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MfiS'MBHWWSiiB
PLATE
Handbook
OF
Christian Symbolism.
BY
W. & G.
AUDSLEY,
ARCHITECTS,
AutJiors of Several
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
IN
Works on Art.
LONDON:
DAY &
GATE STREET,
SON, LIMITED,
L I N C O LN'S-I N N
FIELDS.
TO
HENRY DUCKWORTH,
Esq.
OF LIVERPOOL,
THIS
WORK
IS
DEDICA TED,
THE AUTHORS.
PREFACE.
C^S^f^H
1%
^y^
^
m
M
little
Hand-
some
We
trust that
want
slight degree, a
felt
by the
stu-
art.
it
be understood,
will
many
learned
published
both
in
this
country and in
France,
from
which we must
refer those
who wish
to
go deeply
into
Our
to
its
little
many
Work
is
imperfections
we
latter
Preface.
viii
work.
may be
leniency of
readers.
It
its
accepted
to the kind
movement which
Christian
art;
is
and
it
assists
that
in
all
revival
branches of
only in a
W. &
Liverpool,
Feast of
St.
James, 1865.
G. A.
CONTENTS.
Page
Introduction
CHAPTER
The
The
The
The
I.
Nimbus
of
God
i8
Nimbus
22
CHAPTER
II.
31
44
50
III.
61
of the Cross
65
Monograms
27
...
CHAPTER
The Cross
The Varieties
27
of the Saviour's
71
Name
77
Contents,
CHAPTER
Emblems
Emblems of the Passion
Emblems of the Resurrection
The Emblem of the Ascension
IV.
...
Page
...
...
...
...
...
83
...
...
...
...
...
...
87
...
...
...
...
...
89
...
...
...
...
91
CHAPTER
V.
CHAPTER
VI.
CHAPTER
Emblems and
..
CHAPTER
Miscellaneous Symbols and
Colours
...
83
...
Emblems
95
VII.
...
...
...
...121
VIII.
...
...
...
...
...
134
...
...
...
...
...
134
...
...
...
...
...
...
137
...
...
..
...
...
...
141
...
...
...
Precious Stones
...
...
Miscellaneous
...
...
IN TROD UCTION.
K^^^
I^^L^
^
iM
Is
day
somewhat surprising
one
on
hourly
0^
that
of
such
so
will
may
find
strivings
little
In their
power
to
add
to
gradually
Is
this
trust the
those
all
the
of
Christian
and we
of
after
known
is
wish
one which
art,
subject
interesting
We observe,
springing up
witnesses
knowledge
the
Symbolism,
branches
present
and learned
enlightened
so
most
at the
who
Information
already collected.
We
known
to
be
fully appreciated
and, aided
Its
by the revival
attendant
arts,
with
Symbolism.
Christian
which
it
the favour
it
may
it
again receive
a thousand years.
The
now
and obtain
A
those
knowledge of Symbolism
who study
Ages,
handed down
containing sacred
exercise
is
highly requisite
scarcely a picture
in
for
to us
figures,
;
for there
case,
symbols are
that
matter of great
difficulty
interpret
to
it
Such
becomes a
the meaning or
When
of discovering
much
increased
information
peculiar
initiated,
is
for
;
for
it
is
the
represented, the
artist
ideas.
difficulty
has intended
it
is
symbol,
is
whom
not
it
is
being the
for
emblem,
or
attribute,
which,
to
to the point.
the
be,
Introduction.
The same
knowledge of
Christian
who
all,
it
is
Symbolism
is
above
and student
its
of love.
The
him
into
his
which
to its
will
designs,
will
if
tend to
meaning.
will
it
We
may
art of illuminating
find a
to
and give
that
force
that
it
is
introduce
To
ecclesiastical
Symbolism
paid to
it,
is
we
of
all
all
branches of church
or
Were more
importance.
attention
and,
and architectural
features.
in
we may
their
and
say (as a
arrangement
Christia7i
But we believe
all
Syinbolis7n.
this will
be remedied
in
time
morn
break,
away,
to
commence
with cheerfulness.
their labours
the
to
roll
on
CHAPTER
The
Nimbus,
I.
Aureole,
confusion
of
the
proper meaning
of
the
and appHcation
Nimbus, and
compound
and
Glory.
amount
CONSIDERABLE
exists in the
and
extended
its
the
forms,
Aureole
and Glory.
to
case,
explain
we
shall
and
carefully
clearly all
matters in
all
departments of
their works,
more or
to
artists,
represent
less perfect.
termed
symbols,
for
they
express nothing
when used
alone.
in
Symbolism.
Christimi
They
every
used in art
nimbi
various
one
who
desires
Christian symbolism
made
are sure to be
become
to
for without
in
signification of the
absolutely
is
it,
set forth.
necessary for
conversant
with
numerous mistakes
We
Christian
all
art, for
we
find
countries, in painting,
it
universally used
sculpture,
and stained
As
artists
of
glass, as
a crown denotes
titled
by
in
its
presence.
who wears
As
a herald can
tell
with a nimbus by
its
the
a different manner.
nimbus
head.
This
is
is
placed
The crown
like
a disc
lies horizontally,
or
while
of
during the
Nimbus,
The
and
Aureole,
Glory.
nimbus disappears
head
altogether.
we
only, but
show
shall
we
observe
it
When
in
is
quite uncertain
As
French's remarks on
valuable paper on
light
first
it
has had
"
The sun
which uineducated
the
men
introduced in art
origin
its
all
of
is
humanity has
climes, looked
all
in
life
influenced
body when
reverence.
and heat
and vegetation
tion
although never do
nimbus.*
its
was not
the
of
was
we cannot do
awe and
it
depicted.
remote antiquity.
greatest
applied to the
hereafter that
member
the attribute,
if
is
represented as hovering
We
is
itself
J.
French.
spiritual
power,
controlled,
many
Symbolism.
Christian
continued to
Rays
sacrifice
ofifer
of
or of
fire
the
as
sign
visible
whom, through
emblem
"
luminary
retained that
nations
it,
or
they
and worship.
thus
light
pagan
statues of
fiery
became
naturally
emanations
deities
Jupiter
to
while
have been
constellations.
its
Burmah
idols,
The heads
are surrounded
by rays
worn
crowns
even
The
materialized glories
the
divine
emanations
copied in
burnished gold.
"
The Jews
7'epresent
nimbus,
their
always
and
Moslems,
attribute
ornament
their
deities,
and
prophets
to
though
lawgivers
them
The Chinese
but
also
philosopher Confucius,
their
with
they
this
do
with
not
the
distinguishing
great
lawgiver
and
Nimbus
The
The
pagan
adopted
art,
God.
of
nimbus
the
at a
We
been found
in the
From
century
branches of Christian
"HE
angels,
men
all
evangelists,
used
in
all
of
Godhead
the
saints,
indi-
from those
differing
other personages,
apostles,
are
archangels,
viz.,
and
martyrs,
living
of recognized sanctity.
The nimbus
portraitures
or
of
God
symbols,
usually
was
God.
of
by nimbi
vidualized in art
which distinguish
far
art.
Persons
three
as
nimbus
the
Ninths
The
"
Rome, dating
catacombs of
and extending
centre
These
examples
rays
;
vary
sometimes
its
a
field
circular
disc,
issuing
from
to its circumference.
considerably in
they
are
size
simple
in
different
unornamented
Sytnbolism.
Christia7i
(Fig.
lines
Plate
i,
while
II.),
at
others
they are so
In
orna-
The Greek
and nu
(N), which,
letters,
As
2).
we have
the
is
"On
am,"
following
Durand
(H),
omega
omicron (O),
united thus
nimbus of
the
inscribed
usually
artists
directions in
MS. purchased
by M.
translated
at
P.
and
Son,
inscribed,
Holy
6
was pleased
bush
'
letters
right
lyoi
Ghost,
for
av,
it
let
wv,'
be thus arranged
'
am
Moses
that
in
(v)
Let
am.'
(0)
omega
the
on the
that
be
God
the burning
The
letters
by these words
is
to reveal himself to
slfxi
following
the
the
on the
(w)
on
left."
i.
p. 45.
inscribed
plate:
II
Nimbus
The
the
on each
letter
God
the form
of an
formed of two
and
nu
find
the nimbus
and sometimes
triangle,
some
In
inscribed.
divergent
of
circle
we
omega,
usually
are
art
equilateral
triangles,
On
the other.
them are so
and Greek
Italian
late
Greek examples.
as in the
ray,
There are
in
God.
of
surrounds
rays
examples a
the
triangular
find
a lozenge-
nimbus.
At
shaped nimbus
It
is
came
difficult
to
reason
the
the
triangle
Trinity,
to
is
God
is
shape
this
Son
its
being
disc
symbols
of
the
and
the
is
field, in
the Father.
In the earliest
Saviour
why
sides.
presence.
Its
the
or
the three-rayed
both
obvious,
God
or straight
to
adoption of
of
how
understand
and indicative of
The nimbus
concave
with
either
be applied
for
we
times,
ages
repeatedly
of
the Church,
represented with
however,
a plain
our
circular
Symbolism.
Christian
12
His symbol,
and
nimbus,
devoid of
rays,
inscribed on
omega
the
monogram
but having a
accompanied
it,
Lamb, with a
with
the
nimbus
of His
name
(12).
We
are
In Greek
the
art
omega,
God
the
Son
in the
same manner
is
of writers on
opinion
general
the
Christian
by
the
head,
and
they
it
were
without
Mr.
G.
J.
satisfied
"
cruciform nimbus."
questioning
brought
the
its
bars on
propriety,
subject
that the
in
particularly
French
hidden
We
is
is
before
until
us.
we have become
viz.,
no connexion what-
Nimbus
The
God.
of
13
Holy
forth the
It
may
Trinity.
our readers,
if
we
unpublished
However
may appear on
investigation,
it
certainly
cannot
attribute of the
French's unfortunately
cross,
the
the works of
this peculiar
would be
art,
are almost
universally
Were
all
being cruciform
but such
is
little
representa-
occasion to doubt
we
why
departments of art
and matters
is
relating
should the
find all
The
it.
all
the
Him }
And
in
consequence of
suggestion demands
(for there
attention
may
Symbolism.
Christian
14
Holy Trinity?
and
have alike
Spirit
a right to them as
"We
the
painting
represent,
or at
was
purpose
some
refer
all
the
to
demonstrate,
to
artist
intend
to
but
that
his
rays
of
not
cross
by three
when
light
as well
the
Holy
"
appropriate as an
Saviour of
the
emblem
world,
who
upon
and
significant
Holy
propriate
as
it,
Spirit: to
to
the
of the
for
them
it
to the
Buddhist and
Holy
Trinity,
men's
sins
Father and
Hindoo
of the
Son of
suffered death
to the
forming
persons
of the other
Trinity.
However
God, the
identity,
divinities,
similar
to
M, Didron, although he
universally
TJie
Nimbus
God.
of
15
In
says,
to his opinion
his valuable
of the
field
Nimbus
God,
of
possibly, the
it
is
not borrowed,
instrument of
The
propriety of the
why
should
Spirit
as
is
if
halo
Hindoo
encircling
divinities, is
cannot be supposed
is
but
the
it
It
.-*
obvious
sufficiently
is
marked with a
that,
Besides,
Buddhist and
similar cross
in these instances,
and
it
any allusion
There
is
namely,
that
represented even
in
the
fourth
instances
shown.
We
it
can observe in
or lower
where,
if
limb
the
is
not
artist
had
many examples
that great
Symbolism.
Christian
show the
was a somewhat
matter to do
difficult
presence on the
Had
to
is
field
it
so,
of the nimbus.
like
in
when
be seen, yet
been indicated
rays
three
it
manner; but
every case
in
is
it
artist,
M. Didron
authority.
from the
1
stalls in
"
very
is
ray in the
fourth limb or
and of doubtful
rare,
figures only
The Saviour
behind,
nimbus,
if
No
p.
is
nimbi.
From
placed capways
nimbus.W.
&
G. A.
this fact
not unique,
and the
is
its
article
if
102.
without
and
early purity
is
such be intended,
its
we
are
this
example,
if it
late,
may be
but other
is
to
believe
stalls
that
not intended
the
for
Nimbus
The
embroidered
fanciful
some degree
In
may be
but which
cross,
17
Is
device,
God.
of
easily mistaken
resembling a
merely
for
arrangement of pattern.
an oppor-
Is
As
our space
very limited,
is
this part of
on the subject
examine
to
wrong
are right or
investigated the
in
more
But as we are
it
our topic
dispensing with
ciform,"
and
" tri-radiated,"
for
but
we would
Whether we
for themselves.
It,
more
the
It
Is
our opinion of
fully
who
we
we must be pardoned
the commonly-accepted
substituting
in
Its
place
term
" cru-
the
term
The nimbus
of
God
the
Holy Ghost
differs
in
no
form,
He
When
is
the
Holy
Spirit
Is
represented in
human
nimbus
Symbolism.
Christian
but
with an example
having the
Greek or Latin
letters so
The symbol
of the
Holy
Spirit
is
generally invested
It
is
not unusual
to
find
the
The
T])
EFORE
^^
treating
saints, it
is
and
Aureole
nimbus
the
of
advisable that
in
Glory,
we
art
of
angels
and
Persons
of the Godhead.
We
observed
before
some
that
confusion
exists
much
that
so,
"glory" used
"
aureole"
The
is
to
it
is
not
express
uncommon
the
nimbus,
aureole
is
to hear the
while
the
word
word
all.
The
art
is
it
in fact,
is,
not used
and
Aureole
Glory.
19
instead
of
The nimbus
it.
the
encircles
it
in
field
of radiance
and splendour.
The form
common
of the aureole
that
is
shown
is
clings closely to
at others,
it
and form
is
it,
removed from
in this case
it
is
it
circular
II.,
shape.
the aureole
The
is
pointed
is
although there
ones,
are
many
As
to
as near as
The
is
we
will
give
M. Didron.
although
divinity.
it
It
is
is,
an
attribute
in fact, the
especially
characteristic
of
all
to
God, who
Christian
20
in
Himself
Symbolism.
properly and
is
it
only from
Him
centre
the
Intrinsically
lofty their
like the
of
rank
moon, which
The
Power
aureole
is
Supreme
which of
all
mark
allied to
of dignity.
MSS.
offer
numerous
examples,
the angels
are
com-
Him
either
at the Creation,
on Mount
Sinai,
or at the
as
them
if
it
is
the attribute of
One
be noticed
in a painted
Is
window
in
Chartres
Cathedral.
of the
is
radiating from
is
God and
angels
characterized
represented
by a peculiar
Each
attribute.
choir
The
of angels
Thrones,
and enclosed
in
a crimson aureole
The
badge; the
this
first
The Thrones
groups.
three
and
Atireole
angels,
the depositories of
as
Glory.
21
their
names
Almighty power.
with
are
indicate,
This
fact
affords
further
God
His authority
is
to
The
of
aureole
duction,
the nimbus
as
art
is
and
fell
it
was evidently a
into
later intro-
the
nimbus
disappeared.
is
employed
represented
with
the
to
that
nimbus investing
is
is,
head and
his
said to
a person
be
glorified
or in glory.
In
forth
the
most
the
deification
and sublime
attribute of
of Heaven.
exalted
and
unapproachable
perfection.
It
is,
state
therefore,
of
the
Christian
The
Nimbus
Symbolism.
of Angels
and
Saints.
work
fields
their
Angels
some
direct
manner.
noble,
but
characterize
of heraldic
an indefinite number of
not
birth,
while
least
during
at
fleurs-de-lis
fleurs-de-lis indicate
royal
royalty
in
Him
three
fleurs-de-lis
certain
period
art.
and more
especially
of
angels,
all
creatures.
Nimbus
The
unless, as
of Angels
aitd
Saints.
is
23
a personifi-
In Greece, Christ
Will,
and
He
is
is
called the
often represented,
apse of the
left aisle,
winged and
beardless.
the back
at
of the
this
messenger
the
Abraham,
of one,
the angel
whom
he adores
is
frequently-
The form
representative of Deity.*
The nimbus
is
of the Virgin
shown
Mary
in fig. 5.
is
always
rule,
as
is
is
many-
of the
circular,
Indeed,
as
as richly decorated
it
in
The Holy
This we
find to
executed in the
and
St.
Lord Himself.
in the
Catacombs,
similar
to
Symbolism.
Christian
24
that
worn by
who
Christ,
is
depicted
sitting
between
them.
circular,
Apostles are in
the
or with
plain,
a simple
The
in
than
decoration
its
is
nimbus
the
but
and amount of
style
The nimbus
border,
nimbus vary
of the
field
cases
all
it
was executed.
more elaborate
far
our
of
northern
countries.
The Greek
artists
were not
with
satisfied
painted
damp
into
a sort of relievo,
which they
richly
Nimbi
executed
in
gold,
pearls
beautifully
colours
of stained
glass
was usual
at
are
often
a certain
and
silver,
Nimbi
are
elaborated with
also
as
enamel
adorned with
shown
in
works
period to inscribe
It
around the
century.
(Fig. 6.)
Nimbus
The
It
now
to
is
in
be regretted that
works of stained
persons
assist
Saints.
as
glass,
reading
in
and
Aiigels
of
the
25
adopted
would materially
it
when
intention,
artist's
the
numerous
saints,
middle ages
have the
martyrs,
confessors,
and
circular
more or
less
ornamented.
There
is
mention ere
it
is
we
one which
we must
not
come
into use
in
the
present
day.
their
lives
and
actions,
were
honoured
while
still
The nimbus
of a living person
is
quite different
in
saints,
its
shoulders.
The
to the circle,
Christian
26
while
earth,
the
circle
Symbolism.
expressed
heaven
peculiar
to Italian
or
eternal
existence.
The
square nimbus
is
art,
being
artists
it
is
CHAPTER
The
AVING,
with
God
the
Spirit,
God
URING
era,
explained
trust,
matters
nimbus,
the
its
in
clearly-
connection
of
:
are
necessity,
under
God
the
Symbol
the
first
of
Son,
God
the
eight centuries
and throughout
symbols
to
First,
and
this
the
and
extended
we now come
forms,
The
we
as
God.
Father,
and
of
compound
j
of
Emblems
Important
all
m
emblems
and
Symbols
II.
all
Holy
Godhead.
Father.
of the Christian
departments of
art,
God
Symbolism.
Christian
28
by a
symbol
single
shown
issuing
as
that
presence indicated,
and
awful
behold and
The
"
origin of this
Arm
"
man
could
We find
in the
no
live."
symbol
of
Lord,"
the
is
obvious.
made
the
which
Majesty,
glorious
His
instruments of
the
as
"Hand" and
of the
The hand
this
we
to paint portraitures of
God
the Father.
It
somewhat
is
why
reason
entirely
eschewed
*
iv.
See
24;
XXV.
10;
Psalm
i.
Nell.
21;
satisfactory
representations of the
Deity were
xviii.
xix.
46;
i;
Isaiah
ascribe
so long a period,
a later;
i8; Job
Isaiah hx.
Ixxxix.
51, &c.
ii.
Kings
began
for
prevalent during
that artists
find
to
difficult
personal
century
date
ninth
the
to
after that
of Jehovah
We
seventeenth century.
the
Mark
Ii.
21;
Eccl.
Kings
ii.
5-9;
most
the
33;
ii.
likely
Isaiah
Isaiah
Peter
Ixii.
v.
6;
so
one appears
Exod.
24;
15;
iii.
become
to
3; Josh,
16; Isaiah
xvi.
xix.
Exod.
xv.
16;
Luke
The
Symbol
God
of
Father.
the
29
to
the
Truly,
Invisible
is
it
vain for
man
to essay to depict
to
His
Awful Presence.
In portraitures
as a half-figure,
we
find the
issuing
(as
in
the
case
as
in
the hand)
sitting or standing.
depicted, looking
is
French
of
miniature of
down from
the
fourteenth
century.*
God
In portraitures,
not infirm,
man
of august
hair.
His head
He
or lozenge-shaped nimbus.
also represented as a
is
in this
case
and wears a
He
tiara
is
and as
encircled
either with
three or
Of
the
in
varieties,
differing
The hand
p. 211.
is
object,
which
or
Symbolism.
Christian
30
presenting to
is
it
knife
open, with
them rays of
are
light
instance
latter
shown
which represents
Greek,
Church;
by the Western
to
be found
was
it
other the
the
hand
of the
and
in art
because
The
Christians.
that
one called
by the Eastern
adopted
Latin,
is
There are
in
it
Divine grace
in
below.
all
common form
The hand
issuing.
symbolic of
is
often
is
the fingers
all
below,
sword or
The hand
hand of Abraham.
the
in
entirely
the
person depicted
is
the
the
was adopted
it
and fourth
ment
is
fingers
are curved
symbolical of the
senting four
Name
is
in
The
(the
which
ancient
is
This arrange-
letters
Greek.
inwards.
first
(Iota),
finger,
the
the
which
is
repre-
Sacred
straight,
the
third
(Chi),
thus forming
Symbols
IC
XC,
Emblems
and
of
monogram
the Greek
God
Son.
the
of Jesus
Christ
31
(l^jfrouC
Xp/o-ToC).
The
letters,
as in the
be purely symboHcal.
It
leaving the
thumb and
The arrangement
Trinity, in
nimbus
correctly)
it is
-*-
^HE
and second
it
the benediction
is
plain,
though
it
(and
generally
God
and Emblems of
the
first
Christians in
to
the
is
Son.
God
the Son,
be found
in
Catacombs.
Shepherd
given.
works of the
is
express the
tri-radiated.
earliest
as
fingers extended.
evidently intended to
is often,
sometimes
Symbols
is
first
Whose name
The hand
''
to
is
the
the
One
Good
as
upon
This
Symbolism.
Christian
32
symbol
of
has,
know my
and
Shepherd,
As
and
And
other sheep
them
also
and there
In
must
Good
the
am known
for
life
are not
and they
bring,
its
of
hear
shall
of
know
the
sheep.
this
fold
my
voice,
shall
the
have which
for
me, even so
down my
lay
am
and
sheep,
Father knoweth
the
Father;
the
authority
adoption,
mine.
highest
the
course,
our Saviour
paintings
repeatedly
is
repre-
garment or
The
cloak or mantle.
down
the waist
which
to
tunic,
by a
added a flowing
at times
is
tunic
frequently ornamented
is
usually gathered
is
belt.
and
carries a syrinx
His
left
hand
without
His
the
on His
sheep
and
Him
all
as
pipe
in
His
He
others
shoulders,
The sheep
faithful flock.
is
at
Pan's
or
is
standing
depicted
among
caresses.
This
symbol of
*
Christ,
St.
John
X.
although
14, 15, 16.
in
frequent
use
during
Emblems
and
Symbols
God
of
Son.
the
the
33
have
to
Although
lyre.
among
symbol
Christian
them
among
seated
sented
Faith,
perhaps the
or
first
was
it
of
its
by
from a
being derived
preference
in
Christian
the
the
to
used
little
to
converts
early
comparatively
fact
it
upon
playing
birds,
this
the
and
beasts
writings,
in the
tombs, on the glass vessels, and in the mosiacs of the old Italian churches
but
it is
have conveyed such consoling and pleasing ideas to the minds of the early
Christians,
from the
nth
The
Lamb,
its
into the
we
trace of
He
am
the
Shepherd caring
the shepherd's
The two
flute,
and sorrowing
fulfil.
find
it
earned on in the
principal varieties
The
office
" it
title
variety of
which
He
was
it
Good Shepherd
might be supposed to
being found
forms in which
it
no
it
home on
Western Church.
From
Eusebius,
we
Symbolism,
Christian
34
or from
purely
ideas
in
of Christ.
The
reasons
Orpheus
of
the adoption
for
by Mr. Charles
Browne,
those given
short but
his
in
as
interesting
many
the Jews
instances of
neither was
representations
and
it
it
unknown
Christian era,
hands
It
is
hand
only.
a very
common
generally held
is
At other
hand
times,
in
its fold,
subject in the
is
by the four
will
should a
feet,
with two
He
has
made
in
He
bears
right
retained by one
so weary
is
and so rejoiced
it,
at
less firmly
it
lest
fears not,
it
more or
fear,
returning to
first
at
shoulders,
the
flute, is
spirit
their
minds of
on
to the Pagans,
p. 29.
familiar to the
Twining,
feeling.
it,
upon His
at others,
but ordinarily
He
Good Shepherd
centre of the
archivaults
tomb
or of the vaulting,
and tympanum.
most honourable
and paintings
Didron,
in the
catacombs
339.
middle of the
in the
.
lecture
Emblems
and
Symbols
on Symbolism,* appear
God
of
to us to
the
be so
we
Upon many
in the
in
in
Son.
35
satisfactory,
which they
own words
for
the performance in
secret
is
to
those
of
to
religious
rites
playing on his
lyre,
in
situations,
and with
accessories,
would leave no
Lord Himself.
"
who produced
such exquisite
and
all
stones, trees
birds
beasts,
was a musician,
nature, animate
and
told,
strings
fishes,
thronged
and of peaceful
became
gentle, amiable,
disposition.
alas,
dull
said,
treading through
* Joseph Masters.
London, 1856.
2
Christian
36
off
Symbolism.
to
love
and
beloved
Orpheus'
stirs
breast
Eurydice,
lost
he,
Lord.
He Who commanded
Whom
the winds
and
bidding
the lion
should
the
lie
mind
to a
seemed
allegorical subjects,
point to
descends to the
hell,
and
figurative
to
one
lost
Now
"
his
infernal regions,
loved and
too,
Then
of
search
in
to
waves
Blessed
of
Nature,
obeyed,
down with
at
Whose
the lamb,
Who,
our
powers
the
many ways
in
of
history
trained to
again,
and
in
His
death,
lost
soul back to
say,
Whom
all
these
the minds
Devil,
of
overcame
this history
points
the
seemed
foreshadow
to
resemblance
was He,
it
suggested
as
so that
Orpheus
fitting
to
symbol
we
all
is
and
Symbols
appropriate
Emblems
same time
at the
of
eras
image
Church, and
the
and we
certainly
received
when we
continues a favourite
it
the
is
how
consider
37
in
This symbol
to
Son.
the
it
God
of
perfectly
Lamb
has
it
sets forth
it
The Lamb
the
in
high
Good Shepherd,
adoption as the
both
same
has the
New
Old and
authority
for various
Testament
for
its
passages
refer to
Christ
He
and
was
Prophets
the
symbol
typified
various
in
in
more
direct
prophets,
slain without
tion, is the
murmuring.
slain
at
Easter,
in
symbolic lamb
Christ,
in
suffers
spoken of by
Himself to be
by the children of
celestial
Israel,
other
Divine
Lamb
order thereby to
"/?//."
type of that
the
is
New
In the
the
lamb
of which the
is
the
manner.*
employed
instances
vice.
their
of
free
St.
departure
whom
God were
eaten by the
from Egypt,
Christians are
to
is
the
partake
Symbolism.
Christian
38
Baptist
"
Behold the
Lamb
And
of the world."
the
Lamb
God which
of
in
lamb
details
and
slightly
differing
sins
Behold
attribute
of
from
each
of
other
The
fresco.
earliest
in a
holiness,
many examples
These representations
accessories.
away the
of
John the
of God."
symbolic
their
29,
taketh
I.,
its
head
sometimes,
is
monogram
The
Lamb
(X crossed by a
most
beautiful
are those
in
P).
of
representations
which
depicted, invested
is
it
and meaning
of Christ, the
the four
the
hill,
This composition
hill
the four
Holy
with
from
is full
Holy Gospels
the
the streams,
under the form of a Lamb, wounded in the throat, and opening the
book with the seven seals.
Finally, Christ is the Lamb, who offered
Didron,
p.
318.
Emblems
and
Symbols
flowing onward
through and
monogram
and omega
(12)
the
Son.
the
39
The
God
of
alpha (A)
and
in
One example
symbol occurs
in
of
its
of the
marked on each
three rays.
altered
not depicted
the
Lamb
general
In works executed
in
Passion,
and a small
symbol
is
usually
termed
it is
universally invested
Agnus
Dei.
(Fig.
r,
Plate in.)
We
may remark
lambs,
sion,
when
meek
and
faithful.
Twelve
Symbolism.
CJiristian
40
others, symbolized
our
nimbus.
The Lion
although
reasons
most
cause for
As
Book
in the
Lion of the
as
Many
art.
its
is
we
be
not
that,
Didron remarks
voiceless.
moment
this
in
it
forcible
Lion,
with
we meet
"
Sometimes, although
is
at
fact,
figure of our
early
art,
with
its
is
Redeemer, often
the Pelican.
It
is
be met with
to
own
blood.
had a crimson
reported that
its
in
surrounded
represented
It is said that
Pelican
it
stain
on the
was accustomed
lip
of
to feed its
beak,
young with
its
field
of the divine
Emblems
and
Symbols
own
its
God
of
which
breast,
Son.
the
41
tore
it
for
the purpose.
to
and
Christ,
set forth
The
children.
Pelican
and, therefore,
His
for us,
its
place in art
is
foregoing symbols.
we
a beautiful
and expressive
figure of Christ,
work,
is
can
claim
scarcely
for
it
modern
in
position
as
symbol.*
* "
By
employed
design,
tangible
and
to
convey
Considered in
same.
They
this
differ
light,
dogma
itself,
is
an
it
an
article
as the necessary
Lamb, indeed,
aspect.
idea.
is
figure,
The
figure
idea
and the
of
the
figure
some dogma of
figure
is
is
the
an exterior
is
it
like
is,
oblige us
Christ.
to
The
is
demands our
nimbus
precisely
are
symbol
The
sensible or
circular
religious belief;
The lamb
faith.
receive
we understand any
the symbol
the
figure,
faith,
may be persuaded
human mind.
We
are required
to admit a figure
Christ
is
the
first
symbolized
From
show
art as a
been
Saviour has
our
As we
forth
to
Symbolism,
Christian
42
set
attempt
shall
in
Christ.
At
and,
lion,
by a
figured
may be
dying,
still
more
neither
He
plished.
The lamb, on
is
he
figure,
allegory.
less
young
would
it
mankind.
Still
the
by the pelican
in the Courts of
unfolded in
myth
is
when
fully
Heaven,
by a
cross,
and the
presents nothing
may
merely
is,
but the
pleasure.
is
of a lamb.
He
tal^e part
constantly
Gospels
is
still
is
nor does
forming
appears to
letters
by a lamb; but
appropriately,
The
pelican.
Greek
five
it
myth belongs to
faith,
an
signs,
an allegory
is
be accepted or rejected at
more than an
or symbols.
on opinion.
the figure
is
of
of baptism, the
It
would not be
possible in the Eucharist to substitute " water for wine, nor in baptism to
substitute
the same.
One
figure
may
may on
;
the other
hand be
its
word
the
fish in that
supplied the
God
Son.
the
43
Christ
Son of God
(the)
was doubtless
it
of
initials for
Jesus
And
Emblems
and
Symbols
this fact
(the) Saviour.
gave cause
that
for the
among whom
is
St.
Augustine,
Finally, figures
J. J.
With regard
to the
...
between them
be inclined
few persons
will
to doubt,
though
it
but
for
it
Emblem
of
as,
Hope
but
of the whole being and character, rather than any particular attribute
or quality, of the person or thing represented.
may
clearly
The same
object, however,
is
the
L.
Twining.
St.
Paul."
Christian
44
It
is
form
pointed oval
the
branches
The
name
familiar
of Christ,
self says
is
being,
it
Lamb, derived
Chapter
for the
the
I.
all
com-
and Plate
"
Him who
II.,
be treated of
era,
when
am
St.
the
the
" I
John,
the vine." *
Christ
am
it
symbol of Jesus
in
of
first
the
Him-
the true
bunch of grapes
important
URING
pointed form
by the mouth of
Symbols
most
is
which
in
like
direct
and again,
The
and
that
Vesica Piscis.
is
figures
employed
frequently
occurs in art
vine,"
art,
some foundation,
9),
fish.
so
Christian
of
monly used
Fig.
Symbolism.
Christ,
to set forth
for
man.
the
Cross,
His name,
God
the
Holy
Ghost.
* St. John,
chap. xv.
almost
and
5.
exclusively
Symbols
God
of
There
symbolized by a Dove.
Holy
the
is
this
the
recorded
Baptism
Holy
of
Ghost.
little
New
Testament.
Lord
our
45
In
Evangelist
the
Spirit
our Saviour.
Dove
as a
may
As M. Didron
we
subject,
"
mind
under
when,
reverted
all
the
remarks
apt
on
the
nature
desired
divine
animated,
is
being which
living
represent
to
and viewless
mind
the
is
spirit
naturally
the
in
of
properties
essential
men
therefore,
form that
that
to
are
rapidity
visible
by which
some
Motion and
the
us
gives
not be neglected.
highest
The
upwards
from
moment
bird in one
into
our
sight
it
transports
country, with
traverses in a
moment
their height
rises
and
facility
extent.
equalled
itself
from
only by
its
it
vanishes
country to
speed
it
all
The
bird,
in the
the
organic king-
image of mind.
Symbolism.
Christian
46
the
or
spirit,
which
breath
is
set
in
from
its
motion,
rapidity
vivified.
"
of
its
birds,
and
in the second,
of the
Holy Ghost.
Indeed, a white
Dove
regarded,
is
as the
art,
The
meet with
is
in
art
is
in a bas-relief
It
Dove we
of the symbolic
earliest representation
on a tomb
date
its
usually
throwing from
its
Dove
Dove
appears,
it
But, in
is
shown
other subjects
in
in all positions, in
which
upward,
The
colour of the
and sometimes
it
Dove
is,
in all
cases,
pure white,
It is frequently,
but
it
is
a nimbus
It
at others,
Symbols
of
of
God
the
Holy
seen in an
"
letter in
initial
47
tri-radiated
three
Ghost.
circle,
as
may be
Museum.
symbolic
the
Dove
is
depicted
invested
A.D.
with
triangular nimbus.
Although the
aware of
in
of opinion
example
is
we
are
strictly correct,
its
application
to
Divine
the
modern work.
the
latter
is
adoption in
its
as
Dove
a symbol of
it.
When
the
one
triangular
is
not
adopted, the
The
I.
field
The
of
the
nimbus
is
is
sometimes
The drawing
of the
Dove on
It
is
Plate V. shows
descending from
it
in its
heaven,
Symbolism.
Christian
48
which
is
stars
that
it
forth
set
shedding
rays
of
nimbus, which
Holy
Person of the
symbolizes a
which
light,
studded with
tells
and
Trinity;
Divine
the
represent
in
respects
all
similar
to
together, each
the
single
These Doves
Holy
manifestations of Grace.
The
Spirit,
are thus
Isaiah
set
roots,
the
Spirit of
and the
St.
"
Spirit
His
shall
words
come
of the
Spirit
Scripture.
regarding
forth
shall
Lord
Wisdom and
of
sevenfold
prophetic
there
and the
in
these
And
Spirit
of the
him,
the
forth, is
utters
Messiah*
his
or
Spirits of
one
the
Dove,
the
Rod
out
grow out of
upon
rest
shall
Understanding,
the
Counsel and
Revelation, saying, f
"
And
Spirits of
beheld, and,
lo,
God
in the
in
his
midst
* Isaiah
xi.
i,
2.
+ Revelation
v. 6,
11, 12.
Symbols
of
God
the
it
Holy
Ghost.
had been
49
slain,
many
all
the earth.
And
having
spirits
heard the
to receive
Worthy
is
the
Lamb
that
was
Spirit
Wisdom and
Strength, or Might.
Lamps
John
says,
lamps of
in the
fire
Apocalypse,
"And
there were
St
seven
The
we
is
the Eagle.
and when
it
appears in
art, it
is
generally in connexion
The
occurrence in Christian
to symbolize St.
The Eagle
is
depicted on
to
good reason
is
it
Agnus
The heads
of very rare
is
art, it
Symbolism.
Christia7i
50
to believe that
accompanying symbol.
Lamb and
Dei, which
of both the
is
The nimbi
are ornamented,
T~XURING
-*^
the
early
centuries
made by
artists
to
express
the
symbols
be attached
or
until
emblems
we
to
enter
Christian
the
to
sublime
have been
and
awful
of
9th
century.
From
PLATE
111
occurrence in
much
than
but as there
we
few
is
the portraitures
of
the
Trinity,
passing
by means of
to
and
remarks,
purely
those
frequent
art.
in
figures in
years
artists
to
human
the
particularly
exists
symbolic representations
variety
greater
Trinity. 51
very
of
are
branches of Christian
all
the
in
Holy
the
of
they
however,
period,
that
Emblems
and
Symbols
more
ourselves
confine
which
forms
symbolical
express
of
doctrine
the
Godhead.
From
figures
about
end
the
various
representing
others
and
all
the
two were
our
Saviour,
These
persons
were
three
of
God
the
God
the
Son and
to
the
An
interesting
grouped
depicted,
set
the
Father
Holy
Ghost
Frequently
forth
God
the
At
Godhead.
the
of
presence
were
figures
shown, representing
the
Three
Sometimes
ways.
human
century
9th
the
of
treat-
Symtbolism.
Christian
52
to
is
Royal Library
be seen
a miniature of the
in
Manuscript preserved
at Paris.
In this representation
the
in
cross; the
open
express
which
The
knowledge.
and
they are
all
figures are
enveloped
holds
of sovereignty
the attribute
orb,
is
The Father
hand.
left
the
in
the
intelligence
perfect
one
mantle,
which
are
In
British
MS.
of
Museum,
the
14th
there
is
God
second treatment.
century,
preserved in the
same
Father and
age,
God
the
Son
alike
sovereignity.
in the
Another example,
to
St.
be
found
Mark's
in
perhaps the
Grimani
the
Library
at
finest
Breviary,
that exists,
is
preserved
in
Venice, a beautiful
etching
of
which
Emblems
and
Symbols
inserted
is
Lady
we beg
numerous
To
Eastlake.*
last-mentioned
the
of
nth
the
century in the
God
representing
on
Father,
the
There
treatment
from
differs
Museum,
British
appears,
of the Cross.
right
already enumerated.
usually seated
produced
by Longman
all
its
desire
to
branches,
Iconography" (French
discussed.
&
Co.
the
Hand,
1864.
XXXV.
Those who
in
+ Plate
the
that
* Published
is
The most
is
His
a figure
is
(generally
Dove
is
Dove.
those
God
Trinity
are
is
which
art,
subject
drawing
this
Art." f
figure
by-
Agnus
53
script of
the
Trmity
Examples
in
"
the
in
Holy
the
of
edition),
where
it
is
M. Didron's
most
fully
this
" Christian
and
learnedly^
Symbolism.
Christimi
54
We
the
symbol
so
works.
One
formed
said
being
is
to
existence
in
aware of a
ancient
in
The emblems
not
are
no longer
it
art
mosaic
in
exists.
at
once
beautiful
the
is
and
simplest
the equilateral
(woodcut Fig.
equal,
triangle
three sides
Its
i).
most
and
are
all
combined
^^s-
perfect
figure.
Trinity
is
the equality of
its
of
doctrine
distinctly
three
The
I-
form
the
The
to
artists
of
all
ages,
and
was probably
it
The
the
triangle
gravestones
occurrence
emblems.
in
appears in the
of
the
Catacombs, carved on
converts,
comparison
with
but
other
of
rare
symbols
and
it
is
Symbols
and
The emblem
Emblems of
Trinity as
the
of
Holy
the
Trinity.
represented
55
the
in
2) is
having
readers,
been
very
fre-
usually to
is
be seen painted
the
in
either
encircled
ones
classic
two
centuries,
The
appearance of the
prominence and
It
composition
latter
Fig.
Is,
2)
or
effect.
however,
said,
comparatively speaking,
until
when
the
practice
Father and
the
first
of
used
painting
In
died out.
the
i6th
portraitures
It
century,
God
of
to
be
the
the
ceased
encouraged.
The
name
The
of
God
circle
eternity
or Jehovah, written in
Hebrew
may be
as
of rays
but
when
the
idea
accepted
of
eternal
characters.
symbolic
of
existence
is
Christian
56
desired
be
to
around
described
Plate
expressed, a
emblem,
the
in the
if
woodcut
duced
loth
the
trefoil
was used
in
details,
(Fig.
3),
an emblem
is
and expressive as
When
it
was
in art is uncertain,
first intro-
but
it
appears
century.
the
brightness,
3-
p'i-
3,
considered desirable.
simple
the triangle.
Fig.
in
be
or shamrock, figured
trefoil
almost as
shown
as
The
should
circle
of glory and
Rays, indicative
III.
may be
distinctly
Symbolism.
stained
great
in
glass,
profusion in architectural
painted
and
decoration,
in
illuminations.
Patrick
St.
in
the
is
manner
although
it
is
said to have
detailed
doubtless
we must be pardoned
place, let
in
first
the following
known
for
to
which,
inserting here.
first
Pope
and benighted
holy
story,
man.
After
affronting
Irish,
whose dark
numerous
was
dangers,
fully
and
rewarded
Symbols
by
Emblems
a?td
he
years
of
Holy
the
Trinity.
success.
districts.
of
religious
faith,
short,
died,
57
an
Ireland
leaving
of
forty
and
christianized
destined
institutions,
ministry
active
full
become famous
to
We
now come
to the simple
how
St.
Ireland
now
Patrick gave
to
When
engaged
tude of eager
in
listeners,
and
in
attempting to convey to
their
around
for the
till
casting
he caught sight of
illustration,
shamrock-leaf growing
simple
senses,
refined
making so
difficulty in
close
to
where
he
stood.
he wanted.
holding
the
that
leaf,
it
up so as
so
well
He
to
known
this
was the
immediately plucked
be seen by
to
them,
Trinity
all,
illus-
it,
and,
explained
how
was an emblem of
of
which
he
had
Christian
58
He
been speaking.
of
leaves
distinct
the
in
were
there
that
listeners
his
Symbolism.
Thus
leaf.
and
perfect
they,
united,
Patrick gained
St.
the
by
and
ness
until
he
eloquence,
they were
taught
was
the
enabled
of
truths
his earnest-
improve
to
Gospel of
the
Christ.
We
century
we
may
Does
there
is
an efficacy
in
remark
that,
to
not
tell
mind
almost needless
It is
imbued with a
feeling for
have the
often,
us that
it
which
may
life
effect of recalling
so
The form
of
emblem shown on
Plate III.,
fig.
4,
is
is
composed of two
forming a star of
accepted
This idea
as
is
six
expressive
still
triangles
equal
of
intersecting each
points.
the infinity
It
is
of
other,
commonly
the
Trinity.
Greek painting
Symbols
of
15th
the
Emblems
mid
find
Trinity.
four
59
equilateral
placed
triangles
where we
century,*
Holy
the
of
The emblem
of twelve points.
is
this
in
instance used
The term
"
pentacle "
frequently applied
is
but
incorrect, the
it
is
to
the
evidently
five points as
may
pentacle,
but
(Fig.
be called
correctly
as
woodcut
in the
neither
is
it
is
it
not
in
bination
shown on Plate
The
ance,
preference
circle,
may
as an
the
to
be
to
likely
adopted
so
nor so
expressive,
com-
Fig. 4.
III.
emblem
circles
entwined together
emblem
may
of
likewise
emblem
is
to
be seen
in
beautiful
example
Figured
in
Didron,
p.
282.
It
is
Symbolism.
Christian
6o
same manner
the
circles
shown
as those
or rings entwined in
in
5.
word
word
inscribed the
The
"trinitas;"
and
" unitas."
we have
It is
2.
is
that represented on
an architectural enrichment.
Its
same
shown
in Fig. 2
to speak
form
occurs
also
it
varies,
glass,
as
although the
in all examples.
That
is
initials
of
word
"
Deus."
Pater non
non
Spiritus Sanctus Spiritus Sanctus
non
Pater Pater
Deus
Deus Spiritus
Sanctus
Deus." That
The Father not the
Son The Son
not the Holy Ghost The Holy Ghost
The whole
Filius
inscription reads
Filius
thus
"
est
est
est
est
Filius est
est
is
is
is
is
not the
God
The
Father.
The Father
Holy Ghost
is
God.
is
God The
Son
is
CHAPTER
The
Cross.
MONGST
Blessed
all
the
symbols
of
our
eminent.
and
III.
It
is
at
most universal of
all
symbols,
made
which
it
of
it,
all
it
to
and
the
reverence
in
every Christian.
mark
It
is
also
salvation,
the
the
universally
Faith.
emblem of the
acknowledged
Wherever
Chris-
Symbolism.
Christian
62
tianity
is,
will
it
reality,
eyes upon
its
form, seeing
it
Him Who
might
live,
Paul says,
Saint
God
their salvation.
forbid
that
should glory,
world
so
is
it
and
whom
the
And
around
them.
Mr.
all
common
the
Browne
remarks
objects of
"
The
life
early
Kingdom
even
in
outward forms,
Kingdom
religion
between
of Grace.
the
the
Hence
them
life
provided
air,
* Galat.
vi.
14.
The
sailing
on the
Cross.
63
sea, the
in their
forest,
in
prepared to recognize
be
redemption
to
and
minute,
in
every
their
ears,
him deny
found,
If
'
himself,
there
it,
to
of that warning
any
man
will
and
take
up
ever ringing
for
come
Cross
his
Me,
after
daily,
let
and
follow Me.'
Nor was
"
tive centuries.
ages
and
It
though touching
lines of our
'
all
Holy Symbol.
His image,
Would
And
It
have
itself,
it
all
dare I
by the
sacrifice.
bore
That
th'
other sins
but
is it fit
it %
Of
this
nor
it
cannot
Cross were to
me
another Cross.
die
against
Symbolism.
Christian
64
No cross, were so
Who can blot out
for
To
can deny
stretch
Swim, and
affliction,
Who
no
Sacrament
in the
me power and
hberty
to be
my Cross.
whom seas do toss.
thou
art
in
developing monograms
appear.
be seen
which
in the
is
devoted to
monograms found
The
the
consideration
in
of
the
various
in Christian art.
be equal
is
acknowledged to
It Is
In
Christ as
His symbol.
Dove, Christ
at times
alone.
* Cited in
Holy
The
Varieties
The
"HE
Varieties
forms which
the
65
assumes
Cross
the
Cross.
the Cross.
of
Yet, numerous
countless.
nearly
of
they
as
are
are,
almost
they are
all
Latin.
correctly
The
Anticipatory,
as
or,
is
it
Plate IV.)
3,
In art
is
it
Moses
in the wilderness.
Cross,
being
suffered.
It
a
is
It
type of
that
likewise called
on
which
the
the Typical
also called
is
In heraldry
it
our
Saviour
its
termed the
Cross Potent.
* In
the
influenced
Greek
pictures,
by Greek
and
traditions,
letter
in
the
on the
the
schools
figures
left
of
of
art
particularly
shoulder, or
on the cope
it
Symbolism.
Clwistian
66
The
in
all
others
by the number of
The most
verse beams.
the
accompanying
The
lesser has
branches (Fig.
to
the
while
(Fig.
5).
Plate
These
IV.).
medium
as
the
distinction;
triple,
important has
woodcut
used
are
Crosses
Fig. 5.
their trans-
three,
hierarchical
Ecclesiastical
and
Cardinals
of
entitled
Archbishops
are
The
latter
in Greece,
where
it
imply
The name
being
much,
as
introduced
as a sign of distinction.
would
first
it
bears in heraldry
termed the
Patriarchal
Cross.
is
In Revelation
always blue.
xiv.
the
Anthony and
first
his
the
the
who
Lamb
Theos,
before
God,
the
ii.
their
is
These were
throne of God."
p. 749.
T, and
whithersoever he goeth.
in
redeemed
are
the elect,
Greek word
letter of the
monks
i,
God
Mrs.
guile, for
Jameson's
The
We
now
cipal
types,
with
four
The
return
type
grouped.
includes
those
limbs
equal,
their
all
prin-
Crosses
all
may be
limbs
have
two
to the
The
^1
Cross.
the
of
under which
Greek
which
Varieties
circle
Fig. 6.
6).
which touch a
the
of
centre
Fig-
from
described
circle
(Woodcut,
junction
7)-
The
suffered
shape
on
Cross
actual
Cross
Latin
and
which
Saviour
our
in its simple,
the
unadorned
is
it
represents
Fig.
It
7-
appears to have
The Greeks
Cross,
Nearly
by equalizing
and,
rendered
all
it
more
the
its
suitable
limbs,
for
idealized
ornamental
it,
and
purposes.
68
Christian
regard to decorative
are
four limbs,
termed
The
art.
Latin
type
is,
compara-
seldom used.
tively speaking,
The
Symbolism.
arms,
its
or
all
being
of
Cross,
importance.
equal
is
the arms.
different
The
examples.
should
together,
the
the
In
be
the upper
is
members vary
the foot
all
in
longer than
arms added
the two
to
one another.
All
The
found
and
5).
in Christian
The Tau
and Heraldic
Papal
Cross,
art.
Cross,
Patriarchal
Cross,
been described.
The
2) is
a Latin
Andrew's Cross
type, although
it
to that type.
Its
is
is
common
The
at right angles, or
Varieties
Cross.
69
its
the
derives
of
It
6).
supposed instrument
the
In heraldry
it
is
termed
The
resembling
Cross
the
is
fishes'
name
This
centre.
anything
is
joined in a small
tails,
frequently termed
latter
7)
but
expressive.
Hospitallers, or
It
Knights of
was
St.
The
Cross Patee
the Maltese
is
may
Patee
a great difference
The
either
is
radiating lines
be straight or curved
as
in
the illustration.
The
its
ornamented
arms
The
by
balls
Cross
or
ornamental
The
Cross
tremities of
its
It
trefoils.
is
sometimes
Trefflee.
Pommee
circles.
art,
with
This
Cross
is
arms terminated
seldom
used
in
Fig.
arms divided
into
10,
has the
ex-
Symbolism.
Christian
yo
This
is
seldom used
The
in
rence in
triple-leaved terminations.
of Plate
are
is
Cross
is
Greek
of the
most
where they
extremities,
their
and
one of the
is
arms are
Its
ii)
all
is
it
The
into
graceful
Both our
Fleurie.
type,
burst
illustrations
frequently
is
The
Cross Patonce
arms terminate,
arms of the
shown
Patonce
when
but
latter
in Fig.
is
not straight,
are
however,
Its
like
the
and spreading as
12.
of a small
when
They
members.
is
large,
size
its
it
may
justly
proportions
be considered so;
render
it
heavy and
unsatisfactory.
The
Cross Patonce
is
is
in
preference to the
Latin types
Latin form.
PLATE
IV.
**4h
10
15
14.
li
12
16
m^^^^jtie^mm
Symbolism
The
Crosses.
of
the
Cross.
is
14)
71
used in heraldry.
(Fig.
another
is
15)
heraldic Cross.
The
the
It
Cross
symbol,
Crosslet
very
is
variety
beautiful
is
It invariably
enumerated
are not of
much importance
to
art.
together.
16).
Crosses
varieties of
in
of
dif-
but as they
feel
that
it
is
not
Symbolism
of
the
Cross.
Lord,
They
are to be found in
all
Symbolism.
Christian
72
Him
The
Cross
the acknowledged
is
The
or
all
"
His holy
mark
religion."
or sign of
the
the world.
the following
The
Anticipatory Cross
while
all
it
it
This
the
and renders
value,
its
fact,
an expres-
it
sign of the
Law
however, gives
sive
is
the
Gospel of
Christ.
The
connexion with
where
our
sufferings
Crucifixion.
time
Saviour,
although
have Introduced
artists
Lord's
our
should never be
Cross
Anticipatory
when
in
their
It
as
used
instances
in
occur
the instrument of
representations
of
the
symbolism
was
neglected
and
misun-
derstood.
The
plain
is
employed
is
Symbolism
form from which
it
may be
of
the
Cross.
73
all
Lord Himself
Five red marks or jewels are sometimes placed on
the five
His
feet,
and His
Latin Cross,
having
and
is
understood to
the
fact
that
its
Plate VI.).
i,
members pointed
four
is
set
forth the
awful
sorrow and
sufferings of our
This form
His hands.
in
side.
The
to allude to
is
the
eye
prefers
to
art,
from
symbols
contemplate
the
and
mind,
shuns
those which
create
sadness
and sorrow.
The
plain
it
is
may be adopted
usually understood
to
be the emblem
of Christianity.
The Greek
Cross
His Religion.
is
much
As
the
Death
extend equally
as
in
four
different
extend
When
so does
directions,
Latin type
Christianity,
generally shown,
is
it
steps, as
shown
is
the
and west.
the
Gospel of Christ
the
equally
blessings
its
the world
of
Symbolism.
Christian
74
erect,
woodcut
in the
8).
Religion
the
that
on the earth
upward
to heaven,
arms abroad
the latter
the
Fig.
The
the largest,
is
The middle
step
The Maltese
the
is
it
as
which
step,
Scripture that
same
and that
over
firmly
points
it
it
spreads
men.
all
of the
Cross
foundation
triple
us
is
In
itself,
reared
the
triple
lower
and which
that
is
Religion
upon
8.
it
tells
it
of Christ
planted
its
in
upon three
or placed
(Fig.
fixed
either
is
is
rests
is
firmly
Charity
upon
for
the
we
earth,
are told in
is
Faith,
in
embedded.
The
Cross Crosslet
may
Symbolism
be understood
Cross.
the
of
express in a more
to
75
manner
forcible
The
Potent, which
Cross
formed
is
understood
allude
to
of
The
Cross Saltire
Andrew he
the
and humility.
suffering
emblem which
in
as an
art
frequently as an
emblem
In representations
of
St.
usually
is
Old
the
Christ.
sometimes used
is
may be
Cross,
the displacement of
to
Tau
four
he suffered death.
When
death
of
St.
crucifixion,
requested to
he,
be nailed
neglecting
Thus
the
likeness
of
Cross, which
more
intended
2.
life,
of
shown
Redeemers
his
bears
St.
in
Fig.
to
crucifixion.
humility in
particularly
pray for
believing himself,
the
to
to
approach
to
6,
suffering.
Plate
express
as those of the
IV.
It
is
but
if
suffering,
its
Latin Cross
Christian
76
Sy^nbolism.
we have
just
them,
alluding
Redeemer,
our
of
sufferings
they do
as
or
to
Christianity
to
We
while
have now to
religion, the
its
The
Figs.
three Crosses,
in
arms bursting
into ornament,
centre
the
of
and
triumphant
life
who
all
ii,
lo,
of
and
Plate
Plate IV.,
12,
having
I.,
their
and
fruit-yielding
persecution
set
glorious
loved
and
The
here
devices
of
Christian
artists
sacred
symbol
it
in
silver
one
into
it
in
mass of
spotless
still
ivory
they
have
and,
ornament.
rich
it
with
brilliant
Instead of a
"
it
enamels,
with gar-
crown of thorns"
Symbolism
they have decked
it
placed
centre
As
it
the
in
Christianity
and goodly
made
to the
of a
fountain
circle
of
remind us
sun,
which
that
celestial
'jj
that
all
that,
as
the
centre
of
bright
is
have
a material
all
rays.
actions, artists
the
glory, to
in
with the
the
is
Cross.
the
of
all
spiritual
life
radiance,
to
the
Monograms of
IV T
^ ^
UMEROUS
the
Saviour s Name.
monograms
all
its
in
ages.
At
the
name
present
are
day
the
more frequently
almost
all
the
various
the Cross
indeed
is
The
earliest
(XPISTO^) by
(XP.)
name
of
of
first
in Fig.
monogram
this
are acquainted
CHRIST
combined together, as
Examples
2,
have
They
are found
in
on the
Plate V.
found,
second cen-
on
carved
rude
fresco,
walls.
from
of that
been
the catacombs,
Greek
in
letters
name
'
it
artists that
is
Symbolism.
Christian
78
each
monogram
Eight
other.
varieties
are
shown
on
Plate V.
Fig. 2 represents the
said
to
be the sign
Heavens
while,
which
it
is
on the eve of
his
great
battle
with
strife,
The
unto
him,
it
he
to
decide
fire,
who was
to
sign written in
with
which was
displayed the
should
conquer.
The
Emperor
at
once
PLATE
D
n
V,
Monograms
arose
and carried
his banners
monogram on
the sacred
Another form
added
is
The A and
in
represented in Fig.
is
member
afterwards
remembrance
shown
In
preceding.
it
monogram
sets
forth
the
first
XPISTOS).
and
this
monogram which
the
of
the
is
omitted
is
and
the
letter
X.
name
letters
of
that
CHRIST
Fig. 5
is
by the
use
of
added
a Cross.
to
Fig.
the
initial
(IH^OTS
Greek
in
they
for while
by combining the
name
purpose of presenting
of that
holy
and P
JESUS CHRIST
of
the X.
of
here.
consist of the
only express
two
member
is
forms which
the
of the P
the loop
is
where the X
1 are
sometimes met
3,
upright
the
to
letters
He
and,
horizontal,
{Iota)
be wrought upon
to
his coins.
is
{Rho)
Christ,
79
of his
{Chi)
Na^ne.
the battle.
to
in
Saviour s
the
of
is
monogram
for
the
similar
8o
Symbolism.
Christian
to
Fig. 7
with
same form
the
is
of
addition
the
X.
Latin
the
monogram
"
thus signifies,
as
XRISTOS NOSTER,"
understood as expressing
We
shown
as that
letter
3,
N,
which
is
by M. Didron,
"
Our Lord
Jesus Christ."*
gram enclosed
in
circles,
to
connexion
which
with
explains
described monogram,
Greek
" These
viz.,
that
peculiarity
be
to
monograms
the
all
M. Didron
this subject
the
eternal
9).
somewhat surprising
is
* In
note,
The
word noster.
stated
is
Fig.
in
gives
the
observed in
following
the
last
monograms were
of
Greek
origin,
but the
Latins
did not abandon them, or modify them according to the form of the
Roman
letters,
mosaics,
the
letters
in use in this
was written
two
Latin,
The
eif.
down
country
to the
alpha and
present day.
letters are
sigma
period.
omitted.
last
are
exclusively
Latin,
is
Latin."
but the
first
XPITVS.
is
The
first
Monograms
our
of
Saviour's
name
origin
and
the
retained
they
Church,
their
have,
forms
original
81
which
Greek
Name.
Saviours
the
of
that,
although
In all
ages by
most
the
for
by-
or arrangement,
part,
and
in
all
We
have alluded
to those
are
CHRIST,
Initials
and
of the
combined
monograms which
early
letters of
first
which
the
also
to
those
name
of
JESUS CHRIST,
It
display
now remains
name
the
united
of
two
or
for us to
for the
letters
of those
names
together,
the
and
{lotci)
and C
last letters
CHRIST,
letters
of
the
of
first
set forth
and
last
fc stood for
JESUS,
IHCOYC;
XPICTOC.
the
thus
to
and, again,
On
artists
by using the
the
Greek
XC
first
stood for
and
last
3.
used.
This monogram
is
Symbolism.
Christian
82
of
the
speaking,
rightly
gracefully
When
wrought
it
Western
the
intersect the
(Fig.
7).
form, as a contrac-
original
its
often
is
it
artists
retaining
monogram
into a
appears in
tion, it usually
(Fig. 4).
although
contraction,
described, being,
last
Greek
have made
they
of contraction,
sign
original
|)
and by
{Eta),
in
all
cases
is
7).
name
first
JESUS
letters
and the
Greek
letter
last
The monogram
is
of
commonly
an
incorrect
name
of
idea,
CHRIST
of
(Fig.
5).
for
2),
are
name
when
appears
of
stated
to
but this
the
in
consist
it
is
of
obviously
is
contraction
art,
in
the
for
either
as
the
XP/o-roC,
the
it
this
The monogram
it
the
two
first
letters
remaining
four
(in
and the
being
Greek
final
left
out
art)
fre-
in
our
Plate,
and read
in
"JESUS CHRIST:"
the
same manner.
and
PLATE
IC
IHC
VI
xc
XPC
CHAPTER
Emblems of
IV.
A V N G,
in
as
Emblems
and the
of the
it
is
fixion
forth
Symbols and
of our
describe
to
in
the
Christian Art
Betrayal,
and Cruci-
Emblems of
as
our intention, in
Chapter,
manner
Monograms
various
present
Ascension.
of God,
Saviour's name,
the
concise
treated
possible,
to
and
NDER
the
are included
all
Passion.
Emblems
of the
Passion
Agony
authority for
When
Agony
Lord's
its
is
Christ,
the
it
should
or issuing from
shown
form
Agony
as
used
in
Suffering
painted
VH.,
in Plate
it
is
Agony
in
be Introduced.
figurative
on
its
side,
Fig.
i.
The
wrongly used,
may
here
our Saviour's
of
representations
Agony by
the
in
actual
Calvary
We
the
signify
to
have
either
the
derived.
is
art
remark that
direct
in
Is
we
with which
doubtless
used
of
latter
of the
Betrayal
the hands
in
adoption as an emblem
Cup
the
of
of
Cup,
is
our
to
His
Emblem
only
acquainted,
allusion
Gethsemane
of
and His
Soldiers,
The
Garden
the
In
by Judas;
are
Symbolism.
Christian
84
It
is
only a
literal
interpretation of the
The Emblems
John
xviii.
xxvi.
39, 42.
St.
Mark
xiv.
number;
36.
St.
Luke
11.
t Engraved in
"The
vol.
ii.
p.
29.
xxii.
42.
Emblems
the
Ear,
the
Head
of
Rope, the
the
Passion.
the
Thirty
Pieces
85
of
and
Silver,
of Judas.
Betrayal
be found
to
and
the
in
Gospels,
are
3,
The emblems
Sufferings
while
number
namely,
the
Rope,
Pilate),
the
bound),
the Scourge,
the
VII.,
Pillar
(to
which
in
by
(used
Jesus
was
or
Scarlet
seven
are
Ewer
and
Reed.
in
Plate
Figs. 4 and 5,
We
sometimes
introduced
to
and
the
groups of these
Hall
Basin
the
Two
Common
the
in
Condemnation
Lord's
our
of
with
above
the
Peter's denial,
a cock
find
it
in
but
as
it
alludes
directly
Christ's
sufferings.
Of
all
emblems
the
of
the
Passion,
those which
as
emblem
we have
chapter
to
of the Crucifixion
already
its
devoted
description,
the
is
greater
we need
The
not
part
again
of
dwell
86
Symbolism.
Christian
The
upon.
number),
emblems
other
Hammer,
the
Sponge and
Reed,
the
the
Nails
the
are
the
Spear,
in
Ladder,
the
Inscription,*
the
the
Pincers,
(three
Three
Plate
groups
VII.,
The
Figs.
Pelican
sometimes
is
The Brazen
such,
as an
used
emblem
of
shedding
depicted
is
its
its
Serpent
And
the Crucifixion.
upon
raised
in
Tau Cross
the
of
on
to
it
shown
are
8.
7,
and as
Crucifixion,
the
6,
emblems
these
of
Testament types
Lamb and
Paschal
and the
of
Sacrifice
Isaac,
its
blood,
14th
fixion
occupying
The
inscription
the cross,
when used
we
century,
I.N.R.I.
Judicdnim,
The
the
find
centre,
Pauperum,"
a work of
drawing
the
and
of
on
the
Cruci-
right
letters
JESUS OF
" Biblia
the
initials
of
lesus
letters,
thus
Nazarmiis
Rex
JEWS.
PLATE
VII
Emblems
of
representation
the
the
the
Emblems of the
-^
87
Brazen
the
Serpent
a representation of
left
up of Isaac*
offering
A S
^
of
raising
in
Resurrection.
the
of
Resurrectioit.
fail
to
around them, to
Dead
incomplete
without
its
That
it
if
appropriate emblems.
was found a
difficult
fitted
fables, or beliefs
made by
those
them
to act as
be learned.
generally accepted
An
Lord,"
engraving
vol.
i.
p.
28.
of
this
page
is
given
in
" Tlie
History of our
Symbolism.
Christian
88
because
was
it
in
appearance of death
it
it
believed, on the
but
that, in
or
life
all
the
awakened
to vitality
by the
its sire.
is
is
introduced
the
Raising
The Lion
words
"
if
dead
back
its
LEO FORM."
as a Christian
upon
is
Catacombs.
The
it
emblem
at a
accepted as an
its
emblem
it
to
be
in
early
times
as
an
Emblem
The
emblem of the
its
beautiful
Resurrection,
because
yearly renewed
it
The
incorruptible flesh.
to
have
its tail
fully displayed, as
The
emblem
or as
Pelican,
although
it
is
generally accepted as an
brought
its
young
to
life
own
opinion
that
it
Its
belief that
it
breast caused
merely fed
The
by the blood of
common
a figure of Christ
its
it
89
Immortality, because
is
Ascension.
the
of
It
Its
young with
its
as a figure of Christ
THE
only
emblem
with which
we
of the
are acquainted
p.
40, ante.
is
Christian
90
We
emblem, but
it
is
by no means so common
In
Symbolism.
was usual
alone
art as
of.
it
in
this
In
some cases
indicating
artists
of
the com-
have shown
foot-prints
left
out
to
His Ascension.
The Ascension
to
Heaven
chariot.
In the
" Biblia
Pauperum
"
CHAPTER
V.
artists
and
boHcally,
minds
of
ever
the
set forth
sym-
unlearned
Christian
worshippers.
As
we
find
the
represented.
The most
Christians,
indicating
which
frequent
upon
appears
in
Catacombs
in the
frequently
element
Church
that
the
symbol
tombs
they
who
of
is
the
fish
it
departed
are buried
were
can
exist.
Symbolism.
Christian
92
From
its
signification
and
continued to be used.
Sometimes three
a triangular fashion
fishes
in
and blessing
9).
Representations
seldom found
in
nevertheless,
are,
the
although
Baptism,
of
rite
of
early
art,
very
fre-
P^s- 9-
Trinity
represented
portraitures)
for
and
it
the
Three
is
Persons
the purpose
of
of
the
by symbols or
present (either
as
indicating
that
which
them
fishes
We
set forth
find in
by types taken
the Catacombs a
Red
Sea, as a type
Symbols
and
of Baptism
frequently
the
E^icharist.
Middle Ages.
It
is
93
intro-
Pauperum."
The passage
of
the
Israelites
through
the
river
by the Jews
entering
before
the
Temple
are
still
The
art,
more
symbol
ment
so.
early symbol, as
consists of a
crosses,
find
it
in
the Catacombs,
placed at
is
we
mouth.
its
Later
in
art
the
same
(Plate VII.,
Fig.
it,
9),
or a cross.
representation of a small
cross,
altar
is
bearing a chalice
at times
employed
W^gw?
^m^^n
nH|R|
i^^^^l m^i
KH^^^^mli
^Sl
^^^1
di'MM^s^ngm
|(|^ Si l^^l
SM
CHAPTER
Symbols and Emblems of
VI.
and
Evangelists
the
the
Apostles.
jyawB*^law^HiyMpq
|^W*B ^^n^^
the
earliest
ages
of
the
Christian
m
^A P
and
\m^
from
those
times
until
the
pre-
^^^^^
held
in
respect
by
Christian artists.
either
by the hand of
metal-worker,
copies of the
or
the
embroiderer.
In illuminated
Symbols
and
Evangelists
the
of
Apostles.
95
On
processional
or figure of our
junction.
In almost
the
all
of
portraitures
the
Evangelists
them
for
the
purpose
of
indi-
vidualizing them.f
The
earliest
Evangelists with
found
four
in the
we
which
Catacombs
are
namely,
acquainted
in
those
Scrolls, the
four
the
The
are
scrolls
and
idea,
* Interesting
circles,
drawings
of
the
"
Evangelistic
Book of
symbols,
Kells," a
enclosed in
MS. preserved
in
t In the
" Gospels
of
St.
Cuthbert,"
Evangelists
proper symbol.
nimbus.
occur.
Each of the
or
the
Museum,
"
Durham Book," a
Each Evangelist
is
attended by his
Christian
96
shown
In the
Symbolism.
The
lo).
four
which spread
mities as
if
The whole
at their extreto
clasp
them.
surrounded by
is
The
Cross
sets
forth
our
An
lo.
this beautiful
group
is
ornamental treatment of
depicted in
Plate
I.,
where the
volumes.
The
the early
artists,
Catacombs we
small
shown
issuing from a
nimbus, stands.
The Lamb
In the
inscribed
House
The
to
Symbols
of the
and
Evangelists
Holy
Gospels
Apostles.
are
97
figured
the
through and
Symbolism represents
St.
Mark by
St.
Matthew by the
St.
river Glhon,
Luke by
the river
St.
bears aloft a
John Lateran,
shown
large
In a mosaic In
Rome, the
in
a mount which
issuing from
ornamented
four
symbol of
the
cross,
Christ.
The symbols
frequently
in
met
of
with,
favour with
the
Evangelists
which
are
most
Christian
.artists,
are
the
four
winged
living creatures.
They
.are
the winged
winged Ox, and the Eagle, and are taken from the Vision
of Ezekiel and the Revelation of St. John.
At what
Is
uncertain
for the
most
About the
98
Christian
Symbolism.
it
beautiful within
The
until
Symbolism and
true
and
range.
its
gave
commences
;
was
else that
5 th century,
Christ
were
that time
his holy
is
St.
likeness,
Matthew
because he
human
nature
divine.
The
was given
to St.
Mark,
and because
of our Lord
human
in
To
in
his writings
the
Mark
St.
we have
He
the Resurrection.
also
the wilderness,"
is
is
in
his
"
The
appropriately figured
by the Lion,
because,
Gospel, he
Ox
was given
particularly
The
to St. Luke,
dwells on
the
The Ox,
Symbols
the beast of
also the
The
St.
sacrifice,
fitly
atonement
and
Evangelists
the
of
Apostles.
99
for sin
by
and
blood.
was given
to
powerful wings
its
spirit
upwards
to
The above
symbols are
particulars
relative
The
Rev.
J.
M. Neale, we
Hymns and
the
in the
to
by
Evangelistic
beautiful
Adam
of St. Victor
following translation
transcribe
from his
Children
Faithful
Heavenly Father,
of a
people,
joy,
From
John
ye gather,
Vision draw.
Ezekiel's
that
the rather
lore
Prophet's witness
sharing,
Of
"Round
the
the
things
Throne,
tmly
saw.'
'midst
Angel natures
Whose
of features
diversity
Maketh good
the
I
Seer's
plan
;,
by the
"Mediaeval
Sequences."
"
hymn,
lOO
Symbolism.
Christian
on the
Scripture
The
" These
Of
are
the
Who
rest
Matthew
And the
From
these
is
rightly
loved Apostle,
his
nets
Lord,
that
man
rites
Of Mosaic law
Mark
And
the
wilds
beckoned
supplieth,
none denieth
man He made
testifieth
spring from
to
reckoned
and Zebedee.
"
mystic
first,
Luke with
the
S5anbols
the
they,
the
Him
Ox and Man,
forms Evangehstic,
Irrigate
Of
bestoweth
twin forms of
as
propitial,
judicial
displayed.
lion
shaketh.
quaketh,
love's
right
To
his
uprising
light.
Symbols
and
Evangelists
the
of
Quadriform His
acts,
Apostles.
which writing
Whom
Ox,
Lion,
when
"These
Round
on death
soaring
Eagle,
the
to
He
slayeth
preyeth
the skies.
creature forms
ethereal
majesty imperial
the
Seen by prophets
Difference
Wheels are
Scripture
passion
victim's
the visions
wings
rolling,
lore
Step with
but material
'twixt
signifying
this
flying,
complying.
wheels,
as
step,
springs.
are
" Paradise
satiated.
is
Blossoms,
thrives,
From
these
fcecundated.
is
irrigated
rills
that
Christ the
fountain,
Christ the
source,
Of
the
To
aye proceed
they the
river,
" In these
streams
That more
fully
we ensuing
Thirst
We
more
their
From
fully
may
allay:
And from
To the
pleasures
joys
vain
swallow,
and hollow
of heavenly
Day."
loi
I02
Symbolism.
Christian
The
order
enumerated
and
sixth
in
above
Poem
although
not
the
in
verses),
the
(in
fourth,
same as
the
fifth,
that
in
As
is
the order
in art.
allusion
the
to
Evangelists,
the
commonly adopted
to
life
Winged Man.
Evangelist.
St.
Event.
Incarnation.
square
the
proper
order
those
of
Symbol.
When
in
Matthew.
Winged Ox.
St.
Luke.
Passion.
Winged Lion.
St.
Mark.
Resurrection.
Eagle.
St.
John.
Ascension.
or
parallelogram,
monumental
brass,
such
as
an
altar
frontal,
Winged Man.
Eagle.
Winged Lion.
Winged Ox.
pro'--
Symbols
When
of
the
Evangelists
and
Apostles.
103
members of a
cross, in
may
properly be
figure.
Eagle.
Winged
Man.
Winged
\\t.
Lion.
Winged
Ox.
on the
artist, for
examples.
is
by no means binding
I04
The symbols on
Minden
of
Symbolism.
Christian
Eagle.
Figure
of our
Lord.
Winged
Lion.
Winged
Ox.
Winged
Man.
The
is
it
serves to
show
all
symbols on
the Cross.
*
drawing of
this Crucifix is
&
Symbols
and
Evangelists
the
of
Apostles.
105
Those
artists.
appear
nimbus,
the
while
Man
is
been
most
representations
Ox,
Lion,
the
have
to
some
In
adopted.
all
of
St.
the
fully
This
depicted as a half-figure.
is
6, 7, 8,
and
symbols,
shown, the
the case in
a beautiful chalice
Maurice, at Hildesheim.*
frequently
Plate
VI IL
9.
The symbols
are frequently to be
human
shape, as
2, 3,
shown
and
4,
5,
in the four
drawings
The Study-book
by Thomas H. King.
+ Our
illustrations
Vol.
are
King's
ii.
Plate 70.
taken
from
the
interesting
engravings
mediaeval
artists to
to our readers
"It
is
of
it
Christian symbolism,
it
will
We
tran-
paid by
06
At
Symbolism.
Christian
we
other times
find the
all
bohsm which distinguished the age when these masterpieces were achieved.
The basin is circular in form, and rests on a cylindrical column,
Four kneeling figures, holding in their
sustained by four eagle's claws.
hands an urn, from which escapes a stream of water, support the basin
These
underneath.
of this Sacrament.
^
^
Above
is
iTOotans". ^Ijison
jmperiem
beloi
J<
(Est
JFrugifct
eon
SCigris
and
est
terrae
(iHupfjrates
this inscription,
as figurative
to this symbolism,
pruUmti
ieltgnat
quo
fortis
est
justitia
stmulatus.
fjiatus.
signtficatur
.
que
notatur.
in farther illustration of the idea, the four cardinal virtues are t)^ified
Prudence
medalHons.
in four allegorical
is
Temperance
is
is
CHstote
woman
represented as a
left
pruticntes
a serpent, with
sctpentes
sieut
mne
tulit
punctum
qui
miseuit
utile
JJulei
Fortitude appears under the fonn of a warrior in steel armour, armed with
sword and
is
And
On
shield.
the legend,
Justice
Uir
is
qui
Kominatur
in
Above
mensura
et
pontere
anitno
sua
familiar
forttor
Donor
est
on a
eipugnatore
scroll
urbis
The legend on
pono
holding in the spandrils four medallions of the greater prophets, each with
Symbols
of
invested with
the
frequently find
We
on
we read
popuU
Ezekiel
tribus
.Stmtlitulia
ammalium
the
in
spaces
of the
2^cgttal)tt
et
rci
et
et
fjic
spandrils
CHgwlJtctur
saptms
linguae
et
in
populum
speritus
BaijiU
patui
The
suum
sancta
ejus
iflne
John
eorum .
St.
raitce
St.
^iit
Maxia
that of
The remainder
Mark
illi
factum
3fst
faos
JBominus
bapttjafiit
.
sctfem
est
by the following
occupied
patia
on the one
The Donor
.
plena
aJKilbernus
J<
l^oc
side
spe
ecclesia
Bat
suseipe
is
on the
is
iienise
iecus
with the
Gothard,
St.
enthroned,
sitting
is
all
lauBique
CTljriste
Israelites
ilHaris
pie-
through the
Red
Sea.
Here
may be
observed,
that this
%te&t
emblems of the
Matthew Jpse salijum .
abit
are
Virgin
Blessed
the
first,
Stephen.
other
it
and on
eorum.
the
Moses
we
on that of Daniel
He
servient.;
earo
St.
St.
Luke
"Bttbum
art
occupied by the
is
peccatts
et
St.
late
birgo
crit
aspictus
subjects
In
ipst
in
107
nimbus, but
Apostles.
omitted.
it
that of Jeremiah
mncs
and
Evangelists
plain
sometimes
On
a motto.
the
artist,
In passing,
in the other.
gives
of twelve personages, with vases, charged with the spoil of the Egyptians.
The
Per
mare
Pet
Cfjristum
per
mogscn
labatljro
fugit
fugimus
CFggptum
.
tcnebras
genus
fjorum.
biciorum.
Symbolism.
Christian
io8
The drawing
In the
third, the
diction,
and
At the
in the
angels as acolytes
bapttjatur
pjic
i^obis
In the
and on the
fourth,
bapttsma
quo
trifaums
in
flamine
The whole
these verses
Sosue
faitam
Kuce
te
flumcn
Ci^rtsma
tiatuor
J<
Uirtutcs
J<
ra
?^EEc
Canaan through
the
followed by
transit
fontc
fiaboeus
Drus
cover
rata
^araftisi
rigant
propljctarum
is
trrorant
que
quae
scriptorcs
flumina
totiUcm
.
cor
baticinata
efaangElii
munttum
crimine
fucrunt
cecincrunt
muntium
i^
KtUcttts
by two
his lance,
is
iuce
in bene-
i<
The
atr
mms
sancttficatur
patriam
way with
Ark of
hand
.
words
pointing the
is
gucimur
films
Cfjristus
.
laB
est
is
Joshua
river Jordan.
'^xt
poised over
is
left,
Our Lord
river Jordan.
his head,
given
is
Tetramorph,
called the
^ost
juste
.
ut
.
labat
CEriminc
immunBa
fusus
.
attracta
fceiatis
sacri
sanguis
.
baptismatis
labac|}vi
lacljrgmis
labac^rum
fit
confcssio
opus
unUa
tenet
usus
facta
pictatis
PLATE
VIII
Symbols
principal figure
or
Apostles.
it is
Above
in the
is
In the
hood by
first
is
On
tribes.
the
Moses, with a
these words
shown
On
^ropl^ctatn
the inscription
an
hand and a
suscitafait
Aaron's rod,
altar,
left is
are
in
They
the affirmation
is
shafts.
These com-
itself.
whether by water
Sacrament of Penance.
cover
The
that of the
is
filled
109
the
which
and
Evangelists
the
of
Ue
label in his
filiis
bcstris
On
on the
which
left,
right is
carries
the archivolt
is
Utrga
fatget
In the second
flore
parit
alma
rcgmte
putiorc
is
King Herod
is
a drawn sword
is
the head of an
cutting off
heart,
Ijolor
In the third
is
sitting at
is St.
table
Above
is
ortrntat
the inscription
cruor
Mary Magdalene
qualis
on a
et
in his
scroll
quK
est
* Our drawing
cruUclc
executioner
child at her
crucntat
Our Saviour
The words
An
side.
infant,
tnultn
is
hand
.
quae
?t?ic
tangit
si
.
reset
turn.
^ropijcta
scirct
uti'quc
are in
work by M.
no
Christian
Symbolism.
and
six large
wings covered with eyes are arranged round the heads and
across the
feet
on
rest
fiery
like
peccota
multa
On
5pe
the archivolt
rtfictt
pectus
which he holds
label
the inscription
is
lail^rgmis
flmte
^2^tmittuntur
rcfcctus
crowned
is
ei
figure, represent-
feeding the
thirsty,
hungry, entertaining the stranger, clothing the naked, attending the sick,
and
the prisoner
visiting
The
appropriate figure.
the Six
Works of Mercy
Matthew, xxv.
mihi
Hospes
bibere
hifirmus
the legend
is
The
faeniant
JHorcs
For Jeremiah
filios
Nudiis
me
operuistis
et
ad
venistis
et
Above
me.
per
opts
tnopcm
miscrcri
Udi
met
in
fructus
i^ama
ijonovis
auiita
et
ijonEStatis
ploratus
et
ululatus
a^arfjclis
nobis
suos.
.
:
finmum
The
*
eram
carcere
St.
Sitivi et dedistis
pane
ffl;tbaJjlt
nos
^iFrange
esurienti
lacfjrgmarum
et
potum
Bclitt
ladjrgmis.
For
in
Isaiah
For David
in
For Solomon
me
coUegistis
scclert
Isaiah,
plorantts
et
hi
His Parable,
in
iSat
and
me
represented by an
is
is
mihi matiducare
et dedistis
erain
visitastis
et
dead
by our Lord
referred to
Esurivi
burial of the
panem
tuum
et
egcnos
bagosquc
inSuc
tnam
The
execution
thirteenth century."
dates
probably from
the
latter
half
of the
Symbols
of
the
and
Envangelists
Apostles.
1 1
sheep.
Our
as
in his arms.
twelve
men
the Evangelists,
Still
in representations of
were depicted
books or
scrolls
in
their
hands
Towards the
latter part of
it
became
emblems or
derived
from
attributes
in
their
hands.
These, being
These emblems,
Symbolism.
Chris tiafi
112
For
symbols.
Keys
instance, the
Sword
the
speak of
is
increased.
We
together in
when
that
find
art,
made from
thirteen
to the
Peter, St.
Paul,
St.
John,
Thomas,
St.
Bartholomew,
St.
Matthias.
When
is
St.
St.
in
Andrew,
left
are omitted.
to omit St.
to
find this
St.
as
Matthew,
St.
It
Simon,
St.
Philip,
St. Jude,
list,
St.
and
Jude
In cases where
Simon and
St.
Matthias
insert
follows
St.
and
order
commonly
being
St.
St.
list.
in
is
the extended
According
the
St.
Paul,
St.
arrangement noted
St.
Luke, and
in the "
St.
Guide de
Mark.
We
la Peinture,"
Symbols
On
Apostles.
Mark,
St.
Thomas,
St.
and
Evangelists
the
of
John.
Paul,
St.
We
formula.*
Simon,
St.
This
St.
is
^St.
Peter,
St.
Matthew,
Luke,
St.
Philip,
Andrew,
St.
Bartholomew,
St.
James,
Latin
and Greek
Greek.
Latin.
St.
Peter.
St.
Matthew.
St.
Paul.
St.
Philip.
St.
Andrew.
St.
Mark.
St.
St.
Paul.
St.
John.
St.
Peter.
St.
Thomas.
St.
Luke.
St.
Andrew.
St.
St.
St.
Philip.
St.
Thomas.
St.
Bartholomew.
St.
Simon.
St.
Matthew.
St.
Bartholomew.
St.
Simon.
St.
St.
Matthias.
St.
John.
The emblems
of St.
we
are
indebted
to
Mrs.
Legendary Art."
Keys derived
&c.,
Jameson's valuable
of the Twelve
" Sacred and
Symbolism.
Christian
114
"
heaven
earth
be loosed
shall
on
heaven."
in
is
loose on
Matt. xvi.
(St,
and
be bound
shall
shalt
give
will
earth
In
29.)
number
in
two,
is
As many
hell.
the
(Fig.
11),
keys
the
Apostle,
When
world.
this
Fig. II.
of heaven and
as three
in addition to
hell,
the key of
used as emblems of
be
should
two
in
number
of silver.
The
emblem of
usual
instrument
He
in
in
he
rarely
may remark
their
martyrdom
his
books
a sword,
Very
We
swords.
of
is
(Fig.
St.
the
12).
Paul
is
Fig, 12.
Paul
St.
that
in
is
in
the
other.
art,
their
emblems.
Symbols
The books
are
and
the Evangelists
of
them
given
attributes
Apostles.
as
teachers
of
the Gospel.
The well-known
Andrew
Cross of St.
as
the
emblem
Plate IV.).
He
we have
The
(Fig.
emblems of
usual
pilgrim's
to
6,
is
The
13).
and an
scrip,
staff,
St.
staff
and
escalop-shell
first
lands to
the
fulfil
sacred
The
mission.
Fig-
13-
at Compostella.
The emblem
of St. John,
The
of
it
(Fig.
Apostle,
is
a cup
14).
chalice
was
it
as an
which
St.
secretly poisoned,
having
use
and administered
the poison
to
it
without injury,
miraculously issued
form of a serpent.
*
On
the Cross
Fig.
from
it
14
in
the
ii6
Symbolism.
Christian
The
emblem
usual
or square (Fig.
a builder's rule
is
15),
ment of
He
Thomas
of St.
his
stated
is
to
in
and
darts,
Fig.
15.
The
^ lance.
-
first
emblem
mentioned
through
originated
When
we
Thomas was
St.
appears
and
beautiful
finally
legend
popular
transcribe here
at
The
'
have
to
Lord
our
Cesarea,
king of the
Indies,
workmen
who
shall
versed in
build
Emperor
of the
thee
well
to
him
for
of
the
science
Rome.
to build for
absent
for
instead
of
sures
went
two years
building
intrusted
to
into
palace,
him
went,
and
silver, for
distant
and
finer
than
that
will
send
Gondoforus
him a magnificent
architecture,
Behold, now,
And Thomas
him.'
commanded him
The
palace
of
St.
country,
Thomas,
distributed
among
the
the
all
poor
full
palace,
purpose.
and
was
meanwhile,
the
and
trea-
sick;
of wrath, and
Symbols
he commanded that
into
cast
and
Evangelists
the
of
Thomas should be
St.
and he meditated
prison,
Apostles.
for
and
seized
him a
horrible
died,
and the
death.
king
of
'
showed
behold,
to
me
and precious
Thomas
have been
stones,
king Gondoforus.'
and they
said,
And when
'
This
'
built
the
the
to
a servant
is
and
palace of gold
architect hath
the
torture
in Paradise,
a wondrous
dead four
and said
upright,
sat
God
that
and
been
silver
the palace
is
thy brother,
for
king heard
these
and Thomas
those
said
who would
to
him,
'
Knowest thou
There are
king,
may
faith
prepare the
and
way
The emblem
of
in
that
little
heaven
not
possess
St.
who purchase
Thy
charity.
for
thee
riches,
to such
the
a palace,
thither.' " *
"
is
club
or
i.
p.
246.
ii8
Symbolism.
Christian
bat, the
He
i6).
was
martyred in
Fig.
St.
6.
killed
by the
with a
fuller's
he was afterwards
fall,
slain
to pray.
his
for
emblem a
cross
of
reed (Fig.
Sometimes he
17).
is
repre-
and
the top of a
p^g- 17-
X.Q
he
at others
have been
staff.
Tau
cross on
St. Philip is
supposed
carries a
head down-
The emblem
Bartholomew
is
supposed to have
been
He
is
flayed
generally
alive
by
18.
this
sometimes, in addition, he
skin over his arm.
In portraitures,
is
knife,
represented with a
and
human
Symbols
of
The emblem
the
him
to
be uncertain.
death
natural
Greek
in
a purse of
evi-
by our
call
St.
allusion to
in
previous to his
How
Saviour.
is
(Fig. 19).
Apostles.
of St.
capacity of an Apostle,
money
and
Evangelists
the
represent
artists
Fig. 19.
him dying a
art,
shows him
Simon bears
commonly accepted
of his
martyrdom
manner of
he
are
the instrument
as
(Fig.
his death
suffered
emblem a
for his
The
20).
exact
both
unknown.
It
is
Jude
Simon
(or
in
his
being killed
Fiz. 20.
Thaddeus)
travels,
said
is
and
to
by a halberd.
Persia.
have attended
to
St.
Jude's
emblem
is
halberd.
The
his
last
Apostle in our
emblem an axe
case in
portraitures,
(Fig.
21),
a spear.
list,
or,
St.
St.
as
sometimes the
Christian
T20
Gospel
to
in
Symbolism.
Judea, and
is
generally stated
at the
21.
CHAPTER
VII.
BL^S
^tS^k
enumerating the
butes
of
the
the
Saints.
emblems and
attri-
we
shall
Saints
lesser
^B .^mu
KN
\^b)!r
%i
B^o 1
L^^^
confine ourselves
Saints
An-
glican
order
in
Calendar.
those
those of the
to
who have no
which
We
they
shall
stand
in
the
omit to mention
emblem
distinguishing
or
attribute.
three
emblem
and
Doctor.
St.
times he
is
represented treading on
emblematic of the
false
Hilary
doctrines
reptiles,
Some-
which are
Symbolism.
Christian
22
bt.
^n'sca,
St,
Prisca bears as
up
bt.
is
after
jpabian,
at her feet
Bishop of
represented
generally
harming
her
her,
to
humbly crouched
at times
Both allude
feet.
martyrdom.
is
portraitures
Fabian
St.
bearing in his
crown upon
He
his head.
is
shown
holds.
and Martyr.
The emblem
is
She
therefore,
is
either
suffered
when she
or attri-
is
he has
for his
St.
fire
Vincent suffered
on a frame of
palm branch.
^t. t3lasius, Bishop
blem of
this
Saint
is
and Martyr.
a large
The
sharp
peculiar
em-
comb,
the
iron
times
surrounded
represented
life
the
Saints.
123
In portraitures he
is
at
of solitude.
In
it
it
said that
is
of
his companions.
Bishop of Rome,
CSfrtgorg,
the Church.
emblem, but
St.
Confessor,
and Doctor
in portraitures
is
represented as a Pope
The dove
he was
Sbt.
of St.
is
Holy
by
Spirit,
whom
inspired.
1Elitoatt(,
Edward
traitures
he
invested with
in
usual
emblems
are a cup
carries
The
hands.
his
in
He
is
royalty.
in
also
por-
shown
He
was
a cup of wine.
^t. t3mtltct, Abbot.
several
emblems
of purity of
to the
life
he
St.
carries
Benedict
is
represented with
it,
in allusion
by some of
his
monks
states
a broken cup,
that
when
in
the cup
it
allusion
to
containing
Symbolism.
Ch'istian
24
upon which
the cross,
sieve
a thorn-bush
burst
it
The
a broken
by a raven.
pieces
into
loaf
it,
away
or being carried
of bread,
both
in
conditions,
by
life
poison.
Sbt.
St.
H^ic^attJ,
Richard
The
emblem
is
This
feet.
is
is
of
placed
fell
and
being preserved
it
in
a miracu-
lous manner.
Ambrose,
^t.
Church.
triple
Ambrose
St.
Confessor,
is
Emperor
of
his
emblem given
celebrated
Theodosius,
and Doctor of
for
to
him
excommunication
a cruel
portraitures he
is
tume, with
beehive
usually depicted in
near
lips,
and
flew
him.
swarm
away again
full
It
in
of
and unmerciful
act of revenge
the
commemoration
the
Bishop,
is
In
pontifical cos-
related
that
of bees alighted on
without
stinging
him.
the Saints.
125
his
his attribute
the beehive.
^t.
^Ipfiegt,
emblem
a battleaxe.
He
by being stoned
suffered at Canterbury
is
^t. George,
given
to
it
George
St.
it,
we
consider
it
of
martyrdom.
known
full
sally
In portrai-
The
Alphege
St.
and a
are a
spear.
so univer-
is
unnecessary to insert
here.
and
Confessor.
St.
Dunstan
He
is
bury,
the
latter,
because he
many
skilful
and Martyr.
St.
Nicomede
suf-
Symbolism.
Christian
126
his
emblem of
St.
a sword.
He
and Martyr.
Archbishop
23on{face,
Boniface
was
is
slain
The
usual
to the
pagan
inhabitants of Friesland.
Sbt.
fered
He
is
carries a
bt.
for her
tall
staff in
manner
one hand,
Sometimes he
cross.
St.
Margaret has
in
the other.
suf-
depicted with a
generally
iWargarct,
Alban
in a fearful
and a cross on a
St.
is
The emblem
is
in the
shape
from her
faith
states
that
the
When
again.
free
her,
Saints.
127
set her
the
the
body
alluded
is
to.
^t
ilWarg
ilWagtJaUne.
Mary Magdalene
The
emblem of
peculiar
is
It
xi.
the
37),
and
and
2,
"
Mary," the
xii.
of Lazarus
sister
(St.
(St.
Luke
John
same person,
Deacon and Martyr.
^t. Uaurence,
St.
"sinner"
Mary Magdalene
and
3),
she anointed
supposed to
is
St.
Laurence
martyrdom.
is
The
emblem of
He
over a slow
and
fire,
roasted
to
death.
The emblem
large
enough
for
him
to
small
enough
for
him
to
lean
hold
sometimes depicted
is
upon
in
after the
it,
his
and
at
others
hand, or to be
manner
of a pectoral
cross.
bt.
Church.
^ugustmf,
St,
Bishop,
Augustine
Confessor,
is
usually
and Doctor of
represented
the
without
Christian
128
any distinguishing
hand
his
attribute,
emblem, a
peculiar
his
Symbolism.
heart.
alludes
it
Christian
Faith,
and
in
either
is
the
former
his
to
It
in
^t. CSiUs,
Giles
its
a hind,
is
head
The
in his lap, as if
emblem
its
seeking protection.
of St.
fore feet or
The
legend
of the Saint informs us, that while St. Giles was living
the
of a hermit
life
in
of a hind
lay near
cave
his
and
that he
where
it
sought refuge.
The
on the
astery
made
St.
^t.
St.
spot
Giles the
ILambert,
Lambert
to
which
first
abbot.
the
him, and
hind led
The
emblem
of
is
martyrdom.
^t.
Bprian,
emblem a sword.
usually bears
for
martyrdom
at
his
St.
Cyprian
He
suffered
Jerome,
Church.
Priest,
The
usual
of
129
and Doctor of
Confessor,
emblem
Samts.
tlie
Jerome
St.
is
the
lion,
He
life
sometimes
in his hands,
defender of the
model of a church
because
faith
carries a
dove,
with
an
The
emblem
oil-cruise
in
of St. Remigius
This
beak.
its
is
King Clovis a
heaven
by a dove,
portraitures the
cruise
the
at
of
oil
prayer of
the
is
Saint.
In
depicted flying
Jpait]^,
emblem
Virgi^i
a gridiron.
i.e.,
cruelly tortured
by being
CS^rtspm,
Martyr.
St.
Crispin
their
and
his
brother,
These Saints
trade, a shoe-
without charge.
30
Christian
angel
supplied
them with
Symbolism.
leather
their
for
charitable
task,
^t.
33ritfug,
emblem, unless
particular
carries
in
proved
charge
of
false
in
hands or gar-
his
He
innocence
which
coals,
no
Britius has
St.
burning
the
he frequently
portraitures
is
by carrying blazing
said to
have
which
was
coals
his
in
slightest
injury.
Hugh
I^ugf),
Sbt.
is
The
emblem
of St.
martyrdom
torturing
at the
beheaded
His
The
emblem
of St. Cecilia
she
stated
depicted
Edmund
him.
lastly
CECiIia,
is
St.
suffered
after cruelly
arrows,
with
is
have
to
be the patroness of
is
darts.
most common
organ-pipes only
emblem
She
is
in
She
her
is
sometimes
hands,
and
at
generally acknowledged to
ecclesiastical music.
St.
CDIemcnt,
Sbt.
Clement
an
is
and
ning,
and
The universal
Catherine
St.
revolving
of
his
armed
a wheel
is
and
to
wheels,
fearful
sharp
with
set
by
trial
light-
instrument of torture
She was
tioners.
to
Ntcj^oIflS,
and
killed
taken
and
beheaded.
is
or of three golden
a group
in
instance of
doing good
his
charity
have
have
taken
great
the
poor.
One
Nicholas
and
to
and relieving
is
The
her behalf.
of three
St.
balls.
in
of St. Nicholas
the execu-
in
Heaven
culous interposition of
^t.
pieces,
then
is
particularly recorded
emblem
in the Gospel,
between
blades, but
faith
and Martyr.
well-known emblem of
pieces
The
131
trust in Christ.
to
Saints.
anchor,
with knives.
the
when he was
he was
attracted
of great distress.
was inhabited
The
by a
cries
destitute
L 2
nobleman and
his
three
Symbolism.
Christian
132
give themselves up to a
to
by
Saint, touched
the
window a
of sin
life
bag of
large
the
house three
gold, with
honourable
emblem
alliance.
of the Saint
^t.
ILucg,
this alludes to
book
which
this
first
is
is
emblem
addresses, and
St.
a young nobleman
who complained
this
derived.
is
The second
legends.
from
The
emblems.
or
It is
left
that
him no
The
peace.
emblem
which
is
in
generally supposed
Greek
(Xuxvj)
to
signifies
emblem
to
light.
Some
(the eyes)
this
are
of
alludes like-
probably given to
third
her name,
allude
to
a light in
of
St.
hand
Stephen
but sometimes
stone,
he
is
which
He
if
The
he
carries
133
emblem
in
his
several
Saints.
represented with
him.
the
He
to death as
is
also carries in
CHAPTER
Miscellaneous
|N
this,
treat
are,
our
VIII.
concluding
chapter,
of those Symbols
intend
to
little
we
demand lengthy
Colours.
is
IT
artists
them
fact,
now
in their
Miscellaneous
tive
35
to their
rules
its
remains)
its
but
in late art
we
find
time-honoured
principles
give to
thrown
;*
still
WHITE,
the
first
in Christian art.
colours,
Lord
emblem
light.
who were
not martyrs.
Saints in
is
Heaven
the
and
are represented
White
Mary wears
repre-
sented by silver.
RED,
la
Peinture Grecque,"
Didron.
36
Christian
Feasts of the
the
Pentecost,
Symbolism.
Martyrs, &c.
It
is
em-
and royal
Saints.
and
dignity,
It signifies
divine
and
suffering.
BLUE
is
emblematical of Heaven.
sincerity, godliness,
It signifies piety,
Blue
is
has been
much used
now
considered canonical.
it is
YELLOW
(pure),
goodness of God,
on the contrary,
jealousy.
is
faith,
and
fruitfulness.
Dingy
yellow,
In art Judas
is
GREEN,
colours, is
used by the
It signifies bountifulness,
prosperity.
VIOLET,
Miscellaneous
137
deep
Violet
love,
and
truth.
purple garments.
BLACK,
the Church on
death,
Good Friday
darkness,
despair,
colours,
only.
used by
is
symbolical of
It is
sorrow,
liation.
Precious Stones.
T T AVING spoken
^ now turn our
-*-
attention
the precious
to
we
stones
Christian
writings
Rennes,
for
artists.
instance,
who wrote
This
those of
during
the
proved
is
Marbodus,
opening
by
ancient
Bishop
years
of
of
the
twelfth century.
The Rev.
J,
M. Neale,
by Marbodus, and
his
"
Hymns
Mediaeval
also selections
in
'
Prose"
Mediaeval
Hymns and
Seciuences,"
We
shall
notes attending
of
poem and
it.
DIAMOND,
stones,
light,
all
signifies
The diamond,
joy.
tion stones
of
Symbolism.
Christian
138
and precious
brilliant,
innocence,
purity,
life,
and
mentioned
in the
Apocalypse,*
is
not spoken
by Marbodus.
RUBY,
power and
love, dignity
and
royalty.
CARBUNCLE,
stone
and
of
suffering.
symbolical of
Five carbuncles
by
Christ.
SARDIUS,
to
Marbodus,
" signifies
the Martyrs,
who pour
The SARDIUS,
with
its
purple red
That agonized
for Jesu's
Love."
forth their
Miscellaneous
SAPPHIRE,
139
The
"
azure light of
Resembles that
SAPPHIRE
Celestial
stone
Throne
That grasps
Whose
And
life
in
In his commentary
Marbodus
It
says,
"The
signifies
Sapphire
them
that,
is
while
TOPAZ,
terrestrial."
stone
of a yellow colour,
Marbodus
faithfulness.
God and
over
trial
"It
the
fruitfulness,
and
who
love
signifies those
their neighbour."
EMERALD,
signifies
says,
God,
signifies
a stone of
hope
in
and
sin.
"
The
brilliant
green colour,
EMERALD
With radiance of an
This
is
olive light
life."
strife,
Christian
140
AMETHYST,
Symbolism.
unto death.
" Last in the
Holy City
set
violet,
AMETHYST
are rolled
The humble
That with
PEARL
have the
its
signifies
retiring spirit.
heart
it
signifies
purity, innocence,
humility,
and a
significations
this beautiful
gem.
The
mediums
in
nearly
all
may be adopted
as decorative
branches of Ecclesiastical
art,
can
significations as
and Emblems.
Miscellaneous Symbols
Miscellaneous Symbols
The
and Emblems.
Emblems
141
are frequently
we
little
describing them.
ANCHOR. The
at
in Christian art
catacombs.
tranquillity,
It is
and patience.
^The
APE.^
sin,
Ape,
malice, cunning,
Christian
in
and
art,
Satan
lust.
is
is
the
emblem
of
sometimes repre-
APPLE. The
to the Fall of
Apple
Man, or
is
as the
ARROWS. Arrows,
generally used
emblem
in
of original
as
allusion
sin.
emblems of
ASPERGE. The
sprinkling holy water,
is
emblem of
purity of
life
and
is
the
holiness.
BANNER. The
emblem
Banner,
in
Christian
art,
St.
Augustine,
p.
127, ante.
It
Symbolism.
Christian
142
is
cross.
BOOK. An
open Book
book
in the
it
famous
the
is
closed
roll
{volumen)
knowledge.
hands of an evangelist or an
symbol of perfect
the
is
apostle,
The book
Gospel.
represents the
in
hands of
the
St.
Stephen
CIRCLE.
The
Circle, or Ring,
ending existence.
plain,
its
tail
It
and sometimes
in its
of eternity and
sometimes appears
in
perfect neverin
art
quite
mouth.
CROWN. A
Crown,
symbol
As
and
it
is
Queen
of Heaven.
alludes
to
earthly
rank.
In
addition,
it
in
As
it
is
some
and Emblems.
Miscellaneous Symbols
St.
tyrdoms and
crown
mar-
their
to
Sometimes the
rank as princesses.
their
143
is
DOVE. The
nimbus,
is
nimbus,
it
is
and
When
purity.
beak,
is
it
emblem
the
the
emblem of
In
peace.
art,
its
soul,
and
in that
DRAGON. In
all
periods
of
Christian
the symbol
as
art
the
of the Evil
It
where Satan
is
spoken of as the
"
Great Dragon."
In
pent,
dragon
The
is
DRAGON'S MOUTH.
their
minds the
scriptural
Artists,
words,
"
Holy
Scriptures.
having
the jaws
of
before
Hell,"
When
this
symbol
is
depicted in ancient
art,
Christian
shown
Symbolism.
144
by demons.
ESCALOP-SHELL. The
in
Christian
emblem
Heart carried by a
is
the usual
emblem
saint is symbolical
If depicted flaming,
It
when used
of pilgrims.
HEART. A
is
pilgrimage.
signifies
art,
Escalop-shell,
and
it is
the
emblem
if
it
in trial.
LAMP. The
Lamp, burning,
LILY.
purity,
The
Lily
and as such
OLIVE.
ciliation
The
emblem of
the
borne by virgin
Olive-branch
is
the
all
virginity
men.
and
saints.
emblem
of recon-
and peace.
PALM. The
of martyrdom.
martyrs,
is
is
is
is
Palm,
It is
and belongs
symbol
all
those saints
who
suffered
POMEGRANATE.The
and displaying
as the
tality.
its
seeds,
emblem of the
was accepted by
future
life,
early
and of hope
in
artists
immor-
Miscellaneous
SCOURGE. The
hands of a
the
emblem
the
or
Flagellum,
in
the
of self-mortification and
it
has a
meaning.*
SQUARE. The
is
Scourge,
145
penance.
different
saint, is
emblem
this sense
it
of the
was used
SWAN. The
retirement,
nimbus of
for the
Swan
and appears
earth
in
living persons.
emblem
the
is
In
of solitude and
signification.
SWORD. The
Sword,
a general sense,
in
emblem
who
wields the
of the Spirit."
* See
St.
Ambrose,
p. 124, ante.
FINIS.
It is
is
the
also the
"
Sword
/;
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