Fuzzy expert systems

30 October 2014

MMFS 5013 Intelligent Manufacturing

Boolean logic, Fuzzy logic

MMFS 5013 Intelligent Manufacturing

Fuzzy Sets
A generalization of an ordinary set by allowing
a degree of membership for each element.
Fuzzy set is represented in the format
<element>/<degree>.
The membership function of a set maps each
element to its degree.
The membership degree is represented in the
format (0 d degree d 1), which means
plausibility.
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Crisp, Fuzzy

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Crisp, Fuzzy

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Fuzzy sets
Crisp set of :
o Characteristic function,

o

Fuzzy set of :
Membership function,





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Crisp, Fuzzy

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Crisp, Fuzzy subset

If is the reference super set and is a
subset of if, and only if (iff),

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Linguistic variables and hedges

A linguistic variable is a fuzzy variable.

Kak Mah 
Kak Mah: linguistic variable
Beautiful: linguistic value
Linguistic variables and values are used in
fuzzy rules.

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Fuzzy rules

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Hedges

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s

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Mathematical expression for hedges

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Representation of hedges

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Example 1: Fuzzy sets

Universe U = set of five specific men
{Hishammuddin (52), Tok Janggut Bomoh Tauhid
(74), Ahmad Jauhari Yahya (59), Bomoh Warisan
(54), Kapten Zaharie (53)} = {a, b, c, d, e}
Fuzzy set 
Fuzzy set 


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Example 2: Membership function

Membership function 
function of age, .
Age

Youngness

1.00

25

1.00

30

0.50

40

0.10

50

0.00

65

0.00

70

0.00

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Fuzzy sets relation

Equality: iff for
Subset: iff for
Fuzzy support: The support of fuzzy set A is
the crisp set of every element in for which
in
Support of
If
Then support
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Fuzzy Sets Relation

Fuzzy singleton: A fuzzy set whose support is a
set of a single element .
If
Then is a fuzzy singleton since its support is
.

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Operations of fuzzy sets

Union:

Intersection:

Complement:

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Operations of fuzzy sets

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Example 3: Operation
Membership function to be young and old and
their union and intersection.
x (Age)

y (Young)

z (Old)

Union

Intersection

1.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

25

1.00

0.0

1.00

0.00

30

0.50

0.0

0.50

0.00

40

0.10

0.2

0.20

0.10

50

0.00

0.6

0.60

0.00

60

0.00

0.8

0.80

0.00

65

0.00

1.0

1.00

0.00

70

0.00

1.0

1.00

0.00

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Union of singletons
The union of its constituent singletons:

If is finite: where

If is continuous:

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Unique Operations
Concentration:  ,
where .
Reduction of membership function.

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Age
1
25
30
40
50
60
65
70

23

Youngness Oldness CON(Youngness) CON(Oldness)

1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.50
0.00
0.25
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.60
0.00
0.36
0.00
0.80
0.00
0.64
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00

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Unique Operations
Dilation: 
Increment of membership function.

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Age
1
25
30
40
50
60
65
70

25

Youngness Oldness DIL(Youngness) DIL(Oldness)

1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.50
0.00
0.71
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.32
0.45
0.00
0.60
0.00
0.77
0.00
0.80
0.00
0.89
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00

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Fuzzy rules
A fuzzy rule can be defined as a conditional
statement in the form:

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The difference between classical and

fuzzy rules

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To reason with fuzzy rules

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To reason with fuzzy rules

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The antecedent of a fuzzy rule with

multiple parts

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The consequent of a fuzzy rule with

multiple parts

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Fuzzy inference
Mamdani-style
Sugeno-style

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Mamdani-style

fuzzification of the input variables

rule evaluation
aggregation of the rule outputs
defuzzification

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Mamdani-style

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Rule evaluation

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Defuzzification

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Defuzzification

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Sugeno-style
Use a single spike, a singleton, as the
membership function of the rule consequent.
Use a mathematical function of the input
variable.
Use weighted average (WA) of all the singletons.

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Mamdani versus Sugeno

Mamdani: For capturing expert knowledge
Mamdani: Describes the expertise in more
intuitive, more human-like manner
Mamdani: Fuzzy inference, computational burden
Sugeno: Computationally effective and works well
with optimization and adaptive techniques
Sugeno: Control problems, particularly for
dynamic nonlinear systems
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Building a fuzzy expert system

Specify the problem and define linguistic
variables.
Determine fuzzy sets.
Produce and construct fuzzy rules.
Encode the fuzzy sets, fuzzy rules and
procedures to perform fuzzy inference into
the expert system.
Evaluate and tune the system.
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Operating a service center of spare

parts
There are four linguistic variables:
o average waiting time, .
o repair utilization factor of the service
center, .
o number of servers, .
o initial number of spare parts, . output

inputs

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Operating a service center of spare

parts
The objectives are to:
o keep as high as possible.
o reduce by increasing and .

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Operating a service center of spare

parts

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Fuzzy rules

2 input, 1 output schema:

3 inputs, 1 output schema: cube
rules
rules
Add more

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The objectives are to:

o keep as high as possible.
o reduce by increasing and .

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Example: Dinner for two

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Fuzzy inputs

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Apply fuzzy operator

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Apply implication

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Aggregate all outputs

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Defuzzification

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References
1) Michael Negnevitsky (2005). Artificial Intelligence: A
Guide to Intelligent Systems, 2th Edition, China: Addison
Wesley.
2) Toshinori Munakata (2008). Fundamentals of New
Artificial Intelligence, 2nd Edition, Springer, ISBN: 978-184628-838-8.
3) M. Tim Jones (2008). Artificial Intelligence: A System
Approach, Infinity Science Press, ISBN: 978-0-9778582-3-1
4) Lotfi A. Zadeh original papers (1965, 1973, 1976).
5) Dinner for two, reprise. http://wwwrohan.sdsu.edu/doc/matlab/toolbox/fuzzy/fuzzytu7.html

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