WELC

OME
TO

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Form 2
Chapter 1 The
world through
our senses
1

1.1 Sensory Organs and Their Functions

A sensory organ is an organ that enables the body to
respond to stimuli.
A stimulus is a change in the surroundings that can be
detected by the sensory organs.
The five sensory organs are eye, ear, nose, tongue
and skin.

Sensory organ

Sense

Stimuli

The ability of the sensory organs to detect

Eye
Sight
Light
stimuli is called senses.
Ear

Hearing

Sound

Nose

Smell

Chemical in air

Tongue

Taste

Chemical in foods

Skin

Touch

Pressure, heat,
cold, touch, pain

Pathway from stimulus to response.

Stimulus

Receptor in
sensory
organ

Senso
ry
nerve

Effect
ors
(muscl

Brain

Moto
r
nerv

1.2 Sense of Touch

Dermis

Fatty tissue
(Sub cut a lie
ous layer)

"i

Nerve

Pressure

Receptor
Cold receptors

Stimuli (sensitive to)

1.2 Sense of Touch

Cold substances

The skin is a sensory organ which

Heat receptors

Heat

Pressure receptors

Large pressure

Touch receptors

Small pressure (touch )

responds to the sense of touch.

Pain receptors
Painin the skin.
There
are five types of receptors

 The sensitivity of the skin

depends on
(a) the thickness of epidermis
(b) the number of receptors
present

Fingertip and neck are more

sensitive .

Braille letters are specifically designed symbols

for stimulating the fingertips, which allows

blind people to read

1.3 Sense of Smell

Olfactorv nerve

Sensory cell

Nasal cavity

Nostril
Lubang hi dung

1.3 Sense of Smell

Mucus is produced to help
keep the receptors moist.
When you inhale, the chemicals
from the air enter the nasal
cavity and dissolve in the
mucus.
The smell receptors are stimulated.
The impulse of smell
receptors are sent to the
brain by the olfactory
nerves for interpretation.
9

When we catch a cold, too much

mucus is produced and this makes
the receptors less sensitive.

Cold = flu (selsema)

10

Our tongues detect five flavors:

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and
umami. LTinarni is described
as savoriness, and has
been known to the
Japanese for centuries.
Scientists have only
recently found a
receptor for it.

Taste

1.4
Sense
of
Taste

Taste
signal

Contrary
to popular
belief, you
sense all tastes,
to varying degrees, on
all parts of your tongue. Taste cells
can perceive more than one flavor.

1.4 Sense of Taste

-The tongue contains many

taste
buds. The taste buds are
the taste
receptors.
- There are four types of
taste
receptors.

How do you taste?

The taste buds are able to
detect the taste of the food
when the food is dissolved
in saliva.
The taste receptors
will be stimulated and
impulses are produced.
The impulses are sent to the
brain for interpretation.
13

1.5 Sense
Hearing

of

Cochlea

Ear / val canal

window

Eustachian tube

1.5 Sense of Hearing

The ear is a sensory organ for
hearing and balancing.
The car can be
divided into
three sections:
i)

outer ear,

ii) middle ear and

in) inner ear.
\

15

How do we hear ?
1. The pinna collects
sound waves and
directs them into the
auditory canal and
to the eardrum.

2. The eardrum
begins to vibrate
and the vibrations
are transferred to
the ossicles
SemicirciJtar

canals

Eardr um

(Tympanic
membrane]

16

3. The ossicles magnify the vibrations and

pass them to the oval window.
4. The oval window transmits the vibrations
to the cochlea.

5.The cochlea converts the vibrations into

impulses
6. The impulses are sent by the auditory
nerves to the brain for interpretation.

Semicir
cular
carta

18

1.6 Sense of Sight

Suspensor
y
ligaments

Choroid

Lens
Retina
Yellow spot
(fovea)

Cornea

Optic
nerve

Pupil
Aqueous
humour
Conjunctiva
Sclere

Blind spot

How do we see ?

When you look at an object, the light rays from the

object enter the eye.
The light rays are refracted by cornea, aqueous
humour, lens and vitreous humour.
An image is formed on the retina. Impulses are
produced and are sent to the brain by the optic nerves..
Aqueous

etina

humour
Cornea
Lens
Iris
Light ray

Image

Vitreous humour

20

Light
be and
reflected
1.7can
Light
Sight
When light hits
a surface,
some
it bounces
Light
is a form
of of
energy
and
off or is
light
reflected.
travels in straight lines. This
Mirrors are very
shiny
surfaces
designed
to
causes
reflect nearly

the formation of eclipses.

Light cannot travel through

When you look in a flat
mirror, you see a
reflection of yourself
which is the same size
21
as you but back to front.
22

Light can be refracted

When light travels from one medium to
another of different density, its speed
changes.
This causes the light ray to bend.

23

Vision
defects
Effect of light
refraction
There are three defects of vision:

a) The swimming pool

appears
j
(a) Short-sightedness
( Rabun
jauh )to
l Kbe
)
shallower
itsclearly
actualbut
depth.
can
see near than
objects
not distant
objects.
b) A straw in a glass of water appears to
(b) Long-sightedness ( Rabun dekat M)
be bent.
can see far objects clearly but not near
objects.

(c) Astigmatism (Rabun silau

\

M'O'L)

25

A
satti igc
m
C
a orne

(i ii
N
Co
o rr m
n eaol

Re t i n a

P Lens

Mul
tipl
e
foc
al
poi
nts
are
on
or

Ima
ges
on
re ti
na
are
blur
ry

Short-sightedness Long-sightedness

Astigmatism

can
see
near
objects clearly

can see far objects clearly

both far and near

objects are blur

The images of
distant objects are
formed in front of
the retina.

The images of
nearby objects are
formed at the back
of retina.

Caused by irregular
surface of the cornea.

Using
diverging
(concave)

using
converging
(convex) lens.

Using cylindrical lenses.

27
Light

Optical illusion

Man Playhig Horn... Or Woman

Silihouette?
{hint: woman&>r$quof'5 right eye is
the Mack speck bi front o/Jy>m
handle)

Two Faces... Or One?

(hint: two faces side
proft&eSzhettp;ar one face
front view)

Optical illusion

Old Woman,...Or Youttg Girt?

hhi;The old woman's nose is the
young girls chin,
nkbpj(a)

Sometimes our brains do not

accurately interpret what we see.
This phenomenon is known as optical
illusion.

A aab&fo,,..<2r&teac&?

iAj? iEMr.t ca Jsicfc'-.uj

is

itj^. ? rtf&Sia

joi>fcsrur

It's amazing how our brain works.

This should be proof enough, we don't always see what we think we see.
3U

Text book pg 24

Stereoscopic
(binocular)
vision
Blind
spot
Stereoscopic vision is a
vision involving both
eyes.
Humans and most
This boy is chasing a butterfly - time to end this madness.
predators have stereoscopic
Close your left eye and look at the boy with your right eye. Then
move your head closer to or further from the screen until ... the
butterfly disappears !

You can't see the butterfly because it's exactly in front of your blind
spot, the place where the optical nerves enter the eye.

When images fall on the blind spot, they cannot be seen.

31

Advantages of stereoscopic vision

(a)Able to see objects in
three dimensions.
(b) Able to
estimate the
distance

33

Monocular vision
Monocular vision is a
vision involving only
one eye.
Animals of prey normally
have monocular vision.
Monocular vision has a
wider scope of vision.
This enables the prey to
detect the presence of
predators easily
34

The various devices used to

overcome the
limitations of sight include
microscope,
magnifying glass,
telescope,
binoculars,
ultrasound scanning device,
X-ray
and

35

1.8 Sound
and
Sound Hearing
is produced when objects vibrate.
A medium is needed for the sound to travel
Hence, sound cannot travel through vacuum.
solid

liquid

gas
i

fast

moderate

n
slow

nrilcniid t - : i & L~lp

licfn sihedd

Hearing defects
There are two major types of
(a) The first type involves the outer and middle ear.
For example, the earwax can block sound waves
and cause temporary loss of hearing.
(b) The second type involves damage to the inner ear.
For example, toxins are produced as a result of
diphtheria or scarlet fever. These toxins damage
the cochlea and cause permanent loss of hearing.

Protect our ears

Don't do this !!
Use earplug or earmuffs
Loud music
cause hearing loss
39

Human
hearing
limit
How to overcome hearing loss ?
Our ears can only detect sound of
frequencies between 20 Hz and 20000
Hz.
above are ultrasonic sounds. These
sounds can be detected by animals
such as bats, cats and dolphins.
Surgery

Hearing aid

Artificial cochlea
Graft tissue is
taken from
temporaLis fascia

A small incision is matte

in the tympanic membrane

Tube
inserted to
drain fluid

he

Graft patch in
pLace over defect

40

Stereophonic hearing
Stereophonic hearing is hearing with
both ears.
Stereophonic hearing helps us to
determine the direction of sound.

1.9 Stimuli and Responses in Plants

Plants respond to
stimuli like light,
water , touch and
gravity.
Different parts of the
plant respond to
different stimuli.

43

 There are two types of responses:

(a) Tropism
Tropism is the directional growth of the part of a
plant in response to an external stimulus.

(b) Nastic movements

The direction of the response is not
dependent on the direction of the stimulus
be# <

#LI.
1
F!/ f> i'
* 71
mu
jjj?

lu
Pitcher Plants

Mimosa pudica

Hn| '5

A
1
1

Types of tropisms

 When the part of

the plant grows
towards the
stimulus, it is
called positive
tropism.
When the part of
the plant grows
(a) Phototropism : (b) Geotropism :
Response from the
Response
away
to light
stimulus, it is
called negative
tropism.
to gravity

Shoot is
negativ
e
geotropi

(c)

Hydrotropis m
Response
to water

Roots
are
(d) Thigmotropism:
positive
Response
to touch
geotropism
.

46