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133
I.INTRODUCTION
Ash is a residue resulting from combustion of pulverised
coal or lignite in Thermal Power Plants (TPPs). About 80% of
total ash is in finely divided form which is carried away with
flue gases and is collected by electrostatic precipitator or other
suitable technology. This ash is called Fly Ash or chimney
Ash or Hopper Ash. In an industrial context, fly ash usually
refers to ash produced as an industrial by-product during
combustion of coal in TPPs.
Fly ash is a fine (85% of its mass passing through a 45m
screen), pozzolaneous or a siliceous and/or aluminous glassy
powdered material having micron-sized earth elements, which
in the presence of water and lime, will react to form a
cementitous material. It consists of inorganic materials mainly
silica and alumina with some quantum of organic material in
the form of unburnt carbon. Fly ash also contains
environmental toxins in significant amounts, including arsenic
(43.4 ppm); barium (806 ppm); beryllium (5 ppm); boron (311
ppm); cadmium (3.4 ppm); chromium (136 ppm); chromium
VI (90 ppm); cobalt (35.9 ppm); copper (112 ppm); fluorine
(29 ppm); lead (56 ppm); manganese (250 ppm); nickel
Chemical
compound
SiO
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO2
Na2O & K2O
Cement
2.60
4.30
2.40
64.40
2.10
2.30
0.60
less
bleeding
and
B.Drying shrinkage
Cement
Fly ash
Water
Entrapped
air
(2%)
Course aggregate
Fine aggregate
Total
w/cm
Paste volume
Paste percent
Conventional
concrete
kg/m3
m3
307
0.098
178
0.178
0.020
HVFA
concrete
kg/m3
m3
154
0.149
154
0.065
120
0.120
0.020
1040
825
2350
0.58
-
1210
775
2413
0.39
-
0.385
0.305
0.986
0.296
30.0%
0.448
0.287
0.989
0.254
25.7%
C.Thermal cracking
Thermal cracking is of serious concern in massive concrete
and reinforced concrete structures. For unreinforced massconcrete construction, several methods are employed to
prevent thermal cracking, and some of these techniques can be
successfully used for mitigation of thermal cracks in massive
reinforced-concrete structures. For instance, a 40-MPa
concrete mixture containing 350 kg/m3 portland cement can
raise the temperature of concrete by approximately 55-60oC
within a week if there is no heat loss to the environment.
However, with a HVFA concrete mixture containing 50%
8) Very high durability to the reinforcement corrosion, alkalisilica expansion, and sulphate attack.