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TheoryBeyondtheCodes:tbc059
DatePublished:9/15/2014
www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=731
ArthurandMarilouiseKroker,Editors

THEORYBEYONDTHECODES
SkyHigh,SkinDeep
darktechnologiesofmediation

RenataLemosMorais

DarkMediation
Mediahasbecomeresponsivearchitecture.Intelligentmediaartefactsarenowembedded
intotheveryfabricofourexistencetheyhavebecomethestructureofsocietyitself.
Ubiquitouscomputingcreatesinformationalenvironmentsinwhichmaterialstructuresof
communicationbecomealivewithagency.McLuhan'slightbulbisnoweveryware:[1]
technologythatmediatesbyitsmerepresence.Pervasivemediation,acombinationof
mobilenetworksandsystemsofmaterialtranslationsuchas3Dprintersandprogrammable
matterisourcurrentregimeofmediation.
Satellitetechnologiesaretheheartofmobilemedia,andthereforewearesaturatedwith
mediaanalysesthatlookuptotheskyinordertomaptrajectoriesofcommunication.
Notwithstanding,thisvisioncentricapproachtopervasivemediadoesnotencompassthe
fullspectrumofmediatechnologies.Beyondtheboundariesofsuchregimesofvisibilitylies
anewregimeofdarkmediation.Belongingtoadifferentlevelofmateriality,
nanotechnologiesenableadark,objectorientedmediationwhichevadesvisual
representation,fornanomediationisbecomingindistinguishablefromnanoengineering.
Inasmuchascontemporarycultureisshiftingtowardsmaterialculture,representedbywhat
NeriOxmanhascalleda"materialecologyofmediatedmatter,"[2]itneverthelessremains
centredaroundscreens.Hypermediationasaconceptwasdevelopedinrelationto
interactivescreenculture,whenthe"hyper"propertiesofthedigital(links,layers,
multitasking)openednewpathwaystoconceptualisingmedia.[3]Themediationimpliedin
BolterandGrusin'sconceptofhypermediationisimagebased.Visualculturetodayisitselfa
productofthe"hyper"visibilityofdigitalmediation.
WhatIproposeinthisarticleisatheoreticalapproachtoprocessesofmediationthatarenot
visual.Iaddressunattainableandinvisibleprocessesoftechnologicalmediationinwhich
mediationitselfbecomes,paralleltotheoveraboundingsurroundingexcessofvisual
percepts,aformofinaccessibilitythatinitstotalitybecomesunfathomable.Such
understandingofmediationgoesagainstsimplisticnotionsthatreduceitsmeaningto"that
whichmakescommunicationaccessible."
Noteveryinstanceofmediationcanbeeasilyaccessedinaworldofpervasivemedia.Dark
technologiesofmedia,whichrangefromdronemediatedtonanomediatednetworks,lead
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topartialandabsolutedegreesofinaccessibility.Pervasivemediaproducestwodifferent
realmsofnonaccess:informationalandphysical.Paralleltotheinformationalobscurancies
ofdarkdataanddronemediatedsurveillance,weirdtalesaretoldaboutthephysical
inaccessibilitythatisapropertyofnanolevelsofmediatedmatter.Darkmediationbelongs
tosciencefactjustasitbelongstosciencefiction.Itpertains,simultaneously,tothe
combinedmaterialecologiesofculture,technology,andnature.Pervadingdatasystemsand
matteritself,ourdarktechnologiesofmediationarehiddeninplainsight.
Darkmediationpresupposesdifferentdegreesofinaccessibility.Itis,therefore,mediation
thatleadstopartialorabsolutenoncommunication.Thisinaccessibilitycanbelongtothe
realmofdisappearance,[4]inwhichwefindtheforbidden,thehidden,theforgottenorit
canbelongtotheabsolute,theethereal,theontological.Thematerialityofmedia
technologiesandtheirtechnologicaldustarenotonlycausingalackofbreath[5]theyare
alsocreatingacurtainoffogthatobfuscatesmediation.
Pervasivemediaproducesinformationalandphysicallevelsofinaccessibility.Thefirstlevel,
characterisedbydarknetworks,canbemappedhighintheskybytheDroneShadowsit
creates,mentionedhereinreferencetoJamesBridle'scriticalartisticwork.[6]Inthesecond
level,characterisedbyinvisibleandabsolutemediationthatpervadesmultipledimensionsof
matter,wecanfindinterestingkindsofWeirdTales,namedinreferencetoEugene
Thacker'smentionoftheclassichorrormagazinetoillustratehispropositionofaweird
supernaturalthat
seemstobeasimmanentasourmediaaredistributed,ubiquitous,inthe"cloud"
andenvelopingusinitsinvisible,etherealbathofinformationandnoise.The
functionofmediaisnolongertorendertheinaccessibleaccessible,ortoconnect
whatisseparate.Instead,mediarevealinaccessibilityinandofitselftheymake
accessibletheinaccessibleinitsinaccessibility.[7]
Droneshadowsarecastuponthevirtualelusivenessofcontentburiedinthe"Invisible
Web,"[8]restrictedbycryptographyandnetworksecurity,lostwithinscatteredpocketsof
darkdata,[9]capturedbyuntraceablesatellitesurveillance[10]orbyundercovermilitary
drones.[11]Simultaneously,weirdtalesaretoldaboutthephysicalinaccessibilityofnano
levelsofmaterialprogramming,molecularcommunication,[12]quantumcomputingand
media[13]mediationwhichgoesasdeepintothecoreofmatterasquantumphysicsitself,
andthatcanonlybeaccessedindirectlyviadatamining.Darkmediationisnotrestrictedto
ourmediaimaginarium.Itbelongs,simultaneously,tothecombinedmaterialecologiesof
technologyandnature.Pervadingdatafieldsandmatteritself,darkmediationisallaround
us.
DroneShadows
Ifweunderstandwhatispublicintermsofcollectiveaccess,thenwhatisprivatewouldbe
determinedintermsofitsinaccessibility.Indronetechnologiesthereisadoublelogicof
inaccessibility:atthesametimeinwhichdronesareblurringthedistinctionbetweenpublic
andprivatespace,betweengeographicalboundariesofoverseaswarfareanddomestic
surveillance,theyarealsomakingaccountabilityharderduetotheverynatureofdrone
operations,whicharemostlycovert.Secretdronepoliciesarecarriedoutbymilitary
institutionsworldwide.JeremyScahill'sdocumentaryDirtyWarsuncoverssuchsecret
operationsconductedbyAmericanNavySeals,DeltaForce,andtheCIA'sSpecialActivities
Division,amongotheragencies.Invisibilityandobfuscationareinstitutionaldirectives:
Thepoliticalandpracticalpossibilitiesofdronestrikesaretheconsequenceof
invisible,distancingtechnologies,andatechnologicallydisengagedmediaand
society.Foreignwarsandforeignbodieshavealwayscountedforless,butthe
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technologythatwassupposedtobringusclosertogetherisusedtoobscureand
obfuscate.WeusemilitarytechnologieslikeGPSandKinectforworkandplay
theycontinuetobeusedmilitarilytomaimandkill,everfurtherawayandever
lessvisibly.[14]
Thecommercial,military,andprivateappropriationsofdronetechnologiesaremaking
evidenthow"thecorporealpoliticsofspace,placeandidentityarepowerfullyinflectedby
technologicalsystemsofremotesurveillanceandviolence."[15]Asthesesystemsofremote
surveillancebecomeevermoreimperceptiblehiddenwithinembeddedcircuitsallaround
us,flyingabovethecloudswhiletrackingdownourdigitalfootprintstheyarebecominga
partoftheveryinfrastructureofpublicandprivatespace,inawaythatleaveslittleroomfor
anydifferentiationbetweenthetwo.Thisoverlappingofprivateandpublicspacecomesasa
consequenceoftheway"peopletradeprivacyforfunctionality....Publicspace,weare
oftentold,'needs'surveillancetechnologiestoensurearangeoffunctionsfromthesafetyof
citizenstoefficientservicesforconsumers."[16]Domesticuseofdronesalsoraisesprivacy
issues,whenunregulatedaerialfilmingofprivatepropertyandlandisbecomingthenormin
urbanareasallovertheglobe.
Traditionalsurveillancemetaphorsdepictingbigbrothercamerasmightbecomeobsoleteon
thegroundsthatsurveillanceisintheprocessofoperatingmateriallyinsteadofvisually.
Surveillancedevicescanbeembeddedontheveryphysicalsurfacesofobjectsandevenon
biologicaltissues.Anewregimeofsurveillancearisesonethatisinvisibletotheeyeand
thatgoesbeyondvisionintotheverycoreofinformationsystemsunclad.Anillustrative
exampleistheapplicationofnanotechnologiestothefieldofdronedevelopment.Privacy
infringementsexpandexponentially:operationsthatwerealreadyobscuremightnow
becomecompletelyinvisible.ItisnocoincidencethattheAmericanmilitaryistheworld's
leadingorganisationinvestinginresearchanddevelopmentofnanotechnologicaldrone
applications.
Aerovironment'sSwitchbladeUAV/smartbomb(calledthemicrodrone)assmallasalarge
bulletandabletoexplodeontargetisbeingusedbythemilitaryasbothasurveillance
deviceandaweapon.[17]Commercialandprivateusesofnanodronesarealreadytaking
placeforexample,theNanoQuadrotorsdevelopedbyGRASPLab2fromUniversityof
Pennsylvania,whichareverysmallandcapableofperformingswarmmovements.Even
smallernanodronesarebeingdesignedusingSmartDust,autonomousmicrosensornodes
connectedtomobilenetworks:
Themillimeterscalenodes,calledsmartdust,explorethelimitsonsizeand
powerconsumptioninautonomoussensornodes.Sizereductionisparamountin
makingthenodesinexpensiveandeasytodeploy.Smartdustincorporatesthe
requisitesensing,communication,andcomputinghardware,alongwithapower
supply,inavolumeofnomorethanafewcubicmillimeters.[18]
Smartdustrepresentstodarktechnologywhatdigitalswarmingrepresentstotheweb:a
disruptionthatmakescollectivebehaviourevermoreunpredictable.Thedoubledlogicof
in/accessibilitypresentindronemediationsbecomesmorecomplexwhenbothkindsof
swarms,virtualandmaterial,begintointerpenetrateinintricateways.TakeBebop,for
example:BebopisadronethatcanbeoperatedbyOculusRift.[19]Itprovidesimmersion,
notintovirtualreality,butinto(dronemediated)physicalreality.Categoriesarehardto
maintainthesedays.Whenswarminggetsphysical,itsimplicationsaredark:
Astheswarmbecomesrealbeforeoureyes,theLovecraftianhorrorbecomes
moreOrwellianorperhapsitistheotherwayaround?Asourgadgetsget
smaller,suchhorrorsseemslesslikefantasyandmorelike...what?"Reallife?"
Nanomachines,flyingrobots,botnets,andAI.Thegenrestatusswitches
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betweenblockbusterandheadlineonaweeklybasis.It'sallalittletooreal.It'sall
alittletoomuch.Andthatsurplus,caughtintheglintingsunlightoffcold,gun
metalgraywings,invisibleintheskyabove,istheSwarm.[20]
BehindthedronemythosofRothstein'snarrative,wecanfindanotherinstanceofmateriality
thatisinfusedwithdarkmediationandagency:programmablematter.Butthatisadifferent
kindofweirdtale.
WeirdTales
Whilesomeremainscepticalaboutmediaubiquity(inthesensethatbarriersofaccessand
differentpatternsofadoptionimplythatubiquitousmediamaynotbenearlyasubiquitousas
itclaimstobe),[21]othersareradicalproponentsofitslimitlesspossibilities,recounting
weirdtalesofanexquisiteappeal.AweirdtaleofthispeculiarkindisRayKurzweil'stheory
ofexponentialaccelerationoftechnologyasanunavoidableprocessthatwilleventually
resultinatechnologicalsingularity.Leavingasidethefrailandobscureterritorythatstands
inbetweenmadnessandgenius,thesimplerealityofpervasivemediationisthatitcanbe
embeddedintoallphysicalsystems,betheyorganicorinorganic,naturalorartificial.
Pervasivemediationencompassesallformsofmediation,rangingfromtraditionalmediato
materialengineeringsuchas3Dprinters,programmablematter,andnanomedia.Limitless
mediationhappensacrossbiologicalorganisms,physicalobjects,technologicalartifacts,
molecules,atoms,andbits.
Suchradicalpervasivenessispossible,inpart,thankstomolecularcommunication,[22]
whichtakesplacewithinsystemsofbiologicalsignalexchangethatinvolvecodedmessages
sentthroughmolecules.Moleculescantravelacrossallmaterialsystems,andareused
scientificallyasaformofnanomedia.Whiledigitalmediafunctionswithinanelectronic
environment,nanomediaoftenoperatewithinchemicalenvironments.Digitalmediaflowsvia
electronicpulses,frequencies,fiberoptics,andair,whilehybridnanomedia
(organic/inorganicsystemsofnanocommunication)typicallyoperateviachemicalreactions
withinliquidenvironments.[23]
Flowsofmediationthatwereoncerestrictedtodigitaldatacircuitscannowcirculatethrough
matteritself,allowingmattertobe[re]programmed.Programmablematterismadeof
pervasiveprocessesofdarkmediation,whichareresponsiblefortheensembleofmaterial
affordancespresentinvarioustechnologiessuchascellularautomata,[24]selfreplicating
machines,[25]claytronics,andferrofluids.[26]
Regardlessoftheabsenceofacleardistinctionbetweensciencefactandsciencefiction
whenitcomestomappingthefullextentoftechnologicalprocessesofmediation,thetaleof
ourmedianowbeingagiantmeshthatexpandsfromourpocketsintothesky,fromthesky
intothefiberopticcablesburieddeepatthebottomofthesea,andfromthereto
nanogadgetsthatmightswimunderourskins,isnotsoveryweird.Alloftheseinstancesof
materialprogrammabilityrefertoembodimentsthatareinformationalattheiroriginsandthat
carrysignswhicharetranslatedintomaterialpropertiesandshapes.Mediatedmatter
(re)producesobjects.
Programmablematterisnotonlyapowerofcreationitcanalsobeaninvisible,darkpower
ofeffacement,forwhatevercanbeprogrammedcanbejustaseasilydeprogrammed.
Everythingthatcanbeusedtointegrateandassemblecandisintegrateanddismantleas
well.AsignificantexampleisEro,arobotwho"erases"buildingsbyrecyclingtheirconcrete
[27]asuperstrongwaterjetdismantlesparticleswhiletheygetsortedbyintelligentsuction
machineswhichthenseparateitscomponentsforfurtheruse.
Mattercannowbemanipulatedanderasedjustaseasilyasagraphicdesignercanhandle
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theerasertoolinPhotoshoptofixadrawing.Theunbearablelightnessofmatterisalready
quitefunky,buttheweirdtalescangetalotfunkier.Scientistsarepromisingtoturnlight
itselfintomatter,byconstructingapurephotonphotoncollider,adevicethatcouldcreate
matterfromlight.[28]Sciencefactandsciencefictioncollideonceagain.
Wookieepedia,theStarWarswiki,defineshypermatterasbeingmadeoffasterthanlight
particlesusedasfuelininterstellartransportation.[29]Borrowingthisinspiration,wecould
assignnewmeaningtothetermandspeculativelyredefinehypermatterasmediatedmatter
inwhichnonlinearpropertiesofmediationarematerialratherthaninformational.
Hypermatterrepresentstomatterwhathypermediarepresentstomedia:ajumpinto
multidimensionalitythattransformsmediationitselfandcouldleadtoradicalimmediacy.Yet
anotherweirdtaleisborn:thesciencefactualstoryofhypermatterasavisiblesurfaceof
darkmediation.
Hypermatter
Darktechnologieschallengethefundamentalelementsandcategoriesofmediation:internal
andexternal,messageandchannel,originandreception.Themediumisindeedthe
messageembodiedandmaterialandthismessageistransduction.Infomaterial
transductionisthemechanismbehindmediatedmatter,onethatallowsforanobject
orientedunderstandingofmediaubiquityitself.
Regardlessofbeinginformationbasedormaterialbased,darktechnologiesarepushingthe
boundariesofmediatheory.Darkdata,pervasivemediaandthepossibilityofcapturingand
disseminatinginformationacrossmultipleandinvisibledevicesmakesofanyone,anywhere,
apotentialandsimultaneoussubjectandobjectofsurveillance.Theunavoidable
popularisationofdroneswillhavethesameconsequences.Fromhighintheskytounder
ourskin,darknetworksofmediatedmatterwouldmeanthatpanopticandscopticmodesof
surveillancecouldmergeintoonesinglerealmofhypersurveillance,onethatismaterial
ratherthanvisual.
Attheirfullest,darkprocessesofpervasivemediationwouldmakecommunicationan
impossibility,beitbecauseofbarrierstoaccessorbecausemediumandmessageare
unitedtoanextentthatonecontinuouslymorphsintotheother.Suchradicalcontinuumof
hypermediationwouldresultinabsolutemediation,whichinturncannotbecommunicated.
Hypermediationthatleadstoabsolutemediationisinfiniteandmathematicalinits
multidimensionality,[30]transcendingmediationandbecomingexcommunication.[31]
Somemightarguethatdarkmediationwouldbeequivalenttoareversedformofimmediacy.
However,thisisnotcase,fortheexperienceofimmediacyremainsapossibilityindark
mediationasinremediationtotalaccessibilitymightcollapseintototalinaccessibilityjustas
matter,inextremecosmologicalconditions,cancollapseintodarkmatter.Anaked
immediacywouldthenbeasvisibleasanakedsingularity:infinitedensityofmatter
equivalenttoinfinitedensityofmediation.
Acknowledgments
ManythankstoScottMcQuirefordiscussingtheseideaswithme.

Notes

[1]AdamGreenfield,Everyware:TheDawningAgeOfUbiquitousComputing(Berkeley:
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NewRiders,2006).
[2]NeriOxman,"TowardsaMaterialEcology,"Paperpresentedatthe32ndAnnual
ConferenceoftheAssociationforComputerAidedDesigninArchitecture(ACADIA),San
Francisco,October2012,http://neri.media.mit.edu/publications/article/towardsamaterial
ecology(accessedonJune30,2014).
[3]JayDavidBolterandRichardGrusin,Remediation:UnderstandingNewMedia(Boston:
MITPress,2000).
[4]ThedisappearanceIamreferringtoheremakesacounterpointtoPaulVirilio's
"aestheticsofdisappearance,"whichisbasedonahumanconsciousnessevisceratedbya
sharedrealityofvisualexcess.JeanBaudrillard's"artofdisappearance"isalsobasedon
humanconsciousness:hisblackholeofnondifferentiationisinitselfasocialperceptionof
reality.Rather,thedisappearanceinherentinthedarkmediationIdescribehereisnot
dependentonasharedorsocialexperience.Itischaracterized,ontheopposite,byabsence
ofaccesstoexperience.AlthoughitwouldcertainlybefascinatingtoapplyVirilio'sconcept
ofaccidenttothetechnologiespresentedhere,ortointerpretthemasBaudrillard'shyperreal
nebula,inwhichthemediumandtherealimplodeupononeanother,forthepurposesofthis
essayIwillfocusonexploringmaterialrealmsofdisappearance,whicharegroundedinthe
deploymentoftechnologicalartifactsandmediatedmatter.
[5]JussiParikka,"DustandExhaustion:TheLaborofMediaMaterialism."CTheorytbc055
(October2,2013),http://ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=726(accessedonJune30,2014).
[6]JamesBridle,"UnderTheShadowoftheDrone"Booktwo.org(October11,2012),
http://booktwo.org/notebook/droneshadows/(accessedonJune30,2014).
[7]EugeneThacker,"DarkMedia,"inAlexanderGalloway,EugeneThacker,andMcKenzie
Wark,Excommunication:ThreeInquiriesinMediaandMediation,9596(Chicago:The
UniversityofChicagoPress,2014).
[8]ChrisShermanandGaryPrice,TheInvisibleWeb(NewJersey:InformationToday,
2007).
[9]P.BryanHeidorn,"SheddingLightontheDarkDataintheLongTailofScience,"Library
Trends57.2(2008).
[10]JiejunKong,"AnonymousandUntraceableCommunicationsinMobileWireless
Networks,"PhDthesis(UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,July2004).
[11]TylerWallandTorinMonahan,"SurveillanceandViolencefromAfar:ThePoliticsof
DronesandLiminalSecurityScapes,"TheoreticalCriminology15(2011),23954.
[12]TatsuyaSuda,MichaelMoore,TadashiNakano,RyotaEgashiraandAkihiroEnomoto,
"ExploratoryResearchonMolecularCommunicationbetweenNanomachines,"Geneticand
EvolutionaryComputationConference(GECCO),LateBreakingPapers,June2005,
http://www.cecs.uci.edu/conference_proceedings/gecco_2005/suda_gecco05.pdf(accessed
onJune30,2014).
[13]DavidDeutsch,"ItfromQubit,"Science&UltimateReality,JohnBarrow,PaulDavies,
CharlesHarper,eds.(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2003).
[14]JamesBridle,"Dronestagram:TheDrone'sEyeView,"Booktwo.org(November8,
2012),http://booktwo.org/notebook/dronestagramdroneseyeview/(accessedonJune30,
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2014).
[15]WallandMonahan,ibid.
[16]ScottMcQuire,MeredithMartin,andSabineNiederer,eds.,UrbanScreensReader
(Amsterdam:InstituteofNetworkCultures,2009).
[17]JohnReed,"ArmyBuyingKamikazeDrones"Defensetech.org(September8,2011),
http://defensetech.org/2011/09/08/armybuyingkamikazemicrodrones/(accessedonJune
30,2014).
[18]AnnaHac,WirelessSensorNetworkDesigns(WestSussex:Wiley,2003).
[19]KarissaBell,"ParrotIntroducesOculusRiftEnabledDrone,"Mashable(May11,2014),
http://mashable.com/2014/05/11/parrotbebopdrone/(accessedonJune30,2014).
[20]AdamRothstein,"DroneEthnography,"Rhizome(July20,2011),
http://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/jul/20/droneethnography/(accessedonJune30,2014).
[21]MariakessonandCarinaIhlstrmEriksson,"TheVisionofUbiquitousMediaServices:
HowCloseAreWe?,"inHumanInterfaceandtheManagementofInformation:Interactingin
InformationEnvironments,MichaelJ.SmithandGavrielSalvendy,eds.,LectureNotesin
ComputerScience4558(2007),22232.
[22]Suda,Moore,et.al.,ibid.
[23]Theareaofnanocommunicationnetworksisgrowingsteadily,ascanbeseenbythe
creationofNanoCommunicationNetworksJournal,anacademicjournaldedicatedentirely
tothestudyofthisfield(seehttp://www.journals.elsevier.com/nanocommunication
networks/).
[24]TommasoToffoliandNormanMargolus,"ProgrammableMatter:Conceptsand
Realization,"PhysicaD:NonlinearPhenomena47.12(January1,1991),26372.
[25]RobertFreitasandRalphC.Merkle,KinematicSelfReplicatingMachines(Georgetown,
Texas:LandesBioscience,2004).
[26]DavidAndelmanandRonaldRosensweig,"ThePhenomenologyofModulatedPhases:
FromMagneticSolidsandFluidstoOrganicFilmsandPolymers,"inYoavTsoriandUllrich
Steiner,Polymers,LiquidsandColloidsinElectricFields:InterfacialInstabilities,Orientation
andPhaseTransitions(Singapore:WorldScientific,2009),156.
[27]LidijaGrozdanic,"AmazingEROConcreteRecyclingRobotCanEraseEntire
Buildings,"InhabitatMagazine(June19,2014)http://inhabitat.com/amazingeroconcrete
recyclingrobotcaneraseentirebuildings/(accessedonJune30,2014).
[28]O.J.Pike,F.Mackenroth,E.G.Hill,S.J.Rose,"APhotonPhotonColliderinaVacuum
Hohlraum,"NaturePhotonics8(2014),
http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v8/n6/full/nphoton.2014.95.html(accessedonJune
30,2014).
[29]"Hypermatter,"Wookieepedia:TheStarWarsWiki,
http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Hypermatter(accessedonJune30,2014).
[30]TedNelson,"NoMoreTeachers'DirtyLooks,"ComputerDecisions9.8(September
1970),1623.
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[31]Galloway,ThackerandWark,Excommunication.

Dr.RenataLemosMoraisisaLecturerinMediaandCommunicationatDeakinUniversity.
Herresearchistransdisciplinary,integratingculture,science,art,andtechnology.Sheisa
memberofSpaceCollective.
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