755
120.295
119.941
119.970
112.530
112.522
115.430
110.016
110.674
110.607
110.714

Remarks
K1
K2
Bridge botam
Paire

Water level
Water level
k-3
k-3
Water level
Water level
Sand bar

Bridge top

k4
k4
Bank top
Bed level
Water level
Water level
Water level

X
587499.236
587521.788
587525.737
587532.850
587551.027
587570.013
587597.867
587626.524
586937.570
586967.386
586996.998
587026.877
587037.836
587056.791
587086.986
587116.565
587136.084
587157.220
587187.202
587226.765
587246.482
587286.861
587345.786
587667.951
587688.349
587727.069
587750.011
587771.968
587804.991
587835.336
587862.925
587875.611
586991.714
587022.891

Y
2949734.438
2949732.557
2949732.227
2949731.634
2949730.118
2949728.534
2949726.211
2949723.820
2949781.288
2949778.801
2949776.331
2949773.839
2949772.925
2949771.344
2949768.825
2949766.358
2949764.730
2949762.967
2949760.466
2949757.166
2949755.521
2949752.153
2949747.238
2949720.363
2949718.661
2949715.429
2949713.514
2949711.682
2949708.926
2949706.393
2949704.090
2949703.032
2949776.803
2949774.201

Remarks
111.200
111.374
111.364
111.699
112.092
111.796
111.742
111.699
112.753
112.487
112.387
111.790
111.773
111.741
111.757
111.817
112.457
111.656
111.574
110.791
111.613
110.857
111.888
111.655
110.877
112.203
112.338
112.256
112.372
112.641
113.972 Bank top
113.968 Field
112.434 river
111.864

587635.761
587752.565
587765.932
587765.931
587979.392

2949723.060
2950592.021
2950598.412
2950598.411
2950082.261

111.700
111.692
112.164
112.180
114.883

35

k-3
k-3
k-5
k-5
Bank top

Y
587939.563
587905.446
587889.050
587870.289
587824.239
587781.192
587772.173
587762.794
587722.329
587678.966
587691.287
587659.917
587612.016
587584.599
587532.501
587528.603
586998.634
587003.550
587031.302
587057.361
587067.159
587103.599
587139.453
587153.080
587176.499
587203.222
587231.039
587249.133
587275.627
587321.552
587357.867
587385.374
587412.538
587439.722
587466.868
587475.471
587503.797
587530.637
587765.932
587694.159

Z
2950092.773
2950101.777
2950106.105
2950111.056
2950123.210
2950134.572
2950136.952
2950139.427
2950150.107
2950164.558
2950158.869
2950173.354
2950195.472
2950208.132
2950232.188
2950233.987
2950478.697
2950476.428
2950463.613
2950451.581
2950447.057
2950430.231
2950413.675
2950407.383
2950396.570
2950384.230
2950371.386
2950363.031
2950350.797
2950329.592
2950312.824
2950300.123
2950287.580
2950275.028
2950262.493
2950258.521
2950245.441
2950233.048
2950598.412
2950157.515

113.266
113.486
113.396
113.369
113.212
112.785
112.896
112.916
112.822
112.184
112.417
111.116
111.110
110.529
111.137
113.083
116.294
113.513
113.430
112.629
112.530
112.516
112.400
112.320
112.300
112.100
112.094
112.003
112.004
111.994
111.600
111.589
111.259
111.529
111.590
111.765
112.005
111.905
112.164
112.374

Remarks
Bank bottom
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand

Water level

Water level
Bank top
Bank top
Bank bottom

k-5
k-4

Topographic survey data

587694.137
587924.667
587607.180
588168.649
588141.246
588106.453
588063.321
588043.153
587998.629
587954.780
587914.200
587857.145
587817.603
587786.512
587755.974
587739.338
587724.666
587691.610
587688.086

2950157.517
2950940.896
2950255.934
2950459.438
2950468.895
2950480.901
2950495.786
2950502.746
2950518.111
2950533.243
2950547.246
2950566.935
2950580.581
2950591.310
2950603.941
2950613.177
2950621.323
2950639.676
2950641.632

112.374
114.009
114.016
117.042
114.234
114.386
113.946
113.827
113.747
113.275
113.469
113.462
112.160
112.149
111.954
110.219
112.004
112.672
114.816

587765.956
587765.966
587964.452
587964.441
587942.017
587895.547
587940.544
587863.404
587821.877
587773.285
587764.250
588346.046
588319.216
588276.958
588232.084
588172.136
588201.333
588146.866
588105.885
588078.994

2950598.462
2950598.464
2951427.256
2951427.261
2950935.303
2950950.283
2950935.778
2950960.644
2950974.031
2950989.694
2950992.607
2950805.064
2950813.713
2950827.335
2950841.800
2950861.124
2950851.712
2950869.270
2950882.480
2950891.148

112.075
112.071
115.321
115.321
112.620
114.001
113.628
113.817
113.939
114.066
115.326
117.663
114.634
114.950
114.960
115.160
115.168
115.175
114.918
114.939

Remarks
k-4
k-6 (L)
k-6 (R)
Bank top
Bank bottom
Sand
Sand
Sand

Water level
Water level
Water level
Bank bottom
Bank top
k-5
k-5
k-7
k-7
Water level
Bank
Bank
Bank
Bank
Bank
Bank
Bank top
Bank bottom
Sand
Sand
Sand

X
588070.175
588043.455
588018.132
587989.863
587953.218

Y
2950893.991
2950902.605
2950910.767
2950919.880
2950931.692

Remarks
113.828
113.699
113.008
112.626 Water level
112.158 Bed level

587924.659
587924.648
588024.708
587826.756
587949.282
587914.947
587865.566
587877.585
587841.214
587820.101
587781.496
587717.197
587705.539
587685.731
587658.883
587623.727
587586.955
587562.004
587536.713
587489.802
587485.787
587980.477
587993.633
588060.854
588071.181
588110.345
588145.135
588177.219
588196.713
588225.516
588234.798
588270.964
588308.591
588332.071

2950940.803
2950940.806
2951995.372
2951981.649
2951431.800
2951442.086
2951456.879
2951453.279
2951464.174
2951470.499
2951482.064
2951501.326
2951504.818
2951510.752
2951518.794
2951529.326
2951540.342
2951547.816
2951555.393
2951569.446
2951570.648
2951431.051
2951434.167
2951450.086
2951452.532
2951461.807
2951470.046
2951477.644
2951482.261
2951489.082
2951491.280
2951499.845
2951508.756
2951514.317

113.845
113.856
117.550
117.581
115.039
114.558
114.923
114.768
116.992
117.092
117.185
116.885
116.764
117.044
117.092
117.311
117.499
117.770
117.860
121.517
121.480
115.251
114.852
114.747
114.354
114.252
113.840
113.715
113.243
113.743
115.882
116.482
119.034
119.056

36

k-8
k-8

Bank
Bank

Water level
Water level
Water level
Bank
Bank
Bank top
Field

587964.455
587964.454
588162.367
588200.889
588233.508
588272.915
588415.089
588320.694
588109.835
588085.577
588063.059
588038.991
588032.681
588013.764
588009.328
587994.518
587970.551
588155.368
587949.696
588123.247
587896.950
588003.334

2951427.278
2951427.277
2951995.242
2951995.205
2951995.174
2951995.137
2951995.002
2951995.091
2951995.291
2951995.314
2951995.336
2951995.358
2951995.364
2951995.382
2951995.387
2951995.401
2951995.423
2952429.047
2951995.443
2952505.475
2951995.493
2952464.335

115.201
115.198
114.898
115.573
119.152
120.614
122.351
125.351
114.905
115.571
115.930
115.016
115.011
117.787
117.453
117.503
117.415
121.743
117.814
123.273
118.691
127.337

585937.500
586429.678
585714.854
586300.526
586300.532
586354.522
586300.038
586286.427
586271.846
586249.946
586237.266
586219.700
586228.602
586195.201
586167.707
586133.980

2960737.500
2961250.882
2961060.818
2960338.263
2960338.276
2961253.572
2961252.723
2961233.379
2961212.657
2961181.534
2961163.514
2961138.549
2961151.201
2961103.733
2961064.660
2961016.729

150.000
153.644
153.644
149.045
149.006
153.626
152.946
152.694
152.242
152.097
151.916
151.886
151.799
151.651
151.412
150.681

Remarks
k-7
k-7
Water level

Water level
Sand

Sand
Sand

Dam

House

k-100
Lodiya Khola & road
k-101
k-99
k-99
x- section at axis thought river
Road cl
Field
Field
Field

Topographic survey data

Remarks

586090.079
586063.950
586049.453
586019.336
585998.099
585973.349
585960.433
585958.459
585951.107
585921.076
585911.933
585897.425
585895.471
585874.949
585848.080
585885.523
585816.185
585793.179
585762.454
585761.787
585757.723
585726.091
585705.232
585699.554
585674.069
585639.715
585615.763
585583.078
585549.501
585520.304
585481.652
585459.882
585456.248
585447.643
585435.812
585545.699
585937.500

2960954.338
2960917.205
2960896.602
2960853.802
2960823.621
2960788.446
2960770.091
2960767.286
2960756.838
2960714.195
2960701.220
2960680.632
2960677.859
2960648.738
2960610.610
2960663.743
2960565.350
2960532.703
2960489.105
2960488.158
2960482.390
2960437.504
2960407.904
2960399.846
2960363.683
2960314.933
2960280.945
2960234.563
2960186.917
2960145.485
2960090.637
2960059.744
2960054.587
2960042.377
2960025.588
2960038.335
2960737.500

151.172
150.243
150.309
150.869
150.166
150.302
150.423
149.392
149.829
149.393
148.917
149.629
150.614
150.575
150.925
150.058
150.068
150.042
149.534
149.680
150.858
150.622
151.203
150.893
150.711
151.189
151.372
151.682
152.025
152.402
152.723
152.337
155.664
152.985
159.385
154.274
151.410

585937.500
585937.500

2960737.500
2960737.500

150.605
149.120

Water level
Bed level
Water level
River bank

Bank

Chepe Khola
Campus north

586643.013
586643.005
585923.434
585900.493
585950.233
585967.084
585982.103
585975.577
586006.995
586035.443
586062.808
586089.558
586121.278
586141.463
586173.647
586218.022
586226.267
586236.936
586263.251
586282.038
586347.919
586375.114
586399.956
586432.115
586469.479
586507.031
586545.707
586580.764
586637.054
586678.360

2959963.571
2959963.561
2959995.374
2959974.513
2960019.742
2960035.064
2960048.721
2960042.788
2960071.355
2960097.224
2960122.106
2960146.430
2960175.274
2960193.628
2960222.892
2960263.243
2960270.740
2960280.441
2960304.369
2960321.452
2960381.358
2960406.086
2960428.675
2960457.917
2960491.892
2960526.038
2960561.206
2960593.083
2960644.267
2960681.826

147.434
147.393
150.020
155.225
149.962
149.936
149.836
149.424
149.292
149.266
148.361
149.096
149.296
148.195
148.863
147.668
147.652
149.569
149.239
149.191
148.384
148.121
147.817
148.056
147.899
149.043
149.028
149.233
150.298
151.235

586300.527
586300.522
586942.710
586942.693
586620.019
586588.843
586565.808
586362.558
586539.047

2960338.262
2960338.268
2959540.092
2959540.117
2959942.554
2959914.057
2959893.002
2959708.814
2959869.132

148.912
148.912
144.542
144.557
147.248
146.379
147.040
148.370
146.593

37

Remarks
k-98
k-98
Bank bottom
Bank top
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand

Water level
Water level

Bank top
Sand bar

Bank
k-99
k-99
k-97
k-97
Sand
Sand
Sand
Gully
Gully

587080.712
587071.857
587061.222
586143.509
586496.814
587031.168
586998.057
586968.068
586963.860
586941.551
586913.327
586901.635
586882.625
586872.110
586811.115
586441.902
586448.212
586802.300
586429.170
586422.348
586399.235
586771.976
586371.219
586354.424
586344.900
586723.916
586697.982
586672.084
586665.881
586674.669
586658.395

2960363.649
2960355.555
2960345.834
2959757.397
2959829.938
2960318.364
2960288.098
2960260.687
2960256.841
2960236.449
2960210.651
2960199.964
2960182.588
2960172.977
2960117.225
2959779.746
2959785.513
2960109.167
2959768.109
2959761.873
2959740.747
2960081.449
2959715.138
2959699.786
2959691.082
2960037.521
2960013.815
2959990.144
2959984.473
2959992.506
2959977.631

150.923
148.983
147.664
147.620
145.898
147.929
148.105
148.020
148.139
148.006
147.606
147.653
147.529
147.520
146.117
147.366
145.801
147.682
145.752
147.523
147.677
146.942
148.120
148.218
148.356
147.170
146.747
146.687
146.587
147.328
147.261

586643.024
587236.795
587236.795
587297.746
587305.710
587255.449
587226.862
587224.206

2959963.555
2959169.136
2959169.136
2959817.043
2959823.256
2959784.048
2959761.749
2959759.677

144.677
144.838
144.863
146.527
146.738
145.726
145.695
145.728

Remarks
Bank
Bank bottom

Water level
Water level
Water level

Water level
Sand bar
Water level
Sand bar
Water level
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
k-98
k-96
k-96
Bank bottom
Bank
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar

Topographic survey data

X
587184.083
587152.386
587171.669
587140.130
587119.660
587114.060
587062.792
587092.821
587035.273
587014.753
586994.133
586962.890
586952.323
586930.357
586924.260

Y
2959728.378
2959703.653
2959718.695
2959694.092
2959678.125
2959673.756
2959633.764
2959657.188
2959612.297
2959596.290
2959580.205
2959555.834
2959547.591
2959526.394
2959519.632

Z
145.841
145.546
145.572
145.492
145.609
145.066
145.092
145.118
144.566
143.916
143.487
143.927
144.172
144.821
146.930

Remarks
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Water level
Bed level
Water level
Sand bar
Bank bottom
Bank top

586942.710
587548.425
587548.445
587492.769
587489.695
587469.948
587441.181
587409.324
587342.983
587322.018
587298.007
587276.586
587241.077
587256.958
587169.271
587212.662
587100.879
587157.831
587130.716
587023.144
587016.428

2959540.092
2958780.151
2958780.224
2959290.717
2959289.257
2959279.877
2959266.214
2959251.083
2959289.548
2959265.774
2959238.548
2959214.257
2959173.992
2959192.000
2959092.568
2959141.771
2959015.014
2959079.595
2959048.848
2958926.866
2958919.251

146.288
142.577
142.550
148.259
144.235
142.837
142.804
143.027
142.926
144.182
144.654
144.629
143.647
144.493
144.802
144.980
145.542
145.277
145.364
147.271
151.016

k-95
k-95
b top
Bank bottom
Water level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar

587236.794
587707.598

2959169.135
2958310.597

144.948 k-96
144.193 k-94

X
587389.262
587623.286
587628.457
587618.361
587475.036
587583.817
587431.793
587525.100
587370.105
587316.629
587257.215
587097.515
587040.380
586974.285
586759.493

Y
2959249.713
2958791.745
2958792.546
2958790.982
2958768.785
2958785.632
2958762.088
2958776.539
2958752.534
2958744.251
2958735.050
2958710.316
2958701.467
2958691.231
2958657.965

Z
144.199
145.983
146.943
144.240
143.954
144.605
145.601
143.725
146.049
146.161
147.121
147.132
148.096
149.334
150.539

Remarks
BB
BT
Sand bar
Water level
Sand bar
Sand bar
Water level
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar

587548.442
587495.931
587495.936
587796.485
587780.783
587761.341
587739.719
587536.656
587555.601
587592.409
587614.451
587655.428
587683.696

2958780.101
2957892.909
2957892.919
2958321.274
2958319.388
2958317.053
2958314.455
2958290.080
2958292.354
2958296.772
2958299.417
2958304.335
2958307.728

139.406
139.408
141.824
141.685
140.674
140.618
147.494
138.359
138.293
138.699
139.302
140.161

k-95
k-93
k-93
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Bank top
Bank bottom
Bank bottom
Bank bottom
Sand bar
Sand bar

587707.481
587707.481
587193.533
587193.527
587710.856
587700.376
587670.993
587634.998
587614.126
587585.081

2958310.366
2958310.366
2957596.165
2957596.174
2957754.832
2957761.565
2957780.442
2957803.566
2957816.975
2957835.635

139.494
139.213
139.494
139.230
143.875
140.395
138.048
137.279
136.078
137.253

k-94 l
k-94 r
k-92 l
k-92 r
slide
Bank bottom
Bank bottom
Water level
Bed level
Water level

38

Remarks
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand, high flood level
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand

587558.367
587527.603
587510.299
587515.994
587466.355
587441.518
587417.183
587392.823
587369.407

2957852.797
2957872.561
2957883.679
2957880.020
2957911.910
2957927.867
2957943.500
2957959.150
2957974.194

138.717
139.083
139.046
140.413
140.829
140.999
141.290
141.932
143.175

587495.952
587495.956
587147.380
587149.856
587161.521
587168.557
587178.179
587188.619
587182.202
587181.910
587204.980
587213.046
587222.035
587231.997
587238.909
587239.646
586747.594
586747.585

2957892.929
2957892.933
2957775.149
2957765.549
2957720.310
2957693.025
2957655.708
2957615.221
2957640.109
2957588.189
2957551.774
2957520.490
2957485.633
2957446.997
2957420.194
2957417.335
2957258.620
2957258.631

139.572
139.590
141.431
140.289
140.221
138.717
139.140
139.457
139.126
139.107
138.021
136.496
137.148
137.751
138.872
141.487
135.573
135.615

Water level
Bed level
Water level
Sand
b Bank
Bank top
k-91
k-91

587193.514
587193.514
587032.262
587032.255
586891.446
586857.434
586826.101
586816.653
586789.109
586764.421
586762.551

2957596.151
2957596.151
2956742.960
2956742.972
2957206.770
2957219.031
2957230.326
2957233.732
2957243.662
2957252.562
2957253.236

139.420
139.486
136.516
136.533
140.809
140.080
138.542
137.319
136.804
136.028
134.902

k-92
k-92
k-90
k-90
Field
Bank top
Bank bottom
Sand
Sand
Sand
Water level

Bank
Bank bottom

Topographic survey data

X
586776.264
586790.678
586795.079

Y
2957248.292
2957243.096
2957241.510

Remarks
132.998 Bed level
134.888 Water level
151.064 Water level

586747.587
587032.262
587052.405
587064.019
587092.214
587120.885
586998.492
587136.890
587144.682
586972.837
586963.790
586962.206
586960.748
587650.578
587643.758
587613.457
587450.065
587457.506
587439.867
587396.559

2957258.627
2956742.960
2956764.019
2956776.160
2956805.638
2956835.612
2956707.655
2956852.344
2956860.491
2956680.834
2956671.375
2956669.719
2956668.195
2956583.512
2956603.825
2956556.385
2956392.446
2956378.101
2956393.321
2956501.745

135.470
135.470
136.052
134.843
134.084
134.251
135.872
137.524
139.812
134.900
135.160
136.246
152.564
148.399
134.168
133.476
137.998
151.899
135.783
136.249

585714.854
585937.506
585937.492
585353.034
585353.112
585708.280
585723.156
585755.313
585642.920
585795.497
585610.920
585583.045
585840.076
585548.273
585493.432

2961060.818
2960737.491
2960737.479
2961391.950
2961391.894
2961056.291
2961066.535
2961088.679
2961011.282
2961116.351
2960989.246
2960970.051
2961147.050
2960946.105
2960908.341

153.644
151.974
151.977
154.932
154.963
152.316
152.890
153.616
152.563
154.490
153.585
153.517
154.104
154.461
154.219

Water level
Bed level
Water level
Sand
Bankbott
Bank top
Sand
Sand

Chure hilltop
Bottom
Water level
Hilltop

K101
k-100
k-100
k-102
k-102
Water level

Water level

X
585921.078
585457.261
585975.801
585395.965
586023.846
585337.131
585308.341
585264.308
585224.150
585199.810
585157.720
585131.900
585086.414
585031.444
585007.846
584978.323
584945.634
584940.423

Y
2961202.830
2960883.432
2961240.513
2960841.222
2961273.599
2960800.707
2960780.882
2960750.560
2960722.905
2960706.144
2960677.159
2960659.380
2960628.056
2960590.202
2960573.952
2960553.622
2960531.111
2960527.523

Remarks
154.028
154.455
154.572
154.642
155.730 Bankhouse
154.436
154.667
154.885
154.549
154.734
154.560
154.496
154.565
154.757
155.512
155.084
155.871
157.569

585714.748
585714.738
584883.641
584883.620
585445.580
585454.564
585434.231
585416.043
585380.041
585366.783
585322.661
585338.869
585302.139
585272.545
585210.216
585190.361
585150.934
585139.726
585122.824
585111.740
585069.621

2961060.915
2961060.908
2961836.810
2961836.787
2961493.073
2961502.889
2961480.672
2961460.799
2961421.459
2961406.973
2961358.762
2961376.472
2961336.339
2961304.002
2961235.896
2961214.201
2961171.120
2961158.874
2961140.405
2961128.294
2961082.272

153.560
153.552
156.690
156.692
156.366
167.386
154.666
154.446
154.719
154.750
155.580
155.383
155.350
155.524
155.638
153.609
152.980
153.385
156.385
156.153
156.917

39

k-101
k-101
k-103
k-103

Remarks

585055.716
585021.963
585005.561
584975.304
584949.542
584921.128
584896.927
584886.529
584872.330

2961067.078
2961030.198
2961012.275
2960979.215
2960951.065
2960920.017
2960893.573
2960882.212
2960866.697

156.934
156.845
157.707
157.755
157.797
157.705
158.557
158.917
161.340

585353.059
585353.048
584575.748
584575.776
584615.799
584639.668
584660.689
584701.308
584740.994
584798.990
584832.189
584842.790
584848.778
584865.427
584904.285
584918.328
584933.948
584957.499
584967.812
584973.523

2961391.927
2961391.915
2962229.839
2962229.863
2961554.197
2961579.382
2961601.562
2961644.421
2961686.297
2961747.491
2961782.521
2961793.706
2961800.024
2961817.592
2961858.593
2961873.410
2961889.891
2961914.741
2961925.623
2961931.649

154.856
154.875
158.646
158.642
159.992
159.470
159.060
158.545
158.058
157.628
156.018
155.339
156.012
156.348
156.375
157.041
156.947
156.588
157.069
166.172

584883.678
584883.669
584160.118
584160.134
584156.429
584181.591
584675.462
584681.183
584670.376

2961836.762
2961836.755
2962506.191
2962506.194
2961586.410
2961597.224
2962389.878
2962399.060
2962381.715

156.642
156.669
160.002
160.045
163.465
161.050
158.920
164.649
157.891

k-102
k-102
k-104
k-104
Laxmi Khola Right Bank

Water level
Bed level
Water level
Sand
Sand

Hill bottom

k-103
k-103
k-105
k-105
Sand bar road
Hill bottom
Hilltop
Sand

Topographic survey data

584200.731
584660.428
584220.190
584644.310
584241.448
584625.667
584276.835
584297.879
584310.610
584316.956
584505.764
584363.524
584391.862
584608.973
584432.094
584450.974
584581.771
584471.459
584493.481
584524.194
584547.349
584565.324
584567.615

2961627.943
2962365.748
2961659.175
2962339.879
2961693.294
2962309.958
2961750.089
2961783.864
2961804.298
2961814.483
2962117.516
2961889.223
2961934.705
2962283.165
2961999.277
2962029.579
2962239.505
2962062.457
2962097.803
2962147.096
2962184.258
2962213.109
2962216.785

159.919
157.941
159.866
157.327
159.825
157.279
159.552
159.683
160.551
159.688
159.566
159.467
159.391
157.243
158.584
158.296
158.671
158.562
158.763
158.847
158.088
158.248
158.350

584575.787
584559.136
583637.736
583637.736
583839.915
583847.010
583876.217
583932.777
584043.660
584055.092
584072.019
584099.038
584110.563
584233.755
584086.488
584113.347

2962229.814
2962240.886
2962596.191
2962596.191
2961894.214
2961907.774
2961963.596
2962071.693
2962283.614
2962305.463
2962337.815
2962389.455
2962411.480
2962646.927
2962529.576
2962521.045

158.598
158.600
162.758
162.779
162.488
162.100
162.114
161.485
160.580
160.404
160.690
160.671
160.716
159.981
160.786
160.800

Remarks
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Water level
Field
Field
Field

Water level
Field & Sand
Field & Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
k-104
k-104
k-106
k-106
Field
Field
Field

Field
Bank

Remarks

584120.136
584142.728
584153.048
584132.878
584096.569
584056.486
584016.793
583978.661
583959.970
583954.842

2962518.889
2962511.714
2962508.436
2962514.842
2962526.374
2962539.104
2962551.711
2962563.822
2962569.758
2962571.386

159.783
160.197
159.108
159.477
159.238
159.853
157.901
157.898
160.397
164.485

584160.051
584160.059
583150.015
583150.023
583362.895
583376.558
583394.397
583405.598
583430.069
583449.358
583464.422
583487.749
583500.702
583796.727
583521.317
583797.282
583544.923
583775.644
583555.452
583556.762
583563.274
583753.210
583577.370
583736.539
583591.271
583726.992
583608.868
583714.834
583625.699

2962506.203
2962506.201
2962689.392
2962689.378
2961790.086
2961830.159
2961882.482
2961915.334
2961987.106
2962043.680
2962087.864
2962156.281
2962194.274
2963062.508
2962254.737
2963064.138
2962323.970
2963000.672
2962354.855
2962358.695
2962377.796
2962934.876
2962419.137
2962885.979
2962459.908
2962857.935
2962511.523
2962822.319
2962560.887

159.875
159.875
164.126
164.113
73614.778
169.330
164.592
164.196
163.636
163.019
163.013
162.989
162.680
162.792
162.953
165.764
162.982
162.838
162.853
161.793
161.221
162.641
162.365
162.624
162.439
162.513
161.761
162.611
162.604

40

Water level
Water level

Water level
Water level
Bank bottom
Bank top
k-105
k-105
k-107
k-107
School
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Sand bar
Bankbott
Sand
Bank top

Bank top
Bank bottom

Remarks

583691.086
583673.966
583654.605
583641.087
583644.067
583640.902

2962752.667
2962702.453
2962645.668
2962606.019
2962614.760
2962605.476

162.587
162.249
162.177
161.877
161.475
161.667

583637.691
583637.691
582653.068
582653.072
583110.556
583110.133
583113.917
583117.620
583122.001
583124.748
583128.106
583130.511
583151.534
583131.093
583132.745
583157.338
583164.262
583169.023
583133.759
583133.942
583174.268
583138.161
583179.189
583142.395
583184.825
583145.941
583192.051
583197.305
583214.826
583233.371

2962596.200
2962596.200
2962839.762
2962839.774
2963053.711
2963057.620
2963022.682
2962988.497
2962948.044
2962922.681
2962891.679
2962869.473
2962675.363
2962864.101
2962848.841
2962621.777
2962557.851
2962513.893
2962839.485
2962837.788
2962465.467
2962798.843
2962420.026
2962759.751
2962367.997
2962727.007
2962301.275
2962252.763
2962091.001
2961919.772

162.614
165.561
165.492
165.534
164.828
166.137
164.589
164.323
164.588
164.713
164.345
164.021
164.490
162.888
162.033
164.636
163.441
164.289
162.951
163.504
164.754
163.860
164.335
163.788
163.317
164.142
165.099
165.393
165.046
168.097

583150.049
583150.047

2962689.382
2962689.382

163.875
163.875

k-106
k-106
k-108
k-108
Bank bottom

Water level
Bed level

Water level
Bank

Road

Topographic survey data

582692.278
582690.935
582690.587
582681.835
582679.808
582677.373
582670.549
582661.868
582666.713
582655.994
582142.077
582142.054
582650.236
582646.983
582644.558
582641.371
582640.918
582629.474
582613.436
582613.811
582587.997
582565.985
582551.589
582521.094
582515.412

2962969.345
2962964.904
2962963.757
2962934.832
2962928.133
2962920.087
2962897.534
2962868.846
2962884.855
2962849.431
2962925.201
2962925.166
2962830.404
2962819.652
2962811.636
2962801.107
2962799.609
2962761.789
2962708.784
2962710.023
2962624.713
2962551.968
2962504.393
2962403.612
2962384.833

168.043
164.943
164.279
163.279
164.277
165.455
165.778
165.762
165.800
165.410
167.932
167.947
165.267
164.259
164.269
164.309
166.012
166.121
165.666
166.705
166.558
166.706
167.542
167.668
168.518

582653.077
582653.078
581631.278
581631.280
582093.192
582084.294
582077.691
582098.464
582104.737
582111.491
582118.252
582124.048
582135.815
582138.688

2962839.761
2962839.761
2962949.567
2962949.566
2962632.829
2962579.613
2962540.121
2962664.361
2962701.874
2962742.273
2962782.705
2962817.372
2962887.749
2962904.930

165.383
165.382
168.758
168.824
168.304
169.941
170.366
167.728
167.652
168.073
167.164
167.914
167.596
168.016

Remarks
Bank top
Bank bottom
Water level
Bed level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Sand

k-9
k-9

Thewa Khola

k-8
k-8
k-10
k-10
Sand bar
Bank

Remarks

582143.012
582143.642
582147.100
582159.282
582159.583
582164.442
582166.903
582171.626
582174.913
582180.828
582183.366

2962930.794
2962934.562
2962955.245
2963028.101
2963029.904
2963058.962
2963073.681
2963101.929
2963121.590
2963156.965
2963172.141

167.858
166.314
165.783
166.409
167.188
167.364
167.403
168.384
168.733
169.314
170.491

582142.040
582142.041
581278.846
581278.849
581835.929
581824.590
581803.725
581855.618
581872.261
581782.339
581771.920
581753.833
581719.351
581707.222
581703.551
581690.792
581675.800
581637.899
581623.595
581596.332
581580.315
581553.566
581515.848
581487.155
581460.733
581427.894
581408.809

2962925.203
2962925.191
2963311.459
2963311.456
2963241.052
2963224.901
2963195.183
2963269.094
2963292.798
2963164.723
2963149.884
2963124.122
2963075.009
2963057.734
2963052.506
2963034.333
2963012.980
2962958.997
2962938.625
2962899.156
2962876.052
2962837.467
2962783.058
2962741.667
2962703.553
2962656.183
2962628.652

167.848
167.852
171.982
172.020
170.196
169.865
169.603
170.774
171.256
169.494
170.044
170.213
169.241
168.924
168.400
169.077
168.409
167.907
169.082
169.349
170.294
170.872
171.602
172.301
172.808
172.963
173.774

41

Water level
Bed level
Water level
Sand
Sand

k-9
k-9
k-111
k-111
River bank

Water level
Water level
Water level
Water level

Tamakhe Khola

581631.278
581631.278
581008.757
581008.777
581074.194
581084.657
581115.066
581130.160
581140.527
581158.245
581174.234
581200.118
581219.860
581239.120
581263.810
581291.877
581293.807
581325.827
581329.270
581343.598
581359.541
581386.801
581393.254
581436.198
581476.348
581504.250
581538.817

2962949.569
2962949.569
2963730.453
2963730.467
2963112.155
2963122.344
2963151.959
2963166.658
2963176.754
2963194.009
2963209.580
2963234.787
2963254.013
2963272.770
2963296.814
2963324.147
2963326.027
2963357.209
2963360.562
2963374.516
2963390.043
2963416.590
2963422.874
2963464.695
2963503.796
2963530.969
2963564.632

168.727
168.724
173.297
173.349
171.991
170.524
171.439
170.307
170.899
170.316
170.542
171.342
171.476
171.388
171.857
171.925
170.424
170.474
171.353
171.853
170.427
170.467
171.443
171.380
172.500
172.488
173.170

581278.854
581278.845
580791.597
580791.586
581254.744
581260.718
581268.585
581234.568
581202.513
581155.041
581107.745
581082.675

2963311.449
2963311.440
2964136.691
2964136.688
2963907.907
2963912.217
2963917.892
2963893.352
2963870.228
2963835.982
2963801.862
2963783.777

171.867
171.866
175.784
175.794
174.457
175.293
175.668
174.341
173.231
173.712
174.048
173.710

Remarks
k-9
k-9
k-111a
k-111a
original Bank
Bank bottom
river Water level
Bed level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Sand

Bank
Water level
Water level
Bank
Bank
Water level
Water level
Bank
Sand
Sand
Sand
house
k-10
k-10
k-12
k-12
Bank bottom
Bank top
Bank top
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand

Topographic survey data

Remarks
Water level
Bed level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand

581081.006
581065.836
581052.329
581032.814
580991.674
580985.740
580982.941
580960.410
580938.468
580915.603
580871.943
580934.972
580830.248

2963782.573
2963771.629
2963761.886
2963747.807
2963718.130
2963713.849
2963711.829
2963695.576
2963679.747
2963663.252
2963631.756
2963677.225
2963601.677

172.559
171.521
172.557
172.990
173.288
173.298
172.315
172.723
173.076
172.995
173.972
174.575
175.565

581008.737
581008.743
580479.602
580479.603
580546.942
580566.345
580643.440
580712.967
580719.779
580734.032
580745.545
580765.105
580783.639
580787.510
580804.870
580842.952
580889.397
580941.823
580963.513
580989.266
581016.859
581032.374

2963730.489
2963730.478
2964545.983
2964545.982
2963937.672
2963953.456
2964016.170
2964072.728
2964078.269
2964089.864
2964099.229
2964115.140
2964130.217
2964133.367
2964147.488
2964178.467
2964216.248
2964258.895
2964276.540
2964297.489
2964319.935
2964332.556

173.231
173.230
177.689
177.721
180.509
178.214
177.226
175.946
175.509
175.569
174.681
174.312
174.051
176.209
175.650
174.914
174.530
174.437
175.416
174.704
178.314
180.509

580791.578
580791.578
580236.196

2964136.717
2964136.716
2964992.584

175.717 k-12
175.718 k-12
178.986 k-114

k-11
k-11
k-113
k-113
Field
Bank top
Bank bottom
Sand

Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Water level
Water level
Sand

580236.313
580826.939
580822.560
580785.859
580770.672
580735.798
580666.555
580600.123
580553.467
580508.577
580462.352
580424.920
580377.679
580343.389
580313.637
580302.942
580282.311
580655.643
580667.814

2964992.421
2964674.588
2964672.967
2964659.378
2964653.755
2964640.842
2964615.204
2964590.607
2964573.332
2964556.711
2964539.596
2964525.736
2964508.245
2964495.549
2964484.533
2964480.573
2964472.934
2964315.043
2964299.077

179.014
180.143
175.997
176.296
175.995
177.035
176.910
177.753
177.457
177.347
177.672
177.591
177.441
177.401
178.709
179.688
180.124
180.704
181.448

580479.529
580479.528
579929.105
579929.113
580491.264
580456.122
580403.360
580355.471
580348.990
580316.550
580299.655
580286.651
580273.686
580252.591
580220.193
580204.693
580165.058
580127.237
580080.346
580069.026

2964545.610
2964545.611
2965377.958
2965377.967
2965131.094
2965111.941
2965083.185
2965057.084
2965053.552
2965035.872
2965026.663
2965019.576
2965012.510
2965001.013
2964983.355
2964974.907
2964953.306
2964932.692
2964907.136
2964900.966

177.608
180.316
182.344
182.383
181.659
180.463
180.364
179.819
177.786
177.953
178.861
178.437
178.558
178.925
179.245
179.704
180.252
180.477
181.119
182.658

42

Remarks
k-114
Bank top
Bank bottom
Water level
Water level

Field

k-13
k-13
k-15
k-15
Bank top
Bank bottom
Sand bar
Water level
Water level
Water level
Water level
Sand
Sand

Remarks

580016.255
580010.113
580008.446
580002.651

2964872.205
2964868.858
2964867.949
2964864.790

183.663
183.963
184.977
185.359

580236.070
580236.070
579579.693
579579.702
579559.949
579544.927
579574.009
579603.565
579644.960
579685.039
579714.952
579760.736
579789.618
579838.445
579856.289
579876.779
579877.611
579902.429
579932.311
579935.140
579949.203
579950.220
579984.649
580012.285
579999.906
580014.410
580043.227
580087.715
580126.523
580163.904
580167.745
580172.205
580176.113
580180.260

2964992.235
2964992.235
2965729.125
2965729.133
2965084.177
2965072.222
2965095.366
2965118.887
2965151.830
2965183.726
2965207.531
2965243.967
2965266.952
2965305.809
2965320.010
2965336.316
2965336.978
2965356.728
2965380.509
2965382.761
2965393.952
2965394.761
2965422.161
2965444.154
2965434.303
2965445.845
2965468.778
2965504.183
2965535.066
2965564.815
2965567.872
2965571.421
2965574.531
2965577.831

182.424
182.424
184.825
184.852
184.928
186.105
184.842
184.462
183.693
183.167
182.847
182.622
182.246
181.587
181.540
181.538
182.338
182.077
182.249
180.941
180.931
181.415
181.323
181.110
181.074
181.978
181.687
181.585
180.765
179.617
180.755
185.109
186.110
189.304

k-14
k-14
k-16
k-16
Bank
Field
Field
Field
Field
Field

Water level
Water level
Water level
Bank
Field
Bank
Water level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Water level
Water level
Bank
Sand
Sand
Water level
Water level
Water level
Bank

Topographic survey data

579929.155
579154.604
579154.617
580049.708
580045.057
580040.304
580012.151
579993.686
579961.715
579933.328
579899.958
579858.758
579898.187
579776.867
579610.104
579608.931
579754.485
579585.933
579584.157
579690.663
579568.573
579525.922
579478.047
579451.297
579403.948
579413.669
579396.709
579363.791
579339.713
579317.288
579305.247

2965377.908
2966005.259
2966005.280
2966044.444
2966041.324
2966038.135
2966019.249
2966006.861
2965985.412
2965966.368
2965943.981
2965916.341
2965942.793
2965861.404
2965749.527
2965748.740
2965846.388
2965733.311
2965732.120
2965803.572
2965721.665
2965693.052
2965660.934
2965642.988
2965611.223
2965617.744
2965606.366
2965584.283
2965568.129
2965553.085
2965545.007

182.303
187.470
187.475
189.860
185.860
183.093
183.225
184.049
184.105
183.412
183.660
184.049
184.251
183.858
183.664
184.203
183.560
183.569
184.713
183.731
184.166
184.981
183.817
185.006
185.291
184.933
185.336
185.391
185.491
186.844
187.031

579579.705
579579.699
578797.784
578797.791
579356.477
579353.408
579348.786
579333.894

2965729.117
2965729.106
2966352.998
2966353.008
2966419.025
2966412.734
2966403.260
2966372.738

184.718
184.724
190.243
190.271
198.510
190.510
187.537
187.475

Remarks
k-15
k-17
k-17
Bank

Sand

Water level
Bank
Water level
Water level
Bank
Bank

Field
Field
Field
Field
Field

k-16
k-16
k-18
k-18

1.4

Remarks

579313.023
579296.279
579273.008
579252.256
579232.853
579165.962
579185.210
579184.550
579160.824
579144.339
579124.750
579107.115
579083.539
579065.632
579047.453
578990.227
578987.812
578986.670
578984.039

2966329.960
2966295.640
2966247.944
2966205.409
2966165.641
2966028.538
2966067.989
2966066.638
2966018.007
2965984.220
2965944.068
2965907.923
2965859.602
2965822.900
2965785.639
2965668.347
2965663.397
2965661.056
2965655.664

188.221
188.096
187.396
187.835
188.181
186.660
187.890
186.756
187.095
186.988
187.542
187.409
187.346
186.895
187.304
187.554
190.505
191.169
194.405

579154.620
579154.622
578376.430
578376.455
579021.113
579018.321
579005.836
578995.133
578967.324
578937.133
578919.071
578896.192
578882.179
578865.275
578853.606
578839.395
578818.650
578810.287
578795.390
578781.715

2966005.243
2966005.241
2966597.403
2966597.416
2966582.159
2966579.294
2966566.483
2966555.500
2966526.965
2966495.986
2966477.452
2966453.975
2966439.597
2966422.251
2966410.277
2966395.695
2966374.409
2966365.827
2966350.542
2966336.510

187.391
187.392
193.164
193.212
194.994
193.289
189.619
188.888
189.783
189.751
190.405
190.395
190.419
189.694
188.708
189.738
189.384
190.044
189.608
189.231

43

Water level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand

k-17
k-17
k-19
k-19

Water level
Bed level
Water level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Sand

X
578780.329
578769.179
578749.374
578720.372
578674.961
578660.998

Y
2966335.088
2966323.646
2966303.324
2966273.565
2966226.967
2966212.641

Remarks
190.495 Sand
191.294
191.190
191.420
191.515
194.290

578797.796
578797.796
577934.576
577934.573
578568.435
578576.819
578597.692
578551.295
578523.667
578493.658
578467.136
578444.850
578429.685
578436.690
578416.613
578398.795
578367.808
578355.903
578354.544
578290.638
578315.527

2966352.990
2966352.990
2966811.260
2966811.248
2966928.418
2966942.873
2966978.858
2966898.870
2966851.238
2966799.504
2966753.779
2966715.359
2966689.214
2966701.291
2966666.678
2966635.961
2966582.539
2966562.014
2966559.672
2966449.498
2966492.407

190.184
190.182
196.642
196.679
193.342
195.265
197.208
193.271
192.928
193.542
193.482
191.531
191.507
191.082
193.085
192.732
192.683
192.091
193.454
195.265
195.613

578376.463
578376.464
577480.114
577480.114
578109.370
578114.117
578117.000
578100.095
578089.352
578075.631
578058.428

2966597.388
2966597.374
2967037.164
2967037.164
2967104.167
2967112.122
2967116.952
2967088.625
2967070.622
2967047.629
2967018.802

193.118
193.112
200.899
200.911
195.950
199.718
201.398
196.143
196.070
195.743
196.324

k-18
k-18
k-20
k-20

Water level
Water level
Bed level
Sand
Sand
Sand

k-19
k-19
k-21
k-21
Bank bottom

Topographic survey data

578030.846
578019.961
578001.649
577955.906
577938.761
577922.527
577900.867
577881.712
577873.128
577868.414
577862.639
577844.549
577832.089

2966972.582
2966954.342
2966923.656
2966847.003
2966818.272
2966791.070
2966754.773
2966722.675
2966708.290
2966700.390
2966690.713
2966660.399
2966639.520

195.042
195.022
195.274
195.371
194.890
196.115
195.726
196.071
197.142
198.718
199.118
200.412
201.418

577934.626
577934.624
576917.358
576917.367
577486.971
577504.311
577521.034
577550.242
577571.289
577587.381
577597.984
577609.413
577617.320
577622.722
577626.528
577294.802
577283.958
577318.296
577344.458
577351.035
577371.758
577389.965
577411.722
577477.515
577475.140
577429.830

2966811.235
2966811.236
2967276.159
2967276.171
2967050.959
2967085.843
2967119.485
2967178.243
2967220.584
2967252.958
2967274.288
2967297.281
2967313.186
2967324.056
2967331.711
2966664.364
2966642.548
2966711.627
2966764.260
2966777.491
2966819.180
2966855.807
2966899.577
2967031.936
2967027.158
2966936.005

196.586
196.587
204.460
204.477
199.859
199.526
199.795
199.583
199.789
198.887
198.633
198.511
198.175
201.992
205.991
201.728
202.217
201.230
201.018
200.837
201.259
200.372
200.728
200.835
199.563
200.463

Remarks
Water level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand

k-20
k-20
k-22
k-22
Sand

Field

X
577470.205
577433.185
577436.323

Y
2967017.229
2966942.755
2966949.068

Remarks
199.106 Water level
198.520 Water level
198.510 Water level

577480.103
577480.103
576616.752
576616.762
576783.746
576782.182
576778.234
576795.755
576801.564
576821.109
576827.132
576828.806
576846.853
576864.890
576887.346
576905.028
576931.046
576936.115
576937.288
576941.070

2967037.169
2967037.168
2967675.528
2967675.555
2966961.547
2966957.864
2966948.568
2966989.824
2967003.501
2967049.523
2967063.707
2967067.648
2967110.142
2967152.615
2967205.490
2967247.126
2967308.389
2967320.326
2967323.088
2967331.993

200.774
200.772
210.494
210.509
205.707
207.596
210.296
205.286
205.595
205.559
205.073
203.305
203.295
205.209
204.056
203.890
203.291
204.684
205.901
207.892

k-21
k-21
k-23
k-23
Bank bottom
Bank bottom
Bank cliff

576917.346
576917.350
576957.381
576957.380
576607.072
576582.036
576547.394
576616.752
576499.607
576481.256
576437.512
576636.628
576644.893
576665.384
576704.204

2967276.175
2967276.171
2967932.413
2967932.412
2967678.310
2967685.505
2967695.460
2967675.528
2967709.194
2967714.467
2967727.039
2967669.817
2967667.442
2967661.554
2967650.400

207.231
213.434
216.835
216.843
213.290
212.381
212.212
211.232
212.233
212.323
214.805
216.420
218.115
220.145
220.433

k-22
k-22
k-24
k-24
Sand
Sand
Water level
Bed level
Water level
Water level
Water level
Water level

44

Water level
Water level
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand

Remarks

576723.435

2967644.874

220.549

576616.756
576616.755
577363.956
577364.695
577359.726
577357.707
577899.751
577322.686
576984.635
576986.718
576984.116
576979.613
577115.281
576969.471
576961.376
576958.720
576962.080
576962.345
576962.838

2967675.531
2967675.530
2967930.330
2967923.294
2967993.697
2968016.133
2968172.124
2968014.437
2967766.506
2967753.821
2967769.660
2967797.073
2966971.186
2967858.815
2967908.096
2967924.261
2967903.807
2967902.196
2967899.195

213.500 k-23
213.503 k-23
218.992
220.816
218.403
218.906
218.883
218.842
219.637
226.903
215.959
215.980
216.999
216.782
217.712
215.111
215.099
215.919
219.403

Annex I: Photo Plate

Photo: Research team

Photo: Agriculture land damaged by flood

Photo: Damaged agriculture land by flood

Photo: Bank erosion at the study site

\\

Photo: taking historical records of Kanaki river

Photo: Questionnaire survey at the field

45

Photo: Focus group discussion

Photo: a fishermen's livelihood

Photo: longest bridge of Nepal (Kankai Bridge)

Photo: River Bank erosion

Photo: Irrigation canal damaged by previous flooding

Photo: A spur for river management

46