Rtevents User Guide

RT-EVENTS 3.
7
Block Library Reference
Guide
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: BLOCK REFERENCE
RTE Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
RTE Conversion OP5110-5120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
RTE Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
RTE Events Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
RTE Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
RTE Frequency Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
RTE Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
RTE Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
RTE Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
RTE Latch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
RTE Latch Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
RTE Logical Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RTE Period Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
RTE Probe Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
RTE PWM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
RTE Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
RTE Rate Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
RTE Relational Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
RTE Remove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
RTE Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
RTE Signal Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
RTE SPWM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
RTE Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
RTE Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
RTE-Drive ABC-DQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
RTE-Drive Full Park D-Q PMSM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
RTE-Drive Park D-Q PMSM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM Inductance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
RTE-Drive Quadrature Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

RTE-Drive 3-Level TSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB with High-Impedance and Rectification Modes . . . . . . 103
RTE-Drive 3-Level TSB with High-Impedance and Rectification Modes . . . . . . 107
RTE STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Introduction
Overview
RT-Events is a Simulink blockset for the fixed-time-step simulation of hybrid systems
involving dynamics and discrete events asynchronous with respect to the simulation clock.
As the RT-Events is designed for and works with a fixed step size, it is therefore compatible
with the Real Time Workshop (RTW) and RT-LAB, and is usually used for real-time simulation
and control.
The RT-Events blockset is the solution to the following problems encountered in the
simulation of event-based systems.
Problem 1: Very long simulation time
The simulation time of mixed mode (event triggered / discrete / continuous) is increasing
drastically with system complexity and the number of discrete events involved in the
simulations. This kind of simulations traditionally require time-consuming variable stepsolver.
The actual visual simulation tools are limited to code generators that do not support
variable-step algorithms and are also limited to run in interpretative mode on a single CPU.
Problem 2: Imprecise hard-real-time simulation
Time-consuming variable time solver are usually required to compensate for errors
introduced by event occuring between two time samples. This technique cannot be applied
for hard real-time applications requiring fixed time step solver.
The actual discrete simulation algorithms suffer of intrinsic limitations. They introduced
errors in the solutions of mixed-mode system when events occur between the sampling
instants and they require sampling periods and/or interrupt response latencies smaller than
the specified timing precision of critical events; for example, 10s for a combustion engine.
Models with sampling periods smaller than 10 s are not practical with actual commercial
processors and I/O technologies.
Features
The problems describe above justify the utilisation of RT-Events blockset. Here are the major
features of the RT-Events blockset:
RT-Events blockset allows precise simulation of event-based or mixed mode systems by
compensate for the errors introduced by events occurring between the sampling instants.
The precision obtained with the RT-Events blocks depends on the step size selected with
respect to the frequency content of the signals involved.
RT-Events blockset also allows fast simulation of event-based or mixed mode systems. The
use of a fixed step size renders the RT-Events blocks suitable for hard real-time simulations
and are faster simulations than those performed with variable step algorithms. The RTEvents blockset is also adaptable to distributed real-time simulations with RT-LAB (TM)
RT-Events is of course compatible with Simulink and with RTW code generator.
RTEVENTS-UG-37
RTE Data Type

RT-Events support two signal data type: RTE Boolean and RTE Double. They are used to
store respectively the values of boolean and double discrete signals. In both case, the
change in the value can occur during a calculation step.
RTEVENTS_3_7_Q042011
Block Reference
RT-Events provides two sets of blocks in Simulink stored in two libraries: RT-Events and RTEDrive. To open the RT-Events or the RTE-Drive libraries, type the following commands at the
Matlab prompt:
>> rtevents
or
>> rtedrive
These libraries are also available from the Simulink browser.
The following figures show the main page of these libraries.
RTEVENTS-UG-37
The next section presents all block available inside the RT-EVENTS and the RTE-Drive
libraries.
RT-Events
Discrete
RTE Delay
Delays the input by a variable amount of time.
RTE Integrator
Integrates the input signal and compensates for the discretetime error.
RTE Latch
Latchs the input signal each time an event occurs.
RTE Latch Delay
Latchs the input signal each time an event occurs but delay it
by one step.
Math Operations
RTE Filter
Removes small pulses from the input signal.
RTE Insert
Inserts N pulses in the input signal.
RTE Logical Operator
Performs logical operations on their inputs with compensation.
RTE Queue
Stores in memory the times and states of all events.
RTE Relational
Performs a relational operation on its two inputs.
Operator
RTE Remove
Removes N pulses of the input.
RTE Sum
Adds or substracts inputs.
Signal Attributes
RTE Conversion
Converts an input signal to the specified data type.
RTE Conversion
Convers input signals to the required data type of the RT-LAB
OP5110-5120
Event Detector and Event Generator blocks.
RTE Frequency Meter
Measures the frequency and the duty cycle of its input signals.
RTE Period Meter
Measures the period, the frequency and the duty cycle of its
input signals.
RTE Probe Events
Outputs event's attributes, including time, state, initial state,

number of events and status of the inputs.
RTE Signal Attributes
Outputs the specified attribute of the input signal.
Signal Routing
RTE Switch
Passes through the first input or the third input based on the
value of the second control input.
Sinks
RTE Scope
Displays signals generated during a simulation.
Sources
RTE Events Generator
Generates square pulses.
RTE Ground
Outputs an empty RTE Boolean-type signal.
RTE PWM
Generates square wave pulses at regular time intervals.
RTE SPWM
Generates square wave pulses at regular time intervals.
RTE-Drive
Machines
RTE-Drive Full Park D-
Implements a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous
Q PMSM
machine with sinusoidal flux distribution using the full park D-Q
reference frame.
RTE-Drive Park D-Q
Implements a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous
PMSM
machine with sinusoidal flux distribution using the park D-Q

reference frame.
RTE-Drive Phase
Implements a permanent magnet synchronous machine model
Domain PMSM
using a phase domain representation model.
RTE-Drive Phase
Computes the phase domain time varying inductance matrix of
Domain PMSM
a permanent magnet synchronous machine.
Inductance
Measurements
RTE-Drive ABC-DQ
Performs the abc to dq transformation on a set of three-phase

signals.
RTE-Drive Quadrature
Outputs the relative angular position of a quadrature
Decoder
incremental encoder.
Power Electronics
RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB
Implements a 2-level (2-switch) bridge.
RTE Conversion
Library
RT-Events Signal Attributes
Block
Figure 1:RTE Conversion Block
Description
The RTE Conversion block converts an input signal to the data type specified by the block's
Data Types parameter.
The following table explains all output data type conversion available:
Double
Convert the input signal in a Double signal. The output is Low

when the input is less than 0.5. Otherwise the output is High.
The changes of the input cause only transitions at the
beginning of the calculation step. Only one transition can be
output at each calculation step.
Double with
Convert the input signal in a Double signal. The output is equal
Compensation
to average of the input signal.
RTE Boolean
Convert the input signal in an RTE Boolean. The output is Low

The changes of the input cause only transitions at the
beginning of the calculation step. Only one transition can be
output at each calculation step.
RTE Boolean with
Convert the input signal in a RTE Boolean signal.
Compensation
- If the input signal is a Double signal, the output is Low when

Also note that the transition between High and Low state
depends on the level value of the input signal, i.e that ehe
average of the output during a calculation step is equal to the
input signal.
- If the input signal is a RTE Double, the output is Low when
the input is less than 0.5. Otherwise the output is High. Events
during calculation step are supported.
RTE Double
Convert the input signal in an RTE Double. The output is equal

to the input signal at the end of the last event. The changes of
the input cause only transitions at the beginning of the
calculation step. Only one transition can be output at each
calculation step.
RTE
RTE Double with
Convert the input signal in a RTE Double signal.
Compensation
- If the input signal is a Double signal, the output is equal to

the input signal at the end of the last step. The changes of the
input cause only transitions at the beginning of the calculation
step. Only one transition can be output at each calculation
step.
- If the input signal is a RTE Boolean, the output is 1 when the
input is High. Otherwise the output is Low. Events during
calculation step are supported.
Mask
Figure 2:RTE Conversion Mask
Parameters
Input Data Type
Specified the input data types of the input ports: double, RTE
Boolean or RTE Double.
Output Data Type
Specified the output data types of the output ports: Double,

RTE Boolean, RTE Double.
RT-Events
Specified if the RT-Events compensation is enabled or disabled.
Compensation
When enabled, event can occur between two calculation steps.
Maximum number of
The maximum number of events or transitions that can occur
events
during a single step. Over this number, events are ignored and
not outputed.
Sample Time [s]
The time interval between samples in seconds. Only available

when the input data type is double.
RTE
Input
Input
The signal to convert. The data type of this signal must Double,
RTE Boolean or RTE Double.
Output
Output
The converted signals. The data type of this signal must match
the data type specified in the Output Data Type parameters.
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Inherited and fixed discrete
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Example
The rte_basic1.mdl model shows how to do simple operations on RTE signals. It also
demonstrates how to use the RTE Conversion block to convert a RTE Boolean signal to a RTE
Double signal.
Related Items
RTE Conversion OP5110-5120
RTE
RTE Conversion OP5110-5120

Library
Block
Figure 3:RTE Conversion OP5110-5120 Event Generator/Detector Block
Description
This block converts:
Double-type signals output by the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event Detector block to RTE Booleantype signals or
RTE Boolean-type signals to double-type signals receive by the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event
Generator block.
The RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event Detector/Generator block makes use of the Opal-RT
OP5110 or OP5120 reconfigurable digital input/output boards to read digital signals and
detect the transitions that occur on these signals during one calculation step. For more
information see RT-LAB documentation or contact Opal-RT Technologies support.
RTE
10
Mask
Figure 4:RTE Conversion OP5110-5120 Event Generator/Detector
Parameters
Conversion Type
Specifies if the conversion is made from the OP5110-5120

Event detector block to the RTE Boolean data type, or from the
RTE Boolean data type to the OP5110-5120 Event Generator
block.
Number of OP5110-
The number of input/output OP5110-5120 lines.
5120 Event Lines

Maximum number of
events
not outputed.
Time Unit
Select whether the time values will be specified as a ratio of

the transition time over the duration of the step, or in seconds.
Consider time factor
When this checkbox is checked, the RT-Lab time factor is

applied to the time values of this block. Only available when
the Time Unit is Seconds.
Sample Time
The time interval between samples in seconds. Only available

when the conversion type is OP5110-5120 Event Detector to
RTE Boolean.
Show Initial States
When this checknox is checked, the input Initial States is
input
added to the block. See the description of this input in the

Inputs section below. Only available when the conversion type
is OP5110-5120 Event Detector to RTE Boolean.
RTE
11
Input
Initial States
The initial state of each input vector. Only available when the
conversion type is RTE Boolean to OP5110-5120 Event
Generator.
State Vector (Double)
The state vector output from the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event

Detector block. Only available when the conversion type is
OP5110-5120 Event Detector to RTE Boolean.
Time Vector (Double)
The time vector output from the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event

Detector block. Only available when the conversion type is
OP5110-5120 Event Detector to RTE Boolean.
Status (Double)
The status output from the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event

Detector. Only available when the conversion type is OP51105120 Event Detector to RTE Boolean.
Input (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal to send to the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event

Generator. Only available when the conversion type is RTE
Boolean to OP5110-5120 Event Generator.
Output
Output (RTE Boolean)
The equivalent RTE Boolean-type signal. Only available when

the conversion type is OP5110-5120 Event Detector to RTE
Boolean.
The state vector sent to the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event

Generator. Only available when the conversion type is RTE
Boolean to OP5110-5120 Event Generator.
The time vector sent to the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event

Generator block. Only available when the conversion type is
RTE Boolean to OP5110-5120 Event Generator.
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Work offline
Yes.
Please note that the RT-LAB OP5110-5120 Event Generator/
Detector block doesn't receive/send events from the RT-LAB
OP5100 cards in offline simulation.
Dimensionalized
Yes
Example
The rte_event_detector.mdl and the rte_event_generator.mdl models shows how to connect
the RTE Conversion OP5110-5120 blocks to the Opal-RT OP5110-5120 event detector and
event generator blocks.
Related Items
RTE Conversion
RTE
12
RTE Delay
Library
RT-Events Discrete
Block
Figure 5:RTE Delay Block
Description
The RTE Delay block delays the RTE Boolean-type input by a variable amount of time. The
block accepts two inputs: the first input is the signal that passes through the block; the
second input is the time delay.
The Buffer size parameter defines the maximum number of events that can be store in the
internal buffer. The block clips events of the delay that exceed this size. The Buffer size must
be greater than or equal to zero.
During the simulation, the block stores events in an internal buffer. At the start of the
simulation, the block outputs the Initial state condition parameter until the simulation time
exceeds the time delay input. Then, at each simulation step the block outputs the signal at
the time that corresponds to the current simulation time minus the delay time.
The RTE Delay block also allows you to:
Ignore / Allow multiple output of same Event
Compensate for skipped events
Ignoring / Allowing multiple output of same event
The RTE Delay block, as mentionned above, outputs the input signal delayed by a variable
amout of time. When the time delay increase rapidly, it can occurs that some events are
output multiple time. By enabling the Ignore event output multiple times parameter, the
block can ignore events that should be output multiple time. Suppose for example a delay
block with an initial time delay of 0 second. Ater 2 seconds of simulation, the time delay
increase to 2 seconds. The following figure illustrates the effect of the parameter on the
output.
RTE
13
Figure 6:Effect of the Ignore Events Output Multiple Time Parameter on the RTE Delay Block.
Compensating skipped events

When the time delay decrease rapidly, it can occurs that some events stored in memory are
never output and that the output state is invalid for the next event that will occurs. By
enabling the Skipped events compensation parameter, the block can compensate for these
events and add a new event (rising or falling) to toggle the output state in a valid state.
Suppose for example a delay block with an initial delay of 2 seconds. After 3 seconds of
simulation, the time delay decrease to 0 second. The following figure illustrates the effect of
the compesation. When the compensation is enabled, the block add a falling event. When
the compensation is disabled, the block skip the first event to be output.
Figure 7:Effect of the Skipped Events Compensation on the RTE Delay Block.
Mask
Figure 8:RTE Delay Mask
RTE
14
Parameters
Ignore event output
When enabled, the block ignores event that should be output
multiple times
multiple time.
Skipped events
When enabled, the block compensate for skipped event.
compensation
Initial Condition
Initial state condition output before the first event is detected.
Buffer size
Number of events the block can store in memory.
Maximum number of
events
not outputed.
Input
Input (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal to delay
Delay (Double)
Delay signal
Delayed RTE Boolean signal
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Output
Characteristics
Examples
The rte_encoder.mdl model demonstrates how to use RT-Events blocks to simulate an
incremental encoder connected to a rotating object. This example also shows how to use
blocks of the library to insert fault, to filter noise and to measure some characterics of RTE
Boolean signal. In this example the RTE Delay block is used to generate channel B of the
incremental encoder by delaying the channel A.
The rte_pwm_generation.mdl model demonstrates how to use RT-Events blocks to generate
PWM signals of different type. In this example the RTE Delay block is used to generate dead
time on the rising and falling edges of the two complementary signal of the PWM.
Related Items
RTE
15
RTE Events Generator

Library
RT-Events Sources
Block
Figure 9:RTE Events Generator Block
Description
The RTE Events Generator block generates square pulses. At each calculation step, the block
must receive the following information about events: the number of events that occur, the
times and the values (transitions) of each event.
Mask
Figure 10:RTE Events Generator Mask
Parameters
Outport Data Type
Specified if the output is a RTE Boolean or RTE Double signal.
Maximum number of
events
during a single step. Above this number, events are not output.
Sample Time
The output sample time in second.
RTE
16
Input
The vector of each event's time within the model sample time.
The values of time must be in the following range : [0 to
Sample Time].
The vector of each event's state.
Initial condition
The state of the RTE output signal before the first event.
(Double)
Number of events
The number events in each calculation step.
(Double)
Output
Output (RTE)
RTE generated signal.
Status (Double)
The status of the RTE signal. See RT-Events Status
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Characteristics
Examples
demonstrates how to use the RTE Events Generator block to generate a repetitive sequence
of pulses.
Related Items
RTE
17
RTE Filter
Library
RT-Events Math Operations
Block
Figure 11:RTE Filter Block
Description
The RTE Filter block removes, from the input signal, pulses (pairs of opposite transitions)
that are smaller than a fixed width. The block can remove only high pulses (low-to-high and
high-to-low transitions), only low pulses (high-to-low and low-to-high transitions) or both
kinds of pulse. The following example demonstrates the effect of the filter block.
Figure 12:Typical Example of RTE Filter Block
Limitation
The pulse width limit must be smaller than the inherited sample time of the block. Generally,
the filter block can correctly manage the removal of pulses with a witdh 10 times smaller
than the sample time.
When the filter block is set to remove only high pulses or low pulses, the block must delay
the first event if first event of a pulse occurs in the last T seconds of the calculation step,
where T is smaller than the pulse width, and the pulse is larger than pulse width limit.
This limitation is caused by the fact that the block cannot predict if a pulse with a transition
so close to the end of the step will be larger or smaller than the pulse width limit. The
following figure shows this effect on the output signal.
RTE
18
Figure 13:Limitation of the RTE Filter Block
Mask
Figure 14:RTE Filter Mask
Parameters
Pulse Type
Determine the kind of pulse to remove from the input signals.
Pulse Width Limit
Minimum size of pulse. Below this limit, pulses are removed.
Maximum Number of
Events
during a single step. Events above this number are not output.
Input (Double)
RTE Boolean signal to filter
Output (Double)
Filtered RTE Boolean signal
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Inherited and fixed discrete.
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Input
Output
Characteristics
Example
RTE
19
Boolean signal. In this example the RTE Filter block is used to remove noise that occurs on
real analog signals.
Related Items
RTE
20
RTE Frequency Meter

Library
Block
Figure 15:RTE Frequency Meter Block
Description
The RTE Frequency Meter block measures the frequency and the duty cycle of its input
signals. The duty cycle is the ratio of the time where the signal in High (Ton) on the signal
period.
The frequency and the duty cycle output signals can be measured between consecutive
rising edges or consecutive falling edges. When rising edge are selected, the measurement
starts and ends on rising edge. However, when falling edge are selected, the measurement
starts and ends on falling edge. The measurement between consecutive parameter allows to
select one of these two modes.
The minimum frequency parameter is used when the inputs signal is at very low frequency.
When the block didnt detect edges since a time greater than the specified period, the
frequency is set to zero and the duty cycle cycle.
When the frequency of the input signal is lower than the minimum frequency parameter and
the state of the input changes between Low or High value, the value of the duty cycle
change between 0 and 1 only if the input signal stay in the same state a time longer than
the minimum frequency. Moreover, depending on the Edge type for detection of minimum
frequency parameter and measurement between consecutive parameter, the reference time
tx where the inactive period start to be calculated is different:
When the edge type for detection parameter is either, the reference time is fixed at the time
of the last event of any type (rising or falling).
When the edge type for detection is automatic and the measurement is performed between
rising edge, the reference time is fixed at the time of the last rising edge.
When the edge type for detection is automatic and the measurement is performed between
falling edge, the reference time is fixed at the time of the last falling edge
In some systems this behavior can cause problem. The RTE Period Meter block has a
different algorithm to treat the duty cycle when the frequency is lower than the minimum
frequency.
RTE
21
Mask
Figure 16:RTE Frequency Meter Mask
Parameters
Measurement between Determines if the period and frequency outputs are measure
consecutive
between consecutive rising or falling edges
Initial duty cycle
Determines the initial value of the duty cycle. When automatic

is selected, the block select automatically the value depending
of the current state (Low or High) of the input signals.
Otherwise, the initial duty cycle is 0 or 1.
Minimum frequency
When the input signal frequency is lower than this value, the
frequency is 0 and the duty cycle is set to 0 or 1 depending of
the current state (Low or High) of the input signal.
Edge type for
Determines the edge type to be used to calculated if the
detection of minimum
minimum frequency condition has been reached. When either
frequency
is selected, the inactive period is calcaluted since the last event

occurs (rising or falling). When automatic is selected, the type
of edge used to calculate the inactive period depends on the
measurement between consecutive parameter. If rising is
selected, the measurement is calculated since the last rising
edge. If falling is selected, the measurement is calculated since
the last falling edge.
Input
Input (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signals to measure.
Frequency (Double)
Signal frequencies in Hz.
Duty Cycle (Double)
The duty cycle in the range: [0..1].
Output
RTE
22
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Examples
None
Related Items
RTE Period Meter
RTE
23
RTE Ground
Library
RT-Events Source
Block
Figure 17:RTE Ground Block
Description
The RTE Ground block outputs an empty RTE Boolean-type signal. This signal contains no
events and is initialized with an undefined state.
This block can be used to connect blocks whose inport ports of RTE Boolean data type are
not connected to other blocks. If you run a simulation with blocks having unconnected input
ports, Simulink issues warning messages. Using this blocks to ground those blocks avoids
warning messages.
Mask
Figure 18:RTE Ground Mask
Parameters
Sample Time
The time interval between samples.
Input
RTE
24
Output
Empty RTE Boolean signals
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample time
Fixed discrete
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Characteristics
Example
Related Items
RTE
25
RTE Insert
Library
Block
Figure 19:RTE Insert Block
Description
The RTE Insert block inserts N pulses in an RTE Boolean signal. The pulses are inserted
between N+1 consecutives pulses of the input signal. The offset parameter determines
where the pulses are inserted relative to the beginning of the cycle. The insertion is repeated
at every cycle of M pulses.
The pulse width and delay parameters characterize the inserted pulses. These parameters
are measured in percent of the last input signal period. The delay parameters is relative to
the end of the last pulse.
Here is a small example where the parameters N, M, width and delay are respectively
2,4,16% and 16%.
Figure 20:Typical Example of the RTE Insert Block Behaviour
The RTE Insert block enables you to:

Define a trigger type
Define an offset
Reset (or restart) the cycle
Defining Trigger Type
The Insert block count the pulses each time an edge of the selected type occurs. By
selecting a rising trigger, high pulses will be insert in the input. By selection a falling trigger,
low pulses will be insert in the input.
Defining an offset
RTE
26
The Insert block allow to choose where the pulses should be insert in the input signal. The
offset parameter determine an offset in pulses from the beginning of the cycle where the
pulse are inserted.
Reseting the cycle
The Insert block determine where the pulses should be insert relative to the first pulse of a
cycle. The external reset signal can reset the internal counter that determine the beggining
of a cycle. Each time an specified edge occur on the trigger input signal, the counter is
reseted to zero. The reset can be perform on rising edge, falling edge, or either.
Limitations
One of the limitation of this block occurs when the frequency of the input signal increases
rapidly and the next rising edge of the input signal occurs before the new pulses was
inserted. In this case, the input signal and the new pulse are combined with a logical AND.
Example:
Figure 21:Limitation of the RTE Insert Block When Frequency Increase Rapidly
In the extreme case where the time of the events of the new pulses exceed the time of the
falling edge of the next input pulse, the events are skipped.
Example:
Figure 22:Limitation of the RTE Insert Block When Frequency Increase Extremely Rapidly
RTE
27
Mask
Figure 23:RTE Insert Mask
Parameters
Trigger type
Determine the kind of edges used to count pulses.
Number of pulses to
The number of pulses to insert at each cycle.
insert
Number of pulses by
The number of pulses to complete a cycle.
cycle
Offset
Relative offset to the beggining of the cycle where the pulses

are inserted.
Pulse width
Delay
Pulse width in percent of the input signal period.

Pulse delay in percent of the input signal period relative to the
end of the pulse.
External Reset
Edge type use to reset the cycle.
Maximum Number of
events
during a single step. Over this number, events are skipped.
Input (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal (pulse waveform) to modify
Input
RTE
28
External Reset
RTE Boolean signal use to reset a cycle
(Double)
Output
Modified RTE Boolean signal
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Characteristics
Example
Boolean signal. In this example the RTE Insert block is used to insert fault in the generated
pulse of the encoder.
Related Items
RTE Remove
RTE
29
RTE Integrator
Library
RT-Events Discrete
Block
Figure 24:RTE Integrator Block
Description
The RTE Integrator block integrates the input signal and compensates for the discrete-time
error that takes place because of the occurrences of discrete reset events between the
sampling points. The output of the integrator is the result of the integration.
The integrator block also allows you to:
Select the integration methods.
Reset the integrator depending on a reset input.
Define the initial conditions and the source of the initial conditions in the
block dialog box.
Define upper and lower limits on the integral.
Selecting the integration methods
The block can integrate using these methods: Trapezoidal or RT-Events. For a given step k,
Simulink updates its output y(k) and state x(k+1). Ts is the sampling period. Values are
clipped according to upper or lower limits. In all cases, the initial output of the block is
always the initial condition.
Trapezoidal method. For this method, the integration 1/s is approximated by Ts/2*(z+1)/(z-1)
and the input ports have a direct feedthrough.
RT-Events method. For this method, the integration 1/s is approximated using a proprietary
relation. With this method, input ports have non-direct feedthrough. This method allows the
block to directly connect its outputs to inputs without using another block that has non-direct
feedthrough in the loop.
Resetting the State
The block can reset its state to zero (or to initial condition) based on an RTE Boolean reset
signal. To cause the block to reset its state, select one of the reset choices available in the
block dialog box.
Select rising to trigger the state reset when the reset signal has a rising edge. Select falling
to trigger the state reset when the reset signal has a falling edge. Select either to trigger the
reset when either a rising or a falling signal occurs.
RTE
30
Defining Initial Conditions

You can define initial conditions as a parameter in the block's mask or you can input them as
an external signal. To define the initial conditions as a block parameter, specify the Initial
condition source parameter as internal and enter the value in the Initial condition parameter
field. To provide the initial conditions from an external source, specify the Initial condition
source parameter as external. An additional input port appears under the block input.
Limiting the Integral
To prevent the output from exceeding specific levels, select the Limit output checkbox and
enter the limits in the appropriate parameter fields. Doing so causes the block to function as
a limited integrator. When the output is outside the limits, the integral action is turned off to
prevent integral windup.
Mask
Figure 25:RTE Integrator Mask
Parameters
Integrator Method
The integration method. The default is Trapezoidal
External Reset
Resets the states to zero or to their initial conditions when a

trigger event (rising, falling, either, level) occurs in the RTE
Boolean reset signal.
RTE
31
Initial Condition
Source
Gets the states' initial conditions from the Initial condition

parameter (if set to internal) or from an external block (if set
to external)
Initial Condition
The states' initial conditions. Set the Initial condition source

parameter value to internal.
Limit Output
If checked, limits the block's output to a value between the

Lower saturation limit and Upper saturation limit parameters.
Upper Saturation Limit The upper limit for the integral. The default is inf.
Lower Saturation Limit The lower limit for the integral. The default is -inf.
Sample time
Input (Double)
Signal to integrate.
Reset (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal used to reset the state of the integrator.
Initial Condition
The states' initial condition. Set the Initial condition source
(Double)
parameter value to external
Output (Double)
Integral of the input.
Direct Feedthrough
Yes for trapezoidal method. No for RT-Events method.
Sample Time
Fixed discrete.
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Input
Output
Characteristics
Example
The rte_resetwalk.mdl model shows the difference between a compensated event-based
discrete system, an uncompensated simulated event-based discrete system and a
continuous system and demonstrates the accuracy of the RTE blocks compare to the
equivalent discrete block.
Related Items
RTE
32
RTE Latch
Library
RT-Events Discrete
Block
Figure 26:RTE Latch Block
Description
The RTE Latch block stores in memory the value of the input signal each time an event
occurs in the trigger signal. The latch block outputs the last value stored in memory. The
value is held until the occurence of the next trigger event. The block compensates the error
due to events occuring between two samples.
The RTE Latch block enables you to:
Define initial condition of the output signal.
Latch on a rising, a falling or either edge.
You can define initial condition as a parameter in the block dialog box or you can input them
from an external signal. To define the initial condition as a block parameter, specify the
Initial condition source parameter as internal and enter the value in the Initial condition
parameter field. To provide the initial condition from an external source, specify the Initial
condition source parameter as external. An additional input port appears under the block
input.
Trigger Type
The block can stores in memory its inputs only when specific event occur in the trigger
signal. The trigger type parameter allow to select the type of edge that cause the block to do
the storage:
Select rising to store the input when rising edges are detected.
Select falling to store the input when falling edges are detected.
Select eitherto store the input when rising or falling edges are detected.
RTE
33
Mask
Figure 27:RTE Latch Mask
Parameters
Trigger Type
Determine if the latch occurs on rising, falling or either edge.
Initial condition
Specify the source of the initial condition as internal or as
source
external.
Initial Condition
Value outputs before the first edge is detected.
Sample Time
Input (Double)
Input signal to be latched.
Trigger (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal use to trigger the storage.
Initial Condition
Input
(Double)
Output
Output (Double)
Latched signal.
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Fixed discrete
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Characteristics
RTE
34
Example
The rte_engine.mdl model demontrates the precision of the RTE blocks compare to the
Simulink discrete blocks in the context of a combustion engine. The firing of the combustion
is an events based behaviour and necessitate the use of RT-Events to be simulated correctly
in discrete sample time.
In this example the RTE Latch block is used to simulated the compression phase of the
combustion cycle of the engine.
Related Items
RTE Latch Delay
RTE
35
RTE Latch Delay

Library
RT-Events Discrete
Block
Figure 28:RTE Latch Delay Block
Description
The RTE Latch Delay block stores in memory the value of the input signal each time an event
occurs in the trigger signal. The latch block outputs the value stored in memory when the
events that preceds the last event occurs. The output value is held until the occurence of the
next trigger event. The block compensates the error due to events occuring between
samples.
The RTE Latch Delay block enables you to:
Define initial conditions in the block dialog box or as an input to the block.
Latch on rising, falling or either edge.
You can define initial conditions as parameters in the block dialog box or you can input them
from an external signals. To define the initial condition as block parameters, specify the
Initial condition source parameter as internal and enter the value in the Initial condition
parameter fields. To provide the initial condition from external sources, specify the Initial
condition source parameter as external. Additional input ports appears under the block
input.
Trigger Type
The block can stores in memory its inputs only when specific edge occur in the trigger signal.
The trigger type parameter allow to select the type of edge that cause the block to do the
storage:
Select rising to store the input when rising edges are detected.
Select falling to store the input when falling edges are detected.
Select eitherto store the input when rising or falling edges are detected.
RTE
36
Mask
Figure 29:RTE Latch Delay Mask
Parameters
Trigger Type
Determine if the latch occurs on rising, falling or either edge.
Initial condition
Specify the source of the initial condition as internal or as
source
external.
Initial Condition 1
Initial Condition 2
Values outputs after the first edge is detected and before the
second edge is detected.
Sample Time
Input (Double)
Input signal to be latched.
Trigger (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal use to trigger the storage.
Initial Condition 1
Input
(Double)
Initial Condition 2
Value outputs after the first edge is detected and before the
(Double)
second edge is detected.
Ouput (Double)
Latch signal.
Output
RTE
37
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Fixed discrete
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Example
The rte_engine.mdl model demontrates the precision of the RTE blocks compare to the
Simulink discrete blocks in the context of a combustion engine. The firing of the combustion
is an events based behaviour and necessitate the use of RT-Events to be simulated correctly
in discrete sample time.
In this example the RTE Latch block is used to simulated the compression phase of the
combustion cycle of the engine.
Related Items
RTE Latch
RTE
38
RTE Logical Operator

Library
Block
Figure 30:RTE Logical Operator Block
Description
The RTE Logical Operator blocks performs the following logical operations on their inputs
with compensation for transitions occurring between the time steps: and, or, not, nand, nor,
xor.
The number of input ports is specified with the Number of input ports parameters. The size
of the output depends on input vector size and the selected operator:
If the block has more than one input, any nonscalar inputs must have
the same dimensions. For example, if any input is a 2-by-1 vector, all
other inputs must also be 2-by-1 vectors.
If the block has more than one input, the output has the same
dimensions as the inputs and each output element is the result of
applying the specified logical operation to the corresponding input
elements. For example,if the specified operation is AND and the inputs
are 2-by-1 vector, the output is a 2-by-1 vector whose first element is
the result of applying the AND to the first elements of the inputs, etc.
For a single vector input, the block applies the operation (except the
NOT operator) to all element of the vector. The output is always a
scalar.
The NOT operator accepts only one input, which can be a scalar or a
vector. If the input is a vector, the output is a vector of the same size
containing the logical complements of the input vector elements.
The Maximum number of events parameter is used to determine the maximum number of
transition that can occurs during one calculation step and that can be store in the output
signals. For example, if the specified operations is OR and the number of ports is 2 and the
port widths are 1. Also suppose that both input signals contain two events during one
calculation step as in the following figure:
By specifying a maximum number of four events, all transition above
will be output.
RTE
39
By specifying a maximum number of three events, only the first three

transitions above will be output and RT-Events will add or remove, at
the next step, a transition to keep the output valid.
Mask
Figure 31:RTE Logical Operator Mask
Parameters
Operator
The logical operator to be applied to the block inputs. Valid

choices are the operators listed previously.
Number of input ports
The number of block inputs. The value must be appropriate for

the selected operator.
Maximum Number of
events

during a single step. Over this number, events are skipped and
the block try to resolve the conflict at the next simulation step.
Input
Inputs (RTE Boolean)
The input signals to process logical operations.
Output
Outputs (RTE Boolean) The output signal of the logical operator.
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
RTE
40
Example
demonstrates how to use the RTE Logical Operator block.
PWM signals of different type. In this example the RTE Logical Operator block is used to
generate PWM signals by comparing two signals : the carrier and the modulation signal.
Related Items
RTE
41
RTE Period Meter

Library
Block
Figure 32:RTE Period Meter Block
Description
The RTE Period Meter block measures the period and frequency of its input signals. It can
also measures the duty cycle and the duration of its high state (Ton) or low state (Toff).
The period and frequency output signals can be measured between consecutive rising edges
or consecutive falling edges. The measurement between consecutive parameter allows to
select one of these two modes.
The duty cycle, Ton and Toff outputs can be calculated during one calculation step or during
one signal period interval. When calculation step is selected, the times Ton and Toff are
values between 0 and the calculation step. The duty cycle is the ratio of the time Ton on the
calculation step. When signal period interval is selected, the Ton and Toff outputs are values
between 0 and the signal period. The duty cycle is the ratio of the time Ton on the signal
period. The measurement during one parameter allows the selection of these two modes.
The following two figures present the difference between Signal Period and Calcultaiton Step
modes.
Figure 33:Signal Period Operation Mode of the RTE Period Meter Block
Figure 34:Calculation Step Operation Mode of the RTE Period Meter Block
The minimum frequency parameter is used when the inputs signal is at very low frequency.
When the block has not detect edges since a time greater than the inactive period condition,
the measured period and frequency are set respectively to infinite and zero.
RTE
42
When the frequency of the input is lower than the minimum frequency parameter, also note
that the value of the duty cycle changes instantaneously between 0 and 1 depending of the
logic level (Low or High) of the input signal. In some systems this behavior can cause
problem. The RTE Frequency Meter block has a different algorithm to treat the duty cycle
when the frequency is lower than the minimum frequency.
Mask
Figure 35:RTE Period Meter Mask
Parameters
Display Period
If selected, output the period of the input signal.
Display Frequency
If selected, output the frequency of the input signal.
Measurement between Determines if the period and frequency outputs are measure
consecutive
between consecutive rising or falling edges
Display Ton
If selected, output the duration of the high state.
Display Toff
If selected, output the duration of the low state.
Display Duty Cycle
If selected, output the duty cycle
Measurement during
Determines if the Ton, Toff and Duty Cycle are calculated
one
relative to one calculation step or relative to one completed

signal period.
Minimum frequency
When the input signal frequency is lower than this value, the
output frequency and period are 0 and Inf.
RTE
43
Input
Input (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signals to measure.
Period (Double)
Signal periods in seconds.
Frequency (Double)
Signal frequencies in Hz.
Ton (Double)
Duration of its high state in seconds.
Toff (Doule)
Duration of its low state in seconds.
Duty Cycle (Double)
The duty cycle in the range: [0..1].
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Output
Characteristics
Examples
Boolean signal. In this example the RTE Period Meter block is used to measure the frequency
of the incremental encoder.
Related Items
RTE Signal Attributes, RTE Probe Events, RTE Frequency Meter
RTE
44
RTE Probe Events

Library
Block
Figure 36:RTE Probe Events Block
Description
The RTE Probe Events block outputs event's attributes, including time, state, initial state,
number of events and status.The outputs of this block are the information from RTE signals
in the last calculation step.
The block allows displaying the state and time of any events that occur during a calculation
step. The element indices specify which events will be output. This output is a vector with a
dimension ranging from 1 to the maximum number of events contained in an RTE signal.
Mask
Figure 37:RTE Probe Events Mask
Parameters
Input data type
Specified if the input is a RTE Boolean or RTE Double signal.
Source of element
Determines if the indices of output events are specified on the
indices
mask (internal) or as input signals (external).
Element Indices
Vector of the events to output. Only available when the source

of element is internal.
RTE
45
Input
Inputs (RTE)
RTE-type signal to convert into doubles.
Element Indices
Vector of the events to output. Only available when the source
(Double)
of element is external.
The times of each event relative to the last calculation step.
Output
The values of the time vector range from 0 to the mode

sample time.
State Vector(Double)
The states of each event.
Initial Condition
Initial condition of the RTE signal at the beginning of the last
(Double)
calculation step.
Number of events
The number of events that occurred. This corresponds to the
(Double)
number of elements of the time and state vectors which are

not undefined.
Status (Double)
The status of the RTE signal. See RT-Events Status
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Characteristics
Example
demonstrates how to use the RTE Probe Events to display some event properties of an RTE
signal.
Related Items
RTE Signal Attributes, RTE Period Meter
RTE
46
RTE PWM
Library
RT-Events Source
Block
Figure 38:RTE PWM Block
Description
The RTE PWM block generates square wave pulses at regular time intervals. The frequency
and duty cycle input signals determine the shape of the output waveform.
The RTE PWM block can output scalar, vector, or matrix signals. To cause the block to output
a scalar signal, use scalars input signals. To cause the block to output a vector or matrix
signal, use vectors or matrices inputs signals, respectively. Each element of the input signals
affects the corresponding element of the output signal. All the input signals must have the
same dimensions after scalar expansion. The following figure presents the main
characteristics of the generates square wave pulses.
Figure 39:Square Wave Characteristics of the Generated Signals of the RTE PWM Block
transition that can occurs during one calculation step and the maximum frequency that can
be output. The following formula determine the maximum frequency:
Fmax = Num / ( 2 *Ts),
where Num and Ts are the maximum number of events and the block sample time.
Shifted transitions
In normal operation, the frequency changes will be update from the previous value when the
active period (cycle) is completed. This gives very precise results without frequency spikes.
However, at low frequencies, this slows down the update time as we need to wait for the first
(slow) period to finish before moving to the next frequency value.
When shifting is enabled, the output of the RTE PWM block will be similar to real-world
sensors in that the transition will happen as soon as possible in order to move to the new
RTE
47
frequency value. This might be interpreted as a shift from the old value to the new one with
a half period at one intermediate frequency. This is closer to the behavior of real sensors and
provides faster updates at low frequency, but can confuse some hardware devices.
As an example, suppose a Simulink model containing a pulse generator with a frequency of
250 Hz running at a sample time of 1ms. When the shifted transition is disabled and the
frequency is increased to 1000 Hz, the block waits until the next transition at 250 Hz to
update the frequency. The next transition is set as the reference. If the shifted transition is
enabled, the blocks use instead the previous transition as reference.
Figure 40:Effect of the Shifted Transition Parameter of the RTE PWM block
Mask
Figure 41:RTE PWM Mask
Parameters
Shifted transition
The shifted transition for this block: disabled, enabled.
Maximum number of
The maximum number of events or transitions that can be
events
output during a single step.
Sample time
The time interval between samples in seconds.
Frequency (Double)
The pulse frequency specified in Hz.
Input
RTE
48
Duty Cycle (Double)
The duty cycle specified as the percentage of the pulse period

that the signal is on.
Output
RTE Boolean signal generated by the PWM block.
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
Fixed discrete.
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Characteristics
Examples
PWM signals of different type. This example also shows how to add dead time to the PWM
and also shows how to generate Space Vector PWM using this block. It also compares many
method to generate PWM using RTE Logical Operator block, or RTE SVPWM block.
Related Items
RTE SPWM
RTE
49
RTE Queue
Library
Block
Figure 42:RTE Queue Block
Description
The RTE Queue block stores in memory the times and states of all events that occur on the
RTE Boolean-type input signal. It can also stores values of Double-type input signals when
events occur on the RTE Boolean signal. The block capacity is set by Queue size.
When a value of 1 is received at the Pop port, the block pops all elements off the queue at
the next simulation step and holds the outports at that values until the next pop trigger.
The following figure shows how the queue works.
RTE
50
Figure 43:Pushing and Poping Operations of the RTE Queue Block
A value of 1 at the optional Clr port (enabled by the Clear queue input check box) empties
the queue contents at the next simulation step.
When two or more of the control input ports are triggered at the same time step, the
operations are executed in the following order: Push, Clr, Pop.
The block allows to output signals indicating the states of the queue. When the Empty Queue
Output parameter is selected the block output 1 when the queue is empty. When the Full
Queue Output parameter is selected the block output 1 when the queue is full. When the
Output Number of Queued Events is selected the block output the number of events store in
the queue.
The block can stores the values of Double-type input signals when the value of the Number
of Input parameter is greather than 0. The block can interpolate the inputs at the time that
occurs the events (enabled by the Interpolate Input check box). If this option is not selected
the block store the value of the input signal at the beginning of the time step.
Mask
Figure 44:RTE Queue Mask
Parameters
Queue Size
The size of the queue.
Empty Queue Output
When selected, outputs the empty state of the queue.
Full QueueOutput
When selected, outputs the full state of the queue.
RTE
51
Number of queued
When selected, outputs the number of events stored in the
events
queue.
Clear queue input
When selected, add a port to clear the queue.
Number of Inputs
Number of Double-type signals to store in the queue with event

properties.
Interpolate Inputs
When selected, interpolates the inputs at the time of each

events.
Input
RTE (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signals to store in the queue.
Pop (Double)
Trigger signal used to pop out all events of the queue (1=Pop,
0=No effect).
Clr (Double)
Trigger signal used to clear all events of the queue (1=Clear,

0=No effect).
Signal N (Double)
Input signal N to store in the queue when events occur.
Times (Double)
The times of the events stored in the queue.
States (Double)
The states of the events stored in the queue.
Empty (Double)
The empty state of the queue.
Full (Double)
The full state of the queue.
Num (Double)
The number of events stored in the queue.
Signal N (Double)
The values of the input signal N stored in the queue.
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Output
Characteristics
Examples
Related Items
RTE
52
RTE Rate Transition

Library
RT-Events Signal Attribute
Block
Figure 45:RTE Rate Transition Block
Description
The RTE Rate Transition block handles transfer of data between blocks operating at different
rates. It transfers data from the output of a block operating at one rate to the input of
another block operating at a different rate. This block is used to exchange data between two
real-time subsystems working at different rates in RT-LAB simulator. See the first two
examples in the example section.
The behaviour of the Rate Transition block depends on the sample times of the ports
between which it is connected. The block acts as a zero-order hold block or acts as a unit
delay block. In the zero-order hold block mode, the block transfers data from a fast rate to a
slow rate. In the unit delay mode, the block transfers data from a slow rate to a fast rate.
The following figure illustrates the two general cases.
Figure 46:RTE Rate Transition - Sample Time Color
The color scheme in Figure 46 comes from Simulink software's sample-time colors feature
(select Sample Time Colors from the Format menu). When the option is activated, the blocks
and lines in the model are colored according to the sample rates at which the blocks operate.
The table below lists this color code:
Color
Use
Black
Continuous blocks
RTE
53
Magenta
Constant blocks
Yellow
Hybrid (subsystems grouping blocks, Mux or Demux blocks

grouping signals with varying sample times, Data Store
Memory blocks updated and read by different tasks)
Red
Fastest discrete sample time
Green
Second fastest discrete sample time
Blue
Third fastest discrete sample time
Light Blue
Fourth fastest discrete sample time
Dark Green
Fifth fastest discrete sample time
Orange
Sixth fastest discrete sample time
Cyan
Blocks in triggered subsystems
Grey
Fixed in minor step
Compensation for skipped event

The RTE Rate Transition block supports compensation for skipped events.
When the number of events int the input RTE signal is greater than the maximum number of
events specified (MaxEvent), the extra events stored in memory are ignored, and it can
occur that the last output state is different from the output state that would be output if all
events were taken into account. By enabling the Skipped events compensation parameter,
the block can compensate for these events and add a new event (rising or falling) to toggle
the output state so that the last state provided by the block matches the state that would be
reached if all events were taken into account.
Suppose for example a "Fast to Slow" transition with the MaxEvent parameter set to 5. The
fast rate is set to 1 second and the slow rate is set to 2 seconds. The following figure
illustrates the effect of compensation. When the compensation is enabled, the fourth event
(falling edge) of the second fast step is compensated at the beginning of second slow step.
When the compensation is disabled, the block skips the first event to be output since the
output is already in that state.
Figure 47:Effect of the Skipped Events Compensation on the RTE Delay Block.
Suppose now a "Slow to Fast" transition with the MaxEvent parameter set to 3. The fast rate
is set to 1 second and the slow rate is set to 2 seconds. The following figure illustrates the
effect of the compensation. When the compensation is enabled, the sixth event (falling
edge) of the input (corresponding to fourth event of the of the second step of the output) is
compensated at the beginning of the third "fast" time step. When the compensation is
disabled, note also that the block skips the first event to be output in the third step since the
output is already in this state.
RTE
54
In Slow-to-Fast transition, data transfers occur as soon as new data is available from the
source block and the receiving block is ready to receive the data. Data are available at the
next fast step.
Mask
Figure 48:RTE Rate Transition Mask
Parameters
Skipped events
When enabled, the block compensates for skipped event. It is
compensation
useful when the maximum number of events is reached. By

default this parameter is set to Disable. (See Compensation of
skipped event section)
Maximum number of
events
The maximum number of events or transitions that can be

output during a single step. Over this number, events are
ignored and not output. This parameter must be an integer. By
default it is set to 4.
RTE
55
Output sample time
Specifies the output rate to which the input rate is converted. It

must be a multiple of the model sample time (or real-time
subsystem sample time). By default, this parameter is set to
Ts.
Input
Input (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal

Size of input : Dynamical
Input Rate : Inherit
Output
RTE Boolean signal

Size of input : Same as Input
Input Rate : Multiple of model sample time
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
No for slow-to-fast transitions. Yes for fast to slow transition.
Sample time
Fixed discrete
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Examples
The next two examples show how to exchange RT-Events signals between two real-time
subsystems running with RT-LAB. The example illustrates data exchange from fast-to-slow
rate and slow-to-fast rate respectively.
Fast to Slow transition
The following example illustrates Fast-to-Slow transition between 2 subsystems (Also
available on MatLab demos). Consider the model below:
RTE
56
Figure 49:RTE Rate Transition - Example Fast-to-Slow transition
In this figure, the Master sample time is set to 1 seconds and the Slave sample time is set to
2 second.
Figure 50:RTE Rate Transition - Fast to slow in nominal case.
Slow to Fast transition

The following example illustrates Slow-to-Fast transition between 2 subsystems (Also
available on MatLab demos). Consider the model below:
RTE
57
Figure 51:RTE Rate Transition - Example Slow-to-Fast transition
In the first figure, the Master sample time is set to 2 seconds and the Slave sample time is
set do 1 second.
Figure 52:RTE Rate Transition - Slow to Fast in nominal case (TsMaster = 2TsSalve)
In the second figure, the Master sample time is set to 3 seconds and the Slave sample time
is set do 1 second.
Figure 53:RTE Rate Transition - Slow to Fast in nominal case (TsMaster = 3TsSalve)
RTE
58
Related Items
N/A
RTE
59
RTE Relational Operator

Library
Block
Figure 54:RTE Relational Operator Block
Description
The RTE Relational Operator block performs a relational operation on its two inputs and
outputs the results as an RTE Boolean-type signal. The logical operation on the inputs can be
selected, e.g. one can choose among <, >, >= and <=. It should be noted that the output
signal is high when the condition is true. The RTE Boolean signal contains information to
allow the blocks to compensate the discrete-time error that takes place because discrete
events occur between the sampling instants.
Mask
Figure 55:RTE Relational Operator Mask
Parameters
Operator
The relational operator to be applied to the block inputs: <, >,

<= or >=.
RTE
60
Maximum Number of
events
The maximum number of events (or transitions) that can occur

during a single step. This value should normally be set to 1
because the block cant detect more than one transition.
Sample Time
Inputs (Double)
Input signals to be compared.
Input
Output
Outputs (RTE Boolean) RTE logical signal which is high when the condition is true.
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Fixed discrete.
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Example
Related Items
RTE
61
RTE Remove
Library
RT-Events Math operations
Block
Figure 56:RTE Remove Block
Description
The RTE Remove block removes N pulses of an RTE Boolean-type signal. The deletion is
repeated at every cycle of M pulses.
Here is a small example where the parameters N and M are respectively 2 and 4.
Figure 57:Behaviour of the RTE Remove block
The RTE Remove block enables you to:

Define upper and lower limits on the integral
Define a trigger type
Define an offset
Reset (or restart) the cycle
Defining Trigger Type
The RTE Remove block counts pulses each time an edge of the selected type occurs. By
selecting a rising trigger, high pulses will be remove from the inputs. By selection a falling
trigger, low pulses will be remove from the inputs.
Defining an offset
The RTE Remove block allows to choose which pulses should be remove from the input
signal. The offset parameter determine an offset in pulses from the beginning of the cycle
where we must remove pulses
Reseting the cycle
RTE
62
The RTE Remove block determines which pulses it should remove relative to the first pulse of
a cycle. The external reset signal can reset the internal counter that determine the beggining
of a cycle. Each time an specified edge occur on the trigger input signal, the counter is
reseted to zero. The reset can be perform on rising edge, falling edge, or either.
Mask
Figure 58:RTE Remove Mask
Parameters
Trigger type
Determine the kind of edge use to count pulses
Number of pulses to
The number of pulses to remove at each cycle
remove
Number of pulses by
The number of pulses to complete a cycle
cycle
Offset
Relative offset to the beggining of the cycle where the pulses

are remove
External Reset
Edge type use to reset the cycle
Maximum Number of
events
during a single step. Over this number, events are skipped.
Inputs (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signals (or pulse waveform) to modify
External Reset
Signal use to reset a cycle
Input
(Double)
RTE
63
Output
Modified RTE Boolean signal
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Characteristics
Example
Boolean signal.
The RTE Insert block is very similar to the RTE Remove block and is used to insert fault in
the generated pulse of the encoder.
Related Items
RTE Insert
RTE
64
RTE Scope
Library
RT-Events Sink
Block
Figure 59:RTE Scope Block
Description
The RTE Scope block displays signals generated during a simulation. The block can have
multiple axes (one per port); all axes have a common time range with independent y-axes.
The scope allows you to adjust the amount of time and the range of input values displayed.
You can move and resize the scope window.
If the signal is continuous, the scope produces a point-to-point plot. If the signal is discrete,
the Scope produces a stair-step plot.
To provide a more stable display, the block has an option called the trigger. This options
causes the scope to pause after reaching the right hand side of the screen, and wait for a
specified event before returning to the left hand side of the screen and drawing the next
trace. The effect is to resynchronise the timebase to the input signal, preventing horizontal
drift of the scope. Trigger scope allow the display of nonperiodic signals such as single
pulses, as well as periodic signals such as sine waves and square waves.
The Scope provides toolbar buttons that enable you to zoom in on displayed data, display all
the data input to the Scope, preserve axis settings from one simulation to the next, limit
data displayed, save data to the workspace and select and display specific time range. The
toolbar buttons are labeled in this figure, which shows the Scope window as it appears when
you open a Scope block. For more help on these features see the Simulink Scope
documentation.
Figure 60:RTE Scope toolbar buttons

RTE
65
Mask
Figure 61:RTE Scope Mask
Parameters
External Trigger
Set the kind of trigger use to trigger the scope. Select None to
disable this feature or any other values to activate this feature.
Double or RTE Boolean signal can be use to trigger the scope.
When RTE Boolean signal is used to trigger the scope, the
synchronization can occur anywhere in the calculation step.
Number of Axes
Set the number of y-axes in this data field. There is a limit of 6

axes the block can contain. All axes share the same time base
(x-axis), but have independent y-axes. Note that the number
of axes is equal to the number of input ports.
Time Range
Change the x-axis limits by entering a number. Entering a

number of seconds causes each screen to display the amount
of data that corresponds to that number of seconds.
Save Data to
You can automatically save the data collected by the block at
Workspace
the end of the simulation by selecting the Save data to

workspace check box. If you select this option, the Variable
name becomes active.
RTE
66
Variable Name
Enter a variable name in the Variable name field. The specified

name must be unique among all data logging variables being
used in the model. Other data logging variables are defined on
other Scope blocks, To Workspace blocks, and simulation
return variables such as time, states, and outputs. Being able
to save Scope data to the workspace means that it is not
necessary to send the same data stream to both a Scope block
and a To Workspace block.
Format
Data can be saved in only one format: Structure with time.
Limits Data Points to
You can limit the number of data points saved to the workspace
Last Events
by selecting the Limit data points to last N events check box

and entering a value in its data field. The Scope relies on its
data history for zooming and autoscaling operations. If the
number of data points is limited to 1,000 events and the
simulation generates 2,000 events, only the last 1,000 events
are available for regenerating the display.
Number of Points
Number of data points to store in memory
Signal Name Format
You can choose to display none, short or long signal labels.
Discretization of
When checked, display continuous signal as a stair-step plot
Continuous Signals
instead of a point-to-point plot.
Inputs
Signals to display.
External Trigger
External signal that trigger the scope.
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
No
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Input
Output
Characteristics
Example
Boolean signal.
In this example, the RTE Scope block is used to display simulated signals. For more
examples consult RT-Events demos.
Related Items
RTE
67
RTE Signal Attributes

Library
Block
Figure 62:RTE Signal Attributes Block
Description
The RTE Signal Attributes block outputs the specified attribute of the input signal. The
available attributes are: width, size, number of events, maximum number of events, initial
state, final state and status.
Mask
Figure 63:RTE Signal Attributes Mask
Parameters
Attribute
Attribute to output. Available values are width, size, number of

events, maximum number of events, initial state, final state or
signal status.
Input
Input (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal to probe.
RTE
68
Output
Attribute (Double)
Selected probe attribute.
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Characteristics
Example
demonstrates how to use the RTE Signal Attributes block to display the number of events
that occur on an RTE signal.
Related Items
RTE Period Meter, RTE Probe Events
RTE
69
RTE SPWM
Library
RT-Events Source
Block
Figure 64:RTE SPWM Block
Description
The RTE SPWM block generates square wave pulses at regular time intervals. The frequency
and duty cycle of the input signals determine the shape of the output waveform.
The figure below shows the main characteristics of the generated square wave pulses. T,
Ton, Toff, D and f are the period, the time on, the time off, the duty cycle, and the frequency
of the PWM signal respectively.
Figure 65:Square Wave Characteristics of the Generated PWM Signals
The RTE SPWM block outputs scalar or vector signals depending on the number of phases
selected in the parameters dialog box. When multiple phases are selected, the duty cycle
must be provided for all the phases, and the duty cycle inport takes a vector of the same
width as the number of phases. Also note that the frequency input is applied to all the
phases.
Center alignement mode
The RTE SPWM block lets you specify to choose the PWM pulses alignement. Depending on
the application, it may be important to output the pulse at the beginning of the period, or to
output the pulse centered relatively to the PWM period. The figure below shows the 2
supported modes. The parameters dialog box allows to select the alignment mode using the
Center alignment mode parameter.
RTE
70
Figure 66:Center alignment mode effect
Space Vector PWM

The RTE SPWM block allows the output of space vector PWM based on the space vector
representation of the carrier signal (or duty cycle signals) in the d-q plane. This option is
very useful for controlling inverter output voltage in power electric applications.
Note that this option is only available when the number of phases is three.
Rise time delay
The RTE SPWM block allows the output of PWM pulse with a delay applied on the rising edge
of the pulse. The figure below shows the effect of the delay on the normal and
complementary PWM signals. Note that the rise time delay value must be smaller than half
the minimum period of the PWM.
Figure 67:Rise time delay effect
Note that this option is only available when complementary mode is selected.
Maximum number of events
transitions that can occur during one calculation step and the maximum frequency that can
be output by the PWM block. The following formula determines the maximum frequency:
Fmax = Num / ( 2 * Ts),
where Num and Ts are the maximum number of events and the block sample time.
RTE
71
Mask
Figure 68:RTE SPWM MaskParameters
Number of phases
The number of phases to be output. The PWM block supports

up to 6 phases.
Center alignment
When disabled, the pulse starts at the beginning of the period.
mode
When enabled, the pulse is centered relatively to the current

period.
Maximum frequency
The maximum frequency output by the PWM block.
Minimum frequency
The minimum frequency output by the PWM block.
Show enabling port
If selected, the PWM block adds a control input port that

determines when the block is executed. When the control
signal has a value of one, the block executes at each simulation
step. When the control signal has a value of zero (0), the block
holds on the last output value.
Complementary PWM
If selected, the PWM block adds an output port that contains

the complementary PWM signals of each phases.
Space vector PWM
If selected, the PWM outputs are generated from space vector

representation of carrier signals.
Rise time delay
The time delay, in seconds, that is inserted between the fall

and rise events of the PWM signal and its complementary part.
The rise time delay is also related to the dead time or the dead
band parameters.
RTE
72
Maximum Number of
events

during a single step. Above that value, next events are
skipped.
Sample time
The time interval between samples, in seconds.
Frequency (Double)
The pulse frequency, in Hz. This parameter applies to all the
Input
phases.
Duty Cycle (Double)
The duty cycle of each phase specified as the percentage of the

pulse period during which the signal is on. Valid values are
between 0 and 1.
Enable port (Double)
The enable port controls when the block is executed. See Show
enabling port parameter above.
Output
PWM (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signal generated by the PWM block.
Complementary PWM
RTE Boolean complementary signal generated by the PWM
(RTE Boolean)
block.
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
Fixed discrete.
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Characteristics
Examples
PWM signals of different type. This example also shows how to add dead time to the PWM
and also shows how to generate Space Vector PWM using this block. It also compares many
method to generate PWM using RTE Logical Operator block, or RTE PWM block.
Related Items
RTE PWM
RTE
73
RTE Switch
Library
RT-Events Signal Routing
Block
Figure 69:RTE Switch
Description
The RTE Switch block passes through the first input or the third input based on the value of
the second control input. When the control input is an RTE signal, the switch also
compensates for events that occur during calculation step.The second input is called the
control input.
You select the conditions under which the first input is passed with the Criteria for passing
first input parameter. You can make the block check whether the control input is greater
than or equal to the threshold value, purely greater than the threshold value, or nonzero. If
the control input meets the condition set in the Criteria for passing first input parameter,
then the first input is passed. Otherwise, the third input is passed.
Mask
Figure 70:RTE Switch Mask
RTE
74
Parameters
Port data types
Select the port data type.
Criteria for passing
Select the conditions under which the first input is passed. You
first input
can make the block check whether the control input is greater
than or equal to the threshold value, purely greater than the
threshold value, or nonzero. If the control input meets the
condition set in this parameter, then the first input is passed.
Otherwise, the third input is passed.
Threshold
Assign the switch threshold that determines which input is

passed to the output.
Interpolate
When checked, allow to interpolate the value outputed
Maximum number of
events
not outputed.
Input
u1
Outputed when the second input meets the criteria.
u2
Control signal that select which input is output.
u3
Outputed when the second input doesnt meet the criteria.
Output
Output signal
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Output
Characteristics
Examples
In this example, the RTE Switch block is used to activate or desactivate the RT-Events
compensation. When the compensation is enabled, the RT-Events system give the same
result as the continuous system. When the compensation is disabled, the RT-Events system
give the same erronous result as the discrete system.
Related Items
RTE
75
RTE Sum
Library
Block
Figure 71:RTE Sum
Description
The RTE Sum blocks adds or substracts inputs. This block can add or subtract scalar or
vector. You specify the operations of the block with the List of Signs parameter. Plus (+) and
minus (-) characters indicate the operations to be performed on the inputs:
If there are two or more inputs, then the number of characters must equal the number of
inputs. For example, "+-+" requires three inputs and configures the block to subtract the
second (middle) input from the first (top) input, and then add the third (bottom) input.
All nonscalar inputs must have the same dimensions.
If only one vector is input, then a single "+" or "-" will collapse the vector using the specified
operation.
Mask
Figure 72:RTE Sum Mask
Parameters
List of signs
Enter as many plus (+) and minus (-) characters as there are
inputs.
RTE
76
Maximum number of
events
not outputed.
Input
Input (RTE Double)
RTE Double signals to sum.
Sum (RTE Double)
Summed RTE Double signal.
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Output
Characteristics
Examples
demonstrates how to use the RTE Sum block to perform a sum of two RTE Double signal.
Related Items
RTE
77
RTE-Drive ABC-DQ
Library
RTE-Drive Measurements
Block
Figure 73:RTE-Drive ABC-DQ Block
Description
The RTE-Drive ABC-DQ block performs the abc to dq transformation on a set of three-phase
signals. It computes the direct axis Vd and quadratic axis Vq quantities in a two axis rotating
reference frame according to the following transformation:
Vd = [ cos() * (2*Vab+Vbc) + sqrt(3) * Vbc *sin()] / 3
Vq = [ sin() * (2*Vab+Vbc) - sqrt(3) * Vbc *cos()] / 3
The transformation is the same for the case of a three-phase current; you simply replace the
Va, Vb, Vc, Vd and Vq variables with the Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, and Iq variables.
Mask
Figure 74:RTE-Drive ABC-DQ Mask
Parameters
RTE
78
Input
abc (RTE Double)
Three phases input voltages (or currents).
(Double)
Rotating reference phase .
sin, cos (Double)
Sinus and cosinus of the rotating reference phase.
q,d (Double)
q and d voltage (or current) components.
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Output
Characteristics
Example
Related Items
RTE
79
RTE-Drive Full Park D-Q PMSM

Library
RTE-Drive Machines
Block
Figure 75:RTE-Drive Full Park D-Q PMSM Block
Description
This block implements a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine with sinusoidal
flux distribution. The machine is modelled in the park D-Q rotor reference frame. Stator
windings are connected in wye to an internal neutral point.
Mask
Figure 76:RTE-Drive Park D-Q PMSM Mask
Parameters
Sample Time [s]
Sample time of the block.
Vabc [V]
Stator input voltage.
Input
we (rad/s)
Electrical speed
(= mechanical speed x number_of_poole_pair).
the (rad)
rotor electric angle.
RTE
80
Rs_Ld_Lq_Flux (ohms, Rs_Ld_Lq_Flux: 4-rank vector containing the Resistance Ld, Lq

H, H, Wb)
and magnet flux.
Iabc (A)
Motor currents.
Iq, Id (H)
Motor currents in the rotor reference frame.
Vq, Vd (V)
stator voltage in the rotor reference frame.
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Output
Characteristics
Example
None
Related Items
RTE-Drive Park D-Q PMSM
RTE
81
RTE-Drive Park D-Q PMSM

Library
RTE-Drive Machine
Block
Figure 77:RTE-Drive Park D-Q PMSM Block
Description
This block implements a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine with sinusoidal
flux distribution. The machine is modelled in the park D-Q rotor reference frame. Stator
windings are connected in wye to an internal neutral point.
Note that the mathematical model is valid for fixed Lq and Ld parameters. The RTE-Drive
Full Park D-Q PMSM provided a mathematical model that solves this problem.
Mask
Figure 78:RTE-Drive Park D-Q PMSM Mask
Parameters
Sample Time [s]
Sample time of the block.
RTE
82
Input
Vabc [V]
we (rad/s)
Stator input voltage.

Electrical speed
(= mechanical speed x number_of_poole_pair).
the (rad)
rotor electric angle.
Rs_Ld_Lq_Flux (ohms, Rs_Ld_Lq_Flux: 4-rank vector containing the Resistance Ld, Lq

H, H, Wb)
and magnet flux.
Iabc (A)
Motor currents.
Iq, Id (H)
Motor currents in the rotor reference frame.
Vq, Vd (V)
stator voltage in the rotor reference frame.
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Output
Characteristics
Example
None
Related Items
RTE-Drive Full Park D-Q PMSM
RTE
83
RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM

Library
RTE-Drive Machines
Block
Figure 79:RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM block
Description
This block implements a permanent magnet synchronous machine model using a phase
domain representation model.
Mask
Figure 80:RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM Mask
Parameters
Voltage base [V]

The model base voltage.

RTE
84
Current base [A]
The model base current.
Electric frequency
The model base frequency. Note that the base choice will not
base [Hz]
affect this model but are used to corrolate to similar model.
Number of Pair of
The machine number of pole pair.
Poles
Open phase resistance
The stator winding resistance when it is forced open using the
[ohms]
OpenStator input signal. This resistance cannot be set

arbitrarily to high value because of numerical stability
concerns. Smaller time step allows higher open phase
resistance.
Sample Time [s]
The model sample time.
Vabc [V]
The machine terminal voltages.
Bemf [V]
Internal BackEMF of the machine. Minimum torque generation
Input
occurs when the Back-EMF is in phase with terminal voltage.

With regards to the rotor position, the Back-EMF is 90 degree
(electric)in advance of the direct axe of the rotor.
Lx [pu]
Inverse of the reduced inductance matrix [2x2], which is timevarying.
Rstator [ohms]
The stator resistance [3x1].
OpenStator
Logic signal which control the resistance of the stator. When

equal to 1, the stator resistance is set equal to the <Open
phase resistance> parameter. When equal to 0, the stator
resistance is set equal to the Rstator input signal.
Output
Iabc [A]
The machine currents.
Vneutral [V]
The machine neutral voltage.
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Characteristics
Example
None
Related Items
RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM Inductance
RTE
85
RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM Inductance

Library
RTE-Drive Machines
Block
Figure 81:RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM Inductance Block
Description
This block computes the phase domain time varying inductance matrix of a permanent
magnet synchronous machine corresponding to the Ld Lq Park transform inductances and
rotor angle.
Mask
Figure 82:RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM Inductance Mask
Parameters
Voltage base [V]
The model base voltage.
RTE
86
Current base [A]
The model base current.
Electric frequency
The model base frequency. Note that the base choice must be
base [Hz]
the same as in the RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM block.
Number of Pair of
The machine number of pole pair.
Poles
Sample Time [s]
The model sample time.
Lq [H]
Q-axis inductance in the Park referential.
Ld [H]
D-axis inductance in the Park referential.
SinCos
The sinus and cosinus of the rotor electrc angle.
Input
Note: The Ld and Lq value correspond to the Krause Park transformation in which, for
positive speed, the q-axis is ahead of the d-axis and the Park transform has 2/3 factor and
all positive sign (no negative row).
Output
Lx [pu]
Inverse of the reduced inductance matrix [2x2], which is timevarying.
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Example
None
Related Items
RTE-Drive Phase Domain PMSM
RTE
87
RTE-Drive Quadrature Decoder

Library
RTE-Drive Measurements
Block
Figure 83:RTE-Drive Quadrature Decoder Block
Description
The RTE-Drive Quadrature Decoder block outputs the relative angular position of a
quadrature incremental encoder using its signals A and B. This block also outputs the
direction of rotation of the rotating object.
The optional Z input signals is an indication that the rotating object has passed through a
reference point. This signal is used to reset the relative angular position to zero degree. This
signal is not yet available.
Figure 84:Behaviour of the RTE-Drive Quadrature Decoder Block
RTE
88
Mask
Figure 85:RTE-Drive Quadrature Decoder Mask
Parameters
Number of pulses by
The number of pulses generated by the encoder during a
revolution
complete revolution.
Angle units
The relative angular position units: degrees or radians.
Use channel Z
Use channel Z as reference. When channel Z is not used, the

initial zero angle position is set as reference.
Input
Channel A (RTE
Channel A of the incremental encoder.
Boolean)
Channel B (RTE
Channel B of the incremental encoder.
Boolean)
Channel Z (RTE
Optional channel Z of the incremental encoder.
Boolean)
Output
Position (Double)
Relative angular position of the rotating object in radians or

degrees.
Direction (Double)
Direction of rotation of the rotating object [-1, 0, 1].
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Work Offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Characteristics
RTE
89
Example
The rte_basic_quadrature_decoder.mdl model simulated the behaviour of an incremental
encoder and shows the relative position of the rotating object.
Related Items
Boolean signal. In this example the RTE Quadrature decoder block is used to measure the
angular position and direction of the rotating object.
RTE
90

Library
RTE-Drive Power Electronics
Block
Figure 86:RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB Block
Description
The RTE-Drive 2-Level Time Stamped Bridge (TSB) block implements a 2-level (2-switch)
bridge for which the gates are controlled by RTE Boolean signals. The number of arms in
parallel can by selected from 1 to 3. The bridge models IGBT/GTO/MOSFET devices
controlled by ideal switch with their anti parallel diode. The following figure presents the
equivalent electrical circuit of the RTE-Drive TSB 2- Level block.
Figure 87:Equivalent Electrical Circuit of the RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB Block
The switch model is simulated as a resistor Ron and a DC voltage source Vf, connected in
series with a switch. The switch is controlled by the gate signal g.
When the upper switch or upper anti-parallel diode conducts, the Vabc output equals the Vdc
input (minus internal voltage drops). When the lower switch or diode of the leg conducts,
the Vabc output is equal to 0 (plus internal voltage drops). This load, that has a voltage-input
current-output causality (like an inductance), outputs a current which in fed to the Iabc
input.
The Idc output is computed from all the upper switches or diodes conduction times.
RTE
91
Mask
Figure 88:RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB Mask
Parameters
Number of bridge
The number of arms of the bridge.
arms
Voltage output data
Select the data type of the outputed voltage:
type
- When Simulink double is selected the output is the average

voltage of the last calculation step. Moreover the output can be
directly connected to Simulink blocks.
- When SimPowerSystem PM is selected the output is the
average voltage of the last calculation step. Moreover the
output can be directly connected to SimPowerSystem blocks.
Ron
Internal resistance of the selected device, in ohms
Forward voltage Vf
Forward voltage, in volts (V), across the device when it is

conducting.
Maximum number of
The maximum number of events or transitions that the block
events
consider during the simulation. Over this number, events are

ignored and do not affect the output.
Input
The following table presents the input signals of the block when the voltage output data type
parameter is Simulink.
Pulses (RTE Boolean)
RTE Boolean signals that controlled the switch gates. 1 signal

per arm. A signal value of 1 indicates the switch is conducting,
while a value of zero indicates the switch is OFF.
Vdc (Double)
Voltage of the DC-link.
RTE
92
Iabc(Double)
Current outputted in the load.
parameter is SimPowerSystems.
Pulses (RTE Boolean)

dc + (SPS)
Positive DC-link.
dc - (SPS)
Negative DC-link
Output
parameter is Simulink.
Vabc (Double,
RTE Double)
The voltage at the middle point of the bridge which feeds the
load. The signal data type depends on the output data type
parameter.
Idc (Double)
Current of the DC-link.
A, B, C (SPS)
The A, B, and C connectors at the middle point of the bridge

which feeds the load.
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
Yes
Sample Time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Limitations
Absence of switch gate signals
The block is not accurate when simulating the effect of completely shutting off all IGBT gate
pulses, like in emergency shutdown for example. This has the effect of letting the antiparallel diode turn on/off naturally, a case for which the Time Stamped Bridge is not
designed.
Input to output delay
RTE
93
Since RT-Events version 3.3.x, optimizations in Time-Stamp Bridges have been made to
reduce the input to output delay due to Simulink-SPS interfacing. This optimization does
concern the TSB when the Output Data Type parameter is SimPowerSystems.
Because the Time-Stamp Bridge has a switching function for which the outputs are directly
dependant on the inputs, algebraic loops need to be broken when connecting it in the
SimPowerSystems mode, which is obtained through forcing single time-step delays at the
input(s) or the output(s) of the model. The optimization implies the displacement of the
simulation delays from the output AC voltage(s) and DC current(s) to the input DC
voltage(s) and AC current. This modification allows for better simulation of a strong majority
of applications where a constant voltage is found on the DC bus(ses) (or the time constant
of the DC voltage is small compare to the time step), due to a fixed voltage source or control
actions.
Example
The following figures presentes a simple 2-level chopper circuit and its Simulink
implementation. Refer to the rte_2level_chopper.mdl example file. The IGBT are driven at
fixed frequency of 10kHz and the simulation time step is 10 s. The upper part of the
Simulink model is the time stamped bridge implementation of the chopper while the bottom
part is the SimPowerSystem implementation.
Figure 89:2-Level Chopper Circuit
RTE
94
Figure 90:Simulink Implementation of the 2-Level Chopper Circuit
With those parameters, the duty cycle of the chopper has been scanned, that is the ratio of
the upper IGBT conduction time by the chopper frequency. The following figure shows the
result of scanning the duty-cycle of the chopper for the time stamping technique vs.
SimPowerSystem blockset technique. While both techniques have the same response at 0.1
s simulation time step, they differ a lot at 10 s: the SimPowerSystem exhibits strong nonlinearity (red curve) while the time stamped bridge model is still linear (blue curve). The
time stamped bridge is as precise as reference simulations made at 0.1 s.
RTE
95
Figure 91:Current Load versus Duty Cycle of the 2-Level Chopper Circuit
Also note that the rte_dc_dc_converter.mdl, rte_dc_ac_inverter.mdl and

rte_dc_ac_3ph_inverter.mdl models demonstrate how to realize DC-DC converter, and DCAC Inverter using RT-Events.
Related Items
RTE
96

Library
Block
Figure 92:RTE-Drive 3-Level TSB Block
Description
The RTE-Drive 3-Level Time Stamped Bridge (TSB) block implements a 3-level (3-switch)
bridge for which the gates are controlled by RTE Boolean signals. The number of arms in
parallel can by selected from 1 to 3. The bridge models IGBT/GTO/MOSFET devices
controlled by ideal switch with their anti-parallel diode. The following figure presents the
equivalent electrical circuit of the RTE-Drive TSB 3- Level block with 3 arms.
The switch model is simulated as a resistor Ron and a DC voltage source Vf, connected in
series with a switch. The switch is controlled by the gate signal g.
RTE
97
When the upper switch or upper anti-parallel diode conducts, the Vabc output equals the V+
input (minus internal voltage drops). When the lower switch or diode of the leg conducts,
the Vabc output is equal to V- (plus internal voltage drops). This load, that has a voltageinput current-output causality (like an inductance), outputs a current which in fed to the Iabc
input.
The I+ output is computed from all the upper switches or diodes conduction times. The Ioutput is computed from all the lower switches or diodes conduction times.
Mask
Parameters
Number of bridge
The number of arms of the bridge.
arms
Voltage output data
Select the data type of the outputed voltage:
type
- When RT-Events RTE Double is selected the output use an

higher precision because. However, the output can only be
connected to RT-Events blocks.
- When Simulink double is selected the output is the average
voltage of the last calculation step. Moreover the output can be
directly connected to Simulink blocks.
- When SimPowerSystem PM is selected the output is the
average voltage of the last calculation step. Moreover the
output can be directly connected to SimPowerSystem blocks.
Ron
Internal resistance of the selected device, in ohms
RTE
98
Forward voltage Vf
Forward voltage, in volts (V), across the device when it is

conducting.
Maximum number of
The maximum number of events or transitions that the block
events
consider during the simulation. Over this number, events are

ignored and do not affect the output.
Input
parameter is RT-Events or Simulink.
Pulses g (RTE
Boolean)

V+ (Double)
Voltage of the positive DC-link.
V- (Double)
Voltage of the negative DC-link.
Iabc(Double)
Current outputted in the load.
Pulses g (RTE
Boolean)

dc + (SPS)
Positive DC-link.
dc - (SPS)
Negative DC-link
N (SPS)
Neutral.
Output
parameter is RT-Events or Simulink.
Vabc (Double,
RTE Double)
The voltage at the middle point of the bridge which feeds the
load. The signal data type depends on the output data type
parameter.
I+ (Double)
Current of the positive DC-link.
I- (Double)
Current of the negative DC-link.
A, B, C (SPS)
The A, B, and C connectors at the middle point of the bridge

which feeds the load.
RTE
99
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
Yes
Limitations
Absence of switch gate signals
The block is not accurate when simulating the effect of completely shutting off all IGBT gate
pulses, like in emergency shutdown for example. This has the effect of letting the antiparallel diode turn on/off naturally, a case for which the Time Stamped Bridge is not
designed.
Input to output delay
Since RT-Events version 3.3.x, optimizations in Time-Stamp Bridges have been made to
reduce the input to output delay due to Simulink-SPS interfacing. This optimization does
concern the TSB when the Output Data Type parameter is SimPowerSystems.
Because the Time-Stamp Bridge has a switching function for which the outputs are directly
dependant on the inputs, algebraic loops need to be broken when connecting it in the
SimPowerSystems mode, which is obtained through forcing single time-step delays at the
input(s) or the output(s) of the model. The optimization implies the displacement of the
simulation delays from the output AC voltage(s) and DC current(s) to the input DC
voltage(s) and AC current. This modification allows for better simulation of a strong majority
of applications where a constant voltage is found on the DC bus(ses) (or the time constant
of the DC voltage is small compare to the time step), due to a fixed voltage source or control
actions.
Example
The following figures presentes a simple 3-level chopper circuit and its Simulink
implementation. Refer to the rte_3level_chopper.mdl example file. The IGBT are driven at
fixed frequency of 2 kHz and the simulation time step is 50s. The upper part of the Simulink
model is the RTE-Drive TSB implementation of the chopper while the bottom part is the
SimPowerSystem implementation.
RTE 100
Figure 95:3-Level Chopper Circuit
Figure 96:Simulink Implementation of the 3-Level Chopper Circuit
With those parameters, the duty cycle of the chopper has been scanned, that is the ratio of
the upper IGBT conduction time by the chopper frequency. The duty cycle concept is the
same then for the 2-Level bridge except that the modulation index goes from 0 [%] to 100
[%] for the 2-level modulation while it goes from -100 [%] to 100 [%] in the 3-level
modulation. This is possible with back-to-back (one positive and one negative) PWM
carriers upper and lower IGBTs of chopper circuit.
The following figure shows the result of scanning the duty-cycle of the chopper for the time
stamping technique vs. SimPowerSystem blockset technique. While both techniques have
the same response at 0.5 s simulation time step, they differ a lot at 50 s: the
SimPowerSystem exhibits strong non-linearity (red curve) while the time stamped bridge
model is still linear (blue curve). The time stamped bridge is as precise as reference
simulations made at 0.5 s.
RTE 101
Figure 97:Current Load versus Duty Cycle of the 3-Level Chopper Circuit
Also note that the rte_dc_dc_converter.mdl, rte_dc_ac_inverter.mdl and

rte_dc_ac_3ph_inverter.mdl models demonstrate how to realize DC-DC converter, and DCAC Inverter using RT-Events.
Related Items
RTE 102
RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB with High-Impedance and Rectification Modes

Library
Block
Figure 98:RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB highZ Rect Block
Description
The RTE-Drive 2-Level Time Stamped Bridge (TSB) block implements a 2-level bridge. The
bridge models IGBT/GTO/MOSFET devices controlled by ideal switch with their anti-parallel
diode. The following figure presents the equivalent electrical circuit of one phase of the RTEDrive TSB 2- Level block.
Figure 99:Equivalent Electrical Circuit of one arm the RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB Block
NOTE: The model is only available for 3-phase output. If less phases are required, the user
can leave the unused phases open.
The working principle of the model is the one of an average model. In the normal continuous
conduction mode, the output voltage of each phase is set equal to either V+ or V- input
voltage multiplied by the conduction time of the gate signal at each time step.
RTE 103
When no pulse are present for BOTH IGBT, the output of the model is set in high-impedance
mode at the next current zero-crossing.
In this high-impedance mode, if the load voltage becomes higher/lower than the DC-link
voltages, the model enters into rectification mode, that is it will simulate the effect of the
anti-parallel diodes.
Mask
Figure 100:RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB HighZ Rect Mask
RTE 104
Parameters
Number of bridge
Currently set to 3.
arms
Ron (ohms)
Forward Voltage (V)
Internal resistance and forward voltage drop of either IGBT or

anti-parallel devices, in Ohms or V.
High impedance in
This is the value of the output impedance of the inverter output
non-conducting
when it enters in the high impedance mode. This value cannot
state(Ohms)
be made arbitrarily high because of numerical stability

concerns.
Nominal DC link
voltage
This value is required for the calculation of the DC-link input

current. When input voltage is at least 25% of the nominal
voltage, the input current is computed with power balance
(Vabc*Iabc=Vdc*Idc). Below 25%, the input current is
computed from load currents multiplied by IGBT conduction
times.
Disable natural
Disable the internal algorithm that enables the natural
rectification mode
rectification by anti-parallel diodes. This may be useful to

optimize real-time performances.
Disable DC-link
Disable the internal algorithm that computes the DC-link
current calculations
currents. This may be useful to optimize real-time

performances.
Inputs and Outputs signals

g (RTE) (size 6)
RT-Events signals that control the switch gates.
V + (SPS)
Positive DC-link SimPowerSystems connection.
V- (SPS)
Negative DC-link SimPowerSystems connection.
OpenPhase (size 3)
When set to 1, creates an open-circuit fault at the output of the

phase of the inverter.
A,B,C (SPS)
Inverter output connection points (phases A, B and C) for

SimPowerSystems.
sw (size 3)
This signal indicates that the inverter phase is open when equal
to one. The signal can be used to compensate for the noninfinite high-impedance value by forcing load current to zero
for example.
Vabc_inv (size 3)
Voltage measurement of the middle point of the inverter. This

value is normally equal to the inverter output voltage value
except when OpenPhase is set to 1. In that case, this signal is
the voltage in front of the open phase fault.
Characteristics
RTE 105
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Limitations
Fault insertion
The RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB Block internal model allows certain faults to be made with it. In all cases,
the fault impedance can be limited by numerical stability issues because of the RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB
Block introduces a delay between the input and the output of the model.
Fault type
AC-side open phase
Supported. Made internally in SPS. The Open_phase input of

the block controls this type of fault.
AC-side short-circuit
Supported. Made internally in SPS.
Open DC-link input
Not supported.
DC-link short circuit
Internal IGBT open-
Supported through IGBT gating signal.
phase fault
Internal IGBT short-
Not supported.
circuit.
Diode opencircuit/short-circuit
Example
Related Items
RTE 106
Not supported.
RTE-Drive 3-Level TSB with High-Impedance and Rectification Modes

Library
Block
Figure 101:RTE-Drive 3-Level TSB HighZ Rect Block
Description
The RTE-Drive 3-Level Time Stamped Bridge (TSB) block implements a 3-level NeutralClamped bridge with support for high-impedance and free-wheeling diode rectification
modes. The bridge models IGBT/GTO/MOSFET devices controlled by ideal switch with their
anti-parallel diode. The following figure presents the equivalent electrical circuit of the RTEDrive TSB 3- Level block with 3 arms.
RTE 107
The working principle of the model is the one of an average model. In the normal continuous
conduction mode, the output voltage of each phase is set equal to either V+, Vneutral or Vinput voltage multiplied by the conduction time of the gate signal at each time step.
High-Impedance mode:
When no pulses are present for the TWO middle IGBT, the output of the model is set in highimpedance mode at the next current zero-crossing.
Anti-parallel diode Rectifying mode:
In this high-impedance mode, if the load voltage becomes higher/lower than the DC-link
voltages, the model enters into rectification mode, that is it will simulate the effect of the
anti-parallel diodes.
Mask
RTE 108
Parameters
Number of bridge
Currently set to 3.
arms
Active Switch Ron
Internal resistance and forward voltage drop of either IGBT or
(ohms)
anti-parallel devices, in Ohms or V.
Active Switch Forward

Voltage (V)
Diode Ron (Ohms)
Diode Forward Voltage
(V)
Hi impedance value
This is the value of the output impedance of the inverter output
(Ohms)
when it enters in the high impedance mode. This value cannot

be made arbitrarily high because of numerical stability
concerns.
DC link current
The option removes any residual common mode in the DC-link
Common Mode
input currents. When the bridge is fed by a floating rectification
Removal
device for example, this common mode should be non-existent

(i.e. the sum of input current should be null). But because the
input and output sides of the model are not algebraically linked
(they are controlled current and voltage sources), a small
residue may be present that may corrupt the simulation
accuracy.
Dead Time current
This parameter specifies the minimum load current required to
Threshold (A)
turn on anti-parallel diodes when no IGBT pulses are present.
Inputs and Outputs signals
g (double) (size 12)
Signals that controlled the switch gates. A signal value of 1

indicates the switch is conducting, while a value of zero
indicates the switch is OFF. A value between 0 and 1 indicates a
ratio of conduction time during the time step.
V + (SPS)
Positive DC-link SimPowerSystems connection.
Vn (SPS)
Neutral DC-link SimPowerSystems connection.
V- (SPS)
Negative DC-link SimPowerSystems connection.
gnd_in (SPS)
Ground connection point forSimPowerSystems
gnd_out (SPS)
Ground connection point forSimPowerSystem. This connection

is electrically connected to gnd_in. However,
SimPowerSystems/ARTEMiS will recognize this as a separate
connection to ground and create 2 distinct state-space systems
for circuits connected to the input and output sides of the
inverter, thus resulting in much faster real-time computations.
A,B,C (SPS)
Inverter output connection points (phases A,B and C) for

SimPowerSystems
RTE 109
Vn_delay (SPS)
Neutral connection point for circuits connected to the inverter

outputs (ex: LC filter)s. This connection has a delay equal to
the A,B and C connection and this equilibrium of delays is
important in some cases.
Ineut_meas (size 1)
Measurement of the Neutral Input point. This output is used to

measure the real input current of the Vn connection point when
a circuit is connected to the Vn_delay connection. In this case,
if a SPS measurement is taken at the Vn input of the inverter,
the measured current will include the current flowing through
the Vn_delay point, which may not be what is desired.
Characteristics
Direct Feedthrough
No
Sample Time
Work offline
Yes
Dimensionalized
No
Limitations
Fault insertion
The RTE-Drive 3-Level TSB Block internal model allow certain faults to be made with it. In all cases, the
fault impedance can be limited by numerical stability issues because of the RTE-Drive 3-Level TSB
Block introduces a delay between the input and the output of the model.
Fault type
AC-side open phase
AC-side short-circuit
Open DC-link input
Not supported.
DC-link short circuit
Internal IGBT open-
Supported through IGBT gating signal.
phase fault
Internal IGBT short-
Not supported.
circuit.
Diode opencircuit/short-circuit
Example
Related Items
RTE 110
Not supported.
RTE STATUS
Description
Contains RT-Events Status information.
Usage
See Elements.
Elements
eRTE_NoError (0)
No Error.
eRTE_ExceedMax_Ev0 (1)
The maximum number of events is exceeded. Last

event was falling.
eRTE_ExceedMax_Ev1 (2)
The maximum number of events is exceeded. Last

event was rising.
eRTE_InvalidIndex (4)
The index vector contains values that exceed the

maximum number of events.
eRTE_InvalidTimeVector (8)
Some elements of the time vector are not in

chronological order.
eRTE_InvalidIC (16)
The initial condition does not match the first event

state.
eRTE_ConsecutiveSameEvent There are some consecutive events of the same type.

(32)
Events was removed.
eRTE_EventInThePast (64)
One or more events are in the past. Events were

removed.
eRTE_MaxFrequency (128)
Frequency exceeds the maximum frequency.
eRTE_HW_InitializeError
Set by RT-LAB OpFcnMultiEventCapt block : Hardware
(67592)
not found.
eRTE_HW_OverrunError
Set by RT-LAB OpFcnMultiEventCapt block : FIFO
(66048)
overrun.
eRTE_HW_DataLostError
Set by RT-LAB OpFcnMultiEventCapt block : Data loss
(66560)
detected in input FIFO.
eRTE_HW_InvalidDataError
Set by RT-LAB OpFcnMultiEventCapt block : Invalid
(67584)
data formatting detected in input FIFO.
eRTE_HW_TSBData (69632)
Set by RT-LAB OP5142 TSB In block : The RTE signal

contains data obtained from firing pulses measurement
and is intended to be connected to a TSB block.
eRTE_UndefinedError
Block/application specific error that does not match any
(4294967295)
of the previously defined code.
Examples
None
Related Items
RTE Probe Events , RTE Events Generator
RTE 111

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RT-EVENTS 3.

RTE-Drive 2-Level TSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

RTE Data Type

The following figures show the main page of these libraries.

Delays the input by a variable amount of time.

Latchs the input signal each time an event occurs.

RTE Latch Delay

Removes small pulses from the input signal.

Inserts N pulses in the input signal.

RTE Logical Operator

Performs logical operations on their inputs with compensation.

Stores in memory the times and states of all events.

Performs a relational operation on its two inputs.

Removes N pulses of the input.

Adds or substracts inputs.

Converts an input signal to the specified data type.

Convers input signals to the required data type of the RT-LAB

Event Detector and Event Generator blocks.

RTE Frequency Meter

RTE Period Meter

RTE Probe Events

Outputs event's attributes, including time, state, initial state,

RTE Signal Attributes

Outputs the specified attribute of the input signal.

Displays signals generated during a simulation.

Generates square pulses.

Outputs an empty RTE Boolean-type signal.

Generates square wave pulses at regular time intervals.

Generates square wave pulses at regular time intervals.

Implements a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous

RTE-Drive Park D-Q

Implements a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous

machine with sinusoidal flux distribution using the park D-Q

Implements a permanent magnet synchronous machine model

using a phase domain representation model.

Computes the phase domain time varying inductance matrix of

a permanent magnet synchronous machine.

Performs the abc to dq transformation on a set of three-phase

Outputs the relative angular position of a quadrature

Implements a 2-level (2-switch) bridge.

Figure 1:RTE Conversion Block

Convert the input signal in a Double signal. The output is Low

Convert the input signal in a Double signal. The output is equal

to average of the input signal.

Convert the input signal in an RTE Boolean. The output is Low

RTE Boolean with

Convert the input signal in a RTE Boolean signal.

- If the input signal is a Double signal, the output is Low when

Convert the input signal in an RTE Double. The output is equal

RTE Double with

Convert the input signal in a RTE Double signal.

- If the input signal is a Double signal, the output is equal to

Figure 2:RTE Conversion Mask

Input Data Type

Output Data Type

Specified the output data types of the output ports: Double,

Specified if the RT-Events compensation is enabled or disabled.

When enabled, event can occur between two calculation steps.

The maximum number of events or transitions that can occur

Sample Time [s]

The time interval between samples in seconds. Only available

Inherited and fixed discrete

RTE Conversion OP5110-5120

Figure 3:RTE Conversion OP5110-5120 Event Generator/Detector Block