The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

Introduction

1.1

Exercise Solutions

Exercise 11. Given the pattern in the statement 1 k = 1 kilohm = 1 103 ohms, fill in the blanks in
the following statements using the standard decimal prefixes.
(a) 103 is milli or m. 5.0 mW = 5 milliwatts = 5 103 watts.
(b) d is deci or 101 . 10.0 dB = 10.0 decibels = 1.0 bel.
(c) p is pico or 1012 . 3.6 ps = 3.6 picoseconds = 3.6 1012 seconds.
(d) micro is 106 or . Since we have less than one microfarad, we can also find expressions in terms of
nanofarads with n being 109 . 0.03 F or 30 nF = 30 nanofarads = 30.0 109 farads.
(e) 109 is giga or G. 6.6 GHz = 6.6 gigahertz = 6.6 109 hertz.
Exercise 12. A device dissipates 100 W of power. How much energy is delivered to it in 10 seconds?
Energy is the product of power and time. In this case, we have w = p t = 100 W 10 s = 1000 J = 1 kJ.
Exercise 13. The graph is Figure 12(a) shows the charge q(t) flowing past a point in a wire as a function
of time.
(a) Find the current i(t) at t = 1, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 ms. Current is the time rate of change of charge,
i = dq
dt . For each time, compute the slope of the plot and account for the units. At 1 s, we have
20 pC
i = 2 ms = 10 nA. Similarly for the other times, we have +40 nA, 0 nA, 20 nA, and 0 nA.
(b) Sketch the variation of i(t) versus time. The variations in i(t) are shown in Figure 12(b) in the
textbook and the plot is repeated below in Figure Ex13.
40

30

Current (nA)

20

10

10

20

3
Time, (ms)

Figure Ex13

Exercise 14. The working variables of a set of two-terminal electrical devices are observed to be as follows:

v
i
p

Device 1

Device 2

Device 3

Device 4

Device 5

+10 V
3 A
?

?
3 A
+40 W

15 V
+10 mA
?

+5 V
?
+10 mW

?
12 mA
120 mW

Device 1: p = vi = 30 W, (delivering power).

Device 2: v = p/i = 13.3 V, (absorbing power).

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-1

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

Device 3: p = vi = 150 mW, (delivering power).

Device 4: i = p/v = +2 mA, (absorbing power).
Device 5: v = p/i = +10 V, (delivering power).

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-2

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

1.2

Seventh Edition

Problem Solutions

Problem 11. Express the following quantities to the nearest standard prefix using no more than three
digits.
(a). 1, 000, 000 Hz = 1 106 Hz = 1 MHz
(b). 102.5 109 W = 103 GW
(c). 0.333 107 s = 33.3 109 s = 33.3 ns
(d). 10 1012 F = 10 pF
Problem 12. Express the following quantities to the nearest standard prefix using no more than three
digits.
(a). 0.000222 H = 222 106 H = 222 H
(b). 20.5 105 J = 2.05 106 J = 2.05 MJ
(c). 72.25 103 C = 72.3 kC
(d). 3,264 = 3.264 103 = 3.26 k
Problem 13. An ampere-hour (Ah) meter measures the time-integral of the current in a conductor. During
an 8-hour period, a certain meter records 3300 Ah. Find the number of coulombs that flowed through the
meter during the recording period.
By definition, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second and 1 hour = 3600 seconds. So 3300 Ah = 3300 ampere-hour
= 3300 (coulomb/second)(hour)(3600 second/hour) = 11.88 MC.
Problem 14. Electric power companies measure energy consumption in kilowatt-hours, denoted kWh.
One kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy transferred by 1 kW of power in a period of 1 hour. A power
company billing statement reports a users total energy usage to be 2500 kWh. Find the number of joules
used during the billing period.
We have the following relationships: 1 kWh = 1000 watt-hours, 1 watt = 1 joule/second, and 1
hour = 3600 seconds. So 2500 kWh = 2500 kilowatt-hours = 2500000 watt-hours = 2500000 (joules/second)(hours)(3600 second/hour) = 9 109 J = 9 GJ.
Problem 15. Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
(a). To convert capacitance from picofarads to microfarads, multiply by 106 . We have 1 pF = 1 1012
F = (1 106 ) 106 F = 1 106 F.
(b). To convert resistance from megohms to kilohms, multiply by 103 . We have 1 M = 1 106 =
(1 103 ) 103 = 1 103 k.
(c). To convert voltage from millivolts to volts, multiply by 103 . We have 1 mV = 1 103 V.
(d). To convert energy from megajoules to joules, multiply by 106 . We have 1 MJ = 1 106 J.
Problem 16. A wire carries a constant current of 30 mA. How many coulombs flow past a given point in
the wire in 5 s?
We know that 1 ampere is equivalent to 1 coulomb/second. Since the current is constant, if we multiply
the current by the time, we get the charge flowing past a point over that period of time. We can calculate
q = i t = 30 mA 5 s = (30 millicoulombs/second)(5 seconds) = 150 mC.

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-3

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

Problem 17. The net positive charge flowing through a device is q(t) = 20 + 4t mC. Find the current
through the device.
The current through the device is the derivative of the charge, i = dq/dt.

dq
d
=
(20 + 4t) mC = 4 mA
dt
dt

The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.

syms t real
qt = 20 + 4*t;
it = diff(qt,t)

Problem 18. Figure P18 shows a plot of the net positive charge flowing in a wire versus time. Sketch
the corresponding current during the same period of time.
Take the derivative of the charge waveform to find the current. The charge waveform is piecewise linear,
so calculate the slope of each segment to find the current values. The following table presents the results.
Start Time (s)
0
2
3
5

Stop Time (s)

2
3
5
6

Start Charge (C)

10
30
-10
-20

End Charge (C)

30
-10
-20
30

Current (A)
+10
-40
-5
+50

The following MATLAB code plots the original charge waveform and the corresponding current.
syms t
qt = (10+10*t)*(heaviside(t)-heaviside(t-2))...
+ (110-40*t)*(heaviside(t-2)-heaviside(t-3))...
+ (5-5*t)*(heaviside(t-3)-heaviside(t-5))...
+ (-270+50*t)*(heaviside(t-5)-heaviside(t-6));
tt = 0:0.01:6;
qtt = subs(qt,t,tt);
figure; plot(tt,qtt,'b','LineWidth',3)
xlabel('Time (s)'); ylabel('Charge (C)')
grid on
it = diff(qt,t);
itt = subs(it,t,tt);
figure; plot(tt,itt,'g','LineWidth',3)
xlabel('Time (s)'); ylabel('Current (A)')
grid on; axis([0 6 -60 60])

Figure P18 displays the resulting plots.

30

60

25
40
20

15
20

Current (A)

Charge (C)

10

0
20
5

10
40
15

20

3
Time (s)

60

3
Time (s)

Figure P18

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-4

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

Problem 19. The net negative charge flowing through a device varies as q(t) = 3t2 C. Find the current
through the device at t = 0 s, t = 0.5 s, and t = 1 s.
The current is the derivative of the charge with respect to time, i = dq/dt.
i(t)

d
dq
=
(3t2 ) C = 6t A
dt
dt

Evaluate i(t) at 0, 0.5, and 1 s to find the corresponding currents. We have i(0) = 0 A, i(0.5) = 3 A, and
i(1) = 6 A. Note that since the negative charge is specified in the problem statement, the current flows in
the opposite direction as the charge flow.
The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.
syms t
qt = 3*t2;
it = diff(qt,t)
tt = [0, 0.5, 1];
itt = subs(it,t,tt)

Problem 110. A cell-phone charger outputs 9.6 V and is protected by a 50 mA fuse. A 1.5 W cell phone
is connected to it to be charged. Will the fuse blow?
If the current to the cell phone exceeds 50 mA, then the fuse will blow. The current is the power divided
by voltage, i = p/v = (1.5 W)/(9.6 V) = 156.25 mA. The current is greater than 50 mA, so the fuse will
blow.
The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.
p = 1.5;
v = 9.6;
fuse = 50e-3;
i = p/v
FuseBlows = i>fuse

Problem 111. For 0 t 5 s, the current through a device is i(t) = 4t A. For 5 < t 10 s, the current
is i(t) = 40 4t A, and i(t) = 0 A for t > 10 s. Sketch i(t) versus time and find the total charge flowing
through the device between t = 0 s and t = 10 s.
The total charge flowing through the device is the integral of the current over time.

=
=
=

10

i(t) dt =
0

4t dt +
0

10

(40 4t) dt
5

5
10


2t2  + (40t 2t2 )
= (50 0) + [(400 200) (200 50)]
0

100 C

The following MATLAB code plots the current versus time and calculates the total charge flowing through
the device.
syms t
it = 4*t*(heaviside(t)-heaviside(t-5))...
+ (40-4*t)*(heaviside(t-5)-heaviside(t-10));
qTotal = int(it,t,0,10)
tt = 0:0.01:10;
itt = subs(it,t,tt);
plot(tt,itt,'b','LineWidth',3)
grid on
xlabel('Time (s)')
ylabel('Current (A)')

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-5

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

Figure P111 displays the resulting plot.

20

18

16

14

Current (A)

12

10

5
Time (s)

10

Figure P111

Problem 112. The charge flowing through a device is q(t) = 1 e1000t C. How long will it take the
current to reach 200 A?
d
q(t). Compute the current and
The current is the derivative of the charge with respect to time, i(t) = dt
then solve for the time in terms of the current. Substitute in a current of 200 A to find the corresponding
time.

i(t)

d
d
e1000t
q(t) =
(1 e1000t ) =
dt
dt
1000

Solve for t in terms of i(t):

e1000t
1000

i(t)

e1000t

1000i(t)

1000t

ln [1000i(t)]

1
ln [1000i(t)]
1000

Substitute i(t) = 200 A to get t = 1.6094 ms. The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.
syms t
qt = 1e-6*(1-exp(-1000*t));
it = diff(qt,t)
Time200 = solve(it-200e-6,t);
Time200 = vpa(Time200,5)

Problem 113. The 12-V automobile battery in Figure P113 has an output capacity of 100 ampere-hours
(Ah) when connected to a head lamp that absorbs 200 watts of power. The car engine is not running and
therefore not charging the battery. Assume the battery voltage remains constant.
(a). Find the current supplied by the battery and determine how long can the battery power the headlight.
The current is the power divided by the voltage, i = p/v = 200 W/12 V = 16.667 A. Divide the
capacity of the battery by the current to determine how long the battery will power the headlight,
t = 100 Ah/16.667 A = 6 hours.

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-6

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

(b). A 100 W device is connected through the utility port. How long can the battery power both the
headlight and the device?
The current is the power divided by the voltage, i = p/v = (200 + 100) W/12 V = 25 A. Note that the
power requirement increased by 50%, so the current increased by 50% as well. Divide the capacity of the
battery by the current to determine how long the battery will power the headlight, t = 100 Ah/25 A = 4
hours.
The following MATLAB code calculates the same answers.
v =
p =
i =
cap
t =

12;
200;
p/v
= 100;
cap/i

p2 = p+100;
i2 = p2/v
t2 = cap/i2

Problem 114. An incandescent lamp absorbs 100 W when connected to a 120-V source. A energy-efficient
compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) producing the same amount of light absorbs 16 W when connected to the
same source. How much cheaper is it to operate the CFL versus the incandescent bulb over 1000 hours when
electricity costs 7.8 cents/kWh?
Find the energy in kWh used by each type of bulb and then calculate the corresponding costs. For
the incandescent lamp, we have w = (100 W)(1000 h) = 100 kWh. The corresponsding cost is (100 kWh)
(0.078 dollars/kWh) = $7.80. For the CFL, we have w = (16 W)(1000 h) = 16 kWh. The corresponsding
cost is (16 kWh) (0.078 dollars/kWh) = $1.25. While operating for 1000 hours, the CFL saves $6.55. The
following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.
V = 120;
T = 1000;
P incand = 100;
rate = 0.078;
kWh incand = P incand*T/1000;
cost incand = rate*kWh incand
P fluor = 16;
kWh fluor = P fluor *T/1000;
cost fluor = rate*kWh fluor
cost difference = cost incand - cost fluor

Problem 115. The current through a device is zero for t < 0 and is i(t) = 3e2t A for t 0. Find the
charge q(t) flowing through the device for t 0.
The charge flowing through the device is the integral of the current over time.

q(t)

i( ) d =
0

t
0

t




3
3
3

3e2 d = e2  = e2t 1 =
1 e2t C, t 0
2
2
2
0

The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.

syms
it =
itau
qt =

t tau
3*exp(-2*t);
= subs(it,t,tau)
simple(int(itau,tau,0,t))

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-7

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

Problem 116. A string of holiday lights is protected by a 5-A fuse and has 25 bulbs, each of which is
rated at 7 W. How many strings can be connected end-to-end across a 120 V circuit without blowing a fuse?
The current is the power divided by the voltage, i = p/v. Each string of lights increases the power by
25 7 W = 175 W. Correspondingly, the current increases by (175 W)/(120 V) = 1.4583 A. Since each fuse
can handle up to 5 A, divide the fuse rating by the current required for each string and round down to get
the maximum number of strings. We have (5 A)/(1.4583 A) = 3.4286. The maximum number of strings is
three.
Problem 117. The i-v relationship for a photocell when illuminated is i = ev 10 A. For v = 2, 2 and
3 V, find the device power and state whether it is absorbing or delivering power.
For each voltage, substitute into the expression for current and solve for the current. Multiply the current
and voltage to find power. If the power is positive, the photocell is absorbing power. If the power is negative,
the photocell is delivering power. The following table summarizes the results of the calculations.
v (V)
-2
2
3

i (A)
-9.8647
-2.6109
10.0855

p (W)
19.7293
-5.2219
30.2566

Absorbing/Delivering
Absorbing
Delivering
Absorbing

The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.

v = [-2 2 3]
iv = exp(v)-10
p = v.*iv
pAbsorbs = p>0
Results = [v' iv' p' pAbsorbs']

Problem 118. A new 6 V Alkaline lantern battery delivers 237.5 kJ of energy during its lifetime. How
long will the battery last in an application that draws 15 mA continuously. Assume the battery voltage is
constant.
The power delivered is the product of the voltage and current, p = vi = (6 v)(15 mA) = 90 mW. A watt
is a joule per second, so the application draws 90 mJ/s. Divide the capacity of the battery by the rate to
get the total time, (237.5 kJ)/(90 mJ/s) = 2.6389 Ms = 733.02 h = 30.54 days.
Problem 119. The maximum power the device can dissipate is 0.25 W. Determine the maximum current
allowed by the device power rating when the voltage is 9 V.
The maximum current will be the maximum power divided by the voltage, iMax = pMax /v = (0.25 W)/(9
V) = 27.778 mA.
Problem 120. Traffic lights are being converted from incandescent bulbs to LED arrays to save operating
and maintenance costs. Typically each incandescent light uses three 100-W bulbs, one for each color R, Y,
G. A competing LED array consists of 61 LEDs with each LED requiring 9 V and drawing 20 mA of current.
There are three arrays per light - R, Y, G. A small city has 1560 traffic signals. Since one light is always on
24/7, how much can a city save in one year if the city buys their electricity at 7.2 cents per kWh?
To solve this problem, compare two lights and then scale the problem to the number of lights in the city.
The incandescent light always has on one 100-W bulb operating 24 hours per day for 365 days, which yields
a total of 876 kWh at a cost of $63.072. The LED light always has on one array, using a total power of
(61)(9 V)(20 mA) = 10.98 W. Over one year, the LED lights uses 96.185 kWh of energy at a cost of $6.9253.
The savings per light per year is $56.147, which, for a total of 1560 lights, translates into a city-wide saving
of $87,589 per year. The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.
p incand = 100/1000; % Incandescent power in kW
rate = 0.072;
% Dollars per kWh
hours = 24*365;
% Hours per year
cost incand = p incand*hours*rate
v led = 9;

% LED voltage

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-8

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

i led = 20e-3;
% LED current
n led = 61;
% Number of LED lights per array
p led = n led * v led * i led/1000 % Power in kW
cost led = p led *hours*rate
savings light = cost incand - cost led
lights = 1560;
savings year = lights*savings light

Problem 121. Two electrical devices are connected as shown in Figure P1-21. Using the reference marks
shown in the figure, find the power transferred and state whether the power is transferred from A to B or B
to A when
(a). v = +11 V and i = 1.1 A
(b). v = +80 V and i = +20 mA
(c). v = 120 V and i = 12 mA
(d). v = 1.5 V and i = 600 A
The passive sign convention applies to Element B, so if the power is positive the transfer is from A to
B, and if the power is negative, the transfer is from B to A. For each case, calculate the power p = iv and
determine the direction of the power flow.
The following table summarizes the results of the calculations.
Case
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

v
+11 V
+80 V
-120 V
-1.5 V

i
-1.1 A
+20 mA
-12 mA
-600 A

p
-12.1 W
+1.6 W
+ 1.44 W
+900 W

Power Transfer
B to A
A to B
A to B
A to B

The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.

v = [11 80 -120 -1.5];
i = [-1.1 20e-3 -12e-3 -600e-6];
p = v.*i
AtoB = p>0
Results = [v' i' p' AtoB']

Problem 122. Figure P122 shows an electric circuit with a voltage and a current variable assigned to
each of the six devices. The device voltages and currents are observed to be
Device
Device
Device
Device
Device
Device

1
2
3
4
5
6

v (V)
15
5
10
10
20
20

i (A)
1
1
2
1
3
2

Find the power associated with each device and state whether the device is absorbing or delivering power.
Use the power balance to check your work.
The power associated with each device is the product of the voltage and currnet, p = vi. If the power is
positive, the device is absorbing power. If the power is negative, the device is delivering power. The original
table is expanded below to include power and the direction of power flow.

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-9

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Device
Device
Device
Device
Device
Device

1
2
3
4
5
6

v (V)
15
5
10
10
20
20

i (A)
1
1
2
1
3
2

p (W)
15
5
20
10
60
40

Seventh Edition

Absorbing/Delivering
Delivering
Absorbing
Absorbing
Absorbing
Delivering
Absorbing

For the power to balance in this system, the sum of the individual device powers should be zero. We
have 15 + 5 + 20 + 10 60 + 40 = 0, so the power balances.
The following MATLAB code calculates the same results.
v = [15 5
i = [-1 1
p = v.*i
Absorbing
Balance =
Results =

10 -10 20 20];
2 -1 -3 2];
= p>0
sum(p)
[v' i' p' Absorbing']

Problem 123. Figure P122 shows an electric circuit with a voltage and a current variable assigned to
each of the six devices. Use power balance to find v4 when v1 = 20 V, i1 = 2 A, p2 = 20 W, p3 = 10 W,
i4 = 1 A, and p5 = p6 = 2.5 W. Is device 4 absorbing or delivering power?
First, calculate the power associated with device 1, p1 = v1 i1 = 40 W. The power must balance in the
circuit, so the sum of all of the device powers is zero. Therefore, we can solve for p4 and v4 as follows:

p4

p1 p2 p3 p5 p6 = 40 20 10 2.5 2.5 = 5 W

v4

p4 /i4 = 5/1 = 5 V

The power is positive, so the device is absorbing power.

Problem 124. Suppose in Figure P122 a ground is connected to the minus () side of device 6 and
another to the junction of devices 2, 3 and 4. Further, assume that the voltage v4 is 5 V and v1 is 10 V.
What are the voltages v2 , v3 , v5 and v6 ?
Start at the junction of devices 2, 3 and 4, where the voltages is zero because it is connected to ground.
Since v4 = 5 V, there is a 5-V drop across device 4 from left to right. Therefore, the voltage at the junction
of devices 4, 5 and 6 is 5 V. Devices 5 and 6 are grounded at their negative sides, so the voltage across each
is 5 V. Device 3 is grounded on both sides, so its voltage is zero. The negative side of device 1 is grounded
and v1 = 10 V, so the voltage at the junction of devices 1 and 2 is 10 V. The negative side of device 2 is
grounded, so its voltage is also 10 V. In summary, we v2 = 10 V, v3 = 0 V, v5 = 5 V, and v6 = 5 V.
The following MATLAB code calculates the same results.
v4
v1
v5
v6
v3
v2

=
=
=
=
=
=

5;
10;
-v4
v5
0
v1

Problem 125. For t 0 the voltage across and power absorbed by a two-terminal device are v(t) = 2et
V and p(t) = 40e2t mW. Find the total charge delivered to the device for t 0.
First find the current i(t) = p(t)/v(t) and then integrate the current to find the charge.

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-10

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

i(t)

q(t)

Seventh Edition

p(t)
40e2t mW
=
= 20et mA
v(t)
2et V

i( ) d =
0

t
0

t





20e d = 20e  = 20 et 1 = 20 1 et mC
0

To find the total charge delivered to the device for t 0, evaluate q(t) in the limit as t .
qTotal

lim q(t) =

lim 20 1 et

= 20(1 0) = 20 mC

The following MATLAB code calculates the same results.

syms t
vt = 2*exp(-t);
pt = 40e-3*exp(-2*t);
it = simple(pt/vt)
q = simple(int(it,t,0,inf))

Problem 126. Repeat Problem 122 using MATLAB to perform the calculations. Create a vector for the
voltage values, v = [15 5 10 -10 20 20], and a vector for the current values, i = [-1 1 2 -1 -3 2].
Compute the corresponding vector for the power values, p, using element-by-element multiplication (.*) and
then use the sum command to verify the power balance.
The following MATLAB code provides the solution.
device = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
v = [15 5 10 -10 20 20];
i = [-1 1 2 -1 -3 2];
p = v.*i
Absorbing = p>0
Balance = sum(p)
Results = [device' v' i' p' Absorbing']

The corresponding MATLAB output is shown below.

Balance =
0.0000e+000
Results =
1.0000e+000
2.0000e+000
3.0000e+000
4.0000e+000
5.0000e+000
6.0000e+000

15.0000e+000
5.0000e+000
10.0000e+000
-10.0000e+000
20.0000e+000
20.0000e+000

-1.0000e+000
1.0000e+000
2.0000e+000
-1.0000e+000
-3.0000e+000
2.0000e+000

-15.0000e+000
5.0000e+000
20.0000e+000
10.0000e+000
-60.0000e+000
40.0000e+000

0.0000e+000
1.0000e+000
1.0000e+000
1.0000e+000
0.0000e+000
1.0000e+000

The power balance is zero, as expected, and the other results match those in Problem 122.
Problem 127. Using the passive sign convention, the voltage across a device is v(t) = 170 cos(377t) V
and the current through the device is i(t) = 2 sin(377t) A. Using MATLAB, create a short script (m-file) to
assign a value to the time variable, t, and then calculate the voltage, current, and power at that time. Run
the script for t = 5 ms and t = 10 ms and for each result state whether the device is absorbing or delivering
power.
The following MATLAB code provides the solution.
t = 5e-3
vt = 170*cos(377*t)

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-11

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

it = 2*sin(377*t)
pt = vt*it
Absorbing = pt>0
t = 10e-3
vt = 170*cos(377*t)
it = 2*sin(377*t)
pt = vt*it
Absorbing = pt>0

The corresponding MATLAB output is shown below.

t = 5.0000e-003
vt = -52.5401e+000
it = 1.9021e+000
pt = -99.9357e+000
Absorbing = 0
t = 10.0000e-003
vt = -137.5240e+000
it = -1.1757e+000
pt = 161.6889e+000
Absorbing = 1

The following table summarizes the results.

t (ms)
5
10

v(t) (V)
-52.54
-137.52

i(t) (A)
1.90
-1.18

p(t) (W)
-99.94
161.69

Absorbing/Delivering
Delivering
Absorbing

Problem 128. Power Ratio in dB (A). A stereo amplifier takes the output of a CD player, for example,
and increases the power to an audible level. Suppose the output of the CD player is 50 mW and the desired
audible output is 100 W per stereo channel, find the power ratio of the amplifier per channel in decibels
(dB), where the power ratio in dB is
 
p2
PRdB = 10 log10
p1
The power values are given, so substitute into the equation for the power ratio and calculate.
 


p2
100
PRdB = 10 log10
= 10 log10 (2000) = (10)(3.301) = 33.01 dB
= 10 log10
p1
0.05
Problem 129. AC to DC Converter (A). A manufacturers data sheet for the converter in Figure
P1-29 states that the output voltage is vdc = 5 V when the input voltage vac = 120 V. When the load draws
a current idc = 40 A the input power is iac = 300 W. Find the efficiency of the converter.
The efficiency of the converter is the percentage of input power that is delivered to the load. The power
delivered to the load is the product of the voltage and current, pLoad = vdc idc = (5 V)(40 A) = 200 W. The
power input to the converter is 300 W, so the efficiency is (200 W)/(300 W) = 66.67%.
Problem 130. Charge-Storage Device (A). A capacitor is a two-terminal device that can store electric
charge. In a linear capacitor the amount of charge stored is proportional to the voltage across the device.
For a particular device the proportionality is q(t) = 107 v(t). If v(t) = 0 for t < 0 and v(t) = 10(1 e5000t )
for t 0, find the energy stored in the device at t = 200 s.
Take the derivative of the expression for charge to find the expression for current.
i(t) =





d  6
1 5000t
d  7
e
10 v(t) =
10 (1 e5000t ) = 106 5000 e5000t =
dt
dt
200

Multiply the expressions for voltage and current to find the expression for power.



 1 5000t


1
5000t
p(t) = v(t) i(t) = 10(1 e
)
=
e
e5000t e10000t
200
20

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-12

The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits

Seventh Edition

Integrate the power from t = 0 s to t = 200 s to determine the energy stored in the circuit.
Z 200 s
Z 200 s


1
p(t) dt =
w =
e5000t e10000t dt
20
0
0


200 s
e5000t
e10000t 

+
5000
10000 0

1
20

1
60.042 106 + 100 106 = 1.9979 J
20

The following MATLAB code calculates the same answer.

syms t
tt = 200e-6;
C = 1e-7;
vt = 10*(1-exp(-5000*t))
qt = C*vt
it = diff(qt,t)
pt = it*vt
wt = double(int(pt,t,0,tt))

The corresponding MATLAB output is shown below.

vt =
10 - 10/exp(5000*t)
qt =
1/1000000 - 1/(1000000*exp(5000*t))
it =
1/(200*exp(5000*t))
pt =
-(10/exp(5000*t) - 10)/(200*exp(5000*t))
wt =
1.9979e-006

Problem 131. Computer Data Sheet (A). A manufacturers data sheet for a notebook computer lists
the power supply requirements as 7.5 A @ 5 V, 2 A @ 15 V, 2.5 A @ -15 V, 2.25 A @ -5 V and 0.5 A @
12 V. The data sheet also states that the overall power consumption is 115 W. Are these data consistent?
Explain.
Compute the power associated with each of the five requirements by multiplying the voltage and current
together. The resulting values are 37.5 W, 30 W, -37.5 W, -11.25 W, and 6 W. In this case, it is not
reasonable for the computer to supply power back to the power supply, so the negative powers are not a
correct interpretation of the passive sign convention. We should take the absolute value of the individual
powers to determine the total power requirement for the computer. Summing the magnitudes of the powers
yields a total of 122.25 W, which is greater than the stated power consumption of 115 W. The stated power
consumption is probably a reasonable value, based on the performance of the computer and the fact that,
typically, the power supply with not have to deliver the maximum values constantly.

Solution Manual Chapter 1

Page 1-13